Module 5V - Lighting Applications Department of Transportation

Outline
Module 5
Lighting Applications
Module 5 Lighting Applications
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Visual Performance
Factors Affecting Visual Performance
Visual Tasks
Task Areas
Luminaire Selection
Luminaire Layout
Office Spaces
Educational Facilities
Financial Facilities
Health Care Facilities
Libraries
Industrial Facilities

Visual Tasks

Visual Tasks
Tasks should be ranked according to:

Speed and Accuracy Requirements
Factors to be considered in ranking

Speed and accuracy requirements
Difficulty of task details
Room surface and task background reflectances
Directionality of light sources
Work plane location and tilt
Level of importance
Frequency
Duration
Specific visual characteristics
Interior Applications
Visual Performance
Visual Impact
Exterior Environment
Computer- Aided Lighting Calculations
Lighting Costs

Visual tasks are of varying duration and difficulty

Small or fine details are difficult to see; the larger
the details, the easier to see
For example, a worker in a poorly lighted facility
may not have enough time to see details and
may not be able to maintain a constant or fixed
rate of production, leading to loss in accuracy and
visual performance
In some tasks, accuracy is more important than
speed

Speed and Accuracy Requirements
Soccer :
Tennis:
Slower Speed and Large Ball
Higher Speed and Small Ball
Competition Level : 150 Lux
Competition Level : 500 Lux

Room Surface and Task Background

Reflectances
Ability to see details depends upon the detail
and the background
Eyes function more comfortably and efficiently
when the luminances in the surrounding
environment are fairly uniform
The designer must carefully evaluate the
reflectances of all finishes of the room surfaces
as well as the luminance distribution of the
lighting equipment

Considerations in Visual
Performance
Room dimensions
Surface reflectances
Glare
Direct Glare
Veiling/Reflected Glare
Difficulty of Task Details

Work Plane Location and Tilt

Work plane height and orientation are important
components in ensuring sufficient illuminance
Work planes in a given space may not be at the
same height
Although work planes are commonly horizontal,
they can be vertical or tilted

Room Dimensions
Room size and shape affect the amount of light
that is reflected from surfaces and how light is
distributed in space
The smaller the room size, for a constant ceiling
height, the greater the loss of light by absorption
Transient Adaptation
Uniformity


Surface Reflectances
Affect both quantity of generated lumens

(reflection and absorption) and the amount of
glare that may result (luminance ratios)
Amount of light reflected from walls, ceiling and
floor depends on the reflecting properties,
texture of the surface, spectral power distribution
of the light sources, and the spectral
reflectances of room surfaces

Examples
Reflectance value of a peach matte finish wall
63% when illuminated by an incandescent source
58% when illuminated by a cool white fluorescent source
A specular white wall may reflect 90% in a given direction, while

a rough plaster finish may reflect only 30% in the same direction
Two rough textured walls (1 painted black and 1 painted white),
illuminated with the same white fluorescent lamps may reflect
10% and 90% respectively for the same direction of view

Veiling reflections are also less noticeable in
VDT screens with black characters on white
backgrounds than with white characters on black
backgrounds


Selecting surface reflectances that are the
same for all surfaces (walls, ceiling, and floor),
and reducing window luminance to match the
wall luminances, will soften the luminance
patterns of the surfaces reflected in the VDT
screen, but may produce a boring space

Glare
Visual discomfort (Discomfort Glare) and a loss
of visibility (Disability Glare) can result from
excessively bright sources of light and from
excessive luminance ratios within a space
The discomfort may cause the person to look
away, blink or close the eyes, with possible
changes in the adaptation state

Glare
Glare
Discomfort glare produces discomfort (even

pain), it does not necessarily interfere with visual
performance or visibility
Disability glare affects a persons visual
performance by decreasing the ability to see and
occurs when the luminance of an object (print)
and the luminance of the background (paper)
approach the same numerical value
(approaching zero contrast)

Glare

Glare

Methods of minimizing the occurrence of veiling

reflections or reflected glare
Selecting a more diffuse lighting system
Relocating the source of light relative to the task
location (avoiding luminaires in the offending zone)
Moving the task relative to the source
Using a matte rather than a glossy finish visual task

Veiling reflections or
reflected glare
Current innovations are
directed at developing
smaller, flatter, higher
resolution and lighter weight
display devices to avoid
problem of veiling reflections
such as liquid crystal display
(LCD) micro screens in the
workplace
Glare
Direct Glare comes from the luminaires that

are in the direct field of view, or from
excessively bright sources of light (high
reflectance objects)
Veiling/Reflected Glare veiling reflections
reduce task contrast and impair visual
performance
Direct Glare from Luminaires

Process by which eyes adjust from one luminance level

to another as they scan the luminance patterns in the
field of view
Extreme luminance variations in the field of view will
cause pupil diameter changes, which require a finite time
to complete
Age of the viewer also affects the pupil response time
required to make the adjustment, slowing as the worker
becomes older

Practical methods to achieve the IESNA recommended
luminance ratios include:
For light reflecting surface

L=
pE
Control of excessive
luminance ratios in the field of
view will decrease or eliminate
the negative effects of
transient adaptation on the
worker

Uniformity

Luminaire Selection
Thorough understanding of photometric data is
essential to selecting a luminaire that is efficient,
energy conserving, and appropriate for task
lighting needs
Example: Lumen output data will provide the
designer with valuable information on where the light
is being distributed (zone from 0 to 45 of the zone
from 45 to 90)

Luminaire Selection
Uniform, diffuse illuminance may create a boring, nonstimulating visual environment

To add interest, the use of spatial patterns of brightness,
color and/or sparkle may be considered thus creating
visual interest without causing visual discomfort for the
people within the space.
Additional variety to the luminance patterns may be
achieved by using lighting controls.
Selecting low luminance luminaires

Controlling the luminance of window areas during the daytime
with blinds, shades, or lined draperies
Using high reflectance colors and textures on walls adjacent to
windows
Using translucent or opaque window treatments on windows that
are in the field of view
Using materials and finishes for large areas of a room that have
nearly equal reflectance values but may have subtle color
changes

Light source
Desired light distribution
pattern
Illuminance level
Control
Desired level of
directional control (control
media)
Aesthetics
Mechanical construction
Thermal and acoustical
characteristics
Maintenance
characteristics
Efficiency
Product reliability and
availability
Safety
Life cycle cost
Compliance with lighting
power allowance (energy
code) criteria

Luminaire Selection
Lumen output data also indicate the luminaire
efficiency
The coefficient of utilization (CU) table can
provide comparative data of the luminaires
effectiveness in delivering light to the workplane
A luminaire with a high efficiency (lumen output)
may have a lower CU than another luminaire

Luminaire Selection
All else being equal, a higher CU will result in the use of
fewer luminaires, reducing ceiling clutter, the potential for
glare, excessive luminance ratios, and overall energy
consumption
In determining the number of luminaires, a well-planned
maintenance program (cleaning and relamping) must be
included to assure that the minimum recommended
illuminance is always available

Light Distribution
Luminaires must distribute their luminous intensity total
downward (direct), both up and down, and totally upward
(indirect)
Luminous intensity distributions can be symmetrical or
nonsymmetrical
Luminaires must produce the desired distribution pattern
to satisfy task requirements and visual comfort needs
Luminaires are normally selected for their performance
in delivering flux to horizontal surfaces
Luminaires photometric data will tell about its ability to
provide vertical illuminance
Mounting luminaires closer together than the maximum
often improves light distribution on vertical surfaces

Illuminance Level Control

There may be several types of tasks within a
given area, each requiring different illuminance
levels (i.e. work, leisure, cleaning, and security)
Fluorescent, incandescent and high intensity
discharge (HID) lamps can be controlled by
dimming or by other control devices, such as
multilevel switching
Luminaire Selection
Considerations:
Light Distribution
Directional Control
Appearance
Mechanical Construction

Light Distribution
Different Light Distributions


DALI BASIC light control system
L 58W
pushbutton
DALI-BASIC-control unit
DALI-ECG 1x39W
DALI-ECG 1x54W
FQ 39W
FQ 54W
FC 40W
FC 55W
DULUX L 40W
DULUX L 55W
combined light/
presence detector
DALI 1...10 V-converter
1...10 V-DIMM-ECG
DALI 1...10 V-converter

1..10 V trailing edge phaseHTM 70/230-240
dimmer
DULUX T/E
Halogen
50 W
The diagram above illustrates how various light sources can be linked to the
DALI system. With the addition of signal converters, dimmable 1-10V analogue
electronic control gears (ECGs) or transformers can then be operated via DALI


Directional Control
Directional Control
Indirect Lighting
Luminaires direct light up to the ceiling where it is reflected
down to the visual task; ceiling is thus the primary source of
light
Direct Lighting
Distributes light directly to the walls and the work surfaces
Luminance control of the direct (downward) component of light
is a function of the control media (lenses, baffles, and louvers)
Direct and Indirect Lighting Directional Control

Appearance

Appearance
Color rendition of objects in a room will depend

on the spectral distribution characteristics of the
light sources
Typically, the lighting system should play a
subordinate role; it may attract attention to itself
rather than to its task
There are luminaires which can be decorative or
unobtrusive, as well as functional

Appearance
Different Color Renditions

Appearance under incandescent lamp with yellow filter (left)
and under low pressure sodium vapor lamp (right)

Appearance
Six basic types of mountings for interior

luminaires for decorative or unobtrusive as well
as functional purposes:
Recessed
Recessed
Pendant or suspended
Ceiling/surface mounted
Track mounted
Wall mounted
Floor mounted


Appearance
Appearance
Pendant or suspended

Appearance

Appearance
Track mounted
Ceiling/surface mounted
Wall mounted

Appearance

Mechanical Construction
Floor mounted
Should consider the following maintenance

characteristics
Ease and frequency of replacing lamps, ballasts or
control media (lenses and louvers)
Likelihood of the luminaire and lamps collecting dirt
Ease and frequency of cleaning
Overall goal should be to reduce maintenance

costs while maintaining the desired lighting
quality and quantity


Luminaire Layout
Four (4) Options
Requirements for a good luminaire layout
Single level system that meets the most critical, most

commonly occurring visual tasks
Multilevel lighting system
System that groups together with those visual tasks
requiring the same illuminance level
Completely nonuniform lighting system

Luminaire Layout
Three (3) lighting classification systems
General (non-task lighting)
Localized-General (task-ambient and supplementary)
Local (task only)
Luminaire Layout

Luminaire Layout
Meets quantity and quality requirements for the tasks

Provides visual comfort
Complies with cost and power budget limits
Aesthetically pleasing

Luminaire Layout
General Lighting
Provides uniform illuminance on the work surfaces
throughout an entire area
Used where specific task locations are unknown or
the entire area is considered a continuous visual task
area
Symmetrical layout based on the given dimensions of
the room
Main advantage: complete flexibility regarding the
arrangement of furniture and equipment (work
stations)
Illuminance will be lower in corners and along the
walls

Luminaire Layout
Luminaire spacing
General lighting in a
production area for
ceiling height not less
than 6 meters and not
more than 12 meters

Luminaires should not be spaced so far apart or from

walls as to result in unsatisfactory uniformity in
general lighting conditions
Rule of thumb Spacing from the wall to the center of
the first luminaire should not exceed half of the
spacing between luminaires
Luminous intensity distribution is considered in
determining the maximum luminaire spacing to
achieve acceptably uniform illuminance in an empty
room (no furniture or partitions)

Luminaire Layout
Luminaire Layout
Luminaire spacing
Factors contributing to the uniformity of illuminance in
a room
Luminaire efficiency
Number and placement of luminaires
Room shape
Configuration of furniture and partitions
Room surface reflectances
In general, uniformity decreases as spacing increases

Plan of Room Showing Luminaire Layout (in meters)

Luminaire Layout
Localized
-

Luminaire Layout
General Lighting
Provides higher illuminance on the visual

task, with a lower level of general
illuminance throughout the remaining area
Minimize shadows; direct glare, and veiling
reflections through careful placement

Luminaire Layout
Localized
-
General Lighting
Task-Ambient Lighting
Used in office and some industrial lighting
Task lighting portion of this system is mounted
directly to the furniture
Ambient lighting portion may be free standing,
furniture mounted, or ceiling mounted
Primary advantage is that reconfiguration of the
workstations is relatively easy because the task
lighting moves with the furniture

Localized
- General
lighting for
semiconductors
assembly

Luminaire Layout
Local Lighting
Provides illuminance over a much smaller area
just the task (task only lighting) and its
immediate surroundings
This requires provision of sufficient spill light
into adjacent areas to prevent excessive
luminence ratios and transient adaptation
problems

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Luminaire Layout
Interior Applications
Interior spaces considered
Local lighting for

electronic parts testing
Offices
Educational facilities
Financial facilities
Health care facilities
Libraries
Industrial facilities
Topics to be discussed per interior space

Visual tasks
Quality of lighting
Lighting requirements

Office Spaces
Visual tasks include

Office Spaces
Visual Tasks
reading important documents, handwriting and print

outs
searching for and reading data on computer screens
Visibility of the task is often poor and is affected

by factors such as contrast, size, task
luminance, and the time for viewing

Office Spaces
Visual Tasks
VDT Work Stations

The Visual Display Terminal (VDT) is a major
element in todays office and presents unique
problems, not only in the lighting design, but in
work station configuration, ergonomic
requirements, and HVAC design
In most offices, some time will be spent viewing
the VDT and some time spent on paper tasks or
looking at customers while other applications used
the screen constantly

Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Visual Display Terminal (VDT) Work Stations

Examples: customer service operations or reservation offices
May result in luminance ratios between tasks which exceed
recommendations
Troffers generate adequate ambient light levels in the circulation

areas while ceiling recessed wallwashers with semi-specular
assymetrical reflectors spread light evenly on the core walls
Other office spaces

Conference rooms
Range from casual to difficult viewing
More than one lighting and control systems should be
considered especially if visual aids will be used, so that
notes can be taken without interfering with the projection
screen


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Office Spaces
Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Quality of Lighting
Numerous type of
luminaires can be used
in conference rooms
such as T-8 or T-5 lamp
systems as well as high
efficiency downlights
with CFLs
Drafting/reproduction rooms
Discrimination of fine detail is frequently required for long
periods of time and seeing tasks may be on surfaces other
than horizontal
Reception areas
Lighting should make a statement, and yet be restful and
sufficient for casual reading
File areas
Lighting should be directed into the opened files with minimal
shadows on the file contents


Office Spaces
Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Quality of Lighting
Drafting/reproduction
rooms
Specific illuminance
level for tasks that
needs exacting work to
avoid harsh shadows
and improve specular
sensitivity

Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Good visibility for

easy files or
document
retrievals

Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Reception areas
Quality factors
Luminance
Contrast
Quantity
Pleasant and
relax lighting
effect to project a
feeling of a
welcome
atmosphere is the
main feature of
reception areas
File areas


12
Office Spaces
Quality factors

Office Spaces
Luminance

Office Spaces
Contrast
Low contrasts result in flat visual scene
Office interiors should be finished in light colors and

illuminated to provide enough luminance or color variations
giving a stimulating, attractive work environment

Office Spaces
Contrast
Uniform illuminance is desired in areas like offices
Luminance
Review the IESNA Lighting Design Guide for the factors that
are identified as Very Important and Important. These must
be addressed; then review the list of other design issues,
which may be applicable to the particular space being
designed
Office Spaces

The degree of contrast between the details of the visual task

and the task background affects visibility and depends in part
upon the specularity of the task
When viewing a visual task, an image of a luminaire or bright
ceiling is reflected in the task and the details will assume
some of the brightness which will lead to reduction in contrast
and visibility impairment

Office Spaces
Contrast
High contrasts result in adaptation problem for eye when
changing from one visual target to another

13
Office Spaces
Contrast
Well balanced contrasts
result in visual comfort and
satisfaction

Office Spaces
Quantity
Lighting
Requirements
For typical office
tasks, not involving
extended use of
VDTs, a minimum
VCP (Visual Comfort
Probability) of 70 is
recommended while
for extended use of
VDTs, the minimum
VCP should be 80

Office Spaces
Quantity
Designers should select an overall value from the Design

Guide and allow for installation of supplementary lighting
since visual tasks and occupants are unknown during the
design stage
Given a large space with general lighting system, the design
should allow for different illuminance levels to suit different
visual tasks
When localized task lighting should be used, the ambient
illuminance can often be reduced
Office Spaces

Office Spaces
Lighting for visual tasks can be provided solely by general

lighting or by task plus general lighting
Occupancy sensors should be installed to reduce energy
consumption when the space is unoccupied

Types of Spaces:
Quantity
In an open office plan design containing VDTs, general lighting should be at
relatively low levels, with supplemental task lighting applied where required
for paper tasks. In the design below, suspended linear indirect uplighting
was supplemented by an under counter task light equipped with user control
or occupancy sensors
Classrooms/Lecture rooms
Shops
Art rooms
Gymnasium
Lighting Requirements:
Quality factors
Luminance
Illuminance


14
Donut layout
Classrooms/Lecture Rooms
The donut is a long preferred layout design by many
school architects and engineers, that employs ceiling
mounted or lay-in grid recessed, low cost troffers with
acrylic prismatic lenses and high reflectance (0.92%)
white paint reflectors to achieve good vertical surface
illumination on all walls


Shops
Follow the best industrial lighting practices especially
where moving machinery is used
Designers can add a

chalkboard/whiteboard
light to the design to
increase the lighting
power
Pendant-mounted
luminaires are highly
recommended for
classrooms because
they provide uniform
glare-free illumination

Art Rooms

Art rooms
Lighting should be versatile, capable of creating

highlight and shadow for modeling and providing
good color rendering
The direction of light creates the modeling effect and
reveals the 3 dimensional form and texture
The greater the angle of incidence(light from above),
the more dramatic is the effect obtained
The smaller the angle of incidence ( light from the
front), the greater is the chance for reflected glare

Key Light : Creates accent by virtue of high brightness and deep

shadows
Fill Light : Supplementary illumination to soften shadows and
establish contrast at desired levels

15
Art rooms
Art rooms
Back Light : Lighting from behind and above. Used to separate

the object from its background by accentuating contours;reveals
transparent elements

Art rooms
Up Light : Accentuates elements close to the floor.Can also be

used for dramatic effects

Gymnasium
These spaces are often used not only for sports but
also for graduations, assemblies, dances, concerts
and community meetings
Lighting levels should be equipped with flexible
circuiting/controls and sources
Many sports, such as basketball and volleyball
require vertical illumination up to 30 feet
Diffuse Light : Creates soft shadows and least modeling effect

Gymnasium

Multipurpose area requiring a wide range of

luminaires

Quality Factors
Visual environment supportive of the learning process must
also be visually comfortable and satisfy the psychological
and emotional needs of learners
Appropriate lighting can enhance pleasant and attractive
surroundings, providing a feeling of spaciousness
Lighting can attract and hold attention, stimulate learning,
and influence behavior in a positive way.

16
Luminance
Illuminance
The distribution, size, and range of brightness within an

environment affect eye comfort, adaptation, and contrast
rendition
As the eye shifts from one luminance (the page of a book), to
another luminance (a chalkboard), it must readapt to the new
luminance level. If the difference is too great, the reaction will
be visual discomfort

Various functions and tasks that occur in financial
facilities are mainly the same as those that occur in
offices i.e. conference areas, accounting, general and
private offices, and bookkeeping
Other specific areas that are special to banking where
the lighting needs maybe different
Visual tasks differ in size, viewing direction, distance and

contrast
Major critical tasks include reading and writing, often
requiring prolonged and close attention

Quality Factors
Luminance
Quantity
data processing
tellers stations
security vault lighting
Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs)

Quality Factors

Quality Factors
Lighting design should reflect the image desired in the

lobby and adjacent spaces
Use high intensity discharge lamps to help control initial,
energy and maintenance costs where high ceiling exists
High quality, relatively uniform lighting should be provided for
electronic data processing (EDP) equipment areas where
there are usually only a small number of VDTs

Provisions for highlighting during promotional activities in the

lobby to create a point of interest
Lighting at bank tellers stations must provide for fast and
accurate transactions
Outdoor drive-up teller (ATMs) lighting should be designed
for persons inside the car and appropriate for surveillance
camera needs

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Lighting
Requirements
Quality Factors
Interior lighting at the banks vault must be on at all times in
accordance with the Bank Protection Act and must meet the
requirements specified for alarm camera system
Lighting recommendations for office lighting should be
followed in the banks network control area where multiple
VDT screens are in constant use
Quality Factors
Bank lobbies should
create dramatic
effects especially
during merchandise
promotion

Luminance

Quantity
ATM locations require lighting for tasks such as:
Reading and writing transactions in the horizontal plane
Viewing the VDT screen
Inputting information on a keyboard in the horizontal or
vertical plane
Safety and security lighting is also necessary for customer
protection in surrounding areas for camera surveillance
operation

Luminance
Use large area, low brightness luminaires or luminaires

positioned on either side of the deal plate to reduce
reflections caused by highly polished material at tellers
stations from ceiling mounted luminaires
Luminaires behind the drive-up tellers windows should also
be of low brightness to minimize reflections from sloping
glass

Lighting should be at about the same level as the interior

lighting in the outdoor drive-up area to avoid mirror effect on
the glass when looking out from the drive-up tellers position.
Careful placement of light sources to avoid poor visibility from
veiling glare on ATM information display screens at outdoor
locations
Approaches and departure areas must be adequately lighted
to ease adaptation for the customer when transitioning to and
from the machine


Health care facilities include:
Acute general hospitals
Chronic general
Chronic specialized institutions for the care of
physically and mentally ill
Facilities that offer professional care in residential
environment

18

Quality Factors
Luminance
Illuminance
Lighting should serve both the demands of medical

attendants and the comfort needs of the patients
Illumination in multi-bed rooms should be designed to be
unobtrusive to one patient, while remaining adequate for the
other
Color Rendering Index (CRI) should be at least 80 and the
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) approximately 4100 K

Luminance


Illuminance
Comfortable lighting conditions by limiting luminance ratios

between the localized task and other areas in the normal field
of view i.e. surgery, obstetrics, dentistry, emergency
treatment and autopsies

For Illuminance recommendations, see the

IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Edition,
Chapter 10

Libraries
Visual tasks include:
Emergency room
Reading
Browsing through book stacks
Studying at a carrel
Viewing microfilm or computer retrieval systems
Meeting or conferring
Performing general clerical tasks
Repair and inspection work
Wall illuminance for

mobility
Surgery room
High illuminance for
special task
Quality Factors


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Libraries
Libraries
Quality Factors
Luminance
Illuminance
Quality Factors
Considerations in the design of a library lighting system:
Creation of a desirable visual environment to enable
users to see efficiently and without distraction
Appearance of the installation within the architectural
design of the space

Libraries

Libraries
Illuminance
Luminance
Care must be taken to avoid veiling reflections on the seeing
tasks and to use luminaires that reduce the luminance in
direct glare zones
Example: in microfilm areas, one of the most difficult
tasks is reading a screen located under a general lighting
system needed for other tasks in the area. Reflections,
diffuse and specular, tend to wash out the already poor
image on the screen. Hooded machines or those that
have screens treated to reduce reflections make the task
more visible

Libraries
Reading is by far the most frequently performed task in a library

which varies from reading childrens books of high contrast type and
paper, to newspapers with low contrast print, to law books with
condensed type, to rare books with unusual type faces printed on
old paper
Other reading tasks may be handwriting
Unique visual task to the library is that of browsing and/or searching
in a stack or other form of storage space which are in shelves as
high as 8 feet and tightly spaced in a limited aisle space titles or
authors names with a number coding system
Important design objective is obtaining vertical illumination on the
stacks, especially on the lower shelves

Libraries
Other illumination needs:
Special lighting for audio visual areas
Circulation spaces and audio booths

Special lighting for audio-visual areas
VDT workstations
Accent lighting for exhibits and displays
Lighting treatments of glass showcases, paintings,
prints and rare books, refer to the Museum and Art
Gallery Lighting section of IESNA Lighting Handbook


20
Industry has a wide range of visual tasks,
operating conditions and economic
considerations
Visual tasks involve:
Visual Tasks
Extremely small or very large

Dark or light
Opaque, transparent or translucent on specular or
diffuse surfaces
Flat or contoured shapes

Tasks are often on tilted or vertical planes and
the lighting design should provide the
appropriate vertical illuminance
Physical hazards exist in manufacturing
processes and lighting plays an important role in
helping to prevent accidents
Lighting must be designed to contribute to speed
of vision and to the overall environmental
conditions of the workplace

Design of a lighting system and selection of
equipment maybe influenced by many economic
and energy related factors
Economic decisions should be based not only
on initial and operating costs of the lighting
system, but also on the relationship of the cost
of lighting to other production costs


Speed and Environmental Conditions of the Workplace

Economic and Energy Related Factors

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Quality Factors
Quality in Manufacturing
Luminance
Illuminance
Luminaires

Quality Factors

Illuminance
Quality Factors
One of the important factors is the distribution of luminances
in the visual environment
Industrial installations of poor quality are easily recognized as
uncomfortable and are possibly hazardous
Cumulative effect of even slightly glaring conditions can
result in a loss of seeing efficiency and undue fatigue
Color as a part of the seeing task can be very effectively
used to improve contrast either by intensifying or subduing
certain colors inherent in the task

Reflectances of room surface finishes and equipment should
be as high as possible to achieve the best possible
luminance relationships
Painting stationary and moving parts of machines with
contrasting ANSI safety colors helps to reduce accident
hazards by aiding identification

Illuminance
Desired illuminance depends primarily on the seeing task,

the worker and the importance of speed and accuracy in
performing the task
Illuminance recommendations for industrial tasks and areas
are given in the Lighting Design Guide in the IESNA Lighting
Handbook and in latest version of ANSI/IESNA RP-7
Several industries have also developed industry-specific
recommendations
In locations where dirt will collect rapidly on luminaire
surfaces, and where adequate maintenance is not provided,
the initial values should be higher than for spaces which are
cleaner or where there is a planned maintenance program
Luminance
Directional light maybe useful in emphasizing texture and

defects on uneven surfaces
Fluorescence under UV radiation is often used to create
contrast while surface flaws in metal, nonporous plastic and
ceramic parts can be detected by the use of fluorescent
materials
Detection of internal strains in glass and transparent plastics
maybe facilitated by transmitted polarized light
Stroboscopic illumination can be used to slow down or
stop the motion of constant speed rotating or reciprocating
machinery to inspect/study moving parts while they are
operating

Illuminance must be increased where workers wear eyeprotective devices with occupationally-required tinted lenses
that reduce the light reaching the retina of the eye
In cases where specific amount or quality of lighting cannot
be obtained by general lighting, supplementary luminaires
are often used to provide high illuminances for small
restricted areas and to furnish a certain luminance or color or
to permit special aiming or positioning of light sources to
produce or avoid highlights or shadows to best portray the
details of the task
Supplementary equipment must be well shielded to prevent
glare for the user and others working in adjacent areas

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Luminaires
Wide selection of luminaires including fluorescent, metal halide and
high pressure sodium
Maybe open or enclosed, with light control elements of metal,
plastic or glass
Mounting maybe low-bay (up to 5.5 m), medium-bay (5.5 7 m)
or high-bay (>7.5 m)
Fluorescent sources should always be considered in areas with
ceiling heights of approximately 10-12 ft, or where hihg CRI or
instant starting is required
Luminaires should be selected which provide well-shielded
illumination distributed over all of the work planes with aesthetics in
mind

Visual Impact
Concepts of Lighting Applications for Visual
Impacts
Light Source Criteria
Luminaire Selection and Layout
Applications


Color
Luminaires
Luminaires should be chosen with regard to:
Their ease of maintenance
Durability
Efficiency
Lighting designer should consult with local code authorities
before specifying equipment especially in areas where
hazardous materials may be present as to what special
equipment maybe required


Considerations
Color
Intensity
Distribution
Potential to dim the sources


Intensity
Color rendering
Daylighting
Warm color temperature e.g incandescent
Color-enhanced discharge sources i.e. metal halide
or high pressure sodium

The designer should take into account the visual

tasks to be performed and the factors of size, contrast
and time
The designer should select appropriate illuminance
for the design (maintained over time)
IESNA Lighting Design Guide (Chapter 10 IESNA
Lighting Handbook 9th Ed)

23

Economics
Considerations:
The designer must weigh the aesthetic goals of the

lighting design against the financial considerations of
both initial cost and the life-cycle costs of
maintenance and energy use
The designer may need to make strategic use of
incandescent sources for accent lighting while using
sources with higher efficacy (fluorescent (HID) for
general illumination

Luminaire Selection
Task Considerations and Illuminance Criteria
Task considerations should also be taken into
account, even in applications where the visual impact
of a space is the most important design criterion
Tasks include:
Reading in the seating area of house of worship
Completion of sale in a merchandising application
Computer use in a home study
Luminaires should be selected to provide the

appropriate amount of incident light for the task,
keeping in mind that the occupants will be seeing
reflected or transmitted light

Luminaire Selection
Luminaire Glare and Visual Comfort
Glare from the luminaire itself should be considered
especially if the direct source glare is within the visual
field making the overall view and aesthetic
appreciation of the scene maybe obscured
Luminaire Selection

Task considerations and Illuminance Criteria

Distribution of light
Luminaire Glare and Visual Comfort

Luminaire Selection
Distribution of light
Shape and distribution of light must be considered
Examples:
Luminaire with a narrow distribution of light is quite useful
for controlled accent lighting on a single painting, or
where it is desirable to see the edge of the lighted area
against a darker background in an intimate restaurant
Luminaires with a wider distribution that provide even
illumination on the vertical surface for a wall washing
application are more appropriate
For uniform illumination, the manufacturers spacing
criterion (SC) should be consulted to assure adequate
coverage for a given ceiling height

Applications
Lighting functions and techniques will be
discussed in the following applications:
Merchandising Areas
Museums and Exhibits
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces
Casinos and Gaming Facilities
Houses of Worship

24
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Lighting Functions
Attraction
Attraction
Windows
Lighting should
address the
following:
Visual context for
the window
Window layout
Contour of the
window
Store Interiors
Luminance ratios on the merchandise and displays should have
at least 3 times the luminance of the surrounding areas
Luminance ratio should not exceed 5 to 1 throughout the space
except in small areas of specialization
Dramatic luminance ratios maybe desirable in a themed store
Light sources with high CRI (at least 70) should be used to
highlight the merchandise attractively while texture should be
accentuated by grazing angles of light to help attract customers

Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Adequate illumination must be provided so that customers
can evaluate the merchandise once they are attracted
Color rendition is important at the time of appraisal both for
the merchandise and the customer to look attractive
Luminaire placement should avoid facial shadowing
especially in mirrors at the fitting room
Vertical illumination should be provided for clothing appraisal
to enable customer to evaluate the entire length of the
merchandise

Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
Three Basic Approaches
General Pattern System
Specific System
Flexible System

Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Appraisal (or Initiation of sale)
Merchandising Areas

Completion of Sale
Task lighting is required for the store personnel in the
following sales transaction areas:
Registering the sale
Verifying the price
Reading copied or printed data
Merchandise should look as attractive at the register as it did
on the rack to avoid customers from changing their minds
Color rendering should be consistent throughout the store

Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
General Pattern System
This system employs a uniform pattern of luminaires to
provide general illumination regardless of the position of the
merchandise
Useful in supermarkets or in the general merchandising
areas of large department stores
If this system is not combined with supplementary or special
display lighting, it may project an image conducive to bargain
prices or lower-priced merchandise since the customer may
associate less expensive lighting installation to less
expensive merchandise

25
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
Specific System

Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
Specialty Lighting
Different types of merchandise have special lighting needs
Example:
A display case of crystal should include integrated point
sources of light that will provide the necessary enhancing
sparkle


Lighting Functions
This system employs a pattern of electrical outlets for nonpermanent installation of luminaires usually of the aimable
variety
System of track lighting is the most common example
With this system, lighting can be tailored to changing
merchandise displays
Combining the flexible layout with a multi-channel control
system, maximum flexibility can be achieved


Lighting Functions
Damage Control
Flat Displays on Vertical Surfaces
Exhibit Cases
Three-Dimensional Objects
Environments and Installations


Lighting Functions
Damage Control
Flat displays on Vertical Surfaces
Lighting must be designed to enhance and illuminate 3D

artifacts as well as the surface qualities of 2D artifacts
Lighting must also be designed to control potential damage
to the artifacts with respect to amount of illumination and time
of exposure
Lighting Techniques
Flexible System
This system employs a layout of luminaires determined by

the layout of merchandise displays in the store
An integrated system can be very useful in the delineation of
sales areas whether used in the sale of groceries, shoes,
clothing or furniture but keep in mind that they are
permanently located
Merchandising Areas

Luminaires should be placed to provide the necessary

vertical illuminance while minimizing shadows and
direct/indirect glare

26

Lighting Functions
Lighting Functions
Exhibit Cases
3D Objects
Enclosed display cases may be lighted internally, externally,

or in combination
External lighting is usually from directly overhead and
through a diffusing panel but take into consideration glare
problem
Internal lighting is more commonly used
Care should be taken to limit the heat inside the enclosure in
both eternal and internal lighting


Lighting Functions
Decorative Art
Lighting in character with the original purpose of the
space is desirable, within reason
Contemporary Installation Art
Many installation artists design their pieces to be selfilluminating, or include light itself as the subject


Lighting Techniques


Electric sources
Lighting Controls


Lighting Techniques
Lighting Controls
Electric Sources
Electric sources should be chosen to render colors
appropriately while limiting the damage caused by both
infrared (heat) and UV radiation
MR16 lamps with dichroic infrared coatings are often a good
option for accent lighting
Light transport systems (fiber optics and light pipes) with
limited heat and UV radiation are also suitable for lighting
artifacts
Three dimensional forms usually require highlighting and

shadowing to reveal the contours of an object and should be
lighted from multiple directions using a key and fill approach
Lighting Techniques
Environment and Installations

Specification and installation of special control devices can

reduce both the lighting energy consumption and exposure
to damaging radiation
Examples:
Control via interface with a real time clock will limit the
lux-hours/year to the minimum necessary
Occupancy sensors maybe used to control lighting in
less frequented spaces
Photocells can be used when the design combines
daylight and electric light

27

Lighting Functions
Lighting Functions
Creating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the Dining

Area
Intimate Type
Low lighting levels to create a relaxing atmosphere and a
sense of privacy
Standard or custom decorative luminaires maybe used
throughout although color rendering at the dining table is
important so that both patrons and food look appealing
while colored sources maybe used for dramatic effect
Leisure Type
A higher and more uniform level of illuminance should be
provided to create a restful but interesting environment
where eating is the main objective


Lighting Functions
Areas where money is
exchanged, food is
prepared or from which
food is served must be
adequately illuminated for
the given task
The designer must be
knowledgeable about
code requirements for
enclosed luminaires in
food preparation areas
and for damp location or
wet location luminaires

Lighting Techniques
General Pattern Illumination
Decorative Luminaires
Specialty Lighting
Lighted Signage
Creating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the Dining

Area
Quick-service Type
Higher light levels and uniform light distribution are the
norm
Lighted signage is often used to control traffic flow
Menu and counter should be adequately illuminated for
the given task
Menu maybe self-illuminating
Color rendering in these locations is not as critical as in
the seating area


Lighting Functions
Service Areas

Hotel Lobbies
Lighting should complement the architecture and provide for
safe transition exterior to interior
Consideration should be given to adaptation time
A control system should provide for varying illuminance
levels and a change in mood from daytime to nighttime hours
The registration area must be illuminated for the seeing tasks
involved with check in/out


Lighting Techniques
General Pattern Illumination
Uniform pattern of illumination maybe appropriate in leisure
and quick-service restaurants as well as in hospitality spaces
such as hotel lobbies and ballrooms
Recessed downlights with high CRI sources (either
incandescent of compact fluorescent) are often the
luminaires of choice
Even in an intimate-type restaurant, a general pattern of
luminaires maybe used if the sources are well shielded and
have a narrow beam distribution to produce a pattern of light
shadow to create a sense of privacy

28

Lighting Techniques
Decorative Luminaires
Custom designed decorative luminaires can heighten the
image of an intimate-type restaurant or a hotel lobby or
ballroom
In more moderately priced leisure-type restaurants, off-theshelf decorative luminaires may be suitable


Lighting Techniques
Lighted Signage
Lighted signage, often neon, is often used for customer
attraction as well as control of circulation at quick-service
restaurants


Lighting Techniques
Specialty Lighting
Lighting package for multi-use spaces of some restaurants
and hotel meeting rooms and ballrooms may include a
variety of theatrical luminaires (usually ellipsoidal reflector
spotlights and PAR units) as well as control system
integrated with the permanent architectural system or a
separate theatrical-style console


Lighting Functions
Attraction
Lighting for Customer Comfort
Lighting to Enhance Safety and Surveillance
Lighting for Seeing Tasks


Lighting Functions
Lighting Functions
Lighting for Customer Comfort
Attraction
Lighting of a casino should help to attract and visually focus
the customers attention toward the gaming area(s) without
over-stimulating the visual sense much like the ways in which
lighting must function to attract a customer to a merchandise
display
The lighting should create a pleasant atmosphere and make the

customer feel relaxed and welcome
Lighting to Enhance Safety and Surveillance

Unique to casinos is the need for the lighting to provide adequate
illumination for the operation of surveillance video cameras
Lighting for Seeing Tasks

Adequate illumination must be provided at each gaming areas
Some games require vertical illuminance while others require
horizontal illuminance sometimes at a distance from the customer
e.g. Bingo, Race and Sports Book


29

Lighting Techniques
Diffuse Lighting and Direct Lighting
Visually Subordinate Lighting Systems
Sparkle and Glitter


Lighting Techniques
Visually Subordinate Lighting Systems
IESNA Committee on Casino and Gaming Lighting
recommends minimizing the potential for the lighting system
itself to be distracting and place visual focus on the gaming
area
Indirect systems and direct lighting systems with
concentrating distribution patterns are useful design tools

Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Lighting Techniques
Diffuse Lighting and Direct Lighting
diffuse lighting is appropriate in most work areas to prevent
distracting shadows from the work itself (IESNA RP-26,
Recommended Practice on Lighting for Casinos and Gaming
Facilities)
Direct lighting can be used for accent purposes and to create
visual focus
Combination of diffuse and direct lighting is the best
illumination system for people at the gaming tables


Lighting Techniques
Sparkle and Glitter
Enhancing reflection and glitter are useful techniques for
attraction of the customer and care must be taken to light the
individual gaming areas so that the operator, the customer,
and video and live surveillance can view the game without
glare

Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Light for Reading

Accent Lighting
Celebration Lighting
Architectural Lighting

Light for Reading

Lighting must provide adequate light for reading prayer books
and hymnals throughout the congregation seeing area
Light should be uniform, not only for the paper reading tasks,
but also to enable the congregates to see one another
comfortably

30
Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Lighting Functions
Accent Lighting
Celebration Lighting
Accent lighting provides visual focus on the leadership area

of the space as well as on religious objects
Modeling of the speaker/leader as well as of threedimensional objects is important, as is color rendering

Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Architectural features such as arches, trusses, or painted
ceilings should be appropriately illuminated
The architecture of the house of worship itself can be
celebrated with light

Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques

Houses of Worship
Stained Glass
General Illumination
Focused Lighting
Control

Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
General Illumination
Stained Glass
Stained glass may be used for daytime illumination of the
interior or to provide decorative visual accent
For nighttime effect, the glass may be lighted with floodlights
or from a luminous panel or light box
Celebration lighting is the festive and joyous lighting that

evokes a special uplift to an occasion often provided by
lighted candles or specialty lanterns
Celebration lighting can enhance many liturgical special
events
Lighting Techniques
Architectural Lighting
Houses of Worship

General illumination in the

sanctuary is usually provided by a
direct system of luminaires with
overlapping beam distribution to
alleviate shadowing on the
reading tasks
Care should be taken to specify
luminaires appropriate for
mounting height because houses
of worship are often designed with
high, sloping ceilings
Access for maintenance must be
provided

31
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Lighting Techniques
Focused Lighting
Control
For direct accent lighting on the speaker platform or

leadership area, luminaires should be located so as to
provide light from at least two directions
The IESNA Committee on Lighting for Houses of Worship
recommends these luminaires equipped with a controllable
beam, such as theatrical spotlight, and be placed
approximately 45-55 above horizontal and 30 to the right
and left of the centerline of the object being lighted

Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Control
Examples:
For somber occasion e.g wake, downlighting should
predominate
For a joyous festival celebration, the architectural
features of the building may receive more lighting
emphasis
Control system can also serve to reduce power consumption
by shutting off unneeded lighting systems

Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting
Issues
Weather
Maintenance
Controls
Timeswitches
Photocells
Occupancy-sensing
Controls
Vandalism
Houses of Worship
Preset control system, which can be programmed for

different functions such as worship service, wedding, concert
or visiting hours will
The visual focus of the space and overall composition of light
help provide flexibility and variety will need to be different for
each event

Exterior Lighting Issues
Lighting for Visual Performance
Lighting for Visual Impact

Weather
Obtrusive Light
Ordinances and Standards
Safety and Security
Plantings

Local weather should be understood before designing the system; it

is the designers responsibility to anticipate the most severe
weather, and to consider the corresponding light loss
Lighting system must be adequate during good conditions as well
as during worse conditions
Protection against moisture and impact should should be
considered where appropriate
Label Damp and Wet Locations
Damp refers to luminaires mounted in exterior but covered
locations
Wet refers to luminaires in locations exposed directly to
precipitation

32
Maintenance

Controls

Controls

Timeswitches
Controls that use clocks re called timeswitches (or
timeclocks) and may include automatic adjustments for
daylight savings and changing seasons, backup power
for uninterrupted timekeeping and additional features
Timeswitches typically control groups of luminaires to
turn them on or off at a scheduled time of night, most
frequently at a specified time following the end of local
activities

Controls
Photocells
Photocell controls switch luminaires on or off in response
to light levels
Individual or group control can be used, and the switch
can either turn on or off as the light level increases or
decreases
Photocells can be set to respond at different light levels,
and to go either on or off mode at system failure
e.g.switching on of lights at dusk and off at dawn
In extreme situations, component testing during routine

maintenance maybe desirable e.g. checking ballasts
performance and replacing as necessary
Regularly scheduled maintenance ensures that the minimum
performance level will be adequate, while reducing burn-outs
between maintenance
Controls
Lighting controls for exterior projects are typically activated

by clocks or the sensing of light levels or occupancy
Often, more than one control is applied to a luminaire or to a
group of luminaires
Example: a parking lot lighting system maybe switched
on by one photocell (which senses ambient lighting
levels) for each luminaire but switched of by a single
timeclock
Controls may also be integrated with a facility management
or building automation system

Maintenance
To keep the system performing at design levels, maintaining

exterior lighting equipment in order to stand weather is a
must
Group maintenance should be considered where all lamps in
a system are replaced and luminaires cleaned and checked
at scheduled intervals especially if equipment mounting
locations and heights can make access difficult
Luminaire cleaning and replacement of auxiliary equipment
such as lenses, gaskets, ballasts, ignitors and photocells
should be a part of the maintenance schedule

Photocells
For tunnel and building entrances, lighting is usually
programmed to be at higher intensities during daylight
periods and lower at night to enable easier transition and
mitigate sudden changes in illuminance levels
Different types of photocells are available, each having
distinct properties and performance

33
Controls

Controls

Vandalism

Typical techniques for minimizing vandalism include
mounting equipment sufficiently high, using hardened
(durable) luminaires and installing additional equipment to
light important areas from more than one direction
Mounting heights of 3.5 to 4 m may be necessary to remove
luminaires from easy attack

Vandalism
Hardened luminaires may incorporate polycarbonate lenses,

wire or mesh enclosures, glare shields and other
attachments e.g. vandal-proof screws to help prevent
vandalism
Additional luminaires are often used to provide
supplementary lighting from more than one direction in
important areas and may be used to highlight the luminaires
in the principal lighting system, to further avoid vandalism
because of increased visibility
Switching and controls often play an increasing role in the

usefulness of the lighting system as the facility increases in
size
Large sports facilities often have a number of switching
schemes, which encompass everything from clean-up to
practice to televised competition
Safety and /or security lighting might require using a quartz
instant re-strike feature in HID luminaires, or an additional
lighting system
Vandalism
Manual dimmer and wall switch

Occupancy-sensing control

Controls
Occupancy-sensing Controls
Occupancy activated controls are used in some exterior
applications, particularly security lighting
These controls work in a similar manner to interior
occupancy sensors, switching on when occupancy is
detected and off after a specified period with no
occupancy
Use of these control devices is not recommended with
HID sources because of the restrike and warm up time

Controls and power supply should also be protected from

vandalism
Example:
A lighting system that locates luminaires high on poles
but leaves easy access to photocells or wiring (through
the handholes) may not be an effective solution

34
Vandalism
Vandalism
Since steps taken to reduce vandalism can affect the
performance of the lighting system, these methods (luminaire
types, mounting heights and use of protective devices) must
be included I the design stage
Vandalism reduction measures may also help to make the
equipment less susceptible to everyday mechanical damage,
but typically increase the difficulty of maintenance

Obtrusive Light

Obtrusive Light
Fixtures with some cutoff characteristics in the photometric
distribution are recommended for exterior lighting unless it is
essential to have luminous flux above the horizontal
Area, pathway and roadway lighting equipment should have
distributions that are at least semi-cutoff while full
cutoffshould Always be considered
When it is necessary to have a luminous flux above the
horizontal, the designer should be diligent in keeping the
above-horizontal flux as low as practical to accomplish the
intended effect

Obtrusive Light
Raising mounting heights and using sharper cutoff luminaires

can reduce spill light most effectively
Visits to the site during the day and at night can identify
potential effects the lighting design may have on adjacent
property and the impact those properties may have on the
proposed design
The least expensive way to deal with light trespass and sky
glow from exterior lighting is to consider the issues prior to
the design phase

Obtrusive Light
Applications such as building facades, landscapes and

central business districts sometimes require lighting to be
aimed upward
Roadway, pathway and area lighting typically do not require
uplight, but other exterior lighting systems might require it
Luminous flux above the horizontal does not always benefit
exterior lighting projects, but can add to glare, spill light and
light trespass
Luminous flux above the horizontal and reflected light also
contributes to sky glow which is an immensely important
issue with the professional and amateur astronomical
community

The design might affect the properties several blocks away or

areas where the properties are set above or below the design
site, so special care should be taken to eliminate or limit
glare and light trespass
A site visit can also influence decisions regarding the type of
luminaire, mounting height, light source, overhang/setback,
plus other possible criteria to be used in the design

35
Adoption of lighting ordinances and standards enables
jurisdictions to restrict, direct and check on exterior lighting
systems and presents designers with additional requirements
for each project
The designer is responsible for finding out which ordinances
and standards apply, and how to demonstrate compliance
Clarification of the details of ordinances and standards may
be necessary, and should be provided by the official
responsible for the review of the submittal

Safety and Security
Safety concerns can be
addressed by appropriate lighting
of hazards such as stairs, curbs,
sloped walkways and other
obstacles
Property protection is one
important aspect of security
lighting
Security lighting provides
illumination to deter would-be
criminals by facilitating detection
and identification, and allows
individuals and guards to view
the surrounding area(s)

Safety and Security
Security lighting intended to
improve visibility within an area
for both deterrence and
identification to avoid injury by
others because it is important
what is to be visible and to whom
Objects to be illuminated must be
clearly identified so surveillance
equipment and personnel (for
deterrence and for their security)
is a must as well as storage
yards and fence lines

Common requirements of standards and ordinances are
illumination quantity and quality criteria and restrictions on
lamp lumens or luminaire distributions
Requirements for submittal and review may include
photometric plans and luminaire product literature (cutsheets), to demonstrate compliance, particularly with
controlling spill light

Safety and Security
Safety and security lighting should be resistant to vandalism
and be well maintained
Inoperative lights can create hazards and reduce security
Critical locations should be covered by at least two
luminaires for reliability
Safety lighting for each project should be reviewed by
envisioning moving through the area as users will, and
anticipating every hazard-particularly changes in direction or
level of a walkway
It is important to consider all directions of travel and the
needs of emergency situations, to avoid injury to self during
extreme weather conditions

Safety and Security
Consider the recommendations carefully to insure that the
correct uniformity ratio (average to minimum or maximum
to minimum) is achieved for the application
Improve visibility by controlling glare and providing a properly
uniform and balanced luminous environment
Reflective surfaces can produce problems from an imbalance
of interior and exterior lighting levels for guard facilities, as
well as drive-up bank teller windows, or other interior/exterior
spaces with security concerns
Equal illumination inside and outside will improve visibility for
the people inside

36
Safety and Security

Lighting Applications for Visual Performance
Floodlighting Basics
Area Lighting Basics
Roadways
Parking Lots
Walkways and Bikeways
Sports Facilities
Automated Teller Machines

Landscape plantings spread and increase in girth and height

over time unless they are carefully trimmed on a regular
basis
Information about growth patterns of plantings from local
nurseries or agricultural extension services should be known
beforehand

Light distribution described in degrees of beam spread or
NEMA Type
Beam spread described in two (2) ways:
Beam Angle
Field Angle
NEMA or IESNA beam types are determined by field angles
Symmetrical floodlights have the same horizontal and vertical
beam spread and are classified with one NEMA number
Asymmetrical beam spreads have separate horizontal and
vertical designations (H, V), with the horizontal value always
given first

Beam spread should provide the right amount of light in the desired
location
Typical area lighting layouts will have luminaires mounted at the
edge of the area to be lighted
Floodlights usually cover a distance up to 3 times the mounting
height and are generally aimed 2/3 of the distance across the area
to be lighted and at least 30 below horizontal
If the floodlight is aimed at the far side of the area or less than 30
below horizontal, there will be substantial glare and /or spill light
If the floodlight is aimed at the near side of the area, the far side will
not receive adequate light, and a hot spot will be created near the
floodlight location

Plantings
It is important to know what or when to light since excessive

light levels at a gateway may make observation of the
surrounding fence more difficult
Lighting can make a space more public and improve security
by increasing the use of the area by making it more inviting
Designers should evaluate the vertical illuminance at 1.5 m
above grade to light faces
Important visual information for the surrounding areas is
routes of approach, escape and avoidance

Best lateral uniformity is not obtained by the typical quarter

point layout, locating identical luminaires evenly spaced with
a spacing distance to the edge
With such a pattern, the area midway between two
luminaires has contributions from both luminaires, while at
the edge there is only one luminaire contributing
Illuminance at the edge will be about half that at the midpoint
and the luminaires should be spaced so the illuminance at
the edge is at least as high as the illuminance at the midpoint
between luminaires
Typical layout patterns and exact proportions depend on the
photometric distribution of the luminaire

37

These classifications are a general guide that should only be
used as a starting point in the fixture selection process as are
similar classifications used for floodlighting
Photometric distribution classifications according to cutoff
characteristics:
Full cutoff
Cutoff
Semi-cutoff
Noncutoff

Cutoff
A luminaires light distribution is designated as cutoff
when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp lumens does not
numerically exceed 25 (2.5%) at or above a vertical
angle of 90 above nadir (horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or
above a vertical angle of 80 above nadir which applies
to any lateral angle around the luminaire

Area lighting refers to the lighting of open level areas with

luminaires mounted above grade, typically on poles or buildings
Designers will often use similar luminaires throughout the project,
with single or multiple luminaires on one pole with the intent of
providing sufficient horizontal illuminance at grade, with
corresponding uniformity
Applications include:
Open parking lots
Walkways and bikeways
Storage yards
Sports facilities

Area lighting luminaires are designed to provide a variety of

light distributions for different project geometries
Distributions have been classified by IESNA based on the
transverse (projection), longitudinal (lateral) and cutoff
characteristics of the photometric data
Five (5) Basic Classification Types (types I, II, III, IV and V)
used to describe the transverse distribution patterns of area
luminaires which are shapes based on where the maximum
candlepower and the trace of the half-maximum values fall,
as measured in units of fixture mounting height
Each of these types can have longitudinal classifications of
short, medium or long

Full Cutoff
A luminaires light distribution is designated as full cutoff
numerically exceed 0 (0%) at or above a vertical angle of
90 above nadir (horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or above a
vertical angle of 80 above nadir which applies to any
lateral angle around the luminaire

Semicutoff
numerically exceed 50 (5%) at or above a vertical angle
of 90 above nadir (horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or

38
Noncutoff
numerically exceed 50 (5%) at or above a vertical angle
of 90 above nadir (horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or

Lighting Applications for
Visual Performance


Divide the width and
length of area by 4x per
pole when poles are
inside the lighted area or
when at the perimeter of
the lot, but not at the
corners
When using more than

one pole, pole spacing
should be not more than
4 times the mounting
height (MH)

Lateral spacing should be spaced so the illuminance at the
edge is at least as high the illuminance at the midpoint
between luminaires
It may be desirable to light the edge of an area to a higher
level than the middle due to security, shadowing and the
expected reflectance in the space
In all cases, spill light should be controlled


Roadways
Roadway lighting is one of the most common exterior lighting
applications providing for drivers, pedestrians and associated
users
Some projects are intended solely to provide illumination for
vehicles, while other projects are part of an overall
streetscape design
Even such different projects have common elements
The equipment is almost always located in the public right of
way and may significantly affect the surrounding areas

39
Roadway users are sometimes affected by lighting in the
surrounding areas
Issues discussed in the section on obtrusive light are
particularly relevant in roadway lighting
Prior to 1983, roadway lighting design criteria were based on
illuminance values, with associated uniformity criteria, for
each roadway and area classifications

Roadways


In 1983, roadway Lighting was revised to include pavement
luminance as an alternative design procedure, with an
additional criterion of veiling luminance (or glare)
This procedure uses a calculation technique that extends the
evaluation of the lighting beyond illuminance, light landing
on a surface, to include the directional reflectance
characteristics of pavement surfaces and the corresponding
luminance, light coming off a surface

Roadways
Roadways
Four types of roadway surfaces are defined, with separate
specularity and reflectance characteristics, described in the
tables of coefficients provided in RP-8
Concrete roads correspond to R1 surface, and blacktop or
asphalt roads to the R3 surface
More discussion on the r-tables is available in the current
RP-8
Classifications according to the activity in the surrounding

areas:
Freeway Class A
Freeway Class B
Expressway
Major
Collector
Local
For each classification, the average maintained illuminance
and the uniformity ratio for average to minimum were
specified
Roadways
Photometric Distribution

Roadways
Roadways

Effect of road surface

reflectance on luminance

40
Roadways

Roadways

The geometry of a typical lighting system can be described
by a simple set of measurements, assuming that the
luminaires are not tilted, which would change the
photometrics, and that they are aimed directly across he
street
Arrangement, spacing, mounting height and
overhang/setback distance make up the geometry of the
lighting system


Roadways
Roadways
Additional data required for evaluating a roadway lighting
system are the luminaire photometric distribution data, the
appropriate lamp lumen value, the light loss factor and, for
luminance calculations, the pavement surface type
Procedure for evaluating roadway lighting design is
described in ANSI/IESNA publication RP-00
The basic one-side and opposite arrangements have an

obvious luminaire spacing, defined as the distance between
luminaires on the same side of the roadway, but the
staggered arrangement is sometimes defined differently in
manufacturers literature and in other texts
The one-side arrangements have one luminaire per spacing,
while the staggered and opposite arrangements have two
Roadways
Opposite/staggered
luminaire arrangement

Roadways
The veiling luminance produced by a roadway lighting

system is principally a function of the luminaires photometric
distribution, and can be affected somewhat by changing the
geometry of the lighting system
Luminaires with less light at high angles (between
horizontal down to 80 above nadir) will tend to have lower
veiling luminance values (i.e. less glare)
In general, luminaires with more stringent cutoff will produce
less glare and less obtrusive light but may need to be placed
closer together, increasing the quantity of luminaires needed

The illuminance and luminance are both calculated at the

positions of a surface grid, using point by point calculation
procedures like those described in Module 4, Lighting
Calculations
Luminance calculation also includes additional steps to
convert the illuminance from each luminaire to the
corresponding reflected luminance, and to calculate the
veiling luminance values associated with each point
Average, minimum and maximum values are derived from
the values at the grid points, and then used in calculating the
uniformity ratios

41
Roadways

Roadways
Once a lighting system meets all the criteria for a design, this
typical pattern of the lighting system is then applied to the
particular road
Projects generally include straight and curved sections and
intersections, crosswalks, interchanges, entrances, exits and other
conflict areas
The designer is responsible for adjusting the typical pattern as
needed by the actual situation, so that the requirements of the
curves and conflict areas are met by reducing the spacing of the
luminaires to provide the appropriate increase in lighting
At intersections, the average illuminance should be equal to the
sum of the recommended values associated with each road that
forms the intersection

Roadways
Proper arrangement of poles

Single sided left preferred to right for a curve to the right

Proper arrangement of poles

Opposite Arrangement preferred to staggered for a curve

Roadways
In some cases, this can be significantly different from the
average for one of the roads, and may require an additional
adjustment in the vicinity of the intersection, for the sake of
uniformity along the roadway
It is important that each and every path through conflict areas
be considered, to ensure that the lighting system does meet
the needs of every intended use
Parking lots are areas where vehicles and pedestrians mix so
that the lighting system should meet the needs of both
groups, and particularly allow them to see each other clearly

Guidelines to design,
construct, and manage
safe and energy efficient
road lighting systems in
the Philippines
Was formulated as part of
the efforts of DOE and
PELMATP to address the
barriers to widespread
use of energy efficient
lighting systems


42
Parking Lots

Parking Lots
It is useful to recognize that this roughly corresponds to the

height of vehicles, and that shadowing between vehicles may
be a concern
While illuminance at grade is specified by the criteria, vertical
illuminance at 1.5m above grade is also important
For enclosed lots, the luminance of the structure itself is
important, and can noticeably affect the quality of the design
As the quantity and uniformity of illuminance increases on the
ceiling, walls and columns of the structure, the vertical and
horizontal illumination throughout the space improves which
make shadows decrease and visibility better

The spacing of the grid should be sufficiently small, to ensure

the calculations will provide accurate average, maximum and
minimum values
The use of templates, showing the coverage by one
luminaire or by a set of luminaires on one pole, with a
specific lamp lumen value and mounting height, can be very
helpful in designing the pattern
Light loss factors should be included when developing
templates
Walkways and bikeways can be either a part of or separate

from roadways
When they are part of the roadway, they should be included
in the design for that roadway
In either case, the intent is to provide lighting for both
navigating the path and seeing the other people on the path

The criteria for walkway and bikeway lighting include average
illuminance at grade for typical applications and minimum
vertical illuminance at 1.5m above grade for areas with
special security considerations which also include a
uniformity criterion for both
It is important to visit the site for walkway and bikeway
projects, to evaluate the surroundings and their lighting level
as well as the pathways themselves
Safety and security are important in walkways and bikeways,
and the additional issues about surroundings, trees,
maintenance and vandalism also apply



Sports Facilities
Sporting events are increasingly played and watched at
night, outdoors as well as indoors
Illumination requirements are increasing, and with this comes
the associated problems of glare the need to limit light
trespass and color rendering for better visual performance
Sportslighting cannot be accomplished by the methods of
approximation, but rather requires calculations using
sophisticated computer programs
Classes are based on the skill level of play, as well as the
associated number of spectators i.e. the number of
spectators is generally proportional to the skill level of the
players

43
Sports Facilities

Visual Performance
Sports Facilities
Night Golf
Sports can be divided into two groups:

Aerial sports
Ground-level sports
These groups can be subdivided into uni-directional and
multi-directional sports
Typical aerial sports would be golf (uni-directional) and
basketball (multi-directional) or football (multi-directional)
Typical ground-level sports would be bowling (uni-directional)
and hockey (multi-directional)

Sports Facilities
Large spectator capacity

Sports Facilities

Automated Teller Machines
The need for lighting at Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
locations has increased in importance because of the
potential crime
The issues discussed about security lighting apply (IESNA
DG-9-97, Lighting for Automated Teller Machine
Specifically it is important to provide sufficient lighting for the
visual tasks of operating the ATM and also for the safety of
the user
Simply highlighting the machine produces a spotlight effect
that does not provide user safety or equipment security
Visual comfort for crowds

Sports Facilities
Sports Luminaire


44
Lighting Applications for Visual Impact
Signage
Retail and Commercial
Signage
Signage is a very common exterior lighting project, from
roadway information to commercial signage, with both
external and internal lighting are used for signs
The most important issue is the relative luminance of the sign
in comparison to its surroundings
Source color may be important, to render the sign and to
improve its visibility

Signage

Signage
Spill light, glare and maintenance are again concerns, for
either internally or externally lighted signs
Lighting that spotlights one side of a sign may also produce
excessive glare when viewed from another direction

Many businesses have exterior lighting as part of a
commercial or retail facility
These can range from car dealerships to drive-up stores to
miniature golf courses
With this wide range of applications, the specific issues for
each business are beyond this module
Typically, each project can be sub-divided into pieces that
are recognizable lighting tasks, such as display lighting,
roadway lighting, or sports lighting
General issues discussed in this module still apply, in
particular spill light, ordinances and standards may be
relevant


Visual Impact

45
While security is important issue for businesses, business owners
should be encouraged to turn off lighting after hours, leaving on only
what is necessary for security
This concept is sometimes difficult to implement, if the same lighting
system is used for highlighting and providing security for the
merchandise
Energy management programs and, in some jurisdictions, lighting
ordinances and standards, may require that the light levels be
reduced during certain period of the night
Control strategies play an important role in the performance of
security systems- simply switching off every other luminaire can
create shadows and dark spots, while also complicating any
maintenance scheduling

Lighting Cost
Installation Costs (Initial or First Costs)
Financing Costs
Design and Management Costs
Energy Costs
Maintenance Costs
Human Factors
Environmental Benefits (Externalities)

Lighting Cost
Lighting Cost
Installation Costs
Installation Costs
Also called as initial costs or first costs, are all the

costs to purchase and install a fully functioning
system in a building, including:
Equipment Cost
Labor to Install Equipment
Labor to Commission
Discounts
Equipment Cost
Includes distributors and contractors mark-up, and shipping
charges

Lighting Cost
Installation Costs
Includes placement, wiring, cleaning and contractors markup

Reduction in wiring and installation costs can often
counterbalance more expensive equipment
Labor to Commission
Include training of building employees in proper operation of
the system
Any project involving moving parts or adjustable settings
needs to be commissioned on-site to be sure that it is
functioning as intended
Commissioning costs should be included in any budget
allowance

Lighting Cost
Financing Costs
Discounts
Include rebates or incentive payments and should also be
factored into installation costs
Utility companies have often tried to encourage the
installation of more efficient systems by helping to buy
down the installation cost with incentive payments or rebates
to the building owner
Check current program rules and availability with local utility
representative if such incentives will be available for a given
project
Labor to Install Equipment

Increase in initial cost or extension of the construction

finance period multiplies the final cost of a project
Financing costs can easily equal or exceed the
installation costs of a project
For private sector projects, managers should try to
take advantage of the reduced operation costs and
improvement in overall building value of a new
lighting installation to help leverage the financing
limits for a project

46
Lighting Cost
Financing Costs
Banks typically determine their financing allowance

based on expected income from tenants, less all
operating costs, times a capitalization rate
Energy Savings Companies (ESCOs) finances
lighting renovation projects through energy cost
sharing to help large institutions and governments by
taking a share of the energy savings
Governments created a new form of contracting
called energy services performance contracting
(ESPC) to take advantage of this financing form

Lighting Cost
Lighting design practitioners who are asked to
perform careful economic analyses or create
alternative scenarios for comparison will expect to be
paid for additional services and should be included in
preparing the total project cost
Building owners prefer making quick, well-informed
decisions rather than spending a great deal of time
considering alternatives and approving design
changes and usually hire certified lighting designers
and professionals

Lighting Cost
Professional design services add to a projects real

cost, as does the time to manage those design
services
An experienced and qualified practitioner knows how
to optimize a lighting system for the owners needs
and can greatly improve the economic value of a
project

Lighting Cost
Energy Costs
Full assessment of energy costs include:
Per-unit energy charges
Demand charges
Fixed charges
Escalation rates
Discounts and other benefits

Lighting Cost
Energy Costs
Energy Costs
Per-unit energy charges

Most lighting energy analysis assumed an average cost per kilowatt
hour using this simple equation:
Energy cost /year = connected load in kilowatts x hours of operation/year x Electricity
price/kWh
Per-unit energy charges become more complex when they vary by

time of use of different systems and the load profile for the building
and should be included in order to fully understand cost savings due
to energy efficiency measures
Lighting Cost

Demand Charges
Demand impacts include when particular watts are used, by
season or time of day, and how lighting loads relate to other
loads in the building since peak demand charges can
become more costly than overall per unit energy charges
Such an analysis requires more information and usually
employs a program that can simulate building energy use
hour by hour

47
Lighting Cost
Lighting Cost
Energy Costs
Energy Costs
Demand Charges
Fixed Charges
Demand savings are also rarely certain, and difficult to

attribute to one building system over another
Using photocontrols in conjunction with daylighting offer
considerable opportunities to reduce peak lighting demand
but works out in a case-by-case basis

Energy Costs

Energy Costs
Escalation Rates
Discounts and Other Benefits
Since energy prices are expected to rise in the future, the

value of current energy savings also increases
To simplify and standardized life cycle cost analysis,
escalation rates are usually predicted for energy escalation
rates by fuels type but deregulation makes these prediction
les certain

Lighting Cost
Maintenance Costs
Deregulation promises building owners more options in fee

structures but allows the price of energy to float with the open
market making the time value of energy savings even more
unpredictable
Free phone services based on energy bills or an initial
discount on energy rates for the first year are some of the
come ons used by utilities to lure customers, but building
managers should carefully analyze their billing structure in
order to understand the relationship between energy use and
energy cost to take advantage of these options

Lighting Cost
Maintenance Costs
The cost of maintaining a lighting system include:

Routine maintenance, such as cleaning luminaires,
troubleshooting systems, spot on replacement of early
failures, including both labor and equipment costs
Scheduled group replacement, including labor and
equipment costs
Stocking cost to warehouse parts, or order as needed
Disposal costs for lamps and ballasts
Labor and equipment costs should be included in any

comparison between system options since it will
escalate over time
Lighting Cost
Lighting Cost
Utility companies shift more of the cost of providing electricity

to fixed charges per customer such as connection charges,
variable time-of-day rates, fixed monthly charges, peak use
surcharges, transmission charges, distribution charges, etc.
Minimizing the advertised cost of electricity per hour makes
the incremental value of energy savings seem significant

Maintenance costs are periodic and a life cycle cost

analysis is the most sensitive approach to evaluate its
impact
Lighting maintenance costs will be reduced by:
Reducing the number of luminaires and variety of
components per facility
Extending the systems life
Improving the systems reliability
Increasing the accessibility and simplicity of the system
Improving the cleanliness or airtightness of a system so that
theres less dirt accumulation

48
Lighting Cost
Environmental Impacts
Environmental impacts that are not charged directly to a building
owner are also very difficult to include in an economic analysis
While most business owners may have good intentions to help
the environment, these intentions are likely to be dropped unless
they can be included in the bottom line equation
Environmental labeling programs attempt to make environmental
benefits more tangible by providing a business owner with a
third-party evaluation that they have achieved a real reduction in
environmental impacts
Labeling programs also offer an opportunity for marketing and
advertising benefits that may improve the bottom line

49

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Outline

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Speed and Accuracy Requirements

Factors to be considered in ranking

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Visual tasks are of varying duration and difficulty

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Speed and Accuracy Requirements

Slower Speed and Large Ball

Higher Speed and Small Ball

Competition Level : 150 Lux

Competition Level : 500 Lux

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Room Surface and Task Background

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Difficulty of Task Details

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Work Plane Location and Tilt

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Affect both quantity of generated lumens

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

A specular white wall may reflect 90% in a given direction, while

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Discomfort glare produces discomfort (even

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Methods of minimizing the occurrence of veiling

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Direct Glare comes from the luminaires that

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Direct Glare from Luminaires

Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Process by which eyes adjust from one luminance level