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CONTENT
No.

Title

5.1

Soap and Detergent

5.2

Food Additives

5.3

Medicine

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Page

SOAP AND DETERGENT

Introduction
Cleansing agents are chemical substance used to remove grease and dirt. There are two type of cleansing
agents soaps and detergent. Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of fatty acids that contains 12 to 18
carbon atoms per molecule. Soaps are cleansing agents made from animal fats or vegetable oil by
saponification.

Soap is a salt of a compound known as a fatty acid. A soap molecule consists of a long
hydrocarbon chain (composed of carbons and hydrogen) with a carboxylic acid group on one end
which is ionic bonded to a metal ion, usually a sodium or potassium. The hydrocarbon end is non
polar and is soluble in non polar substances (such as fats and oils), and the ionic end (the salt of a
carboxylic acid) is soluble in water.

The History of Soap Manufacturing

In the past, soap was made by mixing animal fats with

alkaline wood ashes.

Large-scale commercial soapmaking accured in 1791 when

a french chemist, Nicholas Leblanc patented a process for
making soda ash or sodium carbonate from common salt.
The process yielded large quantities of quality soda ash.

Twenty years later, Belgian chemist Ernest Solvary

developed a process to further reduce the cost of obtaining
soda ash, thereby reducing the cost of soap manufacturing.

Soap Preparation Process

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Soaps can be made from animal fats and vegetable oils. The animal fats most commonly used
are fats from cows and goats. The vegetable oils often used are palm oil, olive oil and coconut
oil. Soaps are prepared by hydrolyzing fats or oils under alkaline condition. The reaction is
called saponification. This process involves boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium
hydroxide solution or concentrated potassium hydroxide solution to produce glycerol and the
salts of fatty acids which are soaps.

General equation for saponifaction

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Sodium palmitate
1. The fats or oils are hydrolysed first to form glycerol and fatty acids. The soap produced
can be precipitated by adding common salt (sodium chloride) to the reaction mixture.
2. The sodium chloride added reduced the solubility of soap in water. As a result, precipitation of
soap occurs.
3. The properties of soap depend on :
a) The type of alkali used for saponification
b) The type of animal fats or vegetable oils used.
4. Soaps produced from sodium hydroxide are hard, whereas soaps produced from potassium
hydroxide are soft.
5. Animal fats (tallow) from cows and vegetable oils (such as palm oil or olive oil) ae used for
making soap.

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Detergent
1. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents made from hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum
fractions. Thus, detergents are petrochemicals. Detergents are usually sodium salts of sulphuric
acid.
2. Detergents can be classified into three main types, depending on the charge on the detergent ion.
a) Anionic detergents where the head of the detergent particle contains a negatively charged
ion.
Negatively
Example: R O SO3-Na+ (Sodium alkyl sulphate)
charged ion
b) Cationic detergents where the head of the detergent particle contains a positively charged
ion.
Positively
Example: R N (CH3)3+BRcharged ion

c) Non ionic detergents

Example: R O CH2CH2OH

Preparation of detergents
1. The detergent, sodium alkyl sulphate can be prepared from alcohols with chain lengths of 12 to
18 carbon atoms in two steps.
Steps 1: Reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid

Step 2: Neutralisation with sodium hydroxide solution.

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2. An example of a long chain alcohol is didecan 1 ol, CH3(CH2)10CH2OH. The detergent

prepared from dodecan -1 ol is called sodium dodecyl sulphate (IUPAC name) or sodium lauryl
sulphate (common name). CH3(CH2)10CH2O-SO3-Na+ .
3. Sodikum alkylbenzene sulphinates, were first used in 1940s. It can be prepared in three steps. The
starting materials for making this detergents in a long chain alkene, RCH = CH 2 , obtained from
the cracking of petroleum.

a) Step 1 : Alkylation

Alkylation is the introduction of the alkyl group to an organic molecule.

b) Step 2 : Sulphonation
Alkylbenzene produced the react with concentrated sulphuric acid acid to form
alkylbenzene sulphonic acid.

Sulphonation is the introduction of the sulphonic acid group, -SO3H to an organic

molecule to form sulphonic acid.
c) Step 3 : Neutralisation
Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid produced reacted with sodium hydroxide to form sodium
alkylbenzene sulphonate, the detergent

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The cleansing of soap and detergent

The cleansing action of both soaps and detergents results from their ability to lower the surface
tension of water, to emulsify oil or grease and to hold them in suspension in water.
1) The following explains the cleansing action of a soap or detergent on a piece of cloth with a
greasy stain:
a) When soap or detergent is added to water, it reduces the surface tension of water.
Therefore, the surface of the cloth is wetted throughout.
b) The hydrophobic part of the soap or detergent anion is soluble in the grease. The
hydrophilic part is soluble in water.

c) Mechanical agitation during scrubbing helps to pull the grease free and also break the
grease into small droplets

d) The droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the cloth due to the
repulsion between the negative charges on their surface.

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2) The cleansing action of soap or detergent depends on their chemical bonding and structures.
a) The ionic head (negatively charged) is soluble in water (hydrophilic) but insoluble in
oily layer.
b) The long hydrocarbon tail (neutral) is insoluble in water (hydrophobic) but soluble in
oily layer.
3) Oil cannot be washed away from clothing with water because oil (a covalent molecult0 is
insoluble in water.
4) Lifting greasy dirt from the surface cloth. When soap or detergent is added to the dirty surface of
a piece of cloth covered with a layer of oil or grease.
a) The negatively charged head (hydrophilic) of soap ions or detergent ions dissolves in
water.
b) The hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic) of soap or detergent ions dissolves in the layer of
grease.
5) The water is agitated slightly; the grease begins to be lifted off the surface. This cause by the
forces of attraction between the water molecules and the negatively charged heads.
6) On further agitation during washing, the greasy dirt is lifted from the surface.
7) Emulsifying dirt in water
a) Soaps and detergents can act as emulsifying agents to emulsify oils and grease.
b) The process of emulsification breaks large drops of grease into smaller droplets that
floats in water. The greasy droplets repel on another because they carry the same charge.
As a result, the grease is suspended in the solution.
c) When the cloth is rinsed with the water, the droplet will be carried away.
d) The cleaning process become more efficient in the water containing the soap or detergent
solution is stirred
Property
Soap
Detergent
Cleaning power

Less powerfull

More powerfull

Ease of rinsing

It is difficult to wash away all

soap on clothes. The soap that
remains leave and odour and
spoils the fabric
Slightly alkaline

Rinse out well from clothes

Molecular structure

Determined by the fatty acids

found in the oil or fat used to
produce soap

Can be modified to suit the

cleaning task. For example, a
detergent can be made specially
for cleaning toilet bowls.

Formation of scum

Forms scum with hard water

Does not form scum with hard

water

pH

Can be controlled to suit the

cleaning task

Effectiveness Of Cleansing Action of Soap And Detergent.

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Food Additives
Uses of food additives

To make food last longer (to extend the shelf life)

To make foods taste better and look better

Effects on health

Types of food additives

Preservatives: sodium nitrite,

sodium benzoate
Antioxidant: ascorbic acid
Flavoring: Monosodium
glutamate(MSG), aspartame
Stabilizer and thickener:
gelatin and acacia gum
Dye: azo compounds, triphenyl
compounds

Allergy: MSG
Carcinogenic: NaNO
Brain damage
Hyperactivity

Functions of food additives

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Preservatives: to inhibit or prevent the growth of

moulds, yeast and bacteria that spoil foods
Antioxidants: to prevent spoilage of food due to
oxidation by oxygen
Flavorings agents: to enhance the taste of food
Stabilizers and thickeners: to improve the texture of
foods
Coloring agents: to restore the color or to enhance the
natural color

Additives In Detergent and Their Function

Addictives
Biological enzyme
Whitening agent

Example
Amylases, proteases,
cellulases
Sodium perborate

Optical whitener

Fluorescent dyes

Builder

Sodium tripolyphosphate

Suspension agent

carboxymethylcellulose

Filler

Sodium sulphate, sodium

silicate

Foam control agents

Silicones

Fragrance

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Function
To remove protein
stains such as blood
To convert stains into
colourless substances
To add brightness and
whiteness to white
fabrics
To enhance the
cleaning efficiency of
detergent by softening
the water
To prevent the dirt
particles removed from
redepositing onto
cleaned fabrics.
To add to tha bulk of the
detergents and enable it
to be poured easily
To control foaming in
detergent
To add fragrance to
both detergent and
fabrics

PASTE YOUR EXAMPLES OVER HERE PEOPLE

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Types of Food Additives and Their Functions.

There is a common misconception that processed foods automatically contain food additives.
Foods like long-life milk, canned foods and frozen foods are all processed, yet none of them
need extra chemicals.
If you are unsure whether or not a product contains an additive, check the label. However, some
listed ingredients may contain food additives without mentioning them on the label. For instance,
margarine might be a listed ingredient and margarine contains food additives.
The different types of food additive and their uses include:
Anti-caking agents stop ingredients from becoming lumpy.
Antioxidants prevent foods from oxidising, or going rancid.
Artificial sweeteners increase the sweetness.
Emulsifiers stop fats from clotting together.
Food acids maintain the right acid level.
Colours enhance or add colour.
Humectants keep foods moist.
Flavours add flavour.
Flavour enhancers increase the power of a flavour.
Foaming agents maintain uniform aeration of gases in foods.
Mineral salts enhance texture and flavour.
Preservatives stop microbes from multiplying and spoiling the food.
Thickeners and vegetable gums enhance texture and consistency.
Stabilisers and firming agents maintain even food dispersion.
Flour treatment improves baking quality.
A. Preservatives:
Glazing agent improves appearance and can protect food.
Gelling agents alter the texture of foods through gel formation.
Benzoic acid and benzoates - are found in soft drinks, beer,
Propellants
help
propel
food
margarine
and acidic
foods.
They
arefrom
use atocontainer.
extend shelf life and
Raising
agents
increase
the volume of food through the use of gases.
protect
food from
fungi
and bacteria.

Nitrites and nitrates - are found in processed meats, such as

sausages, hot dogs, bacon, ham, and luncheon meats, smoked fish.
They are used to extend shelf life and protect food from fungi and
bacteria; preserve color in meats and dried fruits.
Sulfites - are found in dried fruits, shredded coconut, fruit based pie
fillings. They are used to extend shelf life and protect food from fungi
and bacteria.

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B. Antioxidants: Vitamin and minerals is important additive they help to prevent fats from turning
rancid and also may protect against cancer, heart disease, and other diseases.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and ascorbates - are used in fruit products

(juices, jams, and canned fruits), acidic foods, and fatty foods. Ascorbates
prevent fruit juices from turning brown and fatty foods from becoming
rancid. They also improve baking quality in wheat.
BHA or BHT - are used to prevent fatty foods from turning rancid when
exposed to oxygen. They are added in baked products, cereals, potato
chips, and fats and oils.
Tocopherols (vitamin E) - are used to prevent rancidity in fats and other
damage to food due to exposure to oxygen. They are used in oils and
shortenings.

C. Colorings: are used to make food more visually appealing.

Beta carotene, Caramel, Carrot oil, Citrus red # 1, Dehydrated beets, FD&C
colors: Blue # 1, 2: Red # 3, 40; Yellow # 5, 6 - used in processed foods,
especially sweets and products marketed for children, soft drinks, baked goods,
frosting, jams, and margarine.

D. Flavor Enhancers: Improve the flavor of many canned or processed foods.

Dioctyl sodium-sulfosuccinate - used in processed foods.

Disodium granulate - used in canned meats, meat based foods.
Hydrolyzed vegetable - used in mixes, stock, processed meats.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) - used in Chinese food, dry mixes, stock cubes, and
canned, processed, and frozen meats.

E. Emulsifiers, stabilizers and thickeners:

Carrageenan, Cellulose, Glycerol, Guar gum, Gum Arabic, lecithin, pectins - is used to
improve texture and consistency of processed foods by increasing smoothness, creaminess,
and volume. Hold in moisture and prevent separation of oil and water. They are found insauces,
soups, breads, baked goods, frozen desserts, ice cream, low-fat and artificial cream cheese,
condiments, jams, jellies, chocolate, puddings, and milk shakes.

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PASTE YOUR EXAMPLES OVER HERE PEOPLE

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The Effects of Food Addictive

1. Sodium Nitrate (also called Sodium Nitrite): This is a preservative, coloring, and flavoring
commonly added to bacon, ham, hot dogs, luncheon meats, smoked fish, and corned beef. Studies
have linked eating it to various types of cancer.
2. BHA and BHT: Butylated hydroxy anisole and butylated hydro zyttoluene are used to preserve
common household foods. They are found in cereals, chewing gum, potato chips, and vegetable oils.
They are oxidants, which form potentially cancer-causing reactive compounds in your body.
3. Propyl Gallate: Another preservative, often used in conjunction with BHA and BHT. It is
sometimes found in meat products, chicken soup base, and chewing gum. Animals studies have
suggested that it could be linked to cancer.
4. Mono sodium Glutamate (MSG) : MSG is an amino acid used as a flavor enhancer in soups,
salad dressings, chips, frozen food, and restaurant food. It can cause headaches and nausea, and
animal studies link it to damaged nerve cells in the brains of infant mice.
5. Trans Fats: Trans fats are proven to cause heart disease. Restaurant food, especially fast food
chains, often serves foods laden with trans fats.
6. Aspartame: Aspartame, also known by the brand names Nutrasweet and Equal, is a sweetener
found in so-called diet foods such as low-calorie desserts, gelatins, drink mixes, and soft drinks. It
may cause cancer or neurological problems, such as dizziness or hallucinations.
7. Acesul fame-K: This is a relatively new artificial sweetener found in baked goods, chewing gum,
and gelatin desserts. There is a general concern that testing on this product has been scant, and some
studies show the additive may cause cancer in rats.
8. Food Colorings: Blue 1, 2; Red 3; Green 3; Yellow 6: Five food colorings still on the market
are linked with cancer in animal testing. Blue 1 and 2, found in beverages, candy, baked goods and
pet food, have been linked to cancer in mice. Red 3, used to dye cherries, fruit cocktail, candy, and
baked goods, has been shown to cause thyroid tumors in rats. Green 3, added to candy and
beverages, has been linked to bladder cancer. The widely used yellow 6, added to beverages,
sausage, gelatin, baked goods, and candy, has been linked to tumors of the adrenal gland and
kidney.
9. Olestra: Olestra, a synthetic fat found in some potato chip brands, can cause severe diarrhea,
abdominal cramps, and gas. Olestra also inhibits healthy vitamin absorption from fat-soluble
carotenoids that are found in fruits and vegetables.
10. Potassium Bromide: Potassium bromated is used as an additive to increase volume in some
white flour, breads, and rolls. It is known to cause cancer in animals, and even small amounts in
bread can create a risk for humans.
11. White Sugar: Watch out for foods with added sugars, such as baked goods, cereals, crackers,
sauces and many other processed foods. It is unsafe for your health, and promotes bad nutrition.
12. Sodium Chloride: A dash of sodium chloride, more commonly known as salt, can bring flavor to
your meal. But too much salt can be dangerous for your health, leading to high blood pressure, heart
attack, stroke, and kidney failure.

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Personal advices

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MEDICINE
A medicine is a substances used to prevent or cure disease or to reduce pain and
suffering due to illness. It can be classified into tradisional medicines and modern
medicines.

Traditional Medicine

Derived from plants and animals.

Some common medicinal plants and their function:

Plant

Local name

Uses

Aloe vera

Lidah buaya

Sap used to relieved pain from burns

Betel

Sireh

Leaves relieved sore eyes

Bitter gourd

Peria

Fruit used to cure diabetes

Coconut

Kelapa

Young coconut water reduces fever

Garlic

Bawang putih

Reduces infection and hypertension

Ginger

Halia

Reduces inflammation and improves blood

circulation and digestion

Ginseng

Ginseng

Roots maintain good health

Hibiscus

Bunga Raya

Leaves relieves headache and hair loss

Turmeric

Kunyit

Cures pimples

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Animal that are claimed to have medicinal properties:

Medicinal Animal
Sea cucumber (gamat)
Centipede
Ant

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Functions
To treat Japanese encephalitis and hole in the
heart.
To threat lockjaw and convulsion.
To treat hepatitis B

Modern Medicine

Made by scientists in laboratories and

are based on substances found in nature

Type of modern
medicine

Function

Examples

Analgesics-medicines
used to relieve pain
without causing
numbness of affecting
consciousness.

Do not treat the cause

of the pain but merely
provide enough relief to
the patients to allow
them to carry out their
daily routine.

Aspirin, paracetamol

Antibiotics-used to kill
or slow down the
growth of bacteria.

Treat infections caused

by bacteria. They will
not cure infections
caused by viruses.

Penicillin, streptomycin

Psychotherapeutic
medicines- used to
alter abnormal thinking,
feelings or behavior.

Do not cure mental

illness but can reduce
many of the symptoms
of mental illness.

Stimulants,
antidepressants,
antipsychotic

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Advice On The Correct Usage Of Modern And Traditional Medicines

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Drug abuse
Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse, is a disorder that is characterized by a
destructive pattern of using a substance that leads to significant problems or distress. It affects more
than 7% of people at some point in their lives. Teens are increasingly engaging in prescription drug
abuse, particularly narcotics (which are prescribed to relieve severe pain), and stimulant
medications, which treat conditions like attention deficit disorder.

Types of Drugs Are Commonly Abused

Virtually any substance whose ingestion can result in a euphoric ("high") feeling can be abused.
While many are aware of the abuse of legal substances like alcohol or illegal drugs likemarijuana (in
most states) andcocaine, less well known is the fact that inhalants like household cleaners are some
of the most commonly abused substances. The following are many of the drugs and types of drugs
that are commonly abused and/or result in dependence:

Alcohol: Although legal, alcohol is a toxic substance, particularly to a developing fetus when a
mother consumes this drug during pregnancy.

Amphetamines: This group of drugs comes in many forms, from prescription medications
like methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) anddextroamphetamine and amphetamine (Adderall) to
illegally manufactured drugs like methamphetamine ("meth"). Overdose of any of these
substances can result in seizure and death.

Anabolic steroids: A group of substances abused by bodybuilders and other athletes, this group
of drugs can lead to terrible psychological effects like aggression and paranoia, as well as
devastating long-term physical effects like infertility and organ failure.

Caffeine: While it is consumed by many, coffee, tea and soda drinkers, when consumed in
excess this substance can produce palpitations,insomnia, tremors and significant anxiety.

Cannabis: More commonly called marijuana, the scientific name for cannabis is
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In addition to the negative effects the drug itself can produce (for
example, infertility, paranoia, lack of motivation), the fact that it is commonly mixed ("cut") with
other substances so drug dealers can make more money selling the diluted substance or expose
the user to more addictive drugs exposes the marijuana user to the dangers associated with
those added substances. Examples of ingredients that marijuana is commonly cut with include
baby powder, oregano, embalming fluid, PCP, opiates, and cocaine.

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Cocaine: A drug that tends to stimulate the nervous system, cocaine can be snorted in powder
form, smoked when in the form of rocks (crack cocaine), or injected when made into a liquid.

Ecstasy: Also called MDMA to denote its chemical composition

(methylenedioxymethamphetamine), this drug tends to create a sense of euphoria and an
expansive love or desire to nurture others. In overdose, it can increase body temperature to the
point of being fatal.

Hallucinogens: Examples include LSD and mescaline, as well as so-called naturally occurring
hallucinogens like certain mushrooms, these drugs can be dangerous in their ability to alter the
perceptions of the user. For example, a person who is intoxicated with a hallucinogen may
perceive danger where there is none and to think that situations that are truly dangerous are not.
Those misperceptions can result in dangerous behaviors (like jumping out of a window because
the individual thinks they are riding on an elephant that can fly).

Inhalants: One of the most commonly abused group of substances due to its accessibility,
inhalants are usually contained in household cleaners, like ammonia, bleach, and other
substances that emit fumes. Brain damage, even to the point of death, can result from using an
inhalant just once or over the course of time, depending on the individual.

Nicotine: The addictive substance found in cigarettes, nicotine is actually one of the most habitforming substances that exists. In fact, nicotine addiction is often compared to the intense
addictiveness associated with opiates like heroin.

Opiates: This group is also called narcotics and includes drugs like heroine, codeine, Vicodin,
Percocet, and Percodan. This group of substances sharply decrease the functioning of the
nervous system. The lethality of opiates is often the result of the abuser having to use
increasingly higher amounts to achieve the same level of intoxication, ultimately to the point that
the dose needed to get high is the same as the dose that is lethal for that individual by halting the
person's breathing (respiratory arrest).

Phencyclidine: Commonly referred to as PCP, this drug can cause the user to feel extremely
paranoid, become quite aggressive and to have an unusual amount of physical strength. This can
make the individual quite dangerous to others.

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Causes Drug Abuse And Addiction

Reasons why teenagers take drugs.

Enjoyment
Despite all the concerns about illicit drug use and the attendant lifestyle by young people, it is probably
still the case that the lives of most young people are centred on school, home and employment and that
most drug use is restricted to the use of tobacco and alcohol They may adopt the demeanour, fashion
and slang of a particular subculture including the occasional or experimental use of illegal drugs without
necessarily adopting the lifestyle.
Environment
Many young people live in communities which suffer from multiple deprivation, with high
unemployment, low quality housing where the surrounding infra-structure of local services is fractured
and poorly resourced. In such communities drug supply and use often thrive as an alternative economy
often controlled by powerful criminal groups. As well as any use that might be associated with the stress
and boredom of living in such communities, young people with poor job prospects recognise the
financial advantages and the status achievable through the business of small scale supply of drugs
Curiosity
Most young people are naturally curious and want to experiment with different experiences. For some,
drugs are a good conversation point, they are interesting to talk about and fascinate everyone.
Natural rebellion
Whether or not part of any particular subset of youth culture, young people like to be exclusive, own
something that is personal to themselves and consciously or unconsciously drug use may act as a means
of defiance to provoke adults into a reaction.
Promotion and availability
There is considerable pressure to use legal substances alcohol and pain- relieving drugs are regularly
advertised on television. The advertising of tobacco products is now banned on television, but recent
research from Strathclyde University published by the Cancer Research Campaign concluded that
cigarette advertising does encourage young people to start smoking and reinforces the habit among
existing smokers.

Physical and Psychological Effects of Drug Abuse and Addiction

While the specific physical and psychological effects of drug abuse and addiction tend to vary based
on the particular substance involved, the general effects of abuse or addiction to any drug can be
devastating. Psychologically, intoxication with or withdrawal from a substance can cause everything
from euphoria as with alcohol, Ecstasy, or inhalant intoxication to paranoia with marijuana or steroid
intoxication, to severe depression or suicidal thoughts with cocaine or amphetamine withdrawal.

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Treatment For Drug Addiction

An unfortunate fact about the treatment of drug addiction is that it remains largely unutilized by most
sufferers of this condition. Facts about the use of drug treatment include that less than 10% of
people with a substance-abuse disorder and less than 40% of those with a substance-dependence
disorder seek treatment. Those statistics do not seem to be associated with socioeconomic or other
demographic traits but do seem to be associated with the presence of other mental-health problems
(co-morbidity).
The primary goals of drug-abuse or addiction treatment (also called recovery) are abstinence,
relapse prevention, and rehabilitation. During the initial stage of abstinence, an individual who
suffers from chemical dependency may need help avoiding or lessening the effects of withdrawal.
That process is called detoxification or "detox." That aspect of treatment is usually performed in a
hospital or other inpatient setting, where medications used to lessen withdrawal symptoms and
frequent medical monitoring can be provided. The medications used for detox are determined by the
substance the individual is dependent upon. For example, people with alcohol dependence might
receive medications like anti-anxiety or blood pressure medications to decrease palpitations and
blood pressure, or seizure medications to prevent possible seizures during the detoxification
process. For many drugs of abuse, the detox process is the most difficult aspect of coping with the
physical symptoms of addiction and tends to last days to a few weeks. Medications that are
sometimes used to help addicted individuals abstain from drug use long term also depends on the
specific drug of addiction
Also important in the treatment of addiction is helping the parents, other family members, and friends
of the addicted person refrain from supporting addictive behaviors (codependency). Whether
providing financial support, making excuses or failing to acknowledge the addictive behaviors of the
addict, discouraging such codependency of loved ones is a key component to the recovery of the
affected individual. A focus on the addicted person's role in the family becomes perhaps even more
acute when that person is a child or teenager, given that minors come within the context of a family
in nearly every instance. Chemical dependency treatment for children and adolescents is further
different from that in adults by the younger addict's tendency to need help completing their education
and achieving higher education or job training compared to addicts who may have completed those
parts of their lives before developing the addiction.

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