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Abstract
This paper looks at the residential location of cultural workers in the smallest Canadian
cities, with the primary goal of understanding the factors making some more successful
than others in attracting them. The study examines employment in 13 cultural industries
in 109 small Canadian urban areas using data drawn from the 2006 Canadian census. Six
explanatory factors are put forward and entered into a regression model to explain the
location of cultural workers in small places: size, location with respect to metropolitan
areas, work structure, amenities, elderly populations and public-sector choices. The
results suggest that, beyond industry-specific production processes, the location of
cultural workers in small cities is also driven by residential and lifestyle preferences.
Introduction
Over the past decade, cultural industries
have attracted much attention from urban
researchers. An abundant literature draws
upon their potential role in urban economic
development (Florida, 2002b; Hall, 2000;
Landry, 2000; Markusen and King, 2003;
Scott, 2004) and in urban regeneration (Evans
2001; Hutton, 2009; Pratt, 2009). Cultural
industries are said to be contributing to urban
economies in several ways. First, they continue to grow, contributing to employment
creation in urban areas while other sectors are
experiencing decline (Scott, 2004). Secondly,
and perhaps more importantly, cultural
Jonathan Denis-Jacob is in the Spatial Analysis and Regional Economics Laboratory, Centre
Urbanisation Culture et Socit, National Institute of Scientific Research, University of Quebec, 385
rue Sherbrooke Est, Montral, Qubec, Canada H2X 1E3. E-mail: jonathan.denis-jacob@ucs.inrs.ca.
0042-0980 Print/1360-063X Online
2011 Urban Studies Journal Limited
DOI: 10.1177/0042098011402235
Downloaded from usj.sagepub.com at Charite-Universitaet medizin on March 11, 2015
98Jonathan Denis-Jacob
100Jonathan Denis-Jacob
102Jonathan Denis-Jacob
Employment
in 144 cities
21010
135745
57795
38390
25975
46345
63800
33365
18925
441350
Methodology
104Jonathan Denis-Jacob
Table 2. Synthetic groups of small urban areas based on city size and distance
Synthetic regions:
urban areas
Small central
Small peripheral
Very small central
Very small peripheral
Population
threshold
Distance from
Top 8 metro (km)
Total
population
Employment
Spatial
units
100 00031000
100 00031000
Below 31000
Below 31000
Within 200
Beyond 200
Within 200
Beyond 200
1325908
1505201
418731
658625
646190
758940
205215
320935
23
27
23
36
Table 3. Location quotients of cultural industries, by synthetic groups of small urban areas
Cultural Sectors
All cultural industries
Books, periodical and music stores
Publishing
Motion picture, video and sound
Radio/TV broadcasting
Pay TV
Advertising and design
The arts and related services
Heritage institutions
Small
central
Small
peripheral
Very small
central
Very small
peripheral
0.56
0.88
0.60
0.36
0.42
0.68
0.50
0.56
1.01
0.55
0.72
0.73
0.38
0.75
0.51
0.37
0.40
0.80
0.70
0.69
0.79
0.38
0.52
0.53
0.44
1.07
1.63
0.54
0.94
0.59
0.41
1.16
0.47
0.29
0.40
0.97
106Jonathan Denis-Jacob
1.00
0.15
-0.04
-0.07
0.09
-0.01
-0.03
0.15
1.00
-0.17
-0.28**
0.07
-0.13
-0.02
-0.04
-0.17
1.00
0.37**
0.32**
-0.29**
-0.29**
-0.07
0.09
-0.01
-0.28** 0.07
-0.13
0.37** 0.32** -0.29**
1.00
0.17
-0.26**
0.17
1.00
-0.25**
-0.26** -0.25** 1.00
-0.14
-0.36** -0.06
7
-0.03
-0.02
-0.29**
-0.14
-0.36**
-0.06
1.00
7
-0.388**
-0.251*
0.120
0.110
-0.148
0.050
0.274**
0.217*
0.197*
0.176
-0.004
-0.091
0.074
0.323** -0.195*
0.104
0.040
0.206*
0.035
-0.280** 0.057
-0.237* 0.178
-0.143
0.096
0.161
0.132
-0.150
-0.180
-0.325**
-0.230*
-0.109
-0.177
-0.109
Results
The results suggest relatively different R
values between industries. The most robust
models (as measured by the adjusted R2) are
those of the arts and related services (0.421),
all cultural industries (0.360), radio and TV
broadcasting (0.274) and advertising and
design (0.210). Results show that the six
variables have little effect on the location
of workers in motion picture, video and
sound recording and pay TV as they are
mainly concentrated in major metro areas
and almost non-existent in small cities.
Surprisingly, the models for heritage institutions and book, periodical and music stores
are not robust, despite high employment
numbers in small-sized urban areas. Let us
now turn to the regression coefficients for
each variable (Table 6).
Size is only significant for advertising and
design and does not appear to play a role in
any other sector. Distance with respect to large
metro areas is not significant in any model.
As discussed earlier, location with respect to
metropolitan areas may have contradictory
108Jonathan Denis-Jacob
All cultural
industries
Book, periodical
and music stores
Publishing
Motion picture,
video and sound
recording
Radio and TV
broadcasting
Pay TV
Advertising and
design
The arts and
related services
Heritage
institutions
0.012 -0.066
0.349**
105 0.045
0.134
0.177
107 0.131
107 0.092
0.011 -0.046
0.121 -0.114
0.241**
0.105
109 0.274
0.124 -0.132
0.096
0.068
0.334**
n.a
-0.193
0.146
n.a
0.140
0.240*
-0.129
-0.089
0.319**
0.271**
n.a
n.a
n.a
-0.187
0.062
0.419**
0.261**
-0.007
106 0.006
108 0.210
0.050
-0.144
0.026
0.201*
0.093
-0.093
0.329** 0.091
-0.255
-0.060
0.025
0.154
n.a
n.a
105 0.421
-0.008
0.016
0.349**
0.428**
-0.120
0.424**
n.a
108 0.028
0.315**
0.179
0.017
n.a
Notes: Outliers have been removed from some models because of their extreme values. ** significant
at 0.01; * significant at 0.05.
110Jonathan Denis-Jacob
Notes
1. Specialised design services and advertising
and related services are also put together in
all analyses because they arguably constitute
high-order services, aiming at firms and
companies, rather than the general public.
Although their activities are different, we
argue that their nature is relatively similar in
that they require frequent contacts with and
feedback from their clients, deal mostly with
custom-made production and are concerned
with the creation of value through symbolism
and/or aesthetics.
2. The location quotient (LQ) is a measure of
specialisation of a citys share of employment
in a given industry relative to the national
average. When above 1, specialisation is higher
than the national norm, at 1 it is equal and
below 1 it is lower.
3. A regression analysis has been used to test
the relationship between size and cultural
specialisation. The natural logarithm has
been used for both city size (total population
in 2006) and cultural specialisation (LQ for
all cultural industries) to correct for the
imbalance in variable distributions.
4. The top eight metropolitan areas are Toronto,
Montreal, Vancouver, OttawaGatineau,
Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City and Winnipeg.
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112Jonathan Denis-Jacob
114Jonathan Denis-Jacob
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