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I. INTRODUCTION
Japan is the first nation in the Asian Monsoon zone to
achieve modern industrialization and it did this in the relatively
short period of about 100 years, beginning in the late nineteenth
century. Dams in Japan supported social and economic
development that preceded modernization and have been
viewed as symbols of modernization and of social vitality that
utilizes nature. However since the 1980s, dam projects have
concerned criticism from the community, because their
substantial impacts on the social order and the natural
environment are becoming obvious(JCOLD, 2009).
There are some impacts such as impacts on water quality and
quantity; alteration of runoff and evaporation processes, risk of
increasing diffuse inputs to rivers due to increase in erosion and
landslides, higher potential of eutrophication because of limited
Fig. 1. Watershed delineation in the study area
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B. Data source
Topographic data
ArcSWAT 2009 uses DEM data to automatically delineate
the watershed into several hydrological connected sub
watersheds. In this paper, DEM data with resolution of 50
meter were used. The DEM was taken from Nippon-III of
digital map; the watershed was then divided into 23 sub
watersheds in the SWAT model. Fig.1 and Fig.2 show
watershed delineation in the study area and DEM data which
used for this study respectively.
where SWt is the final soil water content, SW0 is the initial
soil water content, t is the time (days), Rday is the amount of
precipitation on day i, Qsurf is the amount of surface runoff on
day i, Ea is the amount of evapotranspiration on day i, wseep is
the amount of percolation and bypass flow exiting the soil
profile bottom on day i, and Qgw is the amount of return flow
on day i.
The SWAT model uses the SCS curve number procedure to
calculate the runoff volume under different soil types and land
uses. The SCS curve number equation is
Qsurf =
( Rday I a ) 2
( Rday I a + S )
(2)
S =
25400
254 (3)
CN
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TABLE 1
LAND USE CONVERSION FROM ORIGINAL LAND USE CLASSES TO SWAT CLASSES
SWAT Code
Commercial
Water
Transportation
Residential
Institutional
UCOM
WATR
UTRN
URBN
UINS
Industrial
UIDU
Rice
Orchard
Forest evergreen
RICE
ORCD
FRSE
Forest decidduous
FRSD
Pasture
Summer pasture
Wetlands non forested
PAST
SPAS
WETN
Hydrological data
Daily observed discharge data were taken by MLIT
(2007-2008) for the analysis. Stream flow rate were processed
from hourly to daily average value and will processed for
calibrating the SWAT model. Prior to calibration, 4 most
sensitive parameters: CN2, GWQMN, Alpha_BF, and
Sol_AWC, were selected and adjusted manually based on
previous SWAT research in Japan mountains area. Available
data from January to December, 2008 were used for the
calibration and the daily stream flows in 2009 at the Furuyu
station located just in the downstream of the new dam were
applied for validation. Fig.4 shows comparison on simulated
and observed discharge with the coefficient correlation = 0.86
and Nash-Sutcliffe index = 0.84.
Soil data
Detailed soil map was clipped from National Land Survey
Division, Land and Water Bureau of MLIT`s website and was
used as the GIS input data for the model simulation. Land use
and soil data in WGS 1984 UTM Zone 52N projected were
loaded into the ArcSWAT 2009 to determine the area and
hydrologic parameters of each land-soil category simulated
within each sub basin.
Dam data
According on the available data and the necessary inputs of
the SWAT, the following characteristic indicators of the dam
were set up: the surface area of reservoir when filled to the
emergency spillway, surface area of reservoir when filled to the
principal spillway, volume of water held in reservoir when
filled to the emergency spillway, and volume of water held in
the reservoir when filled to the principal spillway..
Weather data
SWAT required climate data to provide the moisture and
energy inputs that control the water balance and determine the
relative importance of the different component of the
hydrology cycle. Hourly observed weather data (temperature,
humidity, solar radiation) from Saga Meteorological
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TABLE 2
AVERAGE MONTHLY STREAM FLOW RATES AT FURUYU UNDER THE SCENARIOS
Q (m3/s)
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Hokuzan and
Kase dam
1.06
0.83
0.93
1.72
1.47
3.34
8.89
1.90
2.44
2.76
2.00
1.32
Hokuzan dam
only
1.28
1.18
1.86
2.95
3.22
7.63
11.35
5.52
4.15
3.33
2.54
1.84
No dam
1.50
1.40
2.11
3.69
4.55
8.56
11.59
6.03
4.82
4.39
3.12
2.56
III. RESULT
The developed model was tried to run using model input and
physical parameters as described above. Unsurprisingly, the
existence of dams resulted in major reductions in stream flow
rate in the watershed. The outcome also showed that the
presence of Hokuzan dam and Kase River dam in the watershed
caused larger reductions in stream flow than the only Hokuzan
dam did.
These dams seem to result in decrease of monthly discharge
by up to 29.3% from the disappeared dam scenario. The
decrease of stream discharge from this adjustment may be
recognized to the verity that those dams divert water to off
stream uses such as irrigation and urban uses (multi-purpose),
especially out of basin diversions, will reduce the total
downstream flow (Collier et al, 1995). Excessive dams and
floodgate operations have change dramatically the flow
regimes and shift peaking time (J. Xia, et al. 2005).
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
Excessive dams in Kase River basin has changed
dramatically the stream flow regimes The impoundment of the
new Kase dam has less efficient in decreasing of total nitrogen
and total phosphorus at downstream. The SWAT model
successfully passed the scenarios exercises considering stream
flow rates output. Model setup and water quality calibration
works are already in progress as a next step for analysis.
Some issues still need to be addressed for better assessment
of dam impacts. Coupling the SWAT model and a
hydrodynamics model inside the reservoir should be done in
the next step.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge MLIT for data and
their cooperation in the project, SWAT community for model
setting discussions and Indonesian government for supporting
the study.
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