Axial Turbine

Selected Slides

COMPARISON BETWEEN
COMPRESSOR AND TURBINE
Compressor

Turbine

Flow undergoes pressure rise

Flow comes across adverse
pressure gradient as it moves
forward
Risk of boundary layer
separation present
Relatively much lesser
temperature change (rise)
For blades aerodynamic
considerations are paramount
Stators and rotor blade lengths
decrease along the flow
direction
Efficiency is lesser than
comparable turbine

1/20/2015

Flow undergoes pressure drop

Flow encounters favorable
pressure gradient in the flow
direction
Boundary layer remains well
behaved
Flow experiences large
temperature change (drop)
Blade shape depends more
upon stress consideration
Stage NGVs and rotor blade
lengths increase along flow
direction
Operates with relatively higher
efficiency

Lecture by Assist. Prof. NAEEM

Velocity Triangles
Note opposite direction of U in the
two velocity triangles

Compressor

1/20/2015

Turbine

Lecture by Assist. Prof. NAEEM

Flow Across Axial Turbine Stage

From Eulers Energy Equation the energy
transfer across turbine rotor is:
E Turbine u2c 2 u3c 3

Energy transfer is positive i.e. from fluid

onto the rotor if u2c2 > u3c3
The turbine power output is:
a u2c 2 u3c 3
Ps m

1/20/2015

Lecture by Assist. Prof. NAEEM

Flow Across Axial Turbine Stage

For constant blade velocities, u2 = u3 so
auc 2 c 3
that:
Ps m
Thus turbine specific work output is:
Ps
wT
u c 2 c 3
m a

Also from SFEE:

wT h01 h03 c p T01 T03 c p T02 T03

1/20/2015

Lecture by Assist. Prof. NAEEM

Flow Across Axial Turbine Stage

Hence:
Or

wT c p T02 T03 uc 2 c 3
c p T0 uc

It means that turbine work is increased by:

High blade speed
Large turning of fluid (large c)

From the above, we can obtain:

T0 u c 2 c 3
8.2 (text)
T01
1/20/2015

c pT01

Lecture by Assist. Prof. NAEEM

Flow Across Axial Turbine Stage

Note that in a turbine stage:
Inlet temperature and blade speed are
limited by stress consideration.
Although flow can turn to a larger degree,
yet good efficiency places some limits on
fluid turning
This limits the power output of a turbine
stage.
1/20/2015

Lecture by Assist. Prof. NAEEM

Flow Across Axial Turbine Stage

In case of turbines, we have noticed that:
wT c p T0 uc

or

wT h0 uc

Sometimes instead of using temperature-drop ratio

T0

,
T01

designers generally refer to the turbine-work

ratio that is defined as:

WT h0 c 2 c 3
2
2
U
U
U

1/20/2015

Lecture by Assist. Prof. NAEEM

8.3 (text)

Stage Dynamics
Degree of Reaction
h3 h2
Static enthalpy drop in rotor
R

Static enthalpy drop across stage h3 h1

Or
P3 P2
Static pressure drop in rotor
R

Static pressure drop across stage P3 P1

1/20/2015

Lecture by Assist. Prof. NAEEM

Turbine Blading

Impulse Blading

Typical Blade Showing Twisted

Contour

Note that root is largely

impulse whereas tip is
mainly reaction type!

Reaction Blading
1/20/2015

Lecture by Assist. Prof. NAEEM

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