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AL-TURAIHI
POWER PLANT
LEC.NO.(5)
____________________________________________________________________
BOILER ACCESSORIES:
Boiler can fail by explosion as a results of either faulty construction or
improper operation .To minimize the danger of failure the following are
added to the boiler:
1-Pressure gage for saturated steam pressure recording.
2-Relieve valve as a safety precaution to blow off at elevated pressure.
3-Water gage glass to indicate the level inside the steam drum.
4-Key valve to change water flow rate.
BOILER AUXILIARIES:
1-Superheater
5-Attemperator
2-Air preheater
3-Reheater
4-Economizer
BOILER CALCULATION:
a-Heat transfer required to form steam (kJ/kg)
h2=specific enthalpy of steam formed
h1= specific enthalpy of liquid (water) of F.W.H (kJ/kg)
Heat requried (Qd)= h2- h1
kJ/kg
of steam
b- energy recived from fuel=( *Cv)
: mass of fuel
Cv:calorific value of fuel ( kJ/kg)
kJ
E.E at 100oc =
=
where
hg:dry sat. at P inside boiler
cps: specific heat of steam leaving the boiler
tsup: superheated temperature
ts: saturated temperature at P inside boiler
hw: Cwater * tentering the economizer
Cwater=4.2
f =
f =
HL > Q f
2
f ~0.87 -0.95
Heat surface (h):
h=
<1
=(60 - 90)%
FEED WATER:
It is the boiler water that must be clean i.e (free from impurities):
WATER IMPURITIES:
-Mechanical: sand , stone, grass, wood,.
- Chemical: salts , acids,
-Gases :CO2,O2 ,ammonia ,
The most impurities are the scale forming ,they are normally dissolved
in water ,when the water temperature increase ,the solvability decreases
,hence deposed and then scale are form problem for scale forming:
1- As scale thickness decreases the temperature difference hence denier
of tube rapture.
2-As the scale thickness increase the flow area decrease .
3
TWO
GROBECE
IMPROTUTING:
OF
SCALE
FORMING
1- In suspension med ,silica, clay ,ect ..they must be removed outside the
boiler (before entering) by filter and dram.
2- Dissolved impurity:
Salt: a-Calcium
b-magnesium
they must be removed ,two way of water treatment :
1-External cleaning ( by filtration, evaporation,.)
2-Internal cleaning :is needed because of the continuous evaporation of
water hence construction of impurities increase .
METHOD OF TREATEMENT:
1- Evaporation
2- Lame, soda treatment.
3-Zeol treatment (grean sand)