February 26, 2015

MATH 280,

Spring 2015

Emmanuel YOMBA

Review 1

Due Tuesday March 03, 2015, in class.

1. A) Bernoulli Equations. The most important such equation has the
form
y + p(t)y = q(t)y n ,
a) Show that if n =
0, 1, then the substitution v = y 1n reduces
Bernoullis equation to a linear equation.
b) use the substitution mentioned above to solve
t2 y + 2ty y 3 = 0,

t > 0.

xy 2 y = x2 + y 3 .
B)
a) Solve the initial value problem
dy
+ 2xy = f (x),
dx

y(0) = 2

where
f (x) = x if 0 x < 1; f (x) = 0, if x 1
b) Solve the initial value problem
(1 + x2 )
where
f (x) = x if 0 x < 1;

dy
+ 2xy = f (x),
dx

y(0) = 0

f (x) = x, if x 1

2. A) Consider the initial value problem

u = 5u 6et ,

u(0) = 1

Find the exact solution. Next use the Euler method with h = 0.1 to obtain
a numerical solution. Explain the results of this numerical experiment.

B) Consider the initial value problem

dy
1
= 3 + et y,
y(0) = 1.
dt
2
Use Eulers method with step size h = 0.1 to find approximate values of
the solution of Eqs.(10) a t = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. Compare them with the
corresponding values of the actual solution of the initial value problem.
C) Consider the initial value problem

y = x y,
y(1) = 4
Use Eulers method with step size h = 0.1 to approximate the solution to
the initial value problem at the point x = 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5
Compare them with corresponding values of the actual solution of the initial
value problem.
3. A) Find the solution to the second-order dierential equation
a) y +2y +y = 0 which satisfies the initial conditions y(0) = 1 and y (0) = 1.
b) y + y 6y = 0, y(0) = 1, y (0) = 7
c) y + 2y + 5y = 0 which satisfies the initial conditions y(0) = 1 and
y (0) = 1.
d) Solve the initial value problem
y + 2y + y = 2ex , u(0) = 1, u (0) = 2.
e) Solve the initial valued problem y = 2y 2 + xy 2 , y(0) = 1, and determine
the interval of definition.
f) Solve the initial valued problem y (4) y = 0, y(0) = 0, y (0) = 1, y (0) =
0, y (0) = 1.
g) y + y = 8 cos 2x 4 sin x, y(/2) = 1, y (/2) = 0,
h) y ( 4) y = x + ex , y(0) = 0, y (0) = 0, y (0) = 0, y (0) = 0.
B) Determine the form of particular solution
a) y 4y + 4y = 5x2 6x + 4x2 e2x + 3e5x .
b) y + y = x sin x sin x.
c) y + 4y = 4 cos x + 3 sin x 8.
4. A) Consider the critical Threshold model for population growth
dy
y
= r(1 )y,
dt
T
where r and T are given positive constants.
i) Find all critical (equilibrium) points and determine whether each is asymptotically stable, unstable, or semistable.
ii) Sketch the graph of several solutions in the ty-plane, including all equi2

librium solutions.
iii) Describe the asymptotic behavior (t tends ) of the solution y1 (t) with
the initial condition y1 (0) = b where 0 < b < T /2.
B) Find and classify the equilibrium points of
dP
= P (P 4)(P 7)
dt
and label the threshold and caring capacity of the population.
C) For 1 < a < 1, consider the ODE
y = (1 y)(y 2 a). a) Find all equilibrium solutions in three dierent cases:
i) 1 < a < 0, ii) a=0, iii) 0 < a < 1.
b) Sketch the phase line and determine the stability of the equilibria you
found in (a) in each case.
c) What is the asymptotic behavior of the solution y(t) that satisfies the
initial condition y(0) = 0 in each case?
5. Find the general solution of the DE
3(1 t2 )u + 2tu = 2t.
Find the particular solutions that satisfy the initial conditions
i) u(0) = 0
ii) u(3) = 1
iii) u(0) = 1.
What are the maximal intervals of existence for each of these solutions?
6. A) A tank with a capacity of 20 liters initially contains 10 liters of
water in which 5 grams of salt are dissolved. A salt solution containing 0.5
grams of salt per liter is pumped into the tank at the rate of 2 liters per
minute, and the well-mixed solution is pumped out of the tank at the rate
of 1 liter per minute.
How much salt will the tank contain when it is full.
B) Initially, a tank contains 60 gal of pure water. Then brine containing
1 lb of salt per gallon enters the tank at 2 gal/min. The perfectly mixed
solution is drained o at 3 gal/min. Determine the amount (in lbs) of salt
in the tank up until the time it empties.
C) A Mixing Problem A pair of tanks are connected. A t = 0, Tank A
contains 500 liters of liquid, 200 of which are ethanol, and tank B contains
100 liters of liquid, 7 of which are ethanol. Beginning at t = 0, 3 liters of 20%
ethanol solutions are added in tank A per minute. An additional 2L/min
are pumped from tank B back into tank A. The result is continuously mixed,
and 5L/min are pumped into tank into tank B. The contents of tank B are
also continuously mixed. In addition to the 2 liters that are returned to tank
A, 3L/min are discharged from the system. Let P (t) and Q(t) denote the
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number of liters of ethanol in tanks A and B at time t. We wish to find P (t).

Using the principle that
rate of change=input rate of ethanol- output rate of ethanol,
we obtain the system of first-order dierential equations
Q
P
Q
P
dP
= 3(0.2) + 2
5
= 0.6 +

,
(1)
dt
100
500
10 100
dQ
P
Q
P
Q
=5
5
=
.
(2)
dt
500
100
100 20
a) We now attempt to solve this system. When (1) is dierentiated with
respect to t, we obtain
d2 P
1 dQ
1 dP
=

.
dt2
50 dt
100 dt
Substitute (2) into this equation and simplify.
b) Show that when we solve (1) for Q and substitute it into our answer in
part (a), we obtain
d2 P
dP
3
100 2 + 6
+
P = 3.
dt
dt
100
. Then solve the
c) We are given that P (0) = 200. Show that P (0) = 63
50
dierential equation in part (b) subject to these initial conditions.
(d) Substitute the solution of part (c) back into (1) and solve for Q(t).
(e) What happens to P (t) and Q(t) as t tends to .
D) Two large tanks, each holding 100L of liquid, are interconnected by
pipes, with the liquid flowing from tank A into tank B at a rate of 3L/min
and from B into A at a rate of 1L/min. The liquid inside each tank is kept
well stirred. A brine solution with concentration of 0.2kg/l of salt flows into
a tank A at a rate of 6L/min. The (diluted) solution flows out of the system
from tank A at a rate of 4L/min and from tank B at 2L/min . If initially,
tank A contains pure water and tank B contains 20kg of salt
write down the system of equation that determine the mass of salt in each
tank at time t
7. A) A rock contains two radioactive isotopes, RA1 and RA2 that belong
to same radioactive series; that is RA1 decays into RA2 , which then decays
into stable atoms, assume that the rate at which RA1 decays into RA2 is
50e10t kg/sec.
a) Build the mathematical model for this phenomenon.
If y(t) is the mass RA2 present at t.
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b) Find the mass y(t) of RA2 for t > 0 if the decay constant is k = 2/sec
and if initially y(0) = 40kg.
Solution b) y = ( 155
e2t 25
e10t ).
4
4
8. A) Solve
a) (2xy sec2 )dx + (x2 + 2)dy = 0
b) (1 + ex y + xex y)dx + (xex + 2)dy = 0.
Solution a) x2 y tan x + y 2 = C b) xex y + 2y + x = C.
B) Consider the equation
(y 2 + 2x)dx x2 dy = 0
a) Show that this equation is not exact.
b) Show that multiply both sides of the equation by y 2 yields a new equation that is exact.
c) Use the solution of the resulting exact equation to solve the original equation.
d) Were any solutions lost in the process?
C) Find the most general function N (x, y) so that the equation is exact
in each following equation
a) (y cos(xy) + ex )dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 b) (yexy 4x3 y + 2)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0.
D) Consider the equation
(5x2 y + 6x3 y 2 + 4xy 2 )dx + (2x3 + 3x4 y + 3x2 y)dy = 0
a) Show that thte equation is not exact.
b) Multiply the equation by xn y m and determine values of n and m that
make the resulting equation exact.
c) Use the solution of the resulting exact equation to solve the original equation.
E) Consider the IVP (y(t))2 = (y (t))2 + 4 where y(0) = 2
a) Show that the function y(t) = et + et is a solution to this equation.
b) Is this the only solution? Explain why this does not violate the existence
and uniqueness theorem.
G) Solve the nonlinear equation
5
a)
= 6xcos2x+1
y+ey
= x5
b)
y2
dy
dx
dy
dx

Solution G) a) sin y + ey = x6 x2 + x + C b) y = ( 3x2 15x + K)1/3 .