Physiological basis of behavior

Physical structure
1. receptors sense organs (awareness of
environment)
2. connectors nervous system (integrates
awareness and responses)
3. affectors muscles and glands (response to the
environment)
The nervous system
1. control nervous system (CNS) brain and
spinal cord
2. peripheral nervous system (PNS) ganglia
(grp./clustered of cell bodies) located in the
nerve fibers
Neuron basic structural unit (nerve cell)
NEURON

1. Cell body- (soma) membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.

2. Axon- carries impulses away from the cell body. It is
a long tread like which is connected to another neuron.
3. Dendrites- shorter fibers receive impulses towards
their own bodies w/ end brush.

3 Types of neuron
1. Sensory (afferent) receive impulse from sense organ
to the CNS
2. Motor (efferent) carry impulse from the brain to
muscles and glands which contrast to the former.
3. Connector (association/interneuron) connects sensory
motor.
3 types of connectors
a) spinal cord brain
b) brain left and right hemisphere of the brain
c) concerns on one hemisphere of the brain to the
another. The right lobe/brain or left lobe/brain
Nerve impulse whose function is the transmission of
messages, synapse, and reflexes to the ffg.:
1. CNS
4. Sensory system
2. PNS
a) sight
3. Endocrine
b) hearing
a) Pituitary Gland
c) smell
b) Thyroid Gland
d) taste
c) Adrenal Gland
e) touch
d) Pancreas
e) Sex glands, gonads
f) Parathyroid Gland
Synapse nerve (junctures) interlace.
Reflexes simple synaptic arrangement, simple
automatic response sensory and motor area.
A person react even before the message the
Cerebral Cortex
For protection
Ex. Papillary; gagging of tongue

 Salivation, watering reflexes on the brain

Knee junk; flexion and extension spinal cord
reflex.
THE CNS
Cerebral cortex higher mental processes most of
developed portion of the brain
1. Spinal cord connection mechanism
For brain and spinal nerves
Spinal nerves dorsal part (back)
sensory area is located at the ventral part
(front) motor area is located from the
frontal lobe.
paralyzed body parts nerve cut
2. Brain is the most complex part of the human
anatomy.
3 Division of the Brain
a) Hindbrain close to spinal cord
1. Medulla oblongata connects
the brain to spinal column
Automatic activities heartbreak and
blood circulation.
2. Pons which serve also as a connector
3. Cerebellum whose function is for
posture and muscles activities, walking,
writing and dancing.
b) Midbrain connects sensory and motor
pathway, specials role in visual and auditory
activities.
c) Forebrain is located from the cerebral cortex
the size and complexity of the two
hemisphere.

1. Thalamus it is a large group of nuclei

whose function is for physiological
activities.
2. Hypothalamus small group of nuclei
physiological activities such as sexual
behavior, temperature regulation,
sleeping, eating, drinking,
concentration, behavioral
and emotional responses.
with pituitary glands hormonal
secretion that regulate sexual
development and behavior
metabolism and reaction to stress.
d) Cerebrum 2 hemisphere, whose function is
for basic consciousness and higher mental
processes such as language and abstract
thinking.
Color gray and white matter
Area located convulsion
depression and ridges greater
area.
Different areas of the cerebrum visual
auditory, somatic (touch, body sense)
1. Motor speech area brodias
area of association,
understanding, thinking and
problem solving.
Other System
1) reticular activating system (RAS) activates
cortex of cerebral hemisphere
consciousness, attention and arousal from
sleep.

2) Limbic System satisfaction of basic motor

and emotional needs.
The peripheral nervous system
Brain is the master organ for control and it is
the master
organ for communication it is an
important part of
the nervous system and is
found in all but the most (bet. The body and its
surrounding)
Basic features in spite of their great difference
all brain have some features in common
a) all brain are composed of nerve cell or
nervous
b) all brains have at least 3 major section;
a sensory section, w/c supplies the
information on w/c the brain acts. An
integrating section, where the incoming
information is processed, and a motor
apparatus which generates the final
output signals to muscles and glands.
Differences between brains:
1. some brain contain nerve cells than others
and also it is more highly developed brain which
have many connections between cells.
2. Brain size
3. The thickness of axon
4. Temperature is another factor
5. Some animals have brain w/ sensory system
not by processed by others.

HUMAN BRAIN is the most complex, highly

developed of all brains
3 DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN
A. hindbrain?
1. Medulla oblongata contains masses of nerve
cells or nuclei from w/c most of the cranial
nerves arises. Many action are controlled by
these cells, includes those of the heart, lungs
and nervous system and the muscles of the head
and neck
2. PONS - The medulla and midbrain it acts as
a conduct for nerve fibers that pass both upward
to the brain and across to the two hemisphere of
the cerebrum.
EEG serve as electro encephalograph
Problem solving association area
Modulation of the sound and the pitch of the
Voice auditory area
Speech motor area
B. Mid-Brain?
C. Fore Brain?

NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS

PNS

maintaining life
e.g. Breathing, blood circulation, heartbeat, and
digestion.
THE AUTONOMIC SYSTEM
directs the activities of the glands internal organs and
the smooth (involuntary) muscle.
2 SUBDIVISIONS
1. Sympathetic division composed of a chain of
ganglia (cluster of nerve cells) located along each side of
the spinal column.
2. Parasympathetic composed of nerves situated in
two places:
1. cranial nerves in the brain stem and;
2. sacral nerves.
Autonomic balance the relationship bet. The
individuals sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
activity.