Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Chapter 14
Sections 14.1 through 14.7
General Considerations
General Considerations
Mass transfer refers to mass in transit due to a species concentration gradient
in a mixture.
Must have a mixture of two or more species for mass transfer to occur.
The species concentration gradient is the driving potential for transfer.
Mass transfer by diffusion is analogous to heat transfer by conduction.
Physical Origins of Diffusion:
Transfer is due to random molecular motion.
Consider two species A and B at the same T and p,
but initially separated by a partition.
Diffusion in the direction of decreasing
concentration dictates net transport of
A molecules to the right and B molecules
to the left.
In time, uniform concentrations of A and
B are achieved.
Definitions
Ci :
Definitions
3
Molar concentration ( kmol/m ) of species i.
ji :
ni:
xi :
mi :
Property Relations
Property Relations
Mixture Concentration:
C = Ci xi = 1
i
Mixture Density:
= i mi = 1
i
i =
pi
RiT
p = pi
i
xi =
Ci pi
=
C
p
Diffusion Fluxes
v = x A v A + xB v B
From Ficks law (mass transfer analog to Fouriers law):
J A = CDABx A
Binary diffusion coefficient or mass diffusivity (m2/s)
v = mAvA + mB v B
From Ficks law:
j A = DABmA
Absolute Fluxes
N A = JA + CA ( xAv A + xB vB )
N A = CDABxA + xA ( N A + N B )
Mass Flux of Species A:
nA = A v A = jA + Av
nA = jA + A ( mAv A + mB vB )
nA = DABmA + mA ( nA + nB )
Special Case of Stationary Medium:
v = 0 N A = J A
v = 0 nA = j A
Conservation of Species
Conservation of Species
Application to a Control Volume at an Instant of Time:
g
M A,in M A,out + M A, g =
g
g
dM A
M A,st
dt
CA CA CA N A
1 C A
+
+
+
=
x 2
y 2
z 2 DAB DAB t
Species Diffusion Equation on a Mass Basis:
2 A 2 A 2 A ng A
1 A
+
+
+
=
x 2
y 2
z 2 DAB DAB t
Special Cases
d 2 xA
=0
2
dx
(1)
N A, x = J A, x = CDAB
=
dx
L
N A, x = AN A, x =
Rm,diff =
DAB A
(CA,s,1 CA,s,2 )
L
L
DAB A
Table 14.1
N A, x ( 0 ) = N A = k1 C A ( 0 )
Reaction rate constant (m/s)
DAB
dxA
dx
= k1 xA ( 0 )
x =0
x A ( L ) = x A, L
Solution to the species diffusion equation (1) yields a linear distribution for xA ( x ) :
x A ( x ) 1 + xk1 / DAB
=
x A, L
1 + Lk1 / DAB
(
(
)
)
dx
N A ( 0 ) = CDAB A
dx
=
x =0
Limiting Cases:
Process is reaction limited:
k1 0
xA ( 0 )
1
xA ( L )
k1Cx A, L
1 + Lk1 / DAB
( Lk / D ) = 1
1
AB
N A ( 0 ) k1Cx A, L
k1
xA ( 0 ) 0
Equimolar counterdiffusion:
( Lk / D ) ? 1
1
AB
CDAB xA, L
N A ( 0 )
L
N A, x = N B, x
N A, x = DAB
N A = k1C A
and the general solution to the diffusion equation is
CA ( x ) = C1emx + C2emx
1/ 2
m = ( k1 / DAB )
Boundary conditions
C A ( 0 ) = C A,0
dC A
dx
=0
x=L
Solution
N A, x ( 0) = DABCA,0 m tanh ml
Column Evaporation
Special Features:
Evaporation of A from the liquid interface ( x A,0 = x A,sat ( v ) > x A, L )
Insolubility of species B in the liquid. Hence downward motion by diffusion
must be balanced by upward bulk motion (advection) such that the absolute
flux is everywhere zero.
N B, x = 0
Upward transport of A by diffusion is therefore augmented by advection.
Solution:
1 x A 1 x A, L
=
1 A,0 1 x A,0
N A, x =
x/L
CDAB 1 x A, L
1n
L
1
x
A,0
Transient Diffusion
2C A C A
DAB
=
2
x
t
Initial and Boundary Conditions for a Plane Wall with Symmetrical Surface Conditions
C A ( x , 0 ) = C A ,i
C A ( L, t ) = C A, s
C A
=0
x x = 0
Nondimensionalization
C C A, s
A
C A ,i C A , s
x x
L
tm
DABt
Fom
2
L
( x , 0 ) = 1
(1, Fom ) = 0
x
=0
x = 0
Fo Fom
Table 14.2 summarizes analogy between heat and mass transfer variables.