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-OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW-Dr. HESHAM ANWAR
TYPES OF GLANDS
1- Endocrine
Endocrine-- ductless,
ductless, secrete directly
into the blood
blood,, e.g. Thyroid, adrenal,
adrenal, etc...
2- Exocrine
Exocrine-- duct, secrete their products
through a duct onto the epithelial surface,
surface,
e.g. sweat glands, salivary glands,
mammary glands, stomach, liver,
liver, etc...
3- Mixed
Mixed-- contain both endocrine and
exocrine functions in one gland,
gland, e.g.
Pancreas (trypsin
trypsin--exocrine
exocrine,, insulin
insulin-endocrine))
endocrine
2
DEFINITION OF HORMONE
1- Hormones are organic chemical messengers
produced and secreted by endocrine cells into
the bloodstream to a specific site of action
(target organ)
organ)
2- Hormones regulate and control a wide range
of physiologic functions
3- They present in traces (microgram or less)
4- They are not used as a source of energy but
acts to regulate reactions to produce an
appropriate response of the organism
positive, if negative the
(responses are usually positive,
Chalone))
hormone can be referred to as a Chalone
3
TARGET CELLS
# They are cells that contain specific receptors
(binding sites)
sites) for a particular hormone
# Once a hormone binds to receptors on a
target cell
cell,, a series of cellular events starts
concerning gene expression & protein
synthesis
HORMONE RECEPTORS
# They are the binding sites on the target cell
(either on the surface or in the cytoplasm or
nucleus of the target cell)
cell) that are activated
only when specific hormones bind to them
4
CLASSES OF HORMONES
1- STEROID HORMONES
2- PEPTIDE HORMONES
3- LOCAL HORMONES
-----------------------------------------------------------
1- STEROID HORMONES
# Steroid hormones are produced by the
adrenal cortex and gonads
# Steroid hormones are made from
cholesterol in the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum & mitochondria of endocrine cells
5
2- PEPTIDE HORMONES
# They consist of chains on Am Acs
# Like most proteins
proteins,, peptide hormones are
synthesized on ribosomes of the rough ER
of endocrine cells
# They can be stored in vesicles in
endocrine cells until they are needed at
some later point
# Peptide hormones do not readily pass
bilayers) and
through cell membranes (lipid bilayers)
they are referred as water soluble
# Receptors for peptide hormones are found
on the cell surface of their target cells
7
3- LOCAL HORMONES
# These are physiologically active
substances that are released from general
or specific sites in tissues and they act
at or near their point of origin & normally
destroyed before they have a chance to
disperse further
E.g.: Acetyl choline,
choline, Histamine
Histamine,, Serotonin
Serotonin,,
Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes
I- Pineal gland
III
III-- Thyroid gland
IV
IV-- Thymus
V- Adrenal gland
VI
VI-- Pancreas
VIIa-- Ovary
VIIa
VIIb-- Testis
VIIb
10
II
II-- PITUITARY GLAND
# The human pituitary gland is a reddish
gray oval gland and is located at the base
of the brain
# It is composed of 3 parts which are:
A- Glandular part,
part, the adenohypophysis or
anterior lobe
B- Neural part
part,, the neurohypophysis or
posterior lobe
C- The middle lobe
12
Anterior pituitary
Nerve impulses
Posterior pituitary
Trophic hormones
Target endocrine glands hormones
Action
RF
13
Hypothalamus
RH
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Inhibitory
effect
Trophic hormones to
other endocrine glands
Target endocrine glands
Hormones secreted into blood
14
15
4- Prolactin (PRL
PRL),
), also known as 'Luteotropic
'Luteotropic''
), release under influence of
hormone (LTH
(LTH),
multiple hypothalamic Prolactin Releasing
PRH))
Factors (PRH
C- Intermediate lobe
# It produces melanocyte
melanocyte--stimulating hormone
(MSH
MSH),
), which stimulate the production & release
of melanin in skin and hair
# MSH signals to the brain have effects on
appetite and sexual stimulation
18
HORMONE OF
THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY
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1- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
# It is a polypeptide formed of 39 amino acids
with a molecular weight of 45,
45,000
# ACTH synthesize & secretes Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids,,
mineralocorticoids and androgenic steroids
(from the adrenal gland)
gland)
# ACTH stimulates lipoprotein uptake into
cortical cells.
cells. This increases the bio
bio--availability
of cholesterol in the cells of the adrenal cortex
# ACTH increases the transport of cholesterol
into the mitochondria & activates its hydrolysis
20
2- Thyrotropic Hormone
# It is a glycoprotein with a molecular
weight of about 30,
30,000
# It acts on the thyroid gland to increase
the synthesis and release of thyroid
hormone (T3
(T3 and T4
T4)
21
3- Growth hormone
# It is a single polypeptide formed of 191
amino acids, It has the following actions:
1. Protein metabolism: it has an anabolic
effect, increasing amino acid uptake by
cells, increases protein synthesis and
produces a positive nitrogen balance and
gain of weight
2. Fat metabolism: It produces lipolysis
and ketogenesis
22
3. Carbohydrate metabolism: It
possesses an insulin antagonistic effect
with a tendency to increase blood
glucose level (diabetogenic effect)
4. Mineral metabolism: It increases
intestinal absorption of calcium and
produces retention of Na+, K+, Mg2+ as
well as of chlorides and phosphate
23
4- Lactogenic hormone
# It is a polypeptide hormone with a
molecular weight of about 23,
23,000
# It causes milk secretion from the breast in
lactating females
# Abnormally high prolactin can delay
puberty,, interfere with ovulation in women
puberty
women,,
decrease libido in men & decrease fertility
# In animals and not in human it has a
lutetropic effect i.e. activates the corpus
luteum & stimulates progesterone
production by the developed corpus luteum
24
5- Luteinizing hormone
# It is a glycoprotein
# In females it is responsible for
ovulation and development of corpus
luteum with stimulation of estrogen and
progesterone secretion
# In males it stimulates testosterone
production by the testis which in turn
maintain spermatogenesis
# Its action involves an increase in cAMP
25
Sit of Action
Effects
1- ACTH
# Adrenal
cortex
# Release of Glucocorticoids,
mineralocorticoids and
androgenic steroids
2- TSH
# Thyroid
follicles
3- GH
# Bone, muscle
& soft tissue
# Growth promotion:
Directly & through
somatomedins
4- Prolactin
# Lactating
mammary gland
# Milk synthesis
27
Hormone
Sit of Action
Effects
5- LH
# Mature follicle
in female
# Leydig cells in
male
6- FSH
# Ovarian
follicles in
females
#Testes in male
# Maturation of follicles
# Estrogen release. (Stimulation
of seminal & testicular growth)
# Initiation of spermatogenesis
28
HORMONE OF
THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY
29
1- Oxytocin
1. Contraction of the myo
myo--epithelial cells
breast. This
that line the ducts of the breast.
results in squeezing the milk out of the
breast = (milk
(milk ejection)
ejection) in lactating breast
2. Contraction of the smooth muscles of
uterus at labour
3. In a non
non--pregnant uterus it facilitates
sperm transport up the female genital
tract to the uterine tubes where
fertilization normally takes place
31
Sit of Action
Effects
1- Oxytocin
# Uterus
# Lactating
mammary gland
2- ADH
# Distal &
collecting
tubules
# Anti
Anti--diuretic effect
# Increases arterial blood
pressure
33
III
III-- THYROID GLAND
# The thyroid gland is found in the neck
neck,,
inferior to the thyroid cartilage
(also known as the Adam's Apple)
Apple)
# The thyroid gland produce thyroid hormones,
hormones,
the principal ones being triiodothyronine (T3)
and thyroxine (T4)
# These hormones regulate the rate of
metabolism and affect the growth and rate of
function of many other body systems
# The thyroid gland also produces the
hypercalcemia hormone, calcitonin
34
IV
IV-- THYMUS GLAND
# The functions of the thymus are the
schooling"" of T-lymphocytes (T cells),
cells), of the
"schooling
immune system,
system, and the production and
secretion of thymosins hormones which
control T-lymphocyte activities and various
other aspects of the immune system
# The thymus is composed of two identical
lobes and is located in front of the heart and
behind the sternum
# The thymus is largest and most active
pre--adolescent periods
during the neonatal & pre
35
V- ADRENAL GLAND
# Adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)
glands) are
triangular--shaped endocrine glands that
triangular
sit on top of the kidneys
# They are chiefly responsible for
releasing and synthesis of the hormones
corticosteroids,, mineralocorticoids
corticosteroids
mineralocorticoids,,
androgens and catecholamines
# Adrenal glands play no direct role in the
functioning of, or health of the kidneys
36
VI
VI-- PANCREAS
# The pancreas is a gland organ in the
digestive and endocrine system of
vertebrates
# It is both an endocrine gland producing
hormones,, including
several important hormones
insulin,, glucagon
insulin
glucagon,, and somatostatin
somatostatin,, as well
as an exocrine gland,
gland, secreting pancreatic
juice containing digestive enzymes that
pass to the small intestine
# These enzymes help to further break down
the carbohydrates
carbohydrates,, proteins and fats
40
VIIa - OVARIES
# The ovary is an ovum
ovum--producing
reproductive organ found in pairs as part of
the vertebrate female reproductive system
# Ovaries in females are homologous to
testes in males
males,, in that they are both gonads
and endocrine glands
# In the human the paired ovaries lie within
cavity, on either side of the
the pelvic cavity,
uterus,, to which they are attached via a
uterus
fibrous cord called the ovarian ligament
# Ovaries secrete estrogen & progesterone
42
VIIb TESTICLES
# In mammals, the testes are often
contained within an extension of the
abdomen called the scrotum
# Testes are components of both the
reproductive system (being gonads)
gonads) and the
endocrine system (being endocrine glands)
glands)
in male
# The functions of the testes are:
1- Producing sperm (spermatozoa
spermatozoa))
2- Producing male sex hormones of which
testosterone
44
# In men
men,, testosterone plays a key role in the
development of male reproductive tissues such
as the testis and prostate as well as promoting
secondary sexual characteristics such as
increased muscle,
muscle, bone mass and hair growth
# In addition, testosterone is essential for
health and well
well--being as well as the prevention
of osteoporosis
# The primary and most wellwell-known androgen
is testosterone as well as
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA),
Dihydrotestosterone & Androsterone
46
THANKS FOR
ATTENTION
47