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Dr R.Jayaratne
Contents Page
Aim........................................................................................................3
Research methodology.............................................................................4
Apparatus............................................................................................4
Figure 1.1.......................................................................................4
Procedures..........................................................................................5
Table 1.1.........................................................................................6
Table 1.2.........................................................................................7
Table 1.3.........................................................................................7
Table 1.4.........................................................................................8
Table 1.5.........................................................................................8
Table 1.6.........................................................................................9
Critical depth..................................................................................9
Comparison and discussion....................................................................11
Possible Machine/materials errors.........................................................11
Graph 1.2.....................................................................................12
Fig 1.2..........................................................................................13
Comments on health and safety...............................................................14
Conclusions..........................................................................................15
References...........................................................................................16
Aim
The aim of the experiment proposed is to study and calculate the hydraulic jump
and his specific energy curve in a sluice gate and then try to compare the
results obtained with the Theoretical values.
Research methodology
Apparatus
1 Open channel flow tanks The tanks are used to allow the flow to fluid
between them by the force of gravity and pressure.
2 Sluice gate- is a mechanism used to control amount of flow going from
on tank to another.
3 Depth Gauge with Vernier Scale- is a measuring apparatus that is used
to measure the high of the liquid at different parts of the hydraulic jump
experience.
4 Discharge Meter- is used to measure and display the discharge flow
value of the experience.
5 Water Pump: is a pump used to control the speed of the flow.
6 Ruler: a measuring scale that is used to measure the distance of the xaxis of the hydraulic jump experience.
Figur
e 1: Drawing of all apparatus and apparatus location represented by
numbers1 to 6.
Procedures
First the water pump was turned on. Water started to flow from one tank to
another tank through the open channel.
After a couple of minutes of wait the channel was complete with water and
start establishing the hydraulic jump .
The Depth gauge attached to the channel was released into the tank A to
measure the high of the water in the tank. The lower tip of the point gauge
was put on the surface of the water and a reading was taken as an upstream
section (Section A in the shown Fig.1.2) both in y-axis and x-axis, the xaxis was measured by the use of a ruler.
The next reading was taken by the same method when the water was in
downstream section (Section B in the shown Fig.1.2) both in y-axis and xaxis.
The next reading was taken in the starting point of hydraulic jump (section
C in the shown Fig.1.2) and the measures were taken by horizontally and
vertically.
The last point of reading was taken in the transition point of the hydraulic
jump, where it changes from the jump to normal flow (Section D in the
shown diagram Fig.1.2) and measures were taken in the x-axis and y-axis.
While the measures were taken in each section the Flow rate was noted, to
afterwards calculate an average of it.
Fi
g 1.2: Drawing of analyzed section of the experiment.
Analysis
Symbols
Q=Channel Discharged flow
b=Chanel Width
y=Channel Depth
V= Velocity
Ec=Specific energy
Fr=Froude number
Dc=Critical depth
Sector
Distanc
Water
38.0
22.0
57.0
0.9
113.0
135.6
6.55
Locatio
Description
Water
Distance
Depth-y (m)
along
Channel-x
(m)
0.220
0.380
Downstream of sluice
0.009
0.570
gate
3
0.01
1.130
0.0655
1.356
Table 1.2: Table with water depth and distance converted from
centimeters
Locatio
Description
to
Area=width Depth=b y
meters.
Area (
m2 )
0.104 0.22=0.0228
0.0228
Downstream of sluice
0.104 0.009=0.0009
0.0009
gate
0.104 0.01=0.001
0.0010
0.104 0.0655=0.0068
0.0068
Locatio
Description
Q
Area
Velocity
V=
0.00183
0.0228
0.0802
V=
0.00183
0.0009
2.0333
V=
0.00183
0.001
1.83
V=
n
1
Downstream of sluice
gate
V=
(m/s)
0.00183
0.0068
0.2691
Description
Upstream of sluice
gate
Ec = y +
V
2g
Ec = 0.22+
Specific
0.0802
2 9.8
energy
0.2203
Downstream
of
Ec = 0.009+
sluice gate
3
Start of hydraulic
Ec = 0.01+
jump
4
End of hydraulic
2.0333
2 9.8
1.83
2 9.8
Ec = 0.0655+
jump
0.2199
0.1808
0.2691
2 9.8
0.0691
Table 1.5: Table with calculated specific energy and Froudes number.
Locatio
Description
Fr=
n
1
Upstream
of
sluice
V
( g . y )
Downstream of sluice
0.0546
2.0333
(9.8 0.009)
6.846
1.83
(9.8 0.01)
5.845
0.2691
(9.8 0.0655)
0.3359
Fr=
gate
3
Fr=
Fr=
Q
bg
( )
Dc =
Dc =
2
3
0.00183
0.104 9.8
2
3
Dc
number
0.0802
(9.8 0.22)
Fr=
gate
2
Froude
=0.0316 m
( 32 ) Dc
Ec =
( 32 ) 0.0316
Ec =0.0474
y4
y3
Figure 1.5: Diagram of hydraulic jump with respect to y3 and y4
Calculated value of the hydraulic jump
y 4 1+ 1+8 Fr23
=
y3
2
y 4 1+ 1+8 5.8452
=
=7.781
y3
2
Observed value of the hydraulic jump
y 4 0.0655
=
=6.55
y3
0.01
Relative Error:
Relative Error:
Error= 18%
Actualtheoretical
100
Theoretical
7.7816.55
100=18
6.55
0.2260.305
100=25
0.305
The Results that were expected to have are slightly different by the results
obtained and by comparing with other results made, Errors of 10% to 20% are
respectfully, but in case of errors of more than 20% are very different in
magnitude is cause for alarm.
The calculated comparison of the hydraulic jump is 18% error from the actual
value to the theoretical value that means it was 18% close to the supposed
value. This error is assumed to be by the bad accuracy of the apparatus that
can contribute to a large relative error.
water depth
0.25
0.2
0.15
Specific energy2
0.1
0.05
0
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.22
0.24
Graph 1.1: Graph shown above consists in water depth in the y-axis and
Specific energy in the x-axis, with Dc (Critical depth) and Ec (Critical Specific
energy) shown in red color.
Specific energy
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
Graph 1.2: Graph shown above consists in specific energy in the y-axis and
length along the channel in the x-axis,and is also shown the number of the
location points and the water movement, its notice that the energy is loss along
the channel with a big drop of energy when the hydraulic jump is formed.
Sub Critical
Critical
depth
Sub Critical
Super
Critical
depth
Super
6th
edition.
The health and safety problems in the lab experiment are very small to occur,
the experiment doesnt contain sharp elements or flammables components, and
the safety problems that may occur is to slip on the floor due to the using of
tanks of water, or an electrical shock for the reason of the use of electrical
devices. For the protection of this safety problems is advised that check if the
machine is not pouring water and use the proper type of shoes.
Conclusions
To conclude is clear that apparatus errors were influents in the final results and
just demonstrates that for this particular report the need for the devices to be
very accurate is crucial, is also concluded that to a hydraulic jump to be
performed a change in the water area has to be performed, it was also
determined that the hydraulic jump create a large energy loss.
References
6th
edition, (Pages:
393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408)
Video loaded by Djkjjudi available on http://youtu.be/5etwhZ0d2GU [23 Jun
2012]
Video loaded by GEJOKER available on <http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=GVMkktBeqms&feature=related> [21 Jun 2012]
Les Hamill, Understanding of hydraulics 2011, third Edition, (Pages:
263,264,267,268,269,270)
Sarah Catmur,(2012) Module handbook CE2206 Hydraulics,(Section 5
hydraulic jump)