Adjectives

Adjectives ending in ed
Adjectives ending in ed or have the same form as the past
participle of a verb (e.g. amazed, relieved, terrified, thrilled). We
often use them to describe peoples feelings. They normally follow
be, feel, seem, look, etc.
Adjectives ending in ing
We use these adjectives to describe the effect that experiences or
events have on us. They can be used before the noun or after be
and other linking verbs.

Adverbs
Formation of adverbs
1. Many adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjective form of
the word,
(e.g. clear, clearly).
For adjectives ending in y, drop the y and add ily, (e.g. happy,
happily).
For adjectives ending in le, drop the e and add y, (e.g. gentle,
gently).
For adjectives ending in ic, add ally, (e.g. automatic,
automatically).
2. Some words ending in ly are adjectives only, not adverbs, (e.g.
cowardly, friendly, silly). If an adverb is needed, a phrase must be
used.
3.Some words ending in ly can be used both as adjectives and
adverbs,
(e.g. hourly, daily, nightly).

Intensifiers: almost, barely, hardly, nearly, scarcely

These adverbs have a negative meaning. They come in the middle
of the sentence.

Articles
The definite article: the
We use the definite article the:
-when the person or thing referred to is unique
-to talk about specific things
-to talk about previously mentioned things
-with superlatives
-to talk about a generic class of things
-with oceans, seas, rivers and deserts
-with plural mountain ranges and island groups
-with continents and countries whose name includes a common noun
-areas
-with hotels, cinemas, theatres
-with newspapers
-with national groups
The indefinite article: a/an
Use the indefinite article a/an:
-with (singular) jobs, etc.
-with singular countable nouns
-with these numbers: 100, 1000, 1.000.000
-in exclamations about singular countable nouns
The zero article
We use no article (the zero article) when talking about:
-uncountable, plural and abstract nouns used in their general sense
-continents and countries
-mountains and lakes
-villages, towns and cities
-streets, roads, etc.
-magazines
-illnesses

Comparison
Types of comparison
There are three types of comparison:
1. To a higher degree (comparative form + than)
2. To the same degree (as ... as)
3. To a lower degree (with less + than and the least)
Irregular comparative and superlative adjectives
These are the most common irregular forms:
good - better - best
bad worse worst
little less least
much more most
far further/farther furthest/farthest
Modifying comparisons
We can use the following words to modify comparatives:
far / much / a lot cheaper/less expensive
very much bigger/better
rather/harder
a bit / slightly / a little faster
no worse than
not any quicker
just as good as
almost / not quite as expensive as
not nearly as cheap
Watch Out! You cannot use very with comparatives.

Countable and uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns
These have no plural. The following are common nouns that are
usually uncountable:
accomodation, advice, behaviour, bread, copper (and all other
metals), meat, sugar, English, (and all other languages), furniture,
health, information, knowledge, luggage, maths (and other school
subjects), news, progress, research, rice (and all other grains and
cereals), salt, (and all other condiments, e.g. pepper), scenery,
spaghetti, traffic, transport, travel, trouble, water (and all other
liquids), weather, work.
Nouns which can be countable or uncountable
1. Nouns we can think of as a single thing or substance, (e,g,
chicken, chocolate, egg, hair, iron, paper, stone)
2. Nouns which are used to refer to particular varieties, (e.g. wine,
country)
3. Words for some drinks, (e.g. coffee, beer). The countable noun
means a glass of, a cup of, a bottle of, etc.
4. time, space, room
Uncountable nouns

Plural Countable
nouns

A lot of / lots of /
much

A lot of / lots of /
many

A little

A few

Some

Some

Not much

Not many

Very little

Very few

Hardly any

Hardly any

Not any / no

Not any / no

Vocabulary
gaze to look at someone or something for a long time
glimpse when you see someone or something very quickly for a
short time
stare to look at someone or something for a long time without
moving your eyes
Phrasal verbs with look
look after = to take care of
look into = to investigate
looking forward = waiting with enthusiasm
look up = searching in a dictionary
look up to = to respect / to admire (someone)
look down at = see something or someone as inferior
look out = pay attention
look over = to examine

Body parts

Throat
ankle
wrist
cheek
stomach
thigh
heart
thumb
finger
knee
elbow
forehead
mouth
eyebrow
shoulder