Betonarme 1 Ders2 Ing

REINFORCED CONCRETE 1
0423522
Dr. Murat Serdar Krl
NM 1-024
www.yildiz.edu.tr/~kircil
Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Yrd.Do.Dr.Murat Serdar Krl
Fundamental principles and methods for design of reinforced
concrete structures
Analysis and design of a cross-section
Elastic design (working stress design / Allowable stress design)
The fundamentals of this method has been established in the beginning of
20th century. Both steel and concrete are assumed to be linear elastic
and Hooke Law is valid.
= E
This assumption may be valid for service loads (iletme ykleri)

However; its not valid anymore in case of failure. For instance, under
the effect of a strong ground motion, the assumption of material
linearity is not valid.

concrete structures
Both steel and concrete are assumed to be linear elastic and Hooke
Law is valid.
Main assumptions of this method
Strength of materials are decreased by safety factors to obtain
allowable stresses. The structural element is assumed to be safe if
the maximum stress of section is lower than the allowable stress (NOT
REALISTIC)
Stresses in steel and concrete is considerably changed with time due
to time dependent deformations. Thats why, stresses can not be
calculated with reasonable accuracy.
Concrete can not take any tension (REALISTIC)
The little tensile strength of concrete is neglected. However, in the
design of some structures like water tanks, tensile stress is limited for
leak proofing.

concrete structures
Bernouilli-Navier hypothesis is valid (REALISTIC)
Plane sections remain plane after bending.

concrete structures
Both steel and concrete are assumed to be linear elastic and Hooke
Law is valid (NOT REALISTIC)
This assumption is valid for service loads. In case of failure it doesn't
represent the real behavior of the RC sections.
Stress ()
fc
Valid for this region
Deformation()
co
cu

concrete structures
There is a modular ratio between concrete and steel reinforcement
(NOT REALISTIC!)
Its not a realistic assumption since concrete has not a constant elastic
modulus.

concrete structures
Limit state design (Limit durumlara gre hesap)
Limit state defines a particular state of a structure which may be
collapse or loss of function, either partial or total. Structures must
be designed so that the probability of reaching a limit state is lower
than prescribed level.
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE (Son limit durum)
The collapse of a part of a structure or the whole structure.
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (Kullanlabilirlik limit durumu)
The loss of a function of a structure because of excessive deformation,
wide cracks or vibration under the effect of service loads (dead+live).
For instance, a slab which doesnt collapse but vibrates.
In limit state design, the probability of reaching a limit state is restricted
with a prescribed level (%5-%10) for the design of structures.
The first stage of design making design of a cross-section for the
ultimate limit state and the following step is checking the serviceability
requirements (deformations and cracks).

concrete structures
Cross-sectional design based on the limit state design assumptions is
called Ultimate Strength Theory or Ultimate Strength Design.
Concrete does not take any tension, all tensile stresses are taken
by reinforcement.
Bernouilli-Navier hypothesis is valid.
Concrete - curve is the curve obtained from
compression. Reinforcement steel is elastoplastic.
uniaxial
Gerilme ()
Gerilme ()
fy
fc
co
cu
ekil
deitirme ()
sy
su
ekil
deitirme ()
Loads are increased by load factors and material strength is

decreased by material factors. Load and material factors are
called partial safety factors.

concrete structures
Probability of reaching or exceeding a limit state of structural
system elements is restricted in limit state design.
What is the
probability of
reaching a limit
state?
Probability of reaching a limit state is 10-6
The safety of structure can be expressed as given below (R and F are
strength and load, respectively)
If
R F
structure is assumed to be safe
Probability of reaching a limit state is
P( R < F ) = 10

concrete structures
Probability of reaching or exceeding a limit state of structural
system elements is restricted in limit state design.
Why do we need
a probabilistic
approach?
Load and strength are probabilistic variables.

concrete structures
Why do we need
a probabilistic
approach?
Load and strength are probabilistic variables.

We need to know probability distribution of load and strength as
we can determine the safety of structures by using a probabilistic
approach. The probability distribution of them is usually
assumed as normal (gauss distribution).

concrete structures
We need to know probability distribution of load and strength as
we can determine the safety of structures by using a probabilistic
approach. The probability distribution of them is usually
assumed as normal (gauss distribution).
7
1
f x (x ) =
e
2
Gzlem says
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000 1100 1200 1300
Deiken
m mean value, standard deviation
1 xm 2

2

concrete structures
7
f x (x ) =
1
e
2
1 xm

2
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
xm
=s
Standard normal
distribution m=0, =1
1
f x (x ) =
e
2
1 2
2 s
Toplam
alan=1
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

concrete structures
Limit state design (Limit durumlara
gre hesap)
1 2
1 2 s
xm
Standard normal
f x (x ) =
e
=s
distribution m=0, =1
2
7
p( A < x < B )
p(C < x )
0
0
100
200
Probability of having a value

between A and B for x?
Am
= sA
Bm
= sB
300
sA
400
500
sB
600
700
800
900
1000
sC
1100
1200
1300
Probability of having a value

higher than C for x?
C m
= sC

concrete structures
xm
1 2 s
f x (x ) =
e
2
=s
x = m + s
0
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 s 1 2 3 4
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

concrete structures
7
xm
=s
x = m + s
0
0
-4 -3 -2
-1 0 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 s 1 2 3 4
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
p (Fk < x ) = 0.1
Fk = Fm + s
Characteristic Load: The load
value with the %10 probability of
being exceeded.
0.1
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Fm
800
Fk
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
Fk = Fm + 1.28

concrete structures
7
xm
=s
x = m + s
0
0
-4 -3 -2
-1 0 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 s 1 2 3 4
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
R k = R m s
p (x < Rk ) = 0.1
Characteristic strength:
Characteristic strength is the
strength below which has 10%
probability will fall.
0.1
0
0
100
200
300
400
Rk
500
600
700
Rm
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
R k = R m 1.28

concrete structures
7
xm
=s
x = m + s
0
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 s 1 2 3 4
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
0
0
100
200
300
400
-4 -3 -2
500
-1
600
700
Fm
800
900
Fk
1000
1100
1200
1300

concrete structures
R F
If
Fm
structure is assumed to be safe
Fk
Rk
Rm
The dashed area shows the probability of collapse.

Fk should be increased and Rk should be decreased to reduce the
probability of collapse.
Rk
f Fk
m
m ve f partial safety factors (ksmi gvenlik katsaylar)
m > 1 f > 1

concrete structures
Rk
f Fk
m
m ve f partial safety factors (ksmi gvenlik katsaylar)
m > 1
f > 1
The probability of collapse is assumed to reduce to predetermined value

(10-6) by increasing characteristic loads with load factors (f) and
decreasing the characteristic strength with material factors (m).

MALZEME KATSAYILARI TS500
BETON
ELK
mc = 1 . 5
Cast in place concrete

(yerinde dkme beton)
mc = 1 . 4
Precast structural
elements (prefabrike
elemanlar)
mc = 1 . 7
f
f cd = ck
mc
If standard control is
not available
f ctd =
ms = 1 . 15
f yd =
f yk
ms
f ctk
mc
fck:Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (Betonun karakteristik basn dayanm)
fctk: Characteristic tensile strength of concrete (Betonun karakteristik ekme dayanm)

fyk: Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement steel (eliin karakteristik akma dayanm)
fcd:Design compressive strength of concrete (betonun hesap basn dayanm)
fctd: Design tensile strength of concrete (Betonun hesap ekme dayanm)
fyd: Design yield strength of reinforcement steel (eliin hesap akma dayanm)

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS (Kapasite azaltma katsaylar)ACI318
ACI318 gives strength reduction factors () instead of material factors
= 0 . 90
Pure bending (Basit eilme)
= 0 . 90
Axial tension (Eksenel ekme)
= 0 . 70 0 . 90
Axial force and flexure (Bileik eilme)
= 0 . 70 0 . 75
Axial compression (Eksenel basn)
MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS CEB
mc = 1 . 5
mc = 1 . 4
ms = 1 . 15

Limit state design (Limit durumlara gre hesap )
LOAD COEFFICIENT TS500
Only vertical loads
1 .4 G + 1 . 6 Q
(1)
1 .0 G + 1 . 2 Q + 1 . 2 T
G:Dead load (Dead Load Zati yk / l yk))

Q:Live load (Hareketli yk)
T:Temparature, differetial settlement, creep
(Scaklk fark, Farkl oturma, snme)
Vetical loads + Wind
In addition to (1)
W:Wind load (Rzgar yk)
1.0G + 1.3Q + 1.3W

0 .9 G + 1 .3 W
In case of earthquake
In addition to (1)
E:Deprem yk (Earthquake Load)
1 .0 G + 1 . 0 Q + 1 . 0 E
0 .9 G + 1 .0 E
In case of lateral earth pressure
In addition to (1)
1 .4 G + 1 .6 Q + 1 . 6 H
0 .9 G + 1 . 6 H
H: Lateral earth pressure (Yanal toprak itkisi)

HOMEWORK
lhan Berktay, BETONARME 1, MO stanbul ubesi
publication
Study examples : 2.4.1, 2.4.2, 2.4.3, 2.4.4 ve 2.4.5
1/2

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REINFORCED CONCRETE 1

Dr. Murat Serdar Krl

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

This assumption may be valid for service loads (iletme ykleri)

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Loads are increased by load factors and material strength is

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

structure is assumed to be safe

Probability of reaching a limit state is

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Load and strength are probabilistic variables.

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Load and strength are probabilistic variables.

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

1000 1100 1200 1300

m mean value, standard deviation

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Probability of having a value

Probability of having a value

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

p (Fk < x ) = 0.1

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

structure is assumed to be safe

The dashed area shows the probability of collapse.

m ve f partial safety factors (ksmi gvenlik katsaylar)

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

m ve f partial safety factors (ksmi gvenlik katsaylar)

The probability of collapse is assumed to reduce to predetermined value

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Cast in place concrete

fck:Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (Betonun karakteristik basn dayanm)

fctk: Characteristic tensile strength of concrete (Betonun karakteristik ekme dayanm)

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

Pure bending (Basit eilme)

Axial tension (Eksenel ekme)

Axial force and flexure (Bileik eilme)

Axial compression (Eksenel basn)

MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS CEB

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

G:Dead load (Dead Load Zati yk / l yk))

Vetical loads + Wind

W:Wind load (Rzgar yk)

1.0G + 1.3Q + 1.3W

E:Deprem yk (Earthquake Load)

H: Lateral earth pressure (Yanal toprak itkisi)

Betonarme 1 Ders Notlar

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