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INTRODUCTION
1.1
OVERVIEW
In geological exploration, mechanical rock properties are one of the most important parameters
that will be later used in the analysis and design of any engineering structures in rock mass. To
obtain these properties, the rock from the site is extracted normally by means of core drilling,
and then transported the cores to the laboratory where the mechanical testing can be conducted.
Laboratory test machine is normally huge and cannot be transported to the site. Onsite testing of
the rocks may be carried out by other technique, but only on a very limited scale.
This method is called point load strength testing. This test however provides unreliable results,
and lacks theoretical supports. Its results may imply to other important properties (e.g.
Compressive and tensile strengths), but only based on an empirical formula, which usually poses
high degree of uncertainty.
To save cost and energy that are consumed by drilling processes, rock core transportation, and
laboratory testing, a new method for on-site testing is needed. The researcher proposes to modify
the currently used point load testing machine to be able to yield the compressive and tensile
strengths of the rock specimens with irregular shapes. The new technique which is thereafter
called modified point load (MPL) testing, will be backed by solid theoretical ground.
The testing machine will also remain small and will be easy to operate on-site. If the new
Technique can be invented successfully; it may significantly reduce the cost, time and energy
that have been consumed by the convention methods.
1.2
DESCRIPTION
The PLT is an attractive alternative to the UCS because it can provide similar data at a lower
cost. The PLT has been used in geotechnical analysis for over thirty years. The PLT involves the
compressing of a rock sample between conical steel platens until failure occurs. The apparatus
for this test consists of a rigid frame, two point load platens, a hydraulically activated ram with
pressure gauge and a device for measuring the distance between the loading points. The pressure
gauge should be of the type in which the failure pressure can be recorded. A state of the art point
load testing device with sophisticated pressure reading instrumentation is shown in Figure 1.
Indirect tensile strength is more useful than direct tensile strength in rock mechanics application,
partly because tensile stress field in rock mass is usually induced indirectly by compressive
deviatoric stresses and partly because direct tension is difficult to apply to rock specimens
without inducing any eccentric moments. The point load strength test (PLST) is one of the most
popular indirect tensile strength tests used in rock engineering.
The strength index measured in this test is called the point load strength index (PLSI), which is a
measure of the indirect tensile strength and has been correlated empirically to both the tensile
strength and compressive strength of rock. The PLST has been applied most commonly to
cylindrical specimens, either axially or diametric.
Figure 1.2: A Cylindrical Rock Specimen Subjected To The Diametrical Plst. The Origin Is
At The Centre Of Cylinder And The Indentors Act Along A Diameter Passing Through The
Origin.
1.3
PROPOSED CONCEPT
In the rock mechanics and engineering geology, the point load test is regarded as valuable field
test to give an estimate of the unconfined compressive strength. Well known in the is the scale
effect concerning the point load strength since the first compressive paper by Broch and Franklin
(1972) after carried out a large high number of point load tests in different rock types with
different devices.
Several other researchers have correlated the point load index with the uniaxial compressive
Strength of the rocks (e.g. Miller, 1965; Reichmuth, 1968; Bieniawski, 1975; Pells, 1975; Jaeger
and Cook, 1979; Turk and Dearman, 1986; Kaczynski, 1986 and Chau and Wong, 1996). Brook
(1977, 1985, and 1993) has also established a relation between the point load strength with the
uniaxial compressive strength of intact rocks. It is however recognized here that the tensile
failure is the dominant mode of failure for the point load specimen. As a result, the point load
strength should be related to the tensile strength of the rock rather than the compressive strength.
Strictly speaking, the dominant mode of failure for the point load specimens is governed by the
size or the distance the loading points. For small specimens, the failure should be in biaxial or
poly axial compression modes. For a large specimen, the biaxial tension will be predominant
mode of failure. Recognizing this phenomenon, an attempt is made here to distinguish between
the compressive and tensile failures under a wide range of specimen sizes. Theoretical derivation
and numerical simulation may be used to assist in describing the stress and strain distribution
between the loading points for various specimen sizes. Relationships between the point load
index and the compressive and tensile strength may therefore be established. The final goal is
that one can conduct point load testing on various specimen sizes, and use the results as an
indicator of compressive and tensile strengths of the intact rocks.
1.4
The index tests are devised to overcome some of the difficulties encountered in the laboratory
test as follows.
1. Laboratory testing of rock material is elaborate, time consuming and therefore expensive.
2. Delay in assessment.
3. Index test are essentially field tests devised to obtain test results
Without much specimen preparation
With portable equipment
Correlated to strength and deformation properties for design calculations
Some test give representative of properties for design calculation
Sometimes open boreholes test for litho logical classification and structural
mapping can also be correlated to the index properties.
1.5
t = 2P/Dt
Where;
t = uniaxial tensile strength
P = Load at failure on a portable machine
D = diameter of the core (m)
T = thickness of core (m)
Point load index for strength classification of rocks which can be used by geotechnical engineers
for predicting the strength and deformation properties of rock to the design of mining
excavations.
neutrons or gamma rays can be detected, and their count rate is related to the amount of
hydrogen.
Neutron-neutron logs are carried out in open bore hole which can be correlated to rock density
and point load index test table 5.1 summarizes the index properties of rocks.
1.6
A cylindrical core obtained from the bore is approximately cut to the length to diameter ratio 1.5
to 1 and diametrically loaded against conical platens on a portable loading machine the load of
failure can be related to the point load index rock shown in equation 1.1.
Is=P/d2
(1.1)
Uniaxial compressive strength is correlated with point load index as shown in equation 1.2.
c =24 Is
Where;
P = Load at failure
D = Diametrical distance between conical platens at failure (m)
Is = Point load index of rock
c = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock (MPa)
Is50 = Point load index for 50 mm diameter core (fig 1-size correction)
Idealized condition for this test is as follows.
(1.2)
CHAPTER 02
SCOPE
This test is intended as a method for measuring the strength of rock specimens in the field, and
uses portable equipment. Specimens in the form of either rock core (the diametric and axial
tests) or of irregular lumps (the irregular lump test) are broken by application of a concentrated
loud using a pair of conical platens.
A Point-Load Strength index I (50) is obtained and may be used for rock strength classification.
2.2
This index test is performed by subjecting a rock specimen to an increasingly concentrated load
until failure occurs by splitting the specimen. The concentrated load is applied through coaxial,
truncated conical platens. The failure load is used to calculate the point load strength index and
to estimate the uniaxial compressive strength.
2.3
The point load strength test is used as an index test for strength classification of rock
materials. The test results should not be used for design or analytical purposes.
This test method is performed to determine the point load strength index (Is50) of rock
specimens, and the point load strength anisotropy index (Ia50) that is the ratio of point
load strengths on different axes that result in the greatest and least values.
Rock specimens in the form of either core (the diametrical and axial tests), cut blocks (the
block test), or irregular lumps (the irregular lump test) are tested by application of
concentrated load through a pair of truncated, conical platens. Little or no specimen
preparation is required.
However, the results can be highly influenced by how the specimen is treated from the
time it is obtained until the time it is tested. Therefore, it may be necessary to handle
specimens in accordance with Practice.
2.4
TEST SPECIMENS
SAMPLING: Rock samples are grouped on the basis of both rock type and estimated
strength. When testing core or block specimens at least ten specimens are selected. When
testing irregular-shaped specimens obtained by other means at least 20 specimens are
selected. Specimens in the form of core are preferred for a more precise classification.
DIMENSIONS: The specimens external dimensions shall not be less than 30 mm and
not more than 85 mm with the preferred dimensioning about 50 mm..
SIZE AND SHAPE: The size and shape requirements for diametric, axial, block or
irregular lump testing shall conform to the recommendations. The sides of the specimens
shall be free from abrupt irregularities that can generate stress concentrations. No
specimen preparation is required.
WATER CONTENTS: Determines the water content of each specimen after testing
since it can affect the value of the point load strength..
MARKING AND MEASURING SPECIMENS: The specimens shall be properly
marked and measured..
MARKING: The desired test orientation of the specimen shall be indicated by marking
lines on the specimen. These lines are used for centering the specimen in the testing
machine, and to ensure proper orientation during testing. These lines may also be used as
reference lines for measuring thickness and diameter.
MEASURING: Measure each dimension of a specimen at three different places, and
calculate the averages.
Figure 2.1: Different Size And Shape Of Cylindrical\Irregular Specimens With Contact Of
Axial And Diametric Force Of Point Load Test.
2.5
The testing machine incorporates a loading system (comprising for example, a loading Frame:
pump: ram and platens).
A system for measuring the load P required breaking the specimen and a system for measuring
the distance D between the two platen contact points. Its essential features are the following:
1. The loading system should be adjustable to accept and test available rock specimens for
example in the size range 25-100 mm for which a loading capacity up to 50 KN is
commonly required.
2. A quick-retracting ram helps to minimize delay between tests. Ram friction should be low
so as not to impair the accuracy of load measurement.
3. Spherically truncated conical platens (Fig. 4) are used to transmit loud to the specimen.
The 60 curie and 5 mm radius spherical truncation should meet tangentially, and the
platens should be hardened so that they remain undamaged during testing.
4. The platens should be accurately aligned so that each is coaxial with the other, and the
machine should be rigid to ensure that the platens remain aligned during testing. No
spherical scat or other non-rigid component is permitted in the loading system.
5. The load-measuring system should indicate the failure load P to an accuracy of 2 %
irrespective of the strength of specimen tested. It should incorporate a maximum
indicating device so that the reading is retained and can be recorded after specimen
failure.
6. It should be resistant to hydraulic shock and vibration so that the accuracy of readings is
maintained during testing.
7. The distance-measuring system should indicate the distance D between platen-contact
points to accuracy of 0.5 mm. It should be designed to allow zero check and adjustment
and should be robust so that its accuracy is maintained during testing.
The function of this apparatus is given below
This is a portable instrument which can be used in either the laboratory or in-situ to ascertain the
rock strength index of samples of rock or core with diameters up to 102 mm.
The values required for the calculation of the rock strength index are failure load and distance
between the conical points.
2.6
The instrument is basically a hydraulic compression machine with a dynamometer. The jack "A"
is moved upwards by the hand pump "B"; its descent is made by pushing directly on the piston
"C" after having opened the discharge valve "D". Naturally the discharge valve "D" must be
closed when the hydraulic jack "A" is to be activated to perform a test. The precision digital
gauge E measures load in daN.
The dial gauge has 3 keys indicating SET, ZERO and PEAK..
SET: when pressed this key turns on dial gauge -when pressed for 5 seconds this key
turns off dial gauge. If pressed, held for 3 seconds and then released this key enables the
user to enter the configuration (setting) menu of the instrument.
ZERO: when pressed for 3 seconds, this key enables display to be zeroed (tare). When
pressed for 6 seconds, this key disenables ZERO function of digital gauge and displays
digital gauge offset.
PEAK: when pressed for 2 seconds, this key activates PEAK function which enables
maximum pressure measured to be displayed after activation of the function. When
pressed for 5 seconds, the temperature in C is shown. To revert to pressure readout press
key again.
The user now positions a rock fragment in the test chamber, closes valve "D" and activates the
hand pump. The piston stem is thus raised so as to block the rock sample between the two
loading points.
While piston is rising, before contact is made, the gauge should indicate zero.
By continual pumping, the lower display will show an increasing value which corresponds to the
force applied to the sample, expressed in daN. In the test the data of interest is the force
necessary to break the sample; it is therefore useful to preset the device so it only shows
increasing values and maintains the peak value on the display.
Peak value is obtained by pressing F key (PEAK).
To show that peak value is entered the display flashes.
CHAPTER NO 3
POINT LOAD TESTING OF ROCK SAMPLES
3.1
2. After cutting of different rock specimens prepared for testing with various sizes and
shapes.
3.2
Figure 3.2.1: Core Specimen dimensions for an axial point load test.
Figure 3.2.2: Core specimens dimensions for a diametric point load test.
3.3 DIFFERENT TEST TYPES AFTER BROOK (1985), ISRM (1985) AND
ASTM
Known from the onset of testing, the point load strength is highly dependent on the size of the
specimen as well as the shape.
Using thick instead of tall specimens for the block and the irregular lump test and standardizing
the general shape of the specimens were steps forward Broch and Franklin (1972), Brook 1985.
Specimen shape requirements are to obtain more reliable testing results with a smaller standard
deviation. However, analysis and evaluation were limited by size variation and the lack of a
reliable and easy-to-comprehend method for size correction.
Broch and Franklin (1972) offered a Size Correction Chart with a set of curves to standardize
every value of the point load strength Is to a point load strength index (I(50)) at a diameter of D
= 50 mm. The purpose of the function was to describe the correlation between I and D and to
answer the question, whether this function is uniform for all rock types or if it depends on the
rock type together with grain size, composition of mineral bonds, grain cleavage etc.
Figure 3.3: Specimen Shape Requirements For Different Test Rock Types.
Brook (1985) and the ISRM (1985) suggest three options to evaluate the results of a test set:
1. Testing at D=50 mm only (most reliable after ISRM (1985).
2. Size correction over a range of D or De using a log-log plot. The most reliable method of size
correction is to test the specimen over a range of D or De values and to plot graphically the
relation between P and De. If a log-log plot is used, the relation is a straight line.
Points that deviate substantially from the straight line may be disregarded (although they should
not be deleted). The value of Is(50) corresponding to De =50 mm can be obtained by
interpolation and use of size corrected point load strength index ASTM.
3. When testing single-sized core at a diameter other than 50 mm or if only a few small pieces
are available, size correction may be accomplished using the formula containing theSize
Correction Factor f:
Figure 3.4:
Experimental
Apparatus For Point Load Testing.
Is = P/d2
Where;
P = Load at failure (daN).
d = Diametrical distance between conical platens at failure (m).
Is = Point Load index of rocks (MPa).
Is50 = Point load index for 50 mm diameter core (MPa).
Length: (L)
L1 = 23.65 mm
L2 = 24.95 mm
L = L1+L2/2
L = 23.65+24.95/2
L = 48.6/2
L = 24.3 mm
L = 0.0243 m
Load: (P) = 423 daN = 4230 N
1 daN = 10 N
1 pascal = N/m2
Is = P/d2
Is = 4230/(0.09961)2
Is = 4230/0.00992
Is = 426411.29 N/m2
Is = 426411.29 pascals
Is = 426.411 Kpa
Is = 0.426 Mpa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.426
c = 10.224 MPa
Sample no. 02
Rock type: Lime stone
Loading type: Diametric type loading condition.
Diameter: d
d1 = 99.59 mm
d2 = 99.90 mm
d = d1+d2/2
d = 99.59+99.90/2
d = 199.49/2
d = 99.745 mm
d = 0.09974 m
Load: (P) = 1590 daN = 15900 N
Is = P/d2
Is = 15900/(0.09974)2
Is = 15900/0.00994
Is = 1599597.58 N/m2
Is = 1599597.58 pascals
Is = 1599.597 Kpa
Is = 1.599 Mpa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*1.599
c = 38.376 MPa
d = d1+d2/2
d = 62.26+60.94/2
d = 123.2/2
d = 61.6 mm
d = 0.0616 m
Load: (P) = 44 daN = 440 N
Is = P/d2
Is = 440/(0.0616)2
Is = 440/0.003794
Is = 115972.58 N/m2
Is = 115972.58 pascals
Is = 115.972 Kpa
Is = 0.115 Mpa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.115
c = 2.76 MPa
Is = 0.145 Mpa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.145
c = 3.48 MPa
d = 97.26/2
d = 48.63 mm
d = 0.0486 m
Load: (P) = 1791 daN = 17910 N
Is50 = P/d2
Is50 = 17910/(0.0486)2
Is50 = 17910/0.00236
Is50 = 7588983.05 N/m2
Is50 = 7588983.05 pascals
Is50 = 7588.983 Kpa
Is50 = 7.588 Mpa
c = 29*Is50
c = 29*7.588
c = 220.05 MPa
d = 0.0628 m
Load: (P) = 47 daN = 470 N
Is = P/d2
Is = 470/(0.0628)2
Is = 470/0.00394
Is = 119289.34 N/m2
Is = 119289.34 pascals
Is = 119.289 Kpa
Is = 0.119 Mpa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.119
c = 2.856 MPa
Sample
Rock type
Number
Sample No:01
Lime
Loading
Diameter(d) Length(L)
Load:
condition
In meter
(daN)
Axial
stone
Sample No:02
Lime
Diametric
stone
Sample No:03
Clay stone
In meter
99.615 mm
24.3 mm
And (N)
423 daN
0.09961 m
0.0243 m
4230 N
99.745 mm
___
0.09974 m
Diametric
61.87 mm
Silt stone
Diametric
61.6 mm
___
___
0.0616 m
Sample No:05
Silt stone
Diametric
62.06 mm
Sample No:07
Sample No:08
Clay stone
Clay stone
Lime
Axial
Axial
Diametric
stone
Sample No:09
Lime
___
stone
1.599 MPa
25 daN
0.0656
250 N
MPa
44 daN
0.115 MPa
56 daN
0.145 MPa
0.0214 m
390 N
62.36 mm
28.86 mm
32 daN
0.0824
0.0623 m
0.0288 m
320 N
MPa
1791 daN
0.101 MPa
___
542 daN
5420 N
1.574
MPa
___
2.76
___
3.48
___
2.424
MPa
___
17910 N
___
38.376
MPa
0.0622 m
0.0488 m
___
MPa
39 daN
___
10.224
MPa
21.48 mm
48.84 mm
___
MPa
62.26 mm
48.63 mm
MPa
560 N
0.0486 m
Diametric
0.426 MPa
(MPa)
440 N
0.0620 m
Sample No:06
(MPa)
Is50
15900 N
0.0618 m
Sample No:04
1590 daN
Is
___
___
1.977
MPa
7.588
220.05
MPa
MPa
2.277
66.03
MPa
MPa
Sample No:10
Sample No:11
China clay
Silt stone
Axial
Diametric
61.91 mm
28.86 mm
25 daN
0.0652
0.0619 m
0.0288 m
250 N
MPa
47 daN
0.119 MPa
62.84 mm
___
0.0628 m
Sample No:12
Lime
stone
Diametric
___
MPa
___
470 N
48.63 mm
___
0.0486 m
2014 daN
1.564
2.856
MPa
___
20140 N
8.533
247.45
MPa
MPa
CHAPTER 04
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POINT LOAD INDEX AND THE
STRENGTH PARAMETERS OF COAL MEASURE ROCKS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The point load test (PLT) is an accepted rock mechanics testing procedure used for the
calculation of a rock strength index. This index can be used to estimate other rock strength
parameters. The focus of this thesis is to present the data analysis used to correlate the point load
test index (Is50) with the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and to propose appropriate Is50 to
UCS conversion factors for different coal measure rocks. The rock strength determined by the
point load test (PLT), like the load frame strengths that they estimate, is an indication of intact
rock strength and not necessarily the strength of the rock mass.
Figure 4.1: Various Strength Classifications For Intact Rock (From Bieniawski, 1984)
The uniaxial compressive strength can be determined directly by uniaxial compressive strength
tests in the laboratory, or indirectly from point-load strength test (see Section 1.4.2). The tests
should be carried out according to the methods recommended by the ISRM (1972)
.
The classification of the uniaxial compressive strength suggested by ISRM is shown in Table 4.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Soil
c = 0.25 - 1 MPa
c = 1 - 5 MPa
Low strength
c = 5 - 25 MPa
Medium strength
c = 25 - 50 MPa
High strength
c = 50 - 100 MPa
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Table 4.1: Classification Of The Uniaxial Compressive Strength Of The Rocks (C) From
ISRM (1978).
High
Is = 4 - 8 MPa Is = 5 - 10 MPa
Medium
Low
Very low
4.4
conversion in a range between 16 and 24, with even lower values for some shales and
mudstones.
In studies comparing the PLT with the UCS, it is generally assumed the UCS test is the standard.
In reality, however, UCS tests provide an estimate of the true UCS of the rock. The accuracy of
the estimate depends on the natural scatter in the UCS test results (indicated by the standard
deviation (SD)) and the number of tests conducted (n). This relationship is captured by the
concept of the Confidence Interval (CI). For normally distributed data, the 95% CI of the mean
is expressed as:
CI95% = 1.96 SD/n. (3)
Table 4.3: Published Comparisons Between The Point Load And Uniaxial Compressive
Strength Tests For Sedimentary Rock.
In general, the variability in the PLT-UCS relationship can be attributed to three sources:
1. Inaccuracy in the estimate of the true UCS obtained from UCS tests.
2. Inaccuracy in the estimate of the true PLT obtained from PLT tests.
3. Real differences between the two tests.
Many of the studies summarized in Table 4.2 compared a suite of point load tests to a single UCS
test. With such an experimental design, much of the scatter in the results might actually be
attributable to the inaccuracy of the UCS tests.
4.5
The principle of the point load strength test is that a piece of rock is loaded between two
hardened steel points. Details on the measuring procedure are described by ISRM (1985), and the
method is further dealt with in several textbooks and papers (Lama and Vutukuri, 1978; Hoek
and Brown, 1980, among others).
Both Franklin (1970) and Bieniawski (1984) recommend the use of point load strength index (Is)
for rock strength testing. The reason is that Is can be determined in the field on specimens
without preparation, using simple portable equipment. Also Broch (1983) points out the great
advantage using the point load strength test as it does not require machined specimen. As long as
the influence of specimen size and shape are considered in the calculation of the strength index,
any piece of rock, whether the surface is smooth or rough, can in principle be tested. Although
tests on irregular specimens appear to be crude, Wittke & Louis (1969) have shown that the
results need be no less reproducible than those obtained in uniaxial compression.
In the following two tables, different rock types are tested on the Point load test as well as
uniaxial compression test.
Sample no. 01
Rock type: Lime stone
Loading type: Axial type loading condition.
Is = 0.426 MPa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.426
c = 10.224 MPa
t = 2.28*Is
t = 2.28*0.426
t = 0.971 MPa
Sample no. 02
Rock type: Lime stone
Loading type: Diametric type loading condition.
Is = 1.599 MPa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*1.599
c = 38.376 MPa
t = 2.28*Is
t = 2.28*1.599
t = 3.64 MPa
Sample no. 03
Rock type: Clay Stone
Loading type: Diametric type loading condition.
Is = 0.0656 MPa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.0656
c = 1.574 MPa
t = 2.28*Is
t = 2.28*0.0656
t = 0.149 MPa
Sample no. 04
Rock type: Silt Stone
Loading type: Diametric type loading condition.
Is = 0.115 MPa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.115
c = 2.76 MPa
t = 2.28*Is
t = 2.28*0.115
t = 0.262 MPa
Sample no. 05
Rock type: Silt Stone
Loading type: Diametric type loading condition.
Is = 0.145 MPa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.145
c = 3.48 MPa
t = 2.28*Is
t = 2.28*0.145
t = 0.330 MPa
Sample no. 06
Rock type: Clay Stone
Loading type: Axial type loading condition.
Is = 0.101 MPa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.101
c = 2.424 MPa
t = 2.28*Is
t = 2.28*0.101
t = 0.230 MPa
Sample no. 07
Rock type: Clay Stone
Loading type: Axial type loading condition.
Is = 0.0824 MPa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.0824
c = 1.977 MPa
t = 2.28*Is
t = 2.28*0.0824
t = 0.187 MPa
Sample no. 08
Rock type: Lime Stone
Loading type: Diametric type loading condition.
Is50 = 7.588 MPa
c = 29*Is50
c = 29*7.588
c = 220.05 MPa
t = 2.76*Is50
t = 2.76*7.588
t = 20.94 MPa
Sample no. 09
Rock type: Lime Stone
Loading type: Diametric type loading condition
c = 29*2.277
c = 66.03 MPa
t = 2.76*Is50
t = 2.76*2.277
t = 6.28 MPa
Sample no. 10
Rock type: China Clay
Loading type: Axial type loading condition
Is = 0.0652 MPa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.0652
c = 1.564 MPa
t = 2.28*Is
t = 2.28*0.0652
t = 0.148 MPa
Sample no. 11
Rock type: Silt Stone
Loading type: Diametric type loading condition.
Is = 0.119 MPa
c = 24*Is
c = 24*0.119
c = 2.856 MPa
t = 2.28*Is
t = 2.28*0.119
t = 0.27 MPa
Sample no. 12
Rock type: Lime Stone
Loading type: Diametric type loading condition.
Is50 = 8.533 MPa
c = 29*Is50
c = 29*8.533
c = 247.45 MPa
t = 2.76*Is50
t = 2.76*8.533
t = 23.55 MPa
Sample
Rock
Loading
Diameter(d) Length(L)
Load:
Number
type
condition
In meter
(daN)
Sample No:01
Lime
Axial
stone
Sample No:02
Lime
Diametric
stone
Sample No:03
Clay
Silt stone
99.615 mm
24.3 mm
And (N)
423 daN
0.09961 m
0.0243 m
4230 N
99.745 mm
___
0.09974 m
Diametric
stone
Sample No:04
In meter
61.87 mm
61.6 mm
___
Silt stone
Diametric
62.06 mm
___
Clay
stone
Axial
MPa
Mpa
(MPa)
0.426
___
10.224
0.971
1.599
___
38.376
3.64
25 daN
0.0656
___
1.574
0.149
44 daN
0.115
___
2.76
0.262
0.145
___
3.48
0.330
0.101
___
2.424
0.230
440 N
___
0.0620 m
Sample No:06
250 N
0.0616 m
Sample No:05
(MPa)
Is50
15900 N
0.0618 m
Diametric
1590 daN
Is
56 daN
560 N
62.26 mm
21.48 mm
39 daN
0.0622 m
0.0214 m
390 N
Sample No:07
Clay
Axial
stone
Sample No:08
Lime
Diametric
stone
Sample No:09
Lime
China
Diametric
Silt stone
32 daN
0.0623 m
0.0288 m
320 N
48.63 mm
___
48.84 mm
Axial
Diametric
___
Lime
Diametric
stone
542 daN
61.91 mm
28.86 mm
25 daN
0.0619 m
0.0288 m
250 N
62.84 mm
48.63 mm
0.0486 m
___
1.977
0.187
___
7.588
220.05
20.94
___
2.277
66.03
6.28
0.0652
___
1.564
0.148
0.119
___
2.856
0.27
8.533
247.45
23.55
5420 N
___
0.0628 m
Sample No:12
1791 daN
0.0824
17910 N
0.0488 m
clay
Sample No:11
28.86 mm
0.0486 m
stone
Sample No:10
62.36 mm
47 daN
470 N
___
2014 daN
20140 N
___
MPa
Table 4.6: Calculate The Strength Of All Core Rock Samples In Three Rock Strength
Parameters (Is, C, T ) Which Are Performed In Laboratory Experiments Of Point Load
Strength Index.