THE INTERNET.

1822:
Charles Babbage -
Father of Modern Computing

Created the Difference Engine

• Mechanical machine of cogs and gears was built to

calculate and print complex mathematical tables

• Forerunner of the modern computer

1835:

Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke invent

the electric telegraph
1856-1866:
• First submarine transatlantic
cables laid between the US and Uk

• Even longer distance

communication is possible
Technology slowly advances with further development
of Morse code, the telephone (late 1800s)...
... Sputnik I
• 1957, Soviet Union

• The first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite

• Collected and sent various data back to Earth

 The Space Race
between US and
Soviet Union begins
• Satellites launching into space
• As a result, telephone calls connect
around the world
(SPACE JUNK)
• Soviet advances in satellite communi-
cations took the US by surprise

• 1958: The US creates Advance

Research Projects Agency within
Dept of Defense (later called DARPA)

• ARPA scientists push forward scientific

advances in computing and
communications...
 hello, ARPANET.
• Communications network that withstands
electromagnetic pulse of nuclear strike

• Nuclear pulses fry any electronic system with

a microchip

• Thus need to have practical method of maintaining

nationwide communication

• Developed network of computers that didn’t

rely on central hub to control it
• Data could travel any number of routes - if one section
of the network become inoperable, information could
still get from A to B

• ARPANET nodes: University of Utah, Stanford Research

Institute, UCLA, UC Santa Barbara
 ARPANET
• 1973: Grows to 40 nodes

• Includes international nodes in Norway and

London illustrate potential reach of technology

• First time some are referring to it as the Internet

• Reliable email software developed

• Internet Protocol (IP) for encoding and

decoding of data

• Suddenly it’s no longer just a military project

• 1983: Military gives up on attempting to

control the Internet and separates MILNET from it

• 1987: Internet grows to 28,000 nodes

• 1990: 300,000 nodes

 BBS - Bulletin
Board Systems
• 1989: Andrew Milner developed Remote Access

• Dial-up software: customizable and provided frame

work for others to create their own BBS systems

• File sharing, messaging, connect users via hobbies,

interests, and opinions (video games)

• Created community without using the Internet

BBS:
• Text based, not able to handle graphics / images

• ASCII art

• Characters assigned colors and behaviors

• Aesthetically similar to early video games

• BBS System Operators able to create environments

Robert Cailliau &
Tim Berners-Lee
create the World
Wide Web
• CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research)
scientists develop system to access and share information
in a much more visual and understandable way
 yo.
• Domain names are listed in directories at a
number of nodes on the Internet

• When a user enters the domain name into the

computer, the directory is searched and IP address
found before sending the user to the correct location

• Still plain text at this point

• Look to print publication industry for methods of

controlling appearance, text and images
• Standard Generalized Mark-up Language (SGML)

• Standard set of rules for laying out pages in

newspaper and magazines

• Using SGML codes in the printing system, page editors

could instruct automated printing presses how text
should be displayed

• Control background colors, and where photos should

be placed in relation to page and size
 yo.
• Berner-Lee and Cailliau cannibalized the SGML and
adapted it for use with the Internet

• HTML = Hypertext Mark-up Language

• Fundamental building block for all designers

Mosaic - Internet
browser
• Created by Marc Andreesen, 22, student at
Univ of Illinois

• Display images, play sounds and basic animations

so ... the Internet is
like a giant book!
RIP :(
 This book is made
up of billions of
pages that are each
in a different
location.
 Your web browser
functions as a
magnifying glass
that shows
(renders) what is in
an HTML file.
 The Internet
operates through the:
hyper text transfer protocol

HTTP
This means that when you are connected to
the Internet you are transferring HTML pages
back and forth between your computer and
the server where the page lives.
 HTML =
hyper text markup language

We use html code to create

content for the Internet.

The most common HTML

document is = index.html

When you visit a website, the first

page typically served is index.html
• There is always content within HTML files.

• Tags are placed around the content.

• The most basic tag is ... yes! <html>

• Because HTML is a markup language, we use

open tags and closing tags to tell the
browser what we want it to display.
 <html>
hello world!
</html>

This will display the text

“hello world!” in the
html web page.
 HTML is the face
of the Internet

CSS are it’s sunglasses.

(cascading style sheets)
 We use CSS files to
style HTML files.

Any tag that exists in an

html file can by styled by a
CSS file which is linked to
that html file.