CHAPTER 21 TRANSFORMERS

Exercise 118, Page 342

1. A transformer has 600 primary turns connected to a 1.5 kV supply. Determine the number of
secondary turns for a 240 V output voltage, assuming no losses.
N1 V1

For a transformer, N 2 V2

from which, secondary turns,

V2
240
(600)

1500 = 96 turns
V1

N 2 N1

2. An ideal transformer with a turns ratio 2:9 is fed from a 220 V supply. Determine its output
voltage.
N1 2

N2 9

and

N1 V1

N 2 V2

V1 220 V

from which, output voltage,

N 2

220

N1

V2 V1

= 990 V

3. A transformer has 800 primary turns and 2000 secondary turns. If the primary voltage is 160 V,
determine the secondary voltage assuming an ideal transformer.
N1
800

N 2 2000
N1 V1

N 2 V2

and

V1 160 V

from which, output voltage,

N 2
2000
160

800 = 400 V
N1

V2 V1

4. An ideal transformer with a turns ratio 3:8 has an output voltage of 640 V. Determine its input
voltage.

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N1 3

N 2 8 and V2 640 V
N1 V1

N 2 V2

from which, input voltage,

N1
3
640
8 = 240 V
N 2

V1 V2

5. An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 12:1 and is supplied at 192 V. Calculate the secondary
voltage.
N1 12

N2 1
N1 V1

N 2 V2

and V1 192 V

from which, output voltage,

N 2
1
192
12 = 16 V
N1

V2 V1

6. A transformer primary winding connected across a 415 V supply has 750 turns. Determine how
many turns must be wound on the secondary side if an output of 1.66 kV is required.

N1 V1

N 2 V2

from which, secondary turns,

V2
1660
750

415 = 3000 turns

V1

N 2 N1

7. An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 15:1 and is supplied at 180 V when the primary current
is 4 A. Calculate the secondary voltage and current.
N1 12

N 2 1 , V1 220 V and I1 4 A
N1 V1

N 2 V2
N1 I 2

N 2 I1

from which, output voltage,

N 2
1
180
15 = 12 V
N1

V2 V1

from which, secondary current,

N1
15
4
1 = 60 A
N 2

I 2 I1

8. A step-down transformer having a turns ratio of 20:1 has a primary voltage of 4 kV and a load of
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10 kW. Neglecting losses, calculate the value of the secondary current.

N1 20

N2
1
N1 V1

N 2 V2

and V1 4000 V

from which, output voltage,

Secondary power =

V2 I 2

from which,

= 10000

N 2
1
4000
20 = 200 V
N1

V2 V1

i.e.

200

I2

= 10000

10000
200 = 50 A

secondary current,

I2

9. A transformer has a primary to secondary turns ratio of 1:15. Calculate the primary voltage
necessary to supply a 240 V load. If the load current is 3 A determine the primary current.
Neglect any losses.
N1 V1 I2

N 2 V2 I1
V
1
1
If 15 240
1 3

15
I1
If

V
1
3
1
i.e. 15 240 I1

then primary voltage,

then primary current,

15 = 16 V

V1 240

15

1 = 45 A

I1 3

10. A 10 kVA, single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 12:1 and is supplied from a 2.4 kV
supply. Neglecting losses, determine (a) the full load secondary current, (b) the minimum value
of load resistance which can be connected across the secondary winding without the kVA rating
being exceeded, and (c) the primary current.

10000 =

V1 I1 V2 I2

N1 V1

(a) N 2 V2

N1 12

N 2 1 and V1 2400 V

from which, output voltage,

N 2
1
2400
12 = 200 V
N1

V2 V1

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10000 VA =

V2 I 2

(b) Load resistance,

N1 I 2

(c) N 2 I1

= 200
RL

I2

from which, secondary current,

I2

10000
200 = 50 A

V2 200

I2
50 = 4

from which, primary current,

N 2
1
50
12 = 4.17 A
N1

I1 I2

11. A 20 resistance is connected across the secondary winding of a single-phase power

transformer whose secondary voltage is 150 V. Calculate the primary voltage and the turns ratio
if the supply current is 5 A, neglecting losses.

Secondary current,
N1 V1

N 2 V2

I2

V2 150

R 2 20 = 7.5 A , I1 5 A and

from which, primary voltage,

N1 I 2 7.5
3

5 = 1.5 or 2
Turns ratio, N 2 I1

V2

= 150 V

N1
I2
7.5
V2 150

5 = 225 V
N 2
I1

V1 V2

or 3:2

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Exercise 119, Page 344

1. A 500 V/100 V, single-phase transformer takes a full load primary current of 4 A. Neglecting
losses, determine (a) the full load secondary current, and (b) the rating of the transformer.

V
500
V1 I 2
I 2 I1 1 (4)

100 = 20 A
V2
(a) V2 I1 from which, full load secondary current,
(b) Transformer rating =

V1 I1 500 4

= 2000 VA = 2 kVA

or transformer rating = V2 I2 100 20 = 2000 VA = 2 kVA

2. A 3300 V/440 V, single-phase transformer takes a no-load current of 0.8 A and the iron loss is
500 W. Draw the no-load phasor diagram and determine the values of the magnetizing and core
loss components of the no-load current.

V1 3300 V

V2 440 V

and

I O 0.8A

Core or iron loss = 500 = V1 IO cos O

i.e.

500 =

500
3300 0.8

= 0.1894

and

cos O
from which,

3300 0.8 cos O

O cos 1 0.1894 79.08

The no-load phasor diagram is shown below.

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Magnetizing component,

I M IO sin O 0.8sin 79.08

= 0.786 A

Core loss component, IC IO cos O 0.8(0.1894) = 0.152 A

3. A transformer takes a current of 1 A when its primary is connected to a 300 V, 50 Hz supply, the
secondary being on open-circuit. If the power absorbed is 120 watts, calculate (a) the iron loss
current, (b) the power factor on no-load, and (c) the magnetizing current.

IO 1A

and

V1 300 V

(a) Power absorbed = total core loss = 120 =

i.e.

and

V1 I O cos O

120 = (300)

iron loss current,

IC IO cos O

(b) Power factor on no-load,

cos O

IO cos O

120
= 300 = 0.40 A

IC 0.4

IO
1 = 0.40

2
2
2
(c) By Pythagoras, IO I C I M from which,

magnetizing current,

I M IO 2 IC 2 12 0.402

= 0.917 A

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Exercise 120, Page 346

1. A 60 kVA, 1600 V/100 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has 50 secondary windings.
Calculate (a) the primary and secondary current, (b) the number of primary turns and (c) the
maximum value of the flux.

V1 1600 V

V2 100 V

N 2 50 turns

, f = 50 Hz,

(a) Transformer rating = V1 I1 V2 I 2 60000 VA

hence,

and
V1 N1

V
N2
2
(b)

(c)

primary current,

secondary current,

I1

60000 60000

V1
1600 = 37.5 A

I2

60000 60000

V2
100 = 600 A

from which, primary turns,

E 2 4.44 f M N 2

V1
1600
N2
50
100
V2
= 800 turns

N1

from which,
M

maximum flux,

E2
100

4.44 f N 2 4.44 50 50

= 9.0 mWb

2. A single-phase, 50 Hz transformer has 40 primary turns and 520 secondary turns. The crosssectional area of the core is 270 cm2. When the primary winding is connected to a 300 volt supply,
determine (a) the maximum value of flux density in the core, and (b) the voltage induced in the
secondary winding
(a) From equation (4), e.m.f. E1 = 4.44 f m N1 volts
i.e.

300 = 4.44 (50) m (40)

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300
from which, maximum flux density, m = (4.44)(50)(40) Wb = 0.033784 Wb
However, m = Bm A, where Bm = maximum flux density in the core
and A = cross-sectional area of the core
(see chapter 7)

Bm 270 10 = 0.033784
-4

Hence,

0.033784
4
from which, maximum flux density, Bm = 270 10 = 1.25 T
N 2
V1
N1

N1
V
N

2
2
(b)
=
from which, V2 = V1
520

i.e. voltage induced in the secondary winding, V2 = (300) 40 = 3900 V or 3.90 kV

3. A single-phase 800 V/100 V, 50 Hz transformer has a maximum core flux density of 1.294 T
2
and an effective cross-sectional area of 60 cm . Calculate the number of turns on the primary and

secondary windings.

Since

then

E1 4.44 f M N1

M BM A 1.294 60 104
N1
from which, primary turns,

= 7.764 mWb
E1
800

4.44 f M 4.44 50 7.764 103

= 464 turns

E 2 4.44 f M N 2 from which, secondary turns,

N2

E2
100

4.44 f M 4.44 50 7.764 103

= 58 turns

4. A 3.3 kV/110 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer is to have an approximate e.m.f. per turn of 22 V
and operate with a maximum flux of 1.25 T. Calculate (a) the number of primary and secondary
turns, and (b) the cross-sectional area of the core

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E1
E2
(a) E.m.f. per turn = N1 = N 2 = 22
E1
3300
Hence primary turns, N1 = 22 = 22 = 150

E 2 110
and secondary turns, N2 = 22 = 22 = 5
(b) E.m.f. E1 = 4.44 f m N1
E1
3300
from which, m = 4.44 f N1 = (4.44)(50)(150) = 0.0991 Wb

Now flux, m = Bm A, where A is the cross-sectional area of the core,

m
0.0991
2
2
B
hence area, A = m = 1.25 = 0.07928 m or 792.8 cm

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Exercise 121, Page 347

1. A single-phase transformer has 2400 turns on the primary and 600 turns on the secondary. Its noload current is 4 A at a power factor of 0.25 lagging. Assuming the volt drop in the windings is
negligible, calculate the primary current and power factor when the secondary current is 80 A at a
power factor of 0.8 lagging.

Let

I1 '

be the component of the primary current which provides the restoring m.m.f.

I1 ' N1 I 2 N 2

Then

i.e.

I1 '(2400) (80)(600) from which,

I1 '

If the power factor of the secondary is 0.8, then

2400

= 20 A

cos 2 0.8
2 cos1 0.8 36.87

from which,
If the power factor at no load is 0.25, then

cos O 0.25
O cos 1 0.25 75.52

from which,
In the phasor diagram shown below,
shown anti-phase to

80 600

I2

= 80 A at an angle

2 36.87

to

V2

and

I1 ' 20 A

and is

I2

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The no load current,

IO

= 4 A is shown at an angle

O 75.52

to

V1

Current I1 is the phasor sum of I1 ' and IO and by calculation:

Total horizontal component,

I1 cos 1 I O cos O I1 'cos 2

= (4)(0.25) + (20)(0.8) = 1 + 16 = 17 A

Total vertical component, I1 sin 1 I O sin O I1 'sin 2

= (4)(sin 75.52) + (20)(sin 36.87) = 15.87 A
Hence, magnitude of

and

I1

15.87

17

tan 1

2
2
= 17 15.87 = 23.26 A

and

Hence, power factor = cos

15.87
43.03
17

1 tan 1

= cos 43.03 = 0.73

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Exercise 122, Page 350

1. A transformer has 1200 primary turns and 200 secondary turns. The primary and secondary
resistances are 0.2 and 0.02 respectively and the corresponding leakage reactances are 1.2
and 0.05 respectively. Calculate (a) the equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance
referred to the primary winding, and (b) the phase angle of the impedance.

V
1200
R e R1 R 2 1 0.2 0.02

V2
200

(a) Equivalent resistance,

= 0.92
Equivalent reactance,

V1
1200
1.2 0.05

200
V2

= 3.0

X e X1 X 2

Equivalent impedance,

(b)

cos e

Re
0.92

Ze 3.138

Ze R e 2 X e 2 0.92 2 3.02

and phase angle of impedance,

= 3.138 or 3.14
0.92

3.138 = 72.95

e cos 1

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Exercise 123, Page 350

1. A 6 kVA, 100 V/500 V, single-phase transformer has a secondary terminal voltage of 487.5 V
when loaded. Determine the regulation of the transformer.
no load sec ondary voltage ter min al voltage on load
100%
no load sec ondary voltage
Regulation =

500 487.5
12.5
100%
100%
500
500
=
= 2.5%
2. A transformer has an open circuit voltage of 110 volts. A tap-changing device operates when the
regulation falls below 3%. Calculate the load voltage at which the tap-changer operates.
no load sec ondary voltage ter min al voltage on load
100%
no
load
sec
ondary
voltage
Regulation =

Hence,

110 V2
100%
3 = 110
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from which,

3(110)
110 V2
100
V2 110

and

3(110)
100 = 106.7 V = voltage at which the tap-changer operates.

Exercise 124, Page 352

1. A single-phase transformer has a voltage ratio of 6:1 and the h.v. winding is supplied at 540 V.
The secondary winding provides a full load current of 30 A at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
Neglecting losses, find (a) the rating of the transformer, (b) the power supplied to the load, (c) the
primary current.
V1 6

V2 1

and V1 540 V

(a) Rating of transformer =

hence,

V2

540
6 = 90 V and I2 = 30 A

V2 I 2 90 30

= 2700 VA or 2.7 kVA

(b) Power supplied to load = V I cos = (2700)(0.8)

since power factor = cos = 0.8

= 2.16 kW
V1 I 2

V
I1
2
(c)

from which, primary current,

V2
1
30
6 = 5 A
V1

I1 I2

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2. A single-phase transformer is rated at 40 kVA. The transformer has full-load copper losses of
800 W and iron losses of 500 W. Determine the transformer efficiency at full load and 0.8 power
factor.
output power input power losses
losses

1
input power
input power
Efficiency = input power

Full-load output power = V I cos = (40)(0.8) = 32 kW

Total losses = 800 + 500 = 1.3 kW
Input power = output power + losses = 32 + 1.3 = 33.3 kW

Hence, efficiency,

1.3
33.3 = 0.961 or 96.10%

3. Determine the efficiency of the transformer in problem 2 at half full-load and 0.8 power factor.

1
40 0.8
2
Half full load power output =
= 16 kW
2
Copper loss (or I R loss) is proportional to current squared

1

Hence, copper loss at half full load = 2

800

= 200 W

Iron loss == 500 W (constant)

Total loss = 200 + 500 = 700 W or 0.7 kW
Input power at half full load = output power at half full load + losses = 16 + 0.7 = 16.7 kW
1

Hence, efficiency,

losses
0.7
1
input power
16.7 = 0.9581 or 95.81%

4. A 100 kVA, 2000 V/400 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has an iron loss of 600 W and a fullload copper loss of 1600 W. Calculate its efficiency for a load of 60 kW at 0.8 power factor.

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output power input power losses

losses

1
input power
input power
Efficiency = input power

Full-load output power = V I cos = (100)(0.8) = 80 kW

Load power = 60 kW

60 3

Hence the transformer is at 80 4 full load

3

Hence, copper loss at 3/4 load = 4

1600

= 900 W

Total losses = 900 + 600 = 1.5 kW

Input power = output power + losses = 60 + 1.5 = 61.5 kW

Hence, efficiency,

1.5
61.5 = 0.9756 or 97.56%

5. Determine the efficiency of a 15 kVA transformer for the following conditions:

(i) full-load, unity power factor (ii) 0.8 full-load, unity power factor (iii) half full-load, 0.8
power factor. Assume that iron losses are 200 W and the full-load copper loss is 300 W
(i) Full load power output = V I cos = (15)(1) = 15 kW
Losses = 200 + 300 = 500 W or 0.5 kW
Input power at full load = output power + losses = 15 + 0.5 = 15.5 kW
1

Hence, efficiency,

losses
0.5
1
input power
15.5 = 0.9677 or 96.77%

(ii) At 0.8 full load, unity power factor, output power = 0.8 15 = 12 kW
0.8 300 200 192 200
Losses =
2

= 392 W or 0.392 kW

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Input power at 0.8 full load = output power at 0.8 full load + losses
= 12 + 0.392 = 12.392 kW

Hence, efficiency,

0.392
12.392 = 0.9684 or 96.84%

(iii) At 0.5 full load and 0.8 power factor, output power = 0.5 15 0.8= 6 kW
0.5 300 200 75 200
Losses =
2

= 275 W or 0.275 kW

Input power at 0.5 full load = output power at 0.5 full load + losses
= 6 + 0.275 = 6.275 kW

Hence, efficiency,

0.275
6.275 = 0.9562 or 95.62%

6. A 300 kVA transformer has a primary winding resistance of 0.4 and a secondary winding
resistance of 0.0015 . The iron loss is 2 kW and the primary and secondary voltages are 4 kV and
200 V respectively. If the power factor of the load is 0.78, determine the efficiency of the
transformer (a) on full load, and (b) on half load.
(a) Rating = 300 kVA = V1 I1 = V2 I2

400 103
300 103
V1
Hence primary current, I1 =
= 4000 = 75 A
3
300 10
300 103
V2
and secondary current, I2 =
= 200
= 1500 A
Total copper loss = I12 R1 + I22 R2, (where R1 = 0.4 and R2 = 0.0015 )
= (75)2(0.4) + (1500)2(0.0015)
= 2250 + 3375 = 5625 watts
On full load, total loss = copper loss + iron loss
= 5625 + 2000
= 7625 W = 7.625 kW
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Total output power on full load = V2 I2 cos 2

= (300 103)(0.78) = 234 kW
Input power = output power + losses = 234 kW + 7.625 kW = 241.625 kW

Efficiency, =

losses

input power

100%

7.625

241.625 100% = 96.84%

(b) Since the copper loss varies as the square of the current, then total
2

1

copper loss on half load = 5625 2 = 1406.25 W
Hence total loss on half load = 1406.25 + 2000
= 3406.25 W or 3.40625 kW

1
Output power on half full load = 2 (234) = 117 kW
Input power on half full load = output power + losses
= 117 kW + 3.40625 kW = 120.40625 kW
Hence efficiency at half full load,

losses

input power

100%

3.40625

120.40625 100% = 97.17%

7. A 250 kVA transformer has a full load copper loss of 3 kW and an iron loss of 2 kW. Calculate
(a) the output kVA at which the efficiency of the transformer is a maximum, and (b) the
maximum efficiency, assuming the power factor of the load is 0.80.
(a) Let x be the fraction of full load kVA at which the efficiency is a maximum.
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The corresponding total copper loss =

3kW x 2

At maximum efficiency, copper loss = iron loss

Hence,

3x 2
2

x2

from which,

2
3

and

x=

2
3 = 0.8165

Thus, the output kVA at maximum efficiency = 0.8165 250 = 204.1 kVA
(b) Total loss at maximum efficiency = 2 2 = 4 kW
Output power = 204.1 0.8 = 163.3 kW
Input power = output power + losses = 163.3 + 4 = 167.3 kW

Hence, maximum efficiency,

4
167.3 = 0.9761 or 97.61%

Exercise 125, Page 355

1. A transformer having a turns ratio of 8:1 supplies a load of resistance 50 . Determine the
equivalent input resistance of the transformer.

The equivalent input resistance, R1 =

N1

RL
N 2

8

= 1 (50) = 3200 = 3.2 k

2. What ratio of transformer turns is required to make a load of resistance 30 appear to have a
resistance of 270
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N
R1 1 R L
N 2

i.e.

270 =

N1

N 2

30

from which,

N1
270
9

30
N 2

N1
9 3
N2

and

i.e. the turns ratio required is 3:1

3. Determine the optimum value of load resistance for maximum power transfer if the load is
connected to an amplifier of output resistance 147 through a transformer with a turns ratio of
7:2
The equivalent input resistance R1 of the transformer needs to be 147 for maximum power transfer.
2

R1 =

N1

RL
N 2

from which, RL = R1

N 2

N1

2

= 147 7 = 12

4. A single-phase, 240 V/2880 V ideal transformer is supplied from a 240 V source through a cable
of resistance 3 . If the load across the secondary winding is 720 determine (a) the primary
current flowing and (b) the power dissipated in the load resistance.
The circuit is as shown below.

N1 V1
240
1

(a) N 2 V2 2880 12
2

N
1
R1 1 R L
12
N 2
Equivalent input resistance,

720

=5

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Total input resistance,

R IN R R1

Hence, primary current,

N1 I 2

N
I1
2
(b)

from which,

I1

=3+5=8

V1
240

R IN
8 = 30 A

N1
1
30
12 = 2.5 A
N 2

I 2 I1

Power dissipated in load, P =

I 2 2 R L 2.5

720

= 4500 W or 4.5 kW

5. A load of resistance 768 is to be matched to an amplifier which has an effective output

resistance of 12 . Determine the turns ratio of the coupling transformer.

N
R1 1 R L
N 2

and

hence 12 =

N1

N 2

768

and

12 N1

768 N 2

N1
12 1

N2
768 8

Hence, the turns ratio of the coupling transformer is 1:8

6. An a.c. source of 20 V and internal resistance 20 k is matched to a load by a 16:1 single-phase

transformer. Determine (a) the value of the load resistance and (b) the power dissipated in the
load.
The circuit is shown below.

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(a) For maximum power transfer,

2

N
R 1 1 R L
N 2

R1

needs to be 20 k
2

N
1
R L R 1 2 (20000)
16
N1
from which, load resistance,
= 78.13

(b) Total input resistance when source is connected to the matching transformer is

R IN R1

i.e. 20 k + 20 k = 40 k

Primary current,
N1 I 2

N 2 I1

I1

V
20

40000 40000 = 0.5 mA

from which,

N1
3 16
0.5 10
1 = 8 mA
N 2

I 2 I1

Power dissipated in load, P =

I 2 2 R L 8 103

78.13

= 5 mW

Exercise 126, Page 357

1. A single-phase auto transformer has a voltage ratio of 480 V:300V and supplies a load of
30 kVA at 300 V. Assuming an ideal transformer, calculate the current in each section of the
winding.
Rating = 30 kVA = V1 I1 V2 I2
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Hence, primary current,

and

I1

30 103
480 = 62.5 A

30 103
I2
300 = 100 A
secondary current,

Hence, current in common part of winding =

I 2 I1

= 100 62.5 = 37.5 A

2. Calculate the saving in the volume of copper used in an auto transformer compared with a
double-wound transformer for (a) a 300 V:240 V transformer, and (b) a 400 V:100 V
transformer.
V2 240

V
(a) For a 300 V:240 V transformer, x = 1 300 = 0.80

From equation (20.12), volume of copper in auto transformer

= (1 0.80)(volume of copper in a double-wound transformer)
= (0.20)(volume of copper in a double-wound transformer)
Hence, saving is 80%
V2 100

(b) For a 400 V:1000 V transformer, x = V1 400 = 0.25

From equation (20.12), volume of copper in auto transformer

= (1 0.25)(volume of copper in a double-wound transformer)
= (0.75)(volume of copper in a double-wound transformer)
Hence, saving is 25%
Exercise 127, Page 358
1. A three-phase transformer has 600 primary turns and 150 secondary turns. If the supply voltage
is 1.5 kV determine the secondary line voltage on no-load when the windings are connected
(a) delta-star, (b) star-delta.

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(a) For a delta connection,

VL VP

hence, primary phase voltage,

Secondary phase voltage,

VP2

VP1

= 1.5 kV = 1500 V

N 2
150
(1500)

600 = 375 V
N1

VP1

For a star connection, VL 3 VP

3 375

hence, secondary line voltage =

(b) For a star connection, VL 3 VP or

Primary phase voltage,

VP1

VL1
3

= 649.5 V

VP

VL
3

1500
3 = 866.0 V

For a delta connection, VL VP

N1 V1

N 2 V2

from which, secondary phase voltage,

N 2
150
(866.0)

600
N1

VP2 VP1

= 216.5 V = secondary line voltage

Exercise 128, Page 353

1. A current transformer has two turns on the primary winding and a secondary winding of 260
turns. The secondary winding is connected to an ammeter with a resistance of 0.2 , the
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289

resistance of the secondary winding is 0.3 . If the current in the primary winding is 650 A,
determine (a) the reading on the ammeter, (b) the potential difference across the ammeter, and
(c) the total load in VA on the secondary.

(a) Reading on ammeter,

(b) P.d. across ammeter =

N1
2
(650)

260 = 5 A
N 2

I 2 I1

I 2 R 2 (5)(0.2)

=1V

(c) Total resistance of secondary circuit = 0.2 + 0.3 = 0.5

Induce e.m.f. in secondary = (5)(0.5) = 2.5 V
Total load on secondary = (2.5)(5) = 7.5 VA

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290