Distance between two points

Above formula can be written in the following way for given two points
and

Midpoint of a Line Segment

Coordinates of the midpoint
) are

of the line segment AB, (

and

and

1. General form.
The general form of the equation of a straight line is
Where , and are arbitrary constants. This form includes all other forms
as special cases. For an equation in this form the slope is

and the y

intercept is
.
2. Point-intercept form.
Where: is the slope of the line; is the y-intercept of the line;
independent variable of the function .
3. Using two points
The equation of a straight line passing through points

is the

and

is:

4. Using one point and the slope

The equation of a straight line that passes through a point
a
slope m is:

The equation of a line through the point

with

and parallel to line

is:
Distance between two parallel lines
by the formula:

and

can be found

The two lines

and

are perpendicular if

.
The equation of a line passing through the point
line

) and perpendicular to

is:

Distance from a point to a line

The distance from a point to a line is the shortest distance between them - the
length of a perpendicular line segment from the line to the point.
The distance from a point

to a line

is given by the formula:

Circle on a plane
In an x-y Cartesian coordinate system, the circle with center (a, b) and radius r is
the set of all points (x, y) such that:

POLYGON
(n - 2) x 180 = Sum of Interior Angles of a Polygon
Area of a TRIANGLE = x Base x Height
Area of a RECTANGLE = Length x Width
Area of a TRAPEZOID = x(base1+base2)xheight
Area of any PARALLELOGRAM = Base x Height
Area of rhombus = x diagonal 1 x diagonal 2
Diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular bisectors of each other.
Surface area of a cube = 6xaxa
Volume of a cube = a x a x a
Surface area of a rectangular solid = 2(lb+bh+hl)
Volume of a rectangular solid = l x b x h
Remember, when you are fitting 3-dimensional objects into other 3-dimensional objects, knowing
the respective volumes is not enough. You must know the specific dimensions (length, width, and
height) of each object to determine whether the objects can fit without leaving gaps.

Question 2 & 3

TRIANGLES & DIAGONALS

If you are given two sides of a triangle, the length of the third side must lie between the difference
and the sum of the two given sides.
The lengths of the legs of every 45-45-90 triangle have a specific ratio
45 45 90
Leg
leg
hypotenuse
1:
1:
Root of 2
x:
x:
Root of 2 X x
One reason that the 45-45-90 triangle is so important is that this triangle is exactly half of a square.
Thus, if you are given the diagonal of a square, you can use the 454590 ratio to find the length of
a side of the square.
The lengths of the legs of every 306090 triangle have the following ratio
30 60
90
short leg long leg
hypotenuse
1
: Root of 3
:2
x
: x X Root of 3 : 2 X x
The diagonal of a square can be found using d= Root of 2 X side
The diagonal of a cube can be found using d = Root of 3 X side
To find the diagonal of a rectangle, you must know either the length and the width or one dimension
and the proportion of one to the other.
The diagonal of a rectangular solid can be found using d2 = x2 + y 2 + z2, where x,y,and z are the
sides of the rectangular solid and d is the main diagonal.
Triangles are defined as similar if all their corresponding angles are equal and their corresponding
sides are in proportion.
If two similar triangles have corresponding sides in the ratio of a:b the their respective areas are in
the ratio of a2:b2 . This is true for any polygon i.e., quadrilateral, pentagon etc
Similarly, their volumes will be in the ratio of a3:b3 for all similar polygons. And the same principle
can be applied to perimeters of these similar polygons as well.
Area of equilateral triangle = X b X h
= X a X Root of (3) x a
= Root of (3) x a2
Where h = Root of (3) X a
Practice all questions.

CIRCLES & CYCLINDERS

Area of a circle = Pi X r2
Circumference of circle = 2 X Pi X r
= Pi X d
Length of an Arc = (Central Angle/360) X Circumference

Perimeter of the sector = 2r+ length of the Arc

Area of the sector = (Central angle/360) X Area of circle
An inscribed angle on a circle from an arc is equal to half of the central angle from the same arc in
that circle.
If one of the sides of an inscribed triangle is a diameter of the circle, then the triangle must be a right
triangle. Conversely, any right triangle inscribed in a circle must have the diameter of the circle as
one of its sides (thereby splitting the circle in half).
Surface area of a cylinder = 2 pi r h + 2 pi r2
Volume of a cylinder = Pi r2 h
Problems 5,7,8

LINES & ANGLES

An exterior angle of a triangle is equal in measure to the sum of the two non-adjacent (opposite)
interior angles of the triangle.
Problem 7

Co-ordinate Plane
Two other points on the line would typically have a different rise and run, but the slope would be the
same. The rise over run would always be 2. A line has a constant slope.
Slope = rise / run = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
A line with positive slope rises upward from left to right. A line with negative slope falls downward
from left to right. A horizontal line has zero slope. A vertical line has undefined slope. Notice that the
x-axis has zero slope, while the j/-axis has undefined slope.
Slope-lntercept Equation of line: y = mx + b where m is slope and b is the y intercept.
Problem 5,7,8
Chapter 6 - Practice all questions and 6 in particular

Chapter 7
Of all quadrilaterals with a given perimeter, the square has the largest area.
Its corollary, Of all quadrilaterals with a given area, the square has the minimum perimeter.
Both of these principles can be generalized for n sides: a regular polygon with all sides equal (and
pushed outward if necessary) will maximize area for a given perimeter and minimize perimeter for a
given area.
The general rule is this: if you are given two sides of a triangle or parallelogram, you can maximize

the area by placing those two sides perpendicular to each other. Since the rhombus is simply a
special case of a parallelogram, this rule holds for rhombuses as well. All sides of a rhombus are
equal. Thus, you can maximize the area of a rhombus with a given side length by making the
rhombus into a square.
The most important questions you will be asked about the parabola are these:
(1) How many times does the parabola touch the *-axis?
(2) If the parabola does touch the x-axis, where does it touch?
In other words, how many x-intercepts are there, and what are they? The reason these questions are
important is that the x-axis is the line representing y = 0. In other words, the parabola touches the xaxis at those values of x that maktf( x ) = 0. Therefore, these values solve the quadratic equation
given byf{x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0.
One way to tell without solving the equation is to know the sign of the discriminant i.e. b2-4ac
If If b2 - 4ac > 0 then it touches the x axis at two points.
If b2 - 4ac =0 then it touches at one point.
If b2 - 4ac < 0 then it does not touch the x axis.
Parallel lines have equal slopes i.e., m1 = m2
Perpendicular lines have negative reciprocal slopes i.e., m1 x m2 = -1

DIVISIBILITY & PRIMES

A number is divisible by 2 if it is an even number
A number is divisible by 3 if the SUM of the integers DIGITS is divisible by 3.
A number is divisible by 4 if the LAST TWO digits are divisible by 4
A number is divisible by 5 if it ends in 0 or 5
A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3
A number is divisible by 7 if it is
A number is divisible by 8 if the last three digits are divisible by 8
A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9
A number is divisible by 10 if it is ends in zero
A factor is a positive integer that divides evenly into an integer. 1, 2, 4 and 8 are all the factors (also
called divisors) of 8.
A multiple of an integer is formed by multiplying that integer by any integer, so 8, 16, 24, and 32 are
some of the multiples of 8.
Zero (0) is technically a multiple of every number, because that number times zero (an integer)
equals zero.
Note that an integer is always both a factor and a multiple of itself, and that 1 is a factor of every
integer.
If N is a. divisor of x and of y, then N is a divisor of x + y.
A prime number is any positive integer larger than 1 with exactly two factors: 1 and itself.
Note that the number 1 is not considered prime, as it has only one factor (itself). Thus, the first prime
number is 2, which is also the only even prime. The first ten prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13,
17,19, 23, and 29. You should memorize these primes.

Greatest Common Factor (GCF): the largest divisor of two or more integers.
Least Common Multiple (LCM)s the smallest multiple of two or more integers.
If two numbers have no primes in common, then their GCF is 1 and their LCM is
simply their product
(GCF of m and n) x (LCM of m and n) = mx n.
The GCF of m and n cannot be larger than the difference between m and n.
To find the number of distinct prime factors of a number , just factorize the
number while to find the total number of prime factors (repeatition is
allowed) , add the powers of the prime factors
252 = 2x2 x 3x3 x 7
Prime factors = 3 (2,3,7)
Total number of prime factors = Length = 2+2+1 = 5 (there are 2 twos , 2
threes and one 7)
If a number has prime factorization a raise to x x b raise to y x c raise to z
(where a b, and c are all prime), then the number has (x + 1 )(y + l)(z + 1)
different factors.
One special property of perfect squares is that all perfect squares have an
odd number of total factors. Similarly, any integer that has an odd number
of total factors must be a perfect square.
All other non-square integers have an even number of factors.
Notice also that any number that is not a perfect square will never have an odd
number of factors. That is because the only way to arrive at an odd number of
factors is to have a factor pair in which the two factors are equal.
The prime factorization of a perfect square contains only even powers of
primes. It is also true that any number whose prime factorization contains
only even powers of primes must be a perfect square.
The same logic used for perfect squares extends to perfect cubes and to other
perfect powers. If a number is a perfect cube, then it is formed from three identical
sets of primes, so all the powers of primes are multiples of 3 in the factorization of a
perfect cube. For instance, 90x90x90 = (2 x 3sq x 5)(2 x 3sq x 5) (2 x 3sq x 5) =
2cube x 3 raise to 6 x 5 raise to 3.
Dividend = Quotient x Divisor + Remainder
Dividend/ Divisor = Quotient + Remainder/Divisor
When you divide an integer by a positive integer N, the possible
remainders range from 0 to (N 1). There are thus N possible remainders.
Notice that all prime numbers are odd, except the number 2. (All larger even
numbers are divisible by 2, so they cannot be prime.) Thus, the sum of any two
primes will be even (Add two odds . . .), unless one of those primes is the number
2. So, if you see a sum of two primes that is odd, one of those primes must be the

number 2. Conversely, if you know that 2 cannot be one of the primes in the sum,
then the sum of the two primes must be even.

COMBINATIONS
All of combinatorics are derived from these two simple principles:
OR means add
AND means multiply
The number of ways of arranging n distinct objects, if there are no
restrictions, is nl (n factorial). Remember, this formula applies when every
member of a group is unique.
If m members of a group of n members are identical (here n>m), divide the
total number of arrangements i.e. n factorial by m factorial to get the
number of ways of arranging these objects. This rule works even if you have
multiple sets of identical members
Please remember the principle of anagrams

PROBABILITY

ALGEBRA
Solving 3 equations with three variables can be done by expressing two variables in terms of 1
variable in the 1st equation. Then replacing the 2nd and 3rd equation with the result of first equation.
Equations that involve absolute value generally have two solutions.
The following three-step method should be used when solving for a variable expression
inside absolute
value brackets.
Step 1. Isolate the expression within the absolute value brackets.
Step 2. Once you have an equation of the form | x | = a with a > 0, you know that x = +a
or -a. Remove the
absolute value brackets and solve the equation for 2 different cases
Step 3. Check to see whether each solution is valid by putting each one back into the
original equation
and verifying that the two sides of the equation are in fact equal.
When the base of an exponential expression is a positive proper fraction (in other words,
a fraction
between 0 and 1), an interesting thing occurs: as the exponent increases, the value of
the expression
decreases.
Note that, just like proper fractions, decimals between 0 and 1 decrease as their
exponent increases.

Another way of saying this is that an even exponent hides the sign of its base. Compare
the following
two equations:

. The equations share the same two solutions.

In fact, there is an important relationship: for any at,

Any positive proper fraction raised to a power greater than one will result in a
number smaller than the number.
Any positive proper fraction raised to a power between 0 and 1 will result in a
number larger than the number.
Question 10 on Algebra Strategies , Chapter 8
The retailer has less than twice as many radios as clocks means r < 2c

In theory, with two absolute value expressions you would set up four cases.
However, those four cases
collapse to just two cases: (1) the two expressions inside the absolute value
symbols are given the same
sign, and (2) the two expressions are given the opposite sign.
Many GMAT problems, especially word problems, feature quantities with linear
growth (or decay)
that is, they grow at a constant rate. Such quantities are determined by the
linear function: y = mx + b.
In this equation, the slope m is the constant rate at which the quantity grows.
The ^-intercept b is the
value of the quantity at time zero, and the variable (in this case, x) stands for
time.
Exponential growth also appears occasionally on GMAT problems. In
exponential growth, a quantity is multiplied by the same constant each period
of time (rather than adding the same constant, as in linear growth). Any
exponential growth can be written as

in which y represents the quantity as a function of time t, yo is the value of the

quantity at time t = 0, and k represents the constant multiplier for one period.

GENERAL RULE

EXTREME VALUES

RANGE CALCULATION