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Volume Data
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction
Medical Background
Basic Visualization Techniques
Advanced Visualization Techniques
Case Study: Tumor Perfusion
Case Study: Brain Perfusion
Summary
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Introduction
Static image data
Only provide a snapshot
Many aspects relevant for diagnostic decisions and
treatment planning cannot be judged by means of a
single snapshot
Introduction
Dynamic image data
Might change over time
Acquired to assess blood flow (perfusion) and
tissue kinetics by tracing the distribution of
contrast agents (CA) or other data changes
A special variant of dynamic data is functional
MRI where activation patterns after stimulation are
recorded
Medical Background
Functional MRI
Where activations of brain areas are imaged
Dynamic SPECT
Where the temporal distribution of a radioactive
tracer is registered
Perfusion data
Have a broad clinical relevance
Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) images are
acquired to study these phenomena
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Medical Background
Parameters
Peak enhancement (PE)
The maximum value (over all points in time)
Integral
The area below the curve is computed
Subtraction images
Which depict the intensity difference between two
selected points in time
images
to
analyze
cerebral
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the
exploration
of
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dynamic
information
and
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displayed
as
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for
11.5
DCE
MRI
min
(510
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seconds
(4080
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Perfusion maps
Brain perfusion maps can be quantified in terms of
absolute blood flow and blood volume
Derived from CT and MRI data
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Summary
Dynamic image data have a great potential for
enhancing diagnosis and therapy monitoring
for important diseases
The acquisition of appropriate data and their
interpretation require long term experience
Focus on the role of visualization to support a
fast and unambiguous interpretation of such
data
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Outline
Part 2 start
1. Clipping
2. Virtual Resection
3. Virtual Resection with a Deformable Cutting
Plane
4. Cutting Medical Volume Data
5. Summary
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Clipping
A fundamental interaction technique for
exploring medical volume data
It is used to restrict the visualization to subvolumes
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Clipping
The tumor is demonstrated by tilting the clip
plane vertically
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Clipping
Implementation of clipping
For volume rendering, each voxel affected by the
clipping plane are discarded completely
For surface rendering, each triangle is tested to
determine whether it should be drawn or not
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Clipping
Volume and surface rendering with a clipping
plane for exploring spatial relations in a CT
head dataset
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Clipping
Selective clipping
A special variant of clipping
Used to emphasize structures (those not affected
by clipping) while presenting contextual
information (structures which are partially visible
due to clipping)
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Clipping
Selective clipping
Left: the brain and the ventricles are rendered
completely. Right: the vertical symmetry is used
for selective clipping of a CT head dataset
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Clipping
Selective clipping with boolean textures
An elegant and efficient way to accomplish
selective clipping is the use of Boolean textures
Boolean textures are constructed by implicit
function, such as quadrics
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Clipping
Box clipping
Combine six clipping planes to define a subvolume
Useful for exploring a region in detail, for example,
an aneurysm or the region around a tumor
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Clipping
Box clipping for the analysis of an intracranial
aneurysm
A detailed view of the region of interest is
combined with an overview rendering
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Clipping
Local volume rendering for the evaluation of
the surrounding of a tumor in CT thorax data
The tumor is visualized as an isosurface whereas
the vascular structures around it are rendered as
direct volume rendering
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Virtual Resection
Resection refers to the removal of tissue
during a surgical intervention
Virtual resection is a core function of many
intervention planning systems
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Virtual Resection
Requirements of virtual resection functions
The user must be able to specify a virtual resection
intuitively and precisely
The Modification must be supported to change
virtual resections
Virtual
resections
should
be
visualized
immediately, with high quality
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Virtual Resection
Specification of virtual resections by erasing
Use scalable 3D shapes as erasers to remove the
touched tissue
Boolean operations on voxel values are used to
decide which subset of voxels should be drawn
the visual quality is limited by the resolution of the
underlying voxel grid
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Virtual Resection
Left: a resection area specified by erasing
liver tissue with a sphere. Right: the result of
the virtual resection is displayed in a 2D view
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Virtual Resection
Specification of virtual resections by drawing
on slices
Inspired by the communication between surgeons
and radiologists discussing a resection
The resection is marked by drawing on the slices
with a pen or mouse
This process is time-consuming if the entire
resection volume should be specified
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Virtual Resection
Virtual liver resection by drawing on the slices
The virtually resected and the remaining portion of
the liver are separated to support the evaluation of
the shape of virtual resections
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Minimal surfaces
They are constructed to exactly match the given
boundary
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areas
of
virtual
resection
Liver surgery
Osteotomy planning
Craniofacial surgery
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Summary
Virtual resection is an essential feature for
surgery planning, particularly for internal
organs, such as the kidney, liver, and pancreas
There are some similarities between virtual
resection and surgery simulation concerning
the representation and visualization of the data
Hardware support for 3D texture-mapping
combined with multi-texturing is essential for
a good performance
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