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[Economy] Shares vs Stocks, Rights Issue

of Shares, Bonus Shares, RSU
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Share versus stock

Different types of shares
Rights issue of shares
So, whats the point in doing rights issue?
To reduce the debt: equity ratio
Bonus shares
Employee stock option scheme
Restricted stock unit (RSU)

Share versus stock

Suppose the company has issued 1000 shares, worth Rs.10 each
You purchased 50 shares of this company. So you have to pay 50 shares x 10 Rs. Each =
Rs.500
That means you own 50 Shares of this company and
You own stock of Rs.500 in this company.
In short, when we talk about shares we refer to the number of papers held by you.
When we talk about stocks, we refer to the money value of those papers held by you.
But ultimately, both shares and stocks suggest the same thing: Equity. You already
know what equity means, if not click me

Different types of shares

Normal shares
It comes with voting rights. This is what you get from routine IPO>>Share thing
Preferential shares
Already discussed in the SBI capital infusion article
Still There are some topics related to shares

Rights issue of shares

You launch IPO, get funds from the public, and start a company. (Equity)
After some years you want some more money to expand the company, so you want to
issue additional shares. But under the companies act, you can issue additional shares to
the existing shareholders only. This is called rights issue of shares
Here, you give notice to the existing shareholders, offer them to buy your new-shares,

you cannot offer any other outsider to purchase the shares.

If you do not want rights issue of shares, you have to hold a general meeting of
shareholders and pass a resolution that company does not need to offer new shares to
the existing shareholders, and these new shares are available for anybody to purchase

So, whats the point in doing rights issue?

Well the direct utility of rights issue= obviously to gather more money to expand your
company.
But it is also used for other purpose

To reduce the debt: equity ratio

From the Debt VS Equity article: There are credit rating agencies S&P, CRISIL etc. they
give rating to your companys bonds. AAA,BBB etc.
Lower the rating = higher the interest rate youve to offer, to seduce the people into
buying your bonds. (Recall the Junk Bonds.)
But before giving rating to your bonds, the credit rating agency will look into your
companys performance, assets, liability everything. And one of the thing theyre
interested in, is Debt to Equity Ratio
The company with high debt to equity ratio = it has more debt = compulsory interest
payment = trouble = lower rating.
If such company issues more bonds to gather money, itll have trouble; its new bonds will
receive even lower credit rating. So, what can they do?
Another case: Youre kingfisher. Youre not doing good, nobody is helping you. So you
want some foreign investor to come and help you. But hell also look into debt:equity ratio
before finalizing the terms of deal. What can you do to appear good in front of him?
Obviously: reduce the Debt to Equity ratio. But how?
Simple: offer new equity (shares) to existing shareholders @ a discounted rate. (=Rights
issues of shares). Youve offer it at a discounted rate, else no one would buy it. Youre
doing this whole exercise, because youre in trouble in the first place.

For example: Here is my offer of Rights issue:

1:1, Face value Rs.100, @ Discount of Rs.50
Meaning, if you already have 10 shares of my company, you can buy 10 more shares from
me (1:1), Each of these shares will have Worth Rs.100 printed on it but Ill give it to you
for Rs.50 only.
What good does it do to me? Well in the legal record, for the calculation of Debt Vs
Equity =theyll calculate using Rs.100 face value. Thus my Debt:Equity ratio will go down,
and Ill look good when credit rating agency / FDI investor starts evaluating me.

Bonus shares
In the debt versus equity article, you saw that a company can collect money from people
by issuing shares (IPO/Equity/Stock whatever you want to call it), but every year, company
reports the profit to the board of directors. The board of directors will decide how much
profit is to be re-invested in the company and how much profit is to be shared with the
shareholders.
The profit, thus shared with the shareholders is called dividend. Generally dividend is
sent to the shareholders via cheques.
But sometimes,company also gives you extra shares.
It means company paid the money to purchase shares on your behalf and gives it to you.
So you got free shares and next year when company distributes the dividends (cash), you
will get more dividend, because now you are holding more shares. Alternatively, you can
sell away these bonus shares to someone else and take out the money.
These are called bonus shares
What is the difference between Bonus shares and rights issues
Well, as a shareholder, you get shares for free under bonus shares.
But youll have to pay money for buying new shares under rights issue

Employee stock option scheme

Here the company issues shares its employee at a discount price.
This is done to make the employees committed to the success of company because if
the company makes more profit, they can walk away with higher dividends.
Such shares have minimum lock in period: for example if your boss gives it today, you
cannot sell it for one or two years.

Restricted stock unit (RSU)

This is also a form of Employee Stock Option but here the company promises to deliver
shares to its employee in future date.
For example, Apples new CEO Tim Cook: hell get $900,000 of cash salary and a $377
million in RSU.
Apple will deliver him 500,000 shares of Apple stock in 2016, and 500,000 more shares in
2021 as long as he stays employed at the company.

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April 26th, 2012 | Category: Economy