Chapter 13

CHAPTER 13 D.C.
CIRCUIT THEORY
Exercise 69, Page 193
I3
1. Find currents
I4
and
I6
in the circuit below.
I1 I2 I3
i.e.
4=2+
I3
from which,
I3
I 3 I 4 I5
i.e.
2 + I4 = 1
from which,
I4 = 1 2 = - 1 A
I2 I 4 I6
i.e.
2 = -1 +
I6
from which,
I6
=42=2A
=2+1=3A
2. For the networks shown below, find the values of the currents marked.
(a)
(a)
I2
+3 =2
10 = 7 +
7+
I1
from which,
I1 I 2
i.e.
I3
i.e.
+2=
(b) 10 + 50 =
I1 I 2
(b)
I2
I2
=23=-1A
10 = 7 +
I1
-1
7+4+2=
I3
from which,
I1
from which,
= 10 - 7 + 1 = 4 A
I3
= 13 A
= 60 A
= 100 from which,
I1
100 I 2 100 60
= 40 A
100 + 20 = I 3 = 120 A
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis
115
I3
= 20 +
I4
I 4 I5 20
from which,
I4
I3
from which,
I5
= 20 -
- 20 = 120 20 = 100 A
I4
= 20 100 = - 80 A
3. Calculate the currents I1 and I2 in the circuit diagram below.
The circuit with its currents is shown below.
I1
= 0.2 +
1-
I1
= 0.2
current
I1
= 0.8 A
By Kirchhoffs current law at node X: 0.5 + 0.5 +

i.e.
from which,
I2
I2
Applying Kirchhoffs voltage law in the closed loop, moving clockwise gives:
10.5 = 5 I 2 +4(0.5 + I2 ) + 20(0.5 + I 2 - I1 )
10.5 = 5
I2
+2+4
I2
+ 10 + 20
I2
- 20
I1
10.5 = 29 I 2 + 12 - 20(0.8)
i.e.
29
I2
= 10.5 12 + 16
14.5
I
Hence, current 2 = 29 = 0.5 A
116
4. Use Kirchhoffs laws to find the current flowing in the 6 resistor in the circuit below and the
power dissipated in the 4 resistor.
From the top loop:

From the lower loop:
Hence,
40 =
5I1 4 I1 I 2
0=
6I 2 4 I1 I 2
9I1 4I 2 40
(1)
4I1 10I2 0
(2)
4 (1) gives:
36I1 16I 2 160
(3)
9 (2) gives:
36I1 90I 2 0
(4)
and
(3) (4) gives:
and
74I 2 160
I2
160
74 = - 2.162 A
i.e. the current in the 6 resistor = 2.162 A

Substituting in (1) gives:
from which,
9I1 4(2.162) 40
I1
40 4(2.162)
9
= 5.405 A
117
I1 I2 5.405 2.162 3.243A

Hence, power dissipated in the 4 resistor,
P6
I I
= 1 2
R 3.243
= 42.07 W
5. Find the current flowing in the 3 resistor for the network shown below. Find also the p.d.
across the 10 and 2 resistors.
From the top loop:
20 =
3I1 16I2
From the bottom loop:
20 =
3I1 6 I1 I 2
Hence,
and
3 (1) gives:
(3) (2) gives:
3I1 16I 2 = 20
9I1 6I2
= 20
(2)
9I1 48I 2 60
(3)
54I2 40
I2
i.e.
and
(1)
40
54 = 0.741 A
3I1 16(0.741) 20
I1
20 16 0.741
3
= 2.715 A
118
I1 I2 2.715 0.741
Thus,
Hence, current in 3 resistor =
I1
p.d. across 10 resistor =
= 1.974 A
= 2.715 A
I 2 (10)
= 0.741 10 = 7.410 V
I1 I 2 2 1.974 2 = 3.948 V
p.d. across 2 resistor =
6. For the network shown below find: (a) the current in the battery, (b) the current in the 300 resistor, (c) the
current in the 90 resistor, and (d) the power dissipated in the 150 resistor.
(a) With the current directions as shown in the diagram below,
from loop 1:
8 = 20
I1
I I
+ (60 + 90)( 1 - 2 )
and from loop 2:
8 = 20
I1
I
+ (300 + 150)( 2 )
I1
170
=8
(1)
and
20 I1 + 450 I2 = 8
(2)
I1
- 150
I2
i.e.
- 450
I2
3 equation (1) gives:
510
= 24
(3)
(2) + (3) gives:
530 I1
= 32
119
32
I
from which, current in the battery, 1 = 530 = 0.0603774 A = 60.38 mA
(b) In equation (1),
from which,
170( 60.3774 10 ) - 150 I2 = 8

3
10.26415 8 = 150
and current in the 300 resistor,
I2
I2
10.26415 8
150
=
= 0.015094 A = 15.09 mA
(c) Current in the 90 resistor = I1 - I 2 = 60.38 15.09 = 45.29 mA

I 2 2 R 15.09 10 3 150
2
(d) Power dissipated in the 150 resistor =
= 0.034156 W = 34.20 mW
7. For the bridge network shown, find the currents I1 to I5
From loop 1:
From loop 2:
6.6 3I A 2 I A I B
0=
4 2 I A 5I B 3I A
i.e.
5I A 2I B 6.6
(1)
and
7I A 5I B 8
(2)
25I A 10I B 33
(3)
5 (1) gives:
120
2 (2) gives:
(3) (4) gives:
14I A 10I B 16
39I A
= 49
IA
and
5(1.256) +
49
39 = 1.256 A
2I B 6.6
IB
from which,
Hence, correct to 2 decimal places,
(4)
I1
IA
I2
=2-
6.6 5(1.256)
2
= 0.160 A
= 1.26 A
IA
= 2 1.256 = 0.74 A
I 3 = IB = 0.16 A
I4
IA
IB
= 1.256 + 0.160 = 1.42 A
I 5 = 2 - I A - I B = 2 1.26 0.16 = 0.58 A
121
1. Use the superposition theorem to find currents I1 , I 2 and I3 of the circuit shown.
(a)
(b)
Initially the 8.5 V source is removed as shown in diagram (a). This simplifies to diagram (b) where
IA
4.5
1.4
= 3.214 A
From diagram (a),
2
3.214
2 0.5
= 2.571 A
IB
and
0.5
3.214
2 0.5
= 0.643 A
IC
122
Next, the 4.5 V source is removed as shown in diagram (c). This simplifies to diagram (d) where
ID
8.5
2 0.333 = 3.643 A
(c)
(d)
From diagram (c),
1
3.643
1 0.5
= 2.429 A
IE
0.5
3.643
1 0.5
= 1.214 A
IF
and
Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to diagram (c), then:
I1
IA IF
= 3.214 1.214 = 2 A
I 2 = ID IC = 3.643 0.643 = 3 A
I3
IB IE
= 2.571 + 2.429 = 5 A
2. Use the superposition theorem to find the current in the 8 resistor in the circuit shown.
8 1 8
1
9
Initially the 10 V source is removed as shown in diagram (a). 8 in parallel with 1 is given by
123
(a)
I1
From diagram (a),
30
8
2
9 = 10.385 A
1
10.385
1 8
= 1.154 A
I2
and
8 2
1.6
Next, the 30 V source is removed as shown in diagram (b). 8 in parallel with 2 is given by 8 2
(b)
From diagram (b),
I3
10
1 1.6 = 3.846 A
and
2
3.846
2 8
= 0.769 A
I4
Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to diagram (b), then:

current in 8 resistor =
I2 I4
= 1.154 0.769 = 0.385 A
3. Use the superposition theorem to find the current in each branch of the network shown.
124
(a)
(b)
Initially the 4 V source is removed as shown in diagram (a). This simplifies to diagram (b) where
I1
10
3 1.667 = 2.143 A
From diagram (a),
10
2.143
2 10
= 1.786 A
I2
and
2
2.143
2 10
= 0.357 A
I3
Next, the 10 V source is removed as shown in diagram (c). Diagram (d) is the same circuit as diagram (c) and
this simplifies to diagram (e) where
I4
4
2 2.3077 = 0.9286 A
125
(c)
(d)
(e)
From diagram (d),
10
0.9286
3 10
= 0.714 A
I5
and
3
0.9286
3 10
= 0.214 A
I6
Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to diagram (c), then:

the current discharging from 10 V source =
I1 I5
= 2.143 0.714 = 1.429 A,
the current charging 4 V source = I 2 I 4 = 1.786 0.9286 = 0.857 A

and the current through the 10 resistor =
I3 I 6
= 0.357 + 0.214 = 0.571 A
4. Use the superposition theorem to determine the current in each branch of the arrangement shown.
126
Initially the 52 V source is removed as shown in diagram (a). 20 in parallel with 6 is given by
20 6
4.615
20 6
(a)
From diagram (a),
I1
24
5 4.615 = 2.496 A
and
6
2.496
6 20
= 0.576 A
I2
and
20
2.496
6 20
= 1.920 A
I3
5 20
4
Next, the 24 V source is removed as shown in diagram (b). 5 in parallel with 20 is given by 5 20
(b)
From diagram (b),
52
6 4 = 5.20 A
I4
and
5
5.20
5 20
= 1.040 A
I5
127
and
20
5.20
5 20
= 4.160 A
I6
Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to diagram (b), then:

current flowing from 24 V source = I6 I1 = 4.160 2.496 = 1.664 A (i.e. battery is charging)
current flowing in the 20 resistor =
I 2 I5
= 0.576 + 1.040 = 1.616 A
current flowing from 52 V source = I 4 I3 = 5.20 1.920 = 3.280 A (i.e. battery is discharging)
1. Use Thevenins theorem to find the current flowing in the 14 resistor of the network shown
below. Find also the power dissipated in the 14 resistor.
(a)
(b)
1. Removing the resistors in the branch containing the 14 gives diagram (a).
5
15
5
2. Open circuit e.m.f., E =

= 8.333 V by voltage division
5 4
3. Resistance looking in at break with source removed = 5 4 = 2.222 from diagram (b).
128
(c)
4. From the equivalent Thevenin circuit in diagram (c),
8.333
current in 14 resistor, I = 2.222 3 14 = 0.434 A
I 2 (14) 0.434 14
2
and
power dissipated in 14 resistor, P =
= 2.64 W
2. Use Thvenin's theorem to find the current flowing in the 6 resistor shown below and the power
dissipated in the 4 resistor.
(a)
(b)
1. Removing the resistors in the branch containing the 6 gives diagram (a).
4
40
2. Open circuit e.m.f., E = 4 5
= 17.778 V by voltage division
5 4
3. Resistance looking in at break with source removed = 5 4 = 2.222 from diagram (b).
129
(c)
4. From the equivalent Thevenin circuit in diagram (c),
17.778
current in 6 resistor, I = 2.222 6 = 2.162 A
If 2.162 A is flowing through the 6 resistor of the circuit shown in the question, then the volt drop across
the 6 resistor is 2.162 6 = 12.972 V. This is the same voltage as across the 4 resistor. Hence, the
current in the 4 resistor is 12.972/4 = 3.243 A
Hence,
I 2 (4) 3.243
3. Q. 1 Exercise 70. Use Thevenins theorem to find currents
(a)
= 42.07 W
I1 I 2
I
, and 3 of the circuit shown.
(b)
1. Removing the 0.5 resistor gives diagram (a); diagram (b) is the same circuit as (a).
2. From diagram (b), current
I1
8.5 4.5 4
A
2 1
3
130
4
2
Hence, open circuit e.m.f., E = 8.5 - 3
= 5.833 V
1 2 2

3. Removing the voltage sources, the resistance looking in at the break, r = 1 2 3
(see
diagram (c))
(c)
(d)
4. From the equivalent Thevenin circuit in diagram (d),

5.833
2
0.5
I3
current in 0.5 resistor,
= 3
=5A
From diagram (e), V = 5 0.5 = 2.5 V

Hence, using V = E Ir,
2.5 = 4.5 -
I1
(1)
from which,
I1 2 A
(e)
I2
Similarly for the right hand source,
2.5 = 8.5 -
(2)
from which,
8.5 2.5
I2
2
=
=3A
3. Q. 2 Exercise 70. Use Thevenins theorem to find the current in the 8 resistor in the circuit shown.
131
(a)
(b)
1. Removing the 8 resistor gives diagram (a); diagram (b) is the same circuit as (a).
I1
30 10 40
A
2 1
3
40
2
Hence, open circuit e.m.f., E = 30 - 3
= 3.333 V
1 2 2

(see
diagram (c))
(c)
(d)

3.333
2
8
current in 8 resistor, I 3 = 3
= 0.385 A
3. Q. 3 Exercise 70. Use Thevenins theorem to find the current in each branch of the network
132
shown.
(a)
(b)
1. Removing the 10 resistor gives diagram (a).
2. From diagram (a), current
I1
10 4 6
1.2 A
3 2 5
Hence, open circuit e.m.f., E = 10 (1.2)(3) = 6.4 V
3 2 6
1.2
4. From the equivalent Thevenin circuit in diagram (b),
6.4
I
current in 10 resistor, 10 = 1.2 10 = 0.5714 A = 0.571 A, correct to 3 d.p.s
(c)
From diagram (c), V = 0.5714 10 = 5.714 V
133
5.714 = 10 -
IA
(3)
from which,
IA
10 5.71
3
=
= 1.429 A (i.e. the 10 V
source is discharging)
Similarly for the right hand source, 5.714 = 4 - IB (2)
4 5.714
IB
2
=
= - 0.857 A (i.e. the 4 V source is charging)
from which,
3. Q. 4 Exercise 70. Use Thevenins theorem to determine the current in each branch of the arrangement
shown.
(a)
(b)
1. Removing the 20 resistor gives diagram (a); diagram (b) is the same circuit as (a).
I1
52 24 28
A
56
11
28
6
Hence, open circuit e.m.f., E = 52 - 11
= 36.727 V
5 6
2.727
3. Removing the voltage sources, the resistance looking in at the break, r = 5 6
(see
diagram (c))
134
(c)
(d)

36.727
I
current in 20 resistor, 3 = 2.727 20 = 1.616 A
From diagram (e), V = 1.616 20 = 32.32 V

32.32 = 24 -
I1
(5)
from which,
I1 1.664 A
(i.e. current is charging)
(e)
I2
Similarly for the right hand source,
32.32 = 52 -
(6)
from which,
52 32.32
I2
6
=
= 3.280 A
4. In the network shown below, the battery has negligible internal resistance. Find, using
Thevenins theorem, the current flowing in the 4 resistor.
135
(a)
(b)
1. The resistors in the branch containing the 4 resistor are removed as shown in diagram (a).
Diagram (b) is diagram (a) redrawn.
8
28
2. By voltage division, open circuit e.m.f., E = 6 8
= 16 V
(c)
(d)
3. Replacing the 28 V source with a short circuit, the resistance r looking in at the break is shown
8 6 48
in diagram (c). The equivalent circuit of (c) is shown in (d), where r = 8 6 14 = 3.429
(e)
4. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (e) where
current in 4 resistor,
I4
16
3.429 10 4 = 0.918 A
136
5. For the bridge network shown below, find the current in the 5 resistor, and its direction, by
using Thevenins theorem.
1. The 5 branch is open circuited as shown in diagram (a). Diagram (b) is diagram (a) redrawn.
3
6.6
3 2
= 3.96 V
VCA
2. In diagram (b),
Hence,
VA
= 6.6 3.96 = 2.64 V and
VB
and
= 6.6 2.64 = 3.96 V
(a)
(b)
Thus, the open circuit e.m.f., E =
(c)
4
6.6
4 6
= 2.64 V
VCB
VBA
= 3.96 2.64 = 1.32 V
(d)
3. The 6.6 V source is short circuited as shown in diagram (c), which is then redrawn as shown in
diagram (d), where resistance looking in at break = resistance between points A and B, i.e.
137
2 3 4 6 6 24

1.2 2.4
r = 2 3 4 6 5 10
= 3.6
(e)
4. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (e) where
1.32
current in 5 resistor, I = 3.6 5 = 0.153 A
which flows from point B to point A (since voltage at B is greater than the voltage at point A).
138
1. Q.1 Exercise 70. Use Nortons theorem to find currents
(a)
I1 I2
I
, and 3 of the circuit shown.
(b)
1. The 0.5 resistor is short circuited as shown in diagram (a).
2. From diagram (a),
ISC I A IB
4.5 8.5
1
2 = 8.75 A
3. With the voltage sources removed, the resistance looking in at a break in the short circuit is
1 2 2

given by 1 in parallel with 2 , i.e. r = 1 2 3
4. The Norton equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (b), where
2
3 8.75
2
0.5
I
the current in the 0.5 resistor, 3 = 3

=5A
The remaining currents are calculated as on page 129/130.

1. Q.2 Exercise 70. Use Nortons theorem to find the current in the 8 resistor in the circuit shown.
139
(a)
(b)
1. The 8 resistor is short circuited as shown in diagram (a).
ISC I1 I 2
30 10
2 1 =5A
2 1 2

2
3
2 5
8
I8 3
the current in the 8 resistor, =
= 0.385 A
1. Q. 3 Exercise 70. Use Nortons theorem to find the current in each branch of the network shown.
ISC I A IB
10 4
1
5 A
3 2
3
140
(a)
(b)
3 2 6
1.2
the current in the 10 resistor, I10
1.2 1
5
1.2
10
3 = 0.571 A
=
The remaining currents are calculated as on page 132.

1. Q.4 Exercise 70. Use Nortons theorem to find the current in each branch of the arrangement shown.
(a)
(b)
ISC I1 I 2
24 52
5
6 = 13.467 A
141
5 6
2.727
given by 5 in parallel with 6 , i.e. r = 5 6
2.727
13.467
the current in the 20 resistor, I = 2.727 20
= 1.616 A
The remaining currents are calculated as on page 133.

2. Q. 1 Exercise 71. Use Nortons theorem to find the current flowing in the 14 resistor of the
network shown below. Find also the power dissipated in the 14 resistor.
1. The branch containing the 14 resistor is short circuited as shown in diagram (a).
(a)
(b)
2. Diagram (b) is equivalent to diagram (a). From diagram (b),
ISC
15
3.75 A
4
3. With the voltage source removed, the resistance looking in at a break in the short circuit is
5 4 20
2.2222
(c)
142
4. The Norton equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (c), where
the current in the 14 resistor,
I14
2.2222
3.75
2.2222
14
=
= 0.434 A
I 2 (14) 0.434 14
2
and power dissipated in 14 resistor, P =
= 2.64 W
2. Q. 2 Exercise 71. Use Nortons theorem to find the current flowing in the 6 resistor shown below and
the power dissipated in the 4 resistor.
(a)
(b)
ISC
40
8 A
5
4 5 20
2.2222
(c)
4. The Norton equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (c), where
143
2.2222
8
I 6 2.2222 6
the current in the 6 resistor,

=
= 2.162 A
If 2.162 A is flowing through the 6 resistor of the circuit shown in the question, then the volt drop across
the 6 resistor is 2.162 6 = 12.972 V. This is the same voltage as across the 4 resistor. Hence, the
current in the 4 resistor is 12.972/4 = 3.243 A
Hence,
I 2 (4) 3.243
= 42.07 W
2. Q. 4 Exercise 71. In the network shown below, the battery has negligible internal resistance. Find, using
Nortons theorem, the current flowing in the 4 resistor.
(a)
(b)
10 8
4.444
2. Diagram (b) is equivalent to diagram (a). 10 in parallel with 8 is: 10 8
.
10.444 2
1.679
Then (4.444 + 6 ) in parallel with 2 is given by: 10.444 2
. Hence diagram (c) results.
IT
28
1.679 = 16.677 A
(c)
144
From diagram (b),
16.677
2 6 4.444
= 2.680 A by current division
I1
From diagram (a),
8
2.680 1.191 A
8 10
by current division
ISC
given by 10 + (6 in parallel with 8 ), i.e. r =
10
68
13.429
68
from diagram (d).
(d)
4. The Norton equivalent circuit is shown in diagram (e), where
13.429
1.191
the current in the 4 resistor, I 4 = 13.429 4
= 0.918 A
(e)
2. Q. 5 Exercise 71. For the bridge network shown below, find the current in the 5 resistor, and
its direction, by using Nortons theorem.
145
6.6
12 12
2. Diagrams (b) and (c) are equivalent to diagram (a). Current, I = 7 8 = 2.053 A
4
6
I3
I2
2.053 1.173 A
2.053 1.540 A
2
6
4 3
and
Hence, ISC I2 I3 1.540 1.173 0.367 A
(a)
(b)
3. Resistance looking in at break in short circuit, r = 3.6 (see page 108)
(c)
(d)
4. From equivalent Norton circuit of diagram (d),

B to A, since
I2
3.6
0.367
3.6 5
= 0.154 A flowing from
I5
I3
3. Determine the current flowing in the 6 resistance of the network shown below by using
Nortons theorem.
146
1. Short circuiting the 6 resistor branch gives diagram (a).
(a)
(b)
(c)
10
6 5 mA
2 10
ISC
(d)
3. Open circuiting the 6 mA current source gives the circuit of diagram (c), which is equivalent to
12 12
diagram (d). Hence, resistance, r , is 12 in parallel with 12 giving r = 12 12 = 6
(e)
4. From the equivalent circuit of diagram (e),
6
5
6 6
= 2.5 mA
I6
147
1. Convert the circuits shown below to Norton equivalent networks.
50
(a) If terminals in Figure (a) are short-circuited, the short-circuit current, ISC = 2 = 25 A
The resistance looking-in at the terminals is 2 . Hence the equivalent Norton network is as shown below.
10 103
5
(b) If terminals in Figure (b) are short-circuited, the short-circuit current, ISC =
= 2 mA
The resistance looking-in at the terminals is 5 . Hence the equivalent Norton network is as shown above.
2. Convert the networks shown below to Thvenin equivalent circuits
148
(a) The open-circuit voltage E across the terminals in Figure (a) is given by:
E = (ISC)(r) = (5)(4) = 20 V
The resistance looking-in at the terminals is 4 . Hence the equivalent Thvenin circuit is as shown below.
(b) The open-circuit voltage E across the terminals in Figure (b) is given by:
E = (ISC)(r) = (4)(3) = 12 mV
The resistance looking-in at the terminals is 3 . Hence the equivalent Thvenin circuit is as shown above.
3. (a) Convert the network to the left of terminals AB in the diagram below to an equivalent
Thevenin circuit by initially converting to a Norton equivalent network.
(b) Determine the current flowing in the 1.8 resistance connected between A and B in the
circuit shown.
149
(a) Converting the two Thevenin branches to Norton equivalent circuits gives diagram (i) which is
equivalent to diagram (ii). The Thevenin circuit equivalent to diagram (ii) is shown in diagram
(iii), i.e. E = 18 V and r = 1.2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(b) From the circuit of diagram (iv),
I1.8
18
1.2 1.8 = 6 A
4. Determine, by successive conversions between Thevenin and Norton equivalent networks, a

Thevenin equivalent circuit for terminals AB of the circuit shown. Hence determine the current
flowing in a 6 resistor connected between A and B.
150
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
1
The equivalent Thevenin circuit of diagram (f) is E = 3

and r = 1
9
1
1
I6 3
1 A
1 6 = 3
9
and from diagram (g),
5. For the network shown below, convert each branch containing a voltage source to its Norton equivalent and
hence determine the current flowing in the 5 resistance.
151
The circuit shown below is equivalent to the circuit shown in the question.
Combining the current sources gives total current = 2 + 2 + 1.5 = 5.5 A
1 1 1 1 7

and the total resistance is obtained from R 5 4 4 10 from which, R = 10/7 = 1.4286
Hence, the circuit reduces to the following:
1.4286
5.5
Current in 5 resistor, I = 1.4286 5
= 1.22 A
152

1. A d.c. source has an open-circuit voltage of 20 V and an internal resistance of 2 . Determine
the value of the load resistance that gives maximum power dissipation. Find the value of this
power.
For maximum power transfer, load resistance, R L = r = 2
Current,
IL
20
22 = 5 A
and power dissipated,
2. Determine the value of the load resistance
RL
PL
IL 2R L 5
= 50 W
shown in the diagram that gives maximum power
dissipation and find the value of the power.

153
(a)
(b)
For the circuit to the left of terminals AB in diagram (a), using Thevenins theorem,
8
24 19.2 V
8
E=
28
and resistance looking in at AB when 24 V source is removed, r = 2 8 = 1.6 .
Hence the equivalent Thevenin circuit to the left of AB is shown in diagram (b).
For maximum power transfer,
Current,
IL
RL
= 1.6
19.2
2
2
1.6 1.6 = 6 A and power dissipated, PL = I L R L 6 1.6 = 57.6 W
3. A d.c. source having an open circuit voltage of 42 V and an internal resistance of 3 is connected to a
load of resistance
RL
. Determine the maximum power dissipated by the load.
The circuit is shown below.
For maximum power transfer R L = 3 = 3

154
42
Current, I = 3 3 = 7
Hence, maximum power dissipated in the load,
PL
I2 R L 7
= 147 W
4. A voltage source comprising six 2 V cells, each having an internal resistance of 0.2 , is
connected to a load resistance R. Determine the maximum power transferred to the load.
The circuit is shown below, where the source voltage is 6 2 = 12 V and the internal resistance,
r = 6 0.2 = 1.2
For maximum power transfer, R = r = 1.2
Hence, current in load,
IL
12
1.2 1.2 = 5 A
PL I L 2 R 5 1.2
2
Maximum power transferred to the load,
= 30 W
5. The maximum power dissipated in a 4 load is 100 W when connected to a d.c. voltage V
and internal resistance r. Calculate (a) the current in the load, (b) internal resistance r, and
(c) voltage V.
The circuit is shown below.
155
2
2
(a) Power in load, PL 100 W I L R L I L (4)
from which,
IL 2
100
4 = 25
and
load current, I L 25 = 5 A
(b) For maximum power, internal resistance, r =
(c) From the above circuit,
IL
V
r RL
RL
=4
from which, voltage, V =
IL r R L 5 4 4
= 40 V
156

Chapter 13

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 13

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

CHAPTER 13 D.C.

in the circuit below.

= 100 from which,

3. Calculate the currents I1 and I2 in the circuit diagram below.

The circuit with its currents is shown below.

By Kirchhoffs current law at node X: 0.5 + 0.5 +

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

From the top loop:

36I1 16I 2 160

(3) (4) gives:

i.e. the current in the 6 resistor = 2.162 A

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

I1 I2 5.405 2.162 3.243A

From the top loop:

From the bottom loop:

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

Hence, current in 3 resistor =

p.d. across 10 resistor =

p.d. across 2 resistor =

(a) With the current directions as shown in the diagram below,

and from loop 2:

3 equation (1) gives:

(2) + (3) gives:

170( 60.3774 10 ) - 150 I2 = 8

and current in the 300 resistor,

(c) Current in the 90 resistor = I1 - I 2 = 60.38 15.09 = 45.29 mA

(d) Power dissipated in the 150 resistor =

7. For the bridge network shown, find the currents I1 to I5

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

Substituting in (1) gives:

= 1.256 + 0.160 = 1.42 A

I 5 = 2 - I A - I B = 2 1.26 0.16 = 0.58 A

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

Exercise 70, Page 196

From diagram (a),

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

From diagram (c),

Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to diagram (c), then:

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

From diagram (a),

Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to diagram (b), then:

= 1.154 0.769 = 0.385 A

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

From diagram (a),

this simplifies to diagram (e) where

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

From diagram (d),

Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to diagram (c), then:

= 2.143 0.714 = 1.429 A,

the current charging 4 V source = I 2 I 4 = 1.786 0.9286 = 0.857 A

= 0.357 + 0.214 = 0.571 A

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

From diagram (a),

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

Hence, if diagram (a) is superimposed on to diagram (b), then:

= 0.576 + 1.040 = 1.616 A

2. Open circuit e.m.f., E =

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

power dissipated in 14 resistor, P =

power dissipated in 4 resistor, P =

3. Q. 1 Exercise 70. Use Thevenins theorem to find currents

2. From diagram (b), current

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis

4. From the equivalent Thevenin circuit in diagram (d),