Cop V2 Isbn 923 9291 06 8 PDF

Disediakan oleh;
[Perlindungan]
Unit Kejuruteraan-Peralatan Sekunder
Jabatan Pembangunan Aset
Bahagian Penghantaran
Hakcipta Terpelihara, 2003
TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD
PROTECTION AND CONTROL

CODE OF PRACTICE
Second Edition
Printed September 2003
Description of Philosophy, Policy & Practice

Document ID: PTT/P/EP/-PCCOP02
Transmission Division
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
2003, Copyright Reserve
PROTECTION AND CONTROL CODE OF PRACTICE, Table of Contents

Chapter
Subject
Page Range
BACKGROUND . Index-1 to Index-4
INTRODUCTION 1-1 to 1-3
PROTECTION: GENERAL REQUIREMENT . 2-1 to 2-14
PROTECTION: SCHEME POLICY 3-1 to 3-22
TRIPPING . 4-1 to 4-5
PROTECTION: AUTORECLOSE AND SYNCHRONISING 5-1 to 5-6
CONTROL: OPERATIONS .. 6-1 to 6-11
CONTROL: MONITORING 7-1 to 7-7
CONTROL SYSTEMS . 8-1 to 8-10
RECORDERS 9-1 to 9-4
10
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS .. 10-1 to 10-8
11
SUBSTATION AUXILIARIES .. 11-1 to 11-12
12
PANELS . 12-1 to 12-8
13
ANCILLARY EQUIPMENTS .. 13-1 to 13-7
14
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS .. 14-1 to 14-5
15
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATIONS . 15-1 to 15-21
Appendix
Subject
Page Range
CT LOCATION AND TRIPPING SCHEME CONCEPTUAL DRAWINGS 1 to 26
TNB STANDARD PROTECTIVE DEVICE CODE .. 1 to 5
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1 to 2
INDEX
BACKGROUND
Background, Table of Contents
PRAKATA DARI NAIB PRESIDEN (PENGHANTARAN) ............................................................... 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................... 3
SUGGESTIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS ...................................................................................... 4
Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition
Index-1
PRAKATA DARI NAIB PRESIDEN (PENGHANTARAN)
Buku TNB Transmission Protection and Control Code of Practice Edisi Pertama yang diterbitkan
enam tahun dahulu pada Mac 1995 memberi garis panduan amalan system perlindungan dan
kawalan tempatan sistem penghantaran TNB. Seperti yang diharapkan, buku ini perlu dikemaskini
dari masa ke masa mengikut perkembangan sistem dan perkembangan teknologi. Edisi kedua ini
merupakan dokumen amalan bukan sahaja untuk sistem penghantaran TNB, malah merangkumi
sistem penjanaan, penghantaran dan pembahagian TNB. Struktur dokumen ini juga berbeza dari
Edisi Pertama. Polisi atau dasar di mana amalan asas dinyatakan supaya amalan dan keperluan
dapat difahami dan dihayati.
Berbeza dengan dokumen yang asal yang memberi maklumat dalam bentuk menyerupai spesifikasi
sistem dan peralatan, dokumen ini menyatakan amalan dalam bentuk yang ringkas. Kehendakkehendak teknikal yang lebih terperinci di buat dalam bentuk Garispanduan Teknikal dan Spesifikasi
Teknikal yang telah dan akan disediakan kelak.
Saya berharap, Edisi Kedua yang dinamakan TNB Protection and Control Code of Practice akan
digunakan sebagai bahan rujukan dalam merekabentuk sistem perlindungan dan kawalan tempatan
bagi sistem Penjanaan, Penghantaran dan Pembahagian TNB. Ianya juga di harap dapat
menyeragamkan amalan-amalan di dalam sistem tenaga TNB.
Akhir kata, saya ingin mengucapkan syabas dan tahniah serta terima kasih kepada kesemua jurutera
dan anggota kerja yang terlibat dalam penerbitan buku ini. Usaha gigih yang dilaksanakan oleh
Kumpulan-Kumpulan Kerja yang berkenaan dalam membuat kajian, penyusunan dan pengumpulan
maklumat dan data adalah disanjungi. Diharap usaha-usaha diteruskan untuk mengulangkaji
dokumen ini dari masa ke semasa.
____________________
Mohd Zainal Azirun
Naib Presiden
(Penghantaran)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Tarikh: May 2003
Index-2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The committee would like to thank the following people, from various departments of TNB, namely
the Protection(HQ) Unit and Operation and Maintenance (Protection) of the previous PTT 1
Division, the new Engineering-Secondary Equipment Unit of the Transmission Division, TNBE
and TNBD for their full effort and support in drafting and finalising this valuable document;
Main Committee Members
Abdul Halim Abu Bakar
[Chairman]
Abdul Razak Muda
[Head]
Umar Ridzuan Hawari
[Technical Writer]
Dev Anandan
Zainoren Shukri
Ilham Sulaiman
Abdul Jalal Bakir
Hj. Jamil Samsuri
Nik Sofizan Nik Yusuf
Adnan Hashim
Aminuddin Musa
Contributing Members 2
Abdul Rahman Khalid
Abdul Wahab Zakaria
Ahmad Sharizan Mohd Aminallah
Anthonysamy Rajamanikam
Azzizuddin Zakaria
Chung Yoke Wai
Fadhilah Ahmad
Hasmarizal Hassan
Juliah Tan Sri Mohd Hassan
Khamarudin Mohd Isa
Low Eng Beng
M. Retnasamy
Mohd Asri Arshad
Mohd Faris Abdullah
Mohd Firdaus Yon
Mohd Fuzi Shukor
Mohd Halmi Mad Diah
Mohd Mohyiddin Mohd Nor
Mohd Nizam Mohd Komari
Mohd Thushan Abdul Majid
Nik Nasharuddin Nik Mohamad
Prem Raj
Rofidah Mohamed
Shyful Bahrin Ismail
Siti Jamilah Alias
Subramaniam S.
Sugunan Pillai
Syed Humaiyun Kebir
Zamri Abdul Rahman
Zarina Mohd Said
Zulkarnain Ishak
The committee also significantly value the contributions and comments from different IED
manufacturers and Malaysian local contractors, namely;
IED Manufacturers2
ABB, local and international
Alstom, local and international
Gabungan Sumber Tenaga
SEL
Siemens, local and international
Tamco
Toshiba, local and international
VA Tech, local and international
1
2
Local Contractors2
AMBC Controls
BQE Engineering
EPE
JBE Engineering
Mahkota Technologies
SimPro Engineering
SPM Trading
TopRank Corporation
Trans-System Technology
Xcell Advanced Technology System
PTT Division is Protection, Telecontrol and Telecommunication Division.

Listed in alphabetical order
Index-3
SUGGESTIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS

All constructive suggestions and contributions for this document should be
directly addressed to;
Ketua Jurutera (Kejuruteraan-Peralatan Sekunder)
Jabatan Pembangunan Aset
Bahagian Penghantaran
Tenaga Nasional Berhad,
at;
Level 3, Lobby B, Crsytal Plaza
Jalan 51A/223
Petaling Jaya 46100
Selangor Darul Ehsan
MALAYSIA.
Index-4
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION, Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 2

1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 2
2. Objective........................................................................................................................... 2
3. A ssumption........................................................................................................................ 2
4. References........................................................................................................................ 2
1.1 SUBSTATION SYSTEM OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 3
1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 3
2. Definitions......................................................................................................................... 3
Page 1-1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1. Background
The first TNB Transmission Protection and Control Code of Practice (COP) describes the
requirements of protection and control for TNB transmission only. It is primarily used as
reference and guidelines for the preparation of tender specification for construction of
TNB substation.
This reviewed document segregates the basic practices from the detail requirements for
easy understanding, and also as a reference to detailed designs of TNB protection system.
Unlike the previous document, which does not cover the generation and distribution
sections, this reviewed document also includes the protection and control policies for all
TNB core businesses i.e. the generation, transmission and distribution sections.
2. Objective
The primary objective is to standardise the policies, schemes and practices on the
protection, control and their supporting equipment for TNB generation, transmission and
distribution systems.
3. Assumption
Basic electrical engineering, protection and control knowledge is required for the
understanding of this document.
4. References
The following standards and engineering practice documents have been the references for
formulating this COP;
1. COP 1st Edition - March 1995,
2. TEPCO Study Group No. 2: Technical Recommendations,
3. Confrence Internationale des Grands Reseaux Electriques (CIGRE),
4. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC),
5. Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineering (IEEE),
6. British Standards,
7. Factory and Machinery Act (Safety, Health and Welfare Regulations 1970).
Page 1-2
1.1 SUBSTATION SYSTEM OVERVIEW
1. Background
1.
2.
3.
2. Definitions
1.
Substations form vital nodes in high voltage systems. They are used in transmission
network for transporting high power using high voltage levels often over larger
distances, while the distribution networks cover shorter distances with much lower
voltage levels.
In TNB power system, the transmission voltage levels are at 500kV, 275kV and
132kV, while the distribution voltage levels are at 33kV, 22kV and 11kV.
A substation typically consists of the following equipment;
a. Primary equipment,
b. Secondary equipment,
c. Auxiliary equipment.
The following definitions are used to segregate the functionality of a substation;

Terms
Substation
Primary
1.
2.
3.
Substation
Secondary
Substation
Auxiliary
1.
2.
1.
2.
Descriptions
The primary system comprises all equipment, which, in whole or
in part, is in service at the nominal voltage of the electrical power
system.
Two types of primary equipment based on insulating media;
a. Air insulated switchgear (AIS),
b. Gas insulated switchgear (GIS).
For example, circuit breakers, disconnectors (isolators), current
transformers, voltage transformers, surge arresters, power
transformers, etc.
The secondary system comprises all equipment, which is used for
the control, protection, monitoring and measurement of the
primary system. The system collects and processes information
from substation primary equipment.
For example, protection systems, control systems, etc.
Auxiliary systems are those which are required to enable the
primary and/or secondary equipment to operate.
For example, A.C. auxiliary supplies, D.C. auxiliary supplies,
generator set, etc.
Page 1-3
CHAPTER 2
PROTECTION: GENERAL REQUIREMENT
Chapter 2: PROTECTION: GENERAL REQUIREMENT, Table of Contents
2.0 PROTECTION: GENERAL REQUIREMENT ........................................................................... 2

1. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 2
2. Maximum Fault Clearing Time................................................................................................ 2
2.1 Zone of Protection...................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 3
2. Zone of Protection............................................................................................................... 3
3. Concept of Overlapping........................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Fault Clearing System............................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 4
2. Basic Criteria...................................................................................................................... 4
3. General Protection Classification ............................................................................................ 5
4. Component Features........................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Protection Relays ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
2. General Requirement ........................................................................................................... 6
3. Facilities............................................................................................................................ 6
4. Relay Contacts................................................................................................................... 6
5. Labels............................................................................................................................... 6
6. Operating and Reset Time .................................................................................................... 6
7. Operating Characteristics...................................................................................................... 7
8. Control/ Protection Relay Functionality.................................................................................... 7
9. Relay Functionality.............................................................................................................. 8
10. Backup Relay Functionality.................................................................................................. 9
2.3.1 Static Relays......................................................................................................................................................... 10
1. General............................................................................................................................10
2. Storage and Interrogation....................................................................................................10
3. Requirement .....................................................................................................................10
4. Quality Assurance ..............................................................................................................10
2.3.2 Numerical Relays ................................................................................................................................................. 11
1. General............................................................................................................................11
2. Storage and Interrogation....................................................................................................11
3. Requirements....................................................................................................................11
4. Pre -processing ..................................................................................................................11
5. Settings...........................................................................................................................12
6. Internal Logics ..................................................................................................................12
7. Input and Output Contacts ..................................................................................................12
8. Data Transmission .............................................................................................................12
9. Quality Assurance ..............................................................................................................12
2.4 Descriptions and Requirements of Protection/Control Schemes and Functions ..................................13
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................13
2. Distance Relay Schemes......................................................................................................13
3. Directional Earth Fault Comparison Protection..........................................................................13
4. Switch On To Fault.............................................................................................................14
5. Power Swing Blocking.........................................................................................................14
6. Voltage Transformer Supervision...........................................................................................14
7. Evolving Fault Logic............................................................................................................14
8. Inrush Restrain..................................................................................................................14
9. Transformer Restristed Earth Fault ........................................................................................14
Page 2-1
2.0 PROTECTION: GENERAL REQUIREMENT
1. Philosophy
1.
The protection system shall function to;

a. Detect abnormal conditions and faults,
b. Rapidly remove and selectively isolate such conditions and faults from
service in order to return the power system to its normal state.
2. Maximum
Fault Clearing
Time
1.
For the Main protection relaying scheme, the maximum fault clearing time is defined
as the maximum time interval between the fault inception and the fault clearance of
the faulty element from the power system, and shall not exceed the following;
Type of Fault
Substation & Transformer

faults
Overhead Line and Cable
faults
2.
11kV, 22kV and

33kV
150ms
132kV
275kV
500kV
150ms
100ms
100ms
600ms
150ms
130ms
130ms
For the Backup protection relaying scheme, the maximum fault clearing time shall not
exceed the short-circuit rating of the primary equipment.
Page 2-2
2.1 Zone of Protection
1. Philosophy
1.
2.
The zone of protection shall be overlapped.

Each zone of protection shall only trip its related circuit breakers.
2. Zone of
Protection
1.
The typical type of protection zone and their zones of protection are shown in Figure
2.1A.
b
Substation C
c
c
Substation B
b
Substation A
c
Substation D
Figure 2.1A
Legend
a
b
c
d
3. Concept of
Overlapping
1.
2.
Zone of Protection
Generator
Transformer
Busbar
Overhead Line/Cable
Where the other type of protection zone is not shown in Figure 2.1A, the boundaries
of the zone of protection shall be determined by the locations of the current
transformers, which is conceptually shown in Figure 2.1B and Figure 2.1C.
The location for the current transformers shall form overlapping zone of protections.
CT for Zone A
Zone B
CB
Zone A
CT for Zone B
Figure 2.1B : Typical Bus Tie CT Location
CT for Zone A
Zone B
CB
Zone A
CT for Zone B
Figure 2.1C : Typical Feeder CT Location
Page 2-3
2.2 Fault Clearing System
1. Philosophy
1.
2.
The basic tasks of Fault Clearing System (FCS) are:

a. To detect all specified classes of power system faults and abnormalities,
b. To isolate the affected equipment of plant from the rest of the power
system.
A typical FCS is shown below in Figure 2.2A:
Protection System
CT
Circuit Breaker
VT
Protection
Equipment
TE
Trip
Coil
CB
Mechanism
TE
D.C System 2
D.C System 1
Figure 2.2A: Typical Fault Clearing System

Legend
CT
VT
TE
D.C
CB
2. Basic Criteria
1.
Criteria
Dependable
Reliable
Secure
Selective
Sensitive
Fast
Simple
Economical
Components
Current Transformer
Voltage Transformer
Telecommunication/Teleprotection Equipment
Direct Current
Circuit Breaker
In order to achieve the basic task of FCS, the following criteria as in Table 2.2A shall
be considered when designing the FCS;
Definition
The degree of certainty that a FCS will operate correctly.
The degree of certainty that a FCS will not fail to operate in the event of faults.
The degree of certainty that a FCS will not mal-operate.
The ability of protection to identify the faulty section and/or phase(s) of a power
system.
The minimum operating quantities that must be available for the FCS to detect an
abnormal condition.
FCS should operate as quickly as possible in order to minimise the duration of
system disturbance.
FCS should utilise minimal hardware components and software logics to perform
intended function.
The cost of the FCS should commensurate with the intended function.
Table 2.2A
Page 2-4
3. General
Protection
Classification
1.
2.
3.
The protection equipment of FCS is generally divided into two relaying classes, which
are described below in Table 2.2B.
For transmission network, the Backup function relays shall be separated from the
Main function relays. Multifunction Backup relays are acceptable.
For distribution network, integrated multifunction relay for Main and Backup
protection functions is allowed.
Relaying Class
Main
Backup
4. Component
Features
1.
Functions and Characteristics

The protection equipment that is given the priority to initiate fault clearance or
an action to terminate an abnormal condition in a power system.
The protection equipment that is intended to operate when a system fault is
not cleared, or abnormal condition not detected, in the required time because
of failure or inability of other protection to operate, or failure of the appropriate
circuit breaker(s) to trip.
Table 2.2B
TNB practices that the components of FCS shall have the following minimal features
as in Table 2.2C;
FCS Component
Current Transformer
Voltage Transformer
Telecommunication
Equipment
Protection Equipment
DC System 1
DC System 2
(Telecommunication)
Circuit Breaker Trip Coil
Circuit Breaker Mechanism
Minimum Features
Single primary core with multi-core secondary.
Single primary winding with multi-winding secondary.
Telecommunication channels path redundancy.
Single or Dual Main protection with Backup protection.
The supply system is with dual charger and dual battery bank system.
Dual or single Modular switch-mode rectifier with n+1 redundancy
system.
For 500kV and 275kV, dual trip coils per pole of circuit breaker. For
132kV, dual trip coils per circuit breaker. For distribution voltage levels,
one trip coil per circuit breaker.
Hydraulic, pneumatic or spring mechanism.
Table 2.2C
Page 2-5
2.3 Protection Relays
1. Policy
1.
2.
2. General
Requirement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3. Facilities
1.
2.
4. Relay
Contacts
1.
2.
3.
All protection relays to be used in TNB generation, transmission and distribution

systems shall satisfy all the statements and requirements in section 2.3 and 2.4.
All protection relays shall undergo and pass acceptance testing, and made listed in
the TNB Accepted Relay List before being accepted to be used in TNB substations.
Relays shall be suitable for operation on D.C system in the range of 80% to 120% of
the nominal 110 volts D.C or 30 Volts D.C, without the use of voltage dropping
devices. This condition also applies for D.C/D.C converter.
All protective relays shall be stable and not be affected by a slow decay, surges, dips,
ripples, spikes and chattering of the D.C supply.
The protective relays shall not give a trip output signal when D.C supply is lost and
during restoration.
Relays shall be housed in dust and moisture proof cases as to IP51 according to IEC
60529.
The relay shall be suitable for duty under tropical climate.
Relays shall be insensitive to capacitive effect of control cable.
All relays shall be correctly rated to the current transformer secondary rating and
voltage transformer secondary rating.
Reset facilities shall be made available, either electrically or mechanically, without

opening the front cover of the relay.
All indicators shall be clearly visible without opening of relay front cover or relay
panel door.
Relay contacts shall be suitably rated for tripping, control and indication purposes.
Separate and sufficient number of contacts shall be provided for tripping, control and
alarm functions.
The effect of electrolysis shall be minimal.
5. Labels
1.
Relays, whether mounted in panels or not, shall be provided with clearly inscribed
labels describing their application and rating, including at least the following;
a. Function, e.g., Distance, Overcurrent,
b. Model and Version, e.g., REL561 V1.2, 7VK512 V1.0,
c. Serial number,
d. Nominal input ratings of D.C voltage, A.C voltage, A.C current and A.C
frequency.
6. Operating and
Reset Time
1.
The following table, Table 2.3A, shows the maximum pickup time, maximum
operating time and maximum reset time for the protection relays;
Voltage
Level
275kV and
above
132kV
33kV and
below
1
2
Protection
Maximum
Pickup Time
Main Relay, Primary Elements

Backup Relay, Primary Elements
50 ms1
50 ms1
50 ms1
50 ms1
Table 2.3A
Maximum
Operating
Time
30 ms
40 ms
40 ms
50 ms
50 ms
50 ms
Maximum
Reset Time
30 ms
70 ms2
40 ms
100 ms2
100 ms
100 ms
Only applies if the element is IDMT Overcurrent or IDMT Earth Fault or Thermal Overload protection.
Except for Breaker Failure protection relays, which shall have maximum permitted reset time of 20ms.
Page 2-6
7. Operating
Characteristics
1.
The operating characteristics/principles of the protection relays shall be as follows, in

Table 2.3B;
Relaying Method
Current Differential
Current Comparison
Distance
Directional Earth Fault Comparison
Breaker Failure
Overcurrent
Earth Fault
Directional Overcurrent
Standby Earth Fault
Biased Differential
High Impedance Differential
Restricted Earth Fault
High Impedance Busbar Differential
Low Impedance Busbar Different ial
Overexcitation
Frequency
Synchronism
New operating principles may be considered subject to its proven performance, with
historical records, of the intended functions and through Transient Network Analysis
(TNA) tests.
3.
The control/protection relays to be used in the TNB system shall have the following
functionality, but not limited to, as in Table 2.3C;
Autoreclose
Synchronism
Operating Principle
Vector Differential
Phase Comparison3
Quadrilateral with Directional Impedance
Current Operated together with Permissive signalling
Definite Time Current Operated together with Start
Initiation, with phase segregated measurement
IDMT in accordance to IEC 60255-3
Definite Time
Instantaneous
Definite Time
Instantaneous
Definite Time
Instantaneous
Definite Time Current Operated
Circulating Current with restraint element
Circulating Current with stabilising element
Vector Differential/Circulating Current with restraint
element
Inverse time base on Volt/Hz measurement
Definite Time base on Volt/Hz measurement
Current dependant in accordance to IEC 60255-8
Light Detection w ith Definite Time
Definite Time Voltage Operated
Instantaneous Voltage Operated
Rate of change Voltage Operated
Definite Time Voltage Operated
Instantaneous Voltage Operated
Rate of change Voltage Operated
See section 5.2.1.2
Table 2.3B
2.
Control Relay
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
3.
1.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
Overload
Arc Protection
Voltage
8. Control/
Protection Relay
Functionality
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
Main
Functionality
Single-pole autoreclose
Three-pole autoreclose
Single and Three-pole autoreclose
Evolving fault logic
Voltage check
Synchronism check
Table 2.3C
1.
1.
Additional
Functionality
2-breakers controller4
Synchronism Fail output

contact
Phase comparison sometime refers as current comparison.

For 1 breaker busbar system or 2 breakers busbar systems.
Page 2-7
9. Relay
Functionality
1.
The Main protection relays to be used in the TNB system shall have the following
functionality, but not limited to, as in Table 2.3D;
Main Protection
Relay
1.
2.
3.
Main
Functionality
Intertrip
CT ratio correction factor
Current
Comparison
1.
2.
3.
Current Comparison
Intertrip
Distance
1.
2.
3.
3 forward zones
1 reverse zone
DEFC protection scheme with Current
Reversal and Echo functions (Separate
communication channel from Distance)
PSB
SOTF
VTS
PUTT
POTT
Differential element
Overcurrent Check
Intertrip
Biased Differential
Vector group correction factor
Inrush Restrain
Through Fault Stability Restraint
Two-out -of-two operating zones
Two-out -of-two operating criteria
Self monitoring
Undervoltage
Overvoltage
Individual two-stage Volt/Hz elements
Dual Timers
Underfrequency
Overfrequency
Pilot Wire
Differential
Biased Differential
(Transformer)
High Impedance
Differential
Restricted Earth
Fault
High Impedance
Busbar Differential
Low Impedance
Busbar Differential
Voltage
Overexcitation
Frequency
Overcurrent
Earth Fault
5
6
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Three-elements
Definite Time
Instantaneous
Reverse Blocking Scheme
Definite Time
Instantaneous
Reverse Blocking Scheme
Table 2.3D
Additional Functionality
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
Transfer Trip
Overcurrent
Autoreclose5
Synchronism5
Transfer Trip
Overcurrent
Autoreclose 5
Synchronism5
Autoreclose 5
Synchronism5
1.
Pilot Wire Supervision
1.
2.
Overexcitation
Overvoltage
1.
CT Supervision
1.
Individual four-stage of
under/over voltage
1.
2.
1.
Individual four-stage of
under/over voltage
Rate of change of frequency
TCS6
1.
TCS 6
For 275kV and above systems, the autoreclose and synchronism functions shall be separated from the Main relays.
Trip Circuit Supervision for distribution voltage level
Page 2-8
10. Backup
Relay
Functionality
1.
The Backup protection relays to be used in the TNB system shall have the following
functionality, but not limited to, as in Table 2.3E;
Backup Protection
Relay
Distance
Breaker Failure
Overcurrent and
Undervoltage7
Overcurrent
Earth Fault
Directional Overcurrent
Standby Earth Fault
Thermal Overload
7
8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
1.
1.
Main
Functionality
2 forward zones
1 reverse zone
PSB
VTS
SOTF
Dual Current Elements
Dual Timers
Intertrip
Overcurrent Definite Time
Undervoltage Definite Time
Three-elements
Definite Time
Instantaneous
Definite Time
Instantaneous
Instantaneous
VTS
Individual two-stage Definite Time
Individual two-stage current
dependant in accordance to IEC
60255-8
Table 2.3E
1.
Additional
Functionality
Thermal Overload
1.
TCS 6
1.
TCS 6
1.
Automatic reversion to Nondirectional Overcurrent 8
1.
Instantaneous
For Bus Separation scheme

In case of no polarising voltage
Page 2-9
2.3.1 Static Relays
1. General
1.
All the requirements for protection relays as mentioned in section 2.3 also applies.
2. Storage and
Interrogation
1.
The static relay shall be able to conserve all its latest settings, registered values and
operation indications in the event of D.C power failure.
3. Requirement
1.
All static relays shall satisfy the following Standards, as tabulated in Table 2.3.1A;
Requirement
Electromagnetic
Compatibility
Electrical
Insulation
Mechanical
Standard
IEC 60255-22-1,
Class III
IEC 60255-22-2,
Class III
IEC 60255-22-4,
Class IV
IEC 60255-11
IEC 60255-5
IEC 60068-2-6
IEC 60255-21-1,
Class I
IEC 60255-21-1,
Class II
IEC 60255-21-2,
Class I
Test Descriptions
1.
High frequency
1.
Electrostatic discharge
1.
Fast transient disturbance
1.
2.
3.
1.
High voltage test, except D.C voltage supply input

High voltage test, only D.C voltage supply input
Impulse voltage test, all circuits, Class III
Vibration
1.
Vibration during transport
1.
Shock during operation and transport

Table 2.3.1A
4. Quality
Assurance
1.
2.
The static relays shall have proven MTBF value of more than 70 years.
The static relays shall carry at least 10 years availability of support and parts from
the purchase date.
Page 2-10
2.3.2 Numerical Relays
1. General
1.
All the requirements for protection relays as mentioned in section 2.3 also applies.
2. Storage and
Interrogation
1.
The numerical relay shall be able to conserve all its latest logics, equations, settings,
registered values, events, oscillography and operation indications in the event of D.C
power failure for at least 168 hours.
The numerical relay shall be able to continuously keep track of its internal clock (time
and date) in the event of D.C power failure.
The numerical relays shall be able to be interrogated via human machine interface
(HMI) built onto the relays.
The numerical relays shall be able to be interfaced to the substation control system
(SCS) and conventional control system via IEC 60870-5-103 protocol or/and via
hardwire connection. The IEC 60870-5-103 interface shall be dedicated and
independent.
The numerical relays shall be able to be interrogated through relay password security
from local and remote computers via TCP/IP protocol. The interface shall be
dedicated and independent.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3. Requirements
1.
2.
3.
All numerical relays shall be equipped with continuous automatic internal selfsupervision functions that give indications and identifications for any internal relay
errors and failures. The self-supervision functions shall not affect the performance of
any protection functions during normal operation.
All numerical relays that are ranked as Main Protection shall be equipped with eve nt
recording and oscillosgraph recording functions, while relays that are ranked as
Backup Protection shall be equipped with at least event recording function. Where
the relays have combination of both the Main and Backup Protection, it shall be
equipped with event and oscillography recording functions.
All numerical relays shall satisfy the following Standards, as tabulated in Table
2.3.2A;
Requirement
Electromagnetic
Compatibility
Electrical
Insulation
Mechanical
Standard
IEC 60255-22-1,
Class III
IEC 60255-22-2,
Class III
IEC 60255-22-3,
Class III
IEC 60255-22-4,
Class IV
IEC 60255-6
IEC 60255-11
IEC 60255-5
IEC 60068-2-6
IEC 60255-21-1,
Class I
IEC 60255-21-1,
Class II
IEC 60255-21-2,
Class I
Test Descriptions
1.
High frequency
1.
Electrostatic discharge
1.
Radio frequency electromagnetic field (non-modulated)
1.
Fast transient disturbance
1.
Power frequency magnetic field
1.
2.
3.
1.
High voltage test, except D.C voltage supply input

High voltage test, only D.C voltage supply input
Impulse voltage test, all circuits, Class III
Vibration during operation
1.
Vibration during transport
1.
Shock during operation and transport

Table 2.3.2A
4. Preprocessing
1.
2.
3.
The isolation transformers inside the numerical relay shall be able to perform to the
accuracy in the range of 1% of its input values.
The effective sampling frequency shall be in the range of 800 Hz to 4000 Hz.
The analog-t o-digital converters shall not have conversion errors of more than 2%.
Page 2-11
5. Settings
1.
2.
The numerical relay shall be able to interchange between a minimum 2 group

settings.
Any changes of relay settings shall be authentically verified.
6. Internal
Logics
1.
In any case, where the internal logics of the numerical relay are configurable, it shall
be made standard according to TNB practice, and approved by the relevant Technical
Committee of Transmission Division.
7. Input and
Output Contacts
1.
Adequate numbers of input and output contacts shall be provided and shall be
configurable.
The input and output contacts configurations shall be made standard according to
TNB practice, and approved by the relevant Technical Committee of Transmission
Division.
2.
8. Data
Transmission
1.
2.
3.
9. Quality
Assurance
1.
2.
For numerical relays that use teleprotection signalling, e.g. Distance relays, Breaker
Failure relays, etc., the permissive and direct intertrip schemes shall be of a 110 volts
DC interface to the teleprotection equipment. No external D.C/D.C converter
between the relay and the teleprotection equipment shall be allowed.
For numerical relays that use teleprotection data channels, e.g. Current Differential
relays, Current Comparison relays, etc., shall be able to handle a transmission delay
of not more than 15ms.
The numerical relays that use teleprotection data channels shall use 64kbit/sec codirectional complying with ITUT G.703 recommendations. An optical-t o-electrical
interface converter may be allowed to cater for interferences between the relay and
the communication equipment.
The numerical relays shall have proven MTBF value of more than 70 years.
The numerical relays shall carry at least 10 years availability of support and parts
from the purchase date.
Page 2-12
2.4 Descriptions and Requirements of Protection/Control Schemes and

Functions
1. Policy
1.
All protection/control relays shall follow the protection/control schemes and functions
described in section 2.4.
2. Distance
Relay Schemes
1.
The Distance relay permissive schemes, namely Underreach and Overreach schemes,
shall be incorporated in the Distance relay.
The following table, Table 2.4A, describes the definition of the Distance relay
permissive schemes;
2.
Permissive
Scheme
Underreach
Overreach
Variation
Descriptions
Permissive
Underreach
Transfer Trip
(PUTT)
1.
2.
3.
Permissive
Overreach
Transfer Trip 1
(POTT1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.
5.
Permissive
Overreach
Transfer Trip 2
(POTT2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Legend
ZM
T
CR
CS
Zone 1 is set to underreach, and initiate carrier send.

Zone 2 and Zone 3 is set to overreach.
Zone 2 operat ion with carrier receive signal shall initiate an
accelerated/instantaneous trip.
Trip Logic:
o CS = ZM1
o TRIP = ZM1.T1 + ZM2.CR + ZM2.T2 + ZM3.T3 + ZM3R.T3R
Zone 1 is set to overreach, and initiate carrier send.
Zone 1 operation with carrier receive signal shall initiate an
Current reversal logic shall be provided to avoid unwanted
tripping for parallel feeders.
Trip Logic:
o CS = ZM1
o TRIP = ZM1.CR + ZM2.T2 + ZM3.T3 + ZM3R.T3R
Zone 1 is set to underreach.
Zone 2 initiate carrier send.
Zone 2 operation with carrier receive signal shall initiate an
Current reversal logic shall be provided to avoid unwanted
tripping for parallel feeders.
Trip Logic:
o CS = ZM2
o TRIP = ZM1.T1 + ZM2.CR + ZM2.T2 + ZM3.T3 + ZM3R.T3R
Definition
Zone Measuring
Timer
Carrier Receive
Carrier Send
Table 2.4A
3. Directional
Earth Fault
Comparison
Protection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Directional Earth Fault Comparison (DEFC) protection shall be incorporated in the
Main protection Distance relay, using Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip scheme
with current reversal logic to avoid unwanted tripping for parallel feeders.
The DEFC scheme shall be incorporated with a built -in, independent and selectable
timer to introduce delay in tripping, after detecting the fault and receiving the carrier.
The DEFC scheme shall be equipped with necessary Echo logic to cater for remote CB
open-condition of a protected line.
The DEFC scheme is preferably to be equipped with necessary Weak Infeed logic to
cater for no infeed or weak infeed conditions of a protected line.
The carrier contacts and channels for the Distance protection and the DEFC
protection shall be separated.
Page 2-13
4. Switch On To
Fault
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5. Power Swing
Blocking
1.
2.
3.
6. Voltage
Transformer
Supervision
1.
2.
3.
4.
7. Evolving Fault
Logic
1.
2.
3.
8. Inrush
Restrain
1.
2.
9. Transformer
Restristed Earth
Fault
1.
2.
The Switch On To Fault (SOTF) function shall be incorporated in the all Distance relay
using impedance based measurement.
The coverage of the SOTF shall be from the relaying point to a selectable Distance
relay zones, preferably Zone 2 Forward and Zone 3 Reverse, with instantaneous
tripping.
The SOTF function shall be initiated only after the opening of CB, with a short time
delay.
The SOTF function shall be deactivated after the CB has closed, after a sensible
period of time.
For each feeder, only one SOTF function shall be activated, preferably inside the
Backup Distance protection relay.
Power Swing Blocking (PSB) function shall be incorporated in the Distance relay using
impedance based measurement.
The Distance relay shall be blocked through PSB function from any operation when
the power swing condition is detected.
The PSB function shall be blocked during the dead time of 1-pole autoreclose cycle.
Voltage Transformer Supervision (VTS) function shall be incorporated in the Distance

relay and Directional Overcurrent relay.
The entire Distance relay, including DEFC function, shall be blocked through VTS
function from any operation when the internal VTS function is triggered, except
during fault conditions.
The Directional Overcurrent relay shall adaptively change from Directional
Overcurrent protection to Non-directional Overcurrent protection through VTS
function when the internal VTS function is triggered.
VTS function shall not issue any tripping command.
Evolving Fault Logic (EVFL) function shall be incorporated in the autoreclose relay.
Evolving fault is classified as fault that occurs after the clearance of the first-detected
fault and during the dead time of the first-detected fault.
The EVFL shall initiate changes from 1-pole autoreclose cycle to 3-pole autoreclose
cycle if evolving fault is detected by the Main protection relays, and reclose after the
3-pole autoreclose dead time elapses. [Refer to section 5.1.4].
The Inrush Restrain, or Inrush Current Restrain Logic, shall be incorporated in the
transformer Biased Differential relay, and preferably in Current Differential relay and
Current Comparison relay as well.
The Inrush Restrain shall have an option to block the relay from issuing trip
command during inrush current conditions, such as during switch on of
transformer/line/cable and paralleling of transformers/lines/cables.
Transformer Restricted Earth Fault (REF) protection scheme shall protect at least
90% of the intended transformers winding.
The transformer REF protection relay shall be rank as Main protection, and be
independent from other relays.
Page 2-14
CHAPTER 3
PROTECTION: SCHEME POLICY
Chapter 3: PROTECTION: SCHEME POLICY, Table of Contents
3.0 PROTECTION: SCHEME POLICY ......................................................................................... 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 3
2. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 3
3. Equipment Selection............................................................................................................ 3
4. Symbols and Terms............................................................................................................. 3
Overhead Line Feeder Protection .......................................................................................................................... 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Additional Policy Requirements.............................................................................................. 4
3. Teleprotection.................................................................................................................... 4
4. Autoreclose........................................................................................................................ 5
5. Specific Requirements.......................................................................................................... 5
6. Functional Scheme.............................................................................................................. 5
Underground Cable Feeder Protection ................................................................................................................ 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
2. Additional Policy Requirement................................................................................................ 6
3. Teleprotection.................................................................................................................... 6
4. Autoreclose........................................................................................................................ 6
Transformer Protection ............................................................................................................................................ 8
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 8
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 8
Bus Tie Protection....................................................................................................................................................10
1. Background ......................................................................................................................10
2. Philosophy........................................................................................................................10
3. Specific Requirement ..........................................................................................................10
3.4.1 Bus Coupler Protection....................................................................................................................................... 10
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................10
2. Additional Policy Requirements.............................................................................................10
3. Functional Scheme.............................................................................................................10
3.4.2 Bus Section Protection........................................................................................................................................ 11
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................11
Capacitor Protection................................................................................................................................................12
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................12
2. Protection Requirements.....................................................................................................12
3. Control Requirements.........................................................................................................12
Reactor Protection ...................................................................................................................................................13
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................13
2. Protection Requirements.....................................................................................................13
3. Control Requirement...........................................................................................................13
Breaker Failure Protection .....................................................................................................................................14
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................14
2. Requirements....................................................................................................................14
3. Specific Requirements.........................................................................................................14
4. Tripping Circuit Requirements...............................................................................................14
Busbar Protection ....................................................................................................................................................15
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................15
4. Specific Low Impedance Scheme Requirements.......................................................................15
5. Specific High Impedance Scheme Requirements.......................................................................15
6. Specific Arc Protection Scheme Requirement ...........................................................................16
7. Specific Reverse Blocking Signal Scheme Requirements.............................................................16
1 Breaker Busbar Protection .............................................................................................................................17
Page 3-1
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................17
4. Additional Scheme Requirements..........................................................................................17
3.10 Generator Protection.............................................................................................................................................18
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................18
3. Tripping Matrix ..................................................................................................................20
3.11 Load Shedding Schemes.....................................................................................................................................21
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................21
3. General Requirements for Underfrequency/Undervoltage Scheme ................................................21
4. General Requirements for Autotransformer Intertripping............................................................21
5. Special Requirement ...........................................................................................................21
6. Alarm and Indication ..........................................................................................................21
3.12 Special Protection Scheme .................................................................................................................................22
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................22
2. Schemes..........................................................................................................................22
Page 3-2
3.0 PROTECTION: SCHEME POLICY
1. Background
1.
This section describes the current practice on protection schemes and zone of
protection for TNB system.
2. Philosophy
1.
All TNB primary equipment shall be protected against damages from any type of
faults.
All external parties (e.g. independent power producers, co-generators, bulk
customers, etc.) primary equipment, that are connected and interfaced with TNB
primary equipment shall be protected against damage from any type of faults, and
shall follow the setup and schemes specified in this document .
2.
3. Equipment
Selection
1.
2.
3.
4. Symbols and
Terms
1.
2.
3.
All Main, Backup, Control and auxiliary relays shall be limited to the TNB Accepted
Relay List.
The acceptance of the relays shall follow the all the guidelines as in section 2.0 and
TNB Guidance Notes of Acceptance on relays.
Other protection related equipment shall be subjected to the consent and acceptance
from the Transmission Technical Working Committee (TTWC).
In this section only, the symbols as in Table 3.0A, are used inside functional table for
describing the relaying schemes.
In this section, the abbreviations as in Table 3.0B, are used for describing special
terms for TNB system.
In this section, all the relaying codes shall follow the protective device code in
Appendix B.
Symbols in
Functional Tables
+
or
( )
[ ]
Terms
PMU
PPU
SSU
Definition
With, and shall not be integrated in one relay except given the
symbol ( ).
Or
Backup functions and other functions shall be integrated inside
one relay. However for new projects, all Backup functions shall be
integrated in one relay.
Specific mode for the relaying scheme
Table 3.0A
Definition
Pencawang Masuk Utama, normally comprises of 500kV, 275kV
and 132kV substations.
Pencawang Pembahagian Utama, normally comprises of 33/11kV
substations
Stesen Suis Utama, normally comprises of 33kV and below
switching stations.
Table 3.0B
Page 3-3
3.1 Overhead Line Feeder Protection
1. Policy
1.
The overhead line shall be protected against faults and equipped with appropriate
autoreclosing facilities to reduce the outage period. In general, the overhead lines
shall be protected as tabulated in Table 3.1A.
Voltage
275kV and above
132kV
132kV
(GIS)
33kV and below
(Outgoing
Feeder)
>2
downstream
substation
=2
downstream
substation
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Scheme
Main Distance protection and Unit protection, or duplicated
Unit protection
Backup Distance protection and Thermal Overload protection
Further Backup by Breaker Failure protection
Main Distance protection or Unit protection
Backup Distance protection
Main Distance protection or Unit protection
Main Unit protection1
Backup Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection (Instantaneous
& IDMT)1
Main Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection (Instantaneous)1
Backup Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection (IDMT)1
Table 3.1A
2. Additional
Policy
Requirements
2.
For new installation, all protection relays shall be of the numerical type. For Breaker
Failure protection, refer to section 3.7.
1.
For 275kV systems and above, Main Distance protection and Unit protection may be
used for upgrading purposes, while duplicated Unit protection shall be used for all
new installations.
Duplicated Unit protection relays shall either have different principles, or same
principle but different manufacturer.
Main Distance protection relays at local end and all remote ends shall have similar
Distance characteristic, and compatible DEFC scheme.
All Unit protection shall use digital communications.
Unit protection and Distance protection relays shall have sufficient contacts to initiate
the Breaker Failure protection and other protection, control and signalling functions.
All Main protection relays shall be able to initiate autoreclose cycle. For distribution
networks, autoreclose shall also be initiated by Backup protections.
For distribution networks, a scheme for live line maintenance purposes shall be
incorporated.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3.
Teleprotection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
For Current Differential (CD) relays and Current Comparison (CC) relays, the data
interface shall be 64kbit/sec complying with ITUT G.703 recommendation.
For 275kV and above system, the teleprotection data and signals shall be provided
through a duplicated multiplexed optical fibre communication only.
For 132kV, the teleprotection data shall be provided through multiplexed optical fibre
communication only.
For 132kV, the teleprotection signals shall be provided through preferably multiplexed
optical fibre, or PLC communication.
For 132kV and above, direct optical fibre connections shall be used for special
applications only.
For 33kV system and below, direct optical fibre connections shall be applied.
Combination of the Main and Backup protections are preferable.
Page 3-4
4. Autoreclose
1.
Refer to section 5.0 (Autoreclose and Synchronising).
5. Specific
Requirements
1.
The above -stipulated policy requirements shall be applied to all new installations.
However new installations may match the existing equipment, or both ends of the
substations shall be upgraded.
For 1 breaker system, all protection trip commands shall be issued to both CBs in a
diameter that controls the connected feeders.
2.
6. Functional
Scheme
1.
Voltage
Level
500kV
275kV
132kV
The functional scheme for all transmission and distribution systems are as tabulated
in Table 3.1B below;
Route
Length
>25km
Comm.
Medium
OF
=25km
OF
>10km
OF
=10km
OF
>10km
OF
PLC
=10km
OF
PLC
132kV
(GIS)
<10km,
with t-off
>10km
PLC/OF
OF
PLC
=10km
OF
PLC
33kV, 22kV
and 11kV
<10km,
with t -off
>2
subtations
=2
substations
PLC/OF
OF
N/A
Functional Scheme
Rank
Scheme
M1
87CD
M2
87CC or 87CD or (21Z[PUTT] + 67DEFCS[POTT])
BK1
(21Z + 49OL)
BK2
50BF
M1
87CD
M2
87CC or 87CD
BK1
(21Z + 49OL)
BK2
50BF
M1
87CD
M2
87CC or 87CD or (21Z[PUTT] + 67DEFCS[POTT])
BK1
(21Z + 49OL)
BK2
50BF
M1
87CD
M2
87CC or 87CD
BK1
(21Z + 49OL)
BK2
50BF
M1
87CC or 87CD
BK
21Z
M1
(21Z[PUTT] + 67DEFCS[POTT])
BK
21Z
M1
87CC or 87CD
BK
21Z
M1
(21Z[POTT2] + 67DEFCS[POTT])
BK
21Z
M1
BK
21Z
M1
87CC or 87CD
BK
21Z + 50BF
M1
(21Z[PUTT] + 67DEFCS[POTT])
BK
21Z + 50BF
M1
87CC or 87CD
BK
21Z + 50BF
M1
BK
21Z + 50BF
M1
BK
21Z + 50BF
M1
87CC1 or 87CD1
BK
(50OC + 50EF + 51OC + 51EF) 1
M1
(50OC + 50EF) 1
BK
(51OC + 51EF) 1
Table 3.1B
Page 3-5
3.2 Underground Cable Feeder Protection
1. Policy
1.
2.
The underground cable and gas-insulated line shall be protected against severe
damage caused by faults and insulation breakdown. In general, the underground
cable feeders shall be protected as tabulated in Table 3.2A.
For new installation, all protection relays shall be of the numerical type.
Voltage
275kV and above
1.
2.
3.
132kV
1.
2.
132kV
1.
(GIS)
2.
3.
33kV and below (Out going 1.
Feeder)
2.
2. Additional
Policy
Requirement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3.
Teleprotection
1.
2.
Scheme
Duplicated Main Unit protection
Main Unit protection
Main Unit protection1
Backup Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection1
Table 3.2A
Duplicated Main Unit protection shall either have different principles, or same
principle but different manufacturer.
Optical fibre shall be used for Unit protection systems for all new cable installations.
For loop-in/loop-out (LILO) and extension projects that involve Pilot Wire protection,
the existing systems may be matched, or both ends of the substations shall be
upgraded.
Unit protection relays shall have sufficient contacts to initiate the Breaker Failure
protection and other protection, control and signalling function.
For feeders with combination of both overhead line and cables, all protection
schemes shall follow the underground cable scheme policy.
Aerial Bundle Cable (ABC) installation shall be treated as underground cable feeder.
For transmission feeder installations with combination of overhead line and cable, the
cable section shall be equipped with Unit protection, as Backup protection, to
determine the faulted section of the feeder. The Unit protection shall only be used to
block the autoreclose operation at all ends.
Direct optical fibre communication shall be used. Teleprotection data and signals
shall be provided through multiplexed optical fibre communication only for special
arrangements.
For Current Differential relays and Current Comparison relay, the data interface shall
be 64kbit/sec complying with ITUT G.703 recommendation.
4. Autoreclose
1.
2.
No autoreclose scheme shall be applied to underground cable feeder protection.

For all transmission feeder installations with combination of overhead line and cable,
autoreclose shall be permitted only if the fault can be determined to be on the
overhead line section.
5. Specific
Requirements
1.
The above -stipulated policy requirements shall be applied to all new installations.
However new installations may match the existing equipment where necessary, or
both ends of the substations shall be upgraded.
For 1 breaker system, all protection trip commands shall be issued to both CBs in a
diameter that controls the underground cable feeders.
2.
Page 3-6
6. Functional
Scheme
1.
The following table (Table 3.2B) described the functional detail of the required
underground feeder protection scheme:
Voltage Level
275kV and above
Comm.
Medium
OF
132kV
OF
132kV
(GIS)
33kV, 22kV and
11kV
OF
OF
Rank
M1
M2
BK1
BK2
M1
BK
M1
BK
M1
BK
Functional Scheme
Scheme
87CD
87CC or 87CD
(21Z + 49OL)
50BF
87CD
(21Z + 49OL)
87CD
(21Z + 49OL) + 50BF
87CD1 or 87CC1
(51OC + 51EF) 1
Table 3.2B
Page 3-7
3.3 Transformer Protection
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
Transformer protection is required to prevent any damage to transformer and all

associated equipment for all internal electrical and mechanical faults, and to minimise
loss of life due to overexcitation.
All other interconnecting equipment, e.g. power cable to reactor, etc, to the
transformer shall be protected by their relevant protection system.
Type of transformer protection and its associated protection can be categorised as
tabulated in Table 3.3A.
All Main protection relays shall be dedicated [independent from any other relays],
except for Overexcitation protection relay. Other integrated multifunction Main
protection relay shall not be allowed.
Type
Autotransformer
500/275/132kV
Earthing
Transformer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
Protection Scheme
Duplicated Main Unit protection
Main Transformer Guards protection
Main Over-excitation protection (volts per hertz)
Main Restricted Earth Fault protection
Backup Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection
Backup Standby Earth Fault protection
Main Restricted Earth Fault protection
Backup Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection
Local Transformer
1.
Main Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection
Power
Transformer
132/(33-22-11)kV
Power
Transformer
(33-22)/11kV
1.
Control Scheme
Automatic Voltage
Controller
1.
Automatic Voltage
Controller
1.
Automatic Voltage
Controller
1.
Automatic Voltage
Controller, where
required.
Automatic Voltage
Controller, where
required.
1.
Table 3.3A
2. Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Duplicated Main protection shall have a different operating principle. Normally Biased
Differential and High Impedance Differential principles are used.
For High Impedance Differential protection, current transformers shall be provided for
each phase at the neutral end of the autotransformer.
If the voltage levels are 500kV and/or 275kV, each CB for the transformers shall be
equipped with Breaker Failure protection.
Tertiary winding of autotransformer shall be equipped with Backup Overcurrent and
Earth Fault protection.
Where the tertiary winding of autotransformer is connected to reactor/capacitor and
grounded through earthing transformer, the earthing transformer and the connecting
power cable shall be protected using Restricted Earth Fault protection and Standby
Earth Fault, which shall be ranked as Backup Protection. An optional circuit
breaker/fuse for the tertiary winding is greatly encouraged.
The LV side of earthing and local transformers shall be protected by suitable rated
fuses.
Alarm and tripping indications for all types of transformers shall always be separated.
Page 3-8
3. Functional
Scheme
1.
The following table, Table 3.3B, describes the functional details of the required
transformer protection scheme;
Transformer
Type
Autotransformer
500/275/132kV
Power
Transformer
132/(33-22-11)kV
M
TXGT
TXGA
BK
Power
Transformer
(33-22)/11kV
M
TXGT
TXGA
BK
Earthing
Transformer
TXGT
TXGA
BK
M
Local Transformer
Rank
M1
M2
TXGT
TXGA
BK
Functional Protection Scheme

HV Scheme
LV Scheme
TV Scheme
(87TBD + (24+59OV))
87THI
26OT + 26WT + 63BT + 63TCBT
26OA + 26WA + 63BA + 63PRD + 71OLL
21Z + 50BF
21Z + 50BF
(51OC + 51EF) +
REF/TV2 + SBEF2
87TBD + 64REF/HV + 64REF/LV
26OT + 26WT + 63BT + 63TCBT
26OA + 26WA + 63BA + 63PRD + 71OLL
(50OC + 51OC)
(51OC + 51EF) +
N/A
64SBEF2
87TBD + 64REF/LV
26OT + 26WT + 63BT + 63TCBT + 63PRD
26OA + 26WA + 63BA + 71OLL
(50OC + 51OC)
(51OC + 51EF) +
N/A
64SBEF2
63BT
63BA + 63PRD + 71OLL
64SBEF2
(51OC + 51EF)
Table 3.3B
Required if tertiary winding is connected to other equipment and grounded through earthing transformer.
Page 3-9
3.4 Bus Tie Protection
1. Background
1.
The Bus Tie consists of two different but similar types, which are tabulated in Table
3.4A below;
Bus Tie Type

Bus Coupler
Bus Section
Function Descriptions
As a tie to couple two distinctive electrical buses
As a tie to segregate one distinctive electrical bus to two or more sections
Table 3.4A
2. Philosophy
1.
For protection purposes, the Bus Tie is used to segregate the faulty section of power
system, and also to help in the fault clearing process. Hence, the bus tie shall be
adequately equipped with relevant protection scheme to serve the above objectives.
3. Specific
Requirement
1.
Special care shall be taken when live-transfer procedure is being carried out to
prevent any unwanted operation of the bus tie protection schemes.
3.4.1 Bus Coupler Protection
1. Policy
1.
The Bus Coupler for 500kV, 275kV and 132kV shall be able to perform bus
separation function under Backup protection operation. Therefore, it shall be
equipped with protection sc hemes as in Table 3.4.1A below;
Voltage
500kV & 275KV
132KV
33kV
(PMU only)
2. Additional
Policy
Requirements
1.
3. Functional
Scheme
1.
2.
3.
1.
1.
1.
Functional Scheme
Distance Protection
Distance Protection, or Overcurrent Protection and Earth Fault
Protection with Undervoltage Check
Overcurrent Protection, Earth Fault protection and Standby Earth
Fault Protection
Table 3.4.1A
For transmission systems, the Distance Protection shall be used for all new
installations, while the Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection with Undervoltage
Check may be used for scheme upgrading purposes.
The relays shall be installed on each side of bus coupler.
For Distribution substations, namely PPU and SSU, the bus coupler protection scheme
is not required, unless stated otherwise.
The following table, Table 3.4.1B, describes the functional details of the required bus
coupler protection scheme;
Voltage
Level
500kV & 275kV
132kV
33kV (PMU only)
Rank
M1
M1
BK
M
BK
M
Functional Scheme
Scheme
Part of Busbar protection
21Z
21Z or ((51OC + 27UV) + (51EF + 27UV))
(51OC + 51EF) + 51SBEF1
Table 3.4.1B
Page 3-10
3.4.2 Bus Section Protection
1. Policy
1.
The Bus Section shall be equipped with protection units as in Table 3.4.2A below;
Voltage
500kV, 275kV
and 132kV
33kV, 22kV & 11kV
2. Additional
Policy
Requirements
1.
3. Functional
Scheme
1.
2.
Functional Scheme
1.
Overcurrent Protection with Undervoltage Check
1.
Standby Earth Fault Protection

Table 3.4.2A
For Distribution substation, namely PPU, the bus section protection scheme is only
required on the 11kV system.
For SSU, the bus section protection scheme is not required, unless stated otherwise.
The following table, Table 3.4.2B, describes the functional details of the required bus
section protection scheme;
Voltage
Level
500kV & 275kV
132kV
33kV, 22kV & 11kV
Rank
M1
M2
BK
M1
BK
M
Functional Scheme
Scheme
(51OC + 27UV)
(51OC + 27UV)
51SBEF1
Table 3.4.2B
Page 3-11
3.5 Capacitor Protection
1. Policy
1.
2.
Capacitor protection is required to prevent any damage on capacitor bank and all
associated equipment for all internal faults. This is to minimise loss of life due to
overload and overvoltage.
The type of the capacitor and its associated protection and control can be categorised
as in Table 3.5A below;
Capacitor Type and

Voltage Level
Shunt,
132kV and above
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Shunt,
33kV and below
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Protection
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3. Control
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4. Functional
Scheme
1.
Protection
Scheme
Main Unbalance protection
Main Overload protection
Internal fuse protection
Backup Overcurrent protection
and Earth Fault protection
Backup Overvoltage protection
and Undervoltage protection
Backup Undercurrent protection
Main Unbalance protection and
Overload protection
Internal fuse protection
and Earth Fault protection
Backup Undercurrent protection
Table 3.5A
1.
2.
1.
Control
Scheme
Automatic Reactive Controller
(see Section 6.4.2)
Synchronous Switching relay
Power Factor correction

regulator
The Main protection relays shall be independent of the Backup protection relays.
The current relays and the voltage relays for the Backup protection shall be
independent of each other.
The capacitor protection shall be able to isolate the capacitor bank from any overload
and overvoltage condition.
The capacitor protection shall be able to detect and isolate the capacitor bank from
faulty individual capacitor unit.
The capacitor protection shall be able to isolate the capacitor bank from any voltage
loss in the system.
Voltage transformer supervision shall be provided for indication purposes.
The control scheme must provide for an automatic Opening and Closing of the
capacitor bank and CB into the system.
The control scheme shall prevent the associated switchgear from reclosing for an
allowable amount of time after opening to allow discharge of capacitor.
The capacitor banks CB operation shall be closed using point-on-wave switching.
capacitor protection scheme;
Capacitor Type and

Voltage Level
Shunt,
132kV and above
Shunt,
33kV and below
Rank
M1
M2
BK
M1
BK

Scheme
51UB
49OL
(51OC + 51EF) + (27UV + 59OV) + FUSE + 37
51UB + 49OL
(51OC + 51EF) + FUSE + 37
Table 3.5B
Page 3-12
3.6 Reactor Protection
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
Reactor
Type
Shunt
Reactor protection is required to prevent any damage on reactor bank and all
associated equipment for all internal faults and to minimise loss of life due to
overexcitation.
Reactor zone of protection shall include switchgear and reactor.
All other
interconnecting equipment, e.g. transformer cable tail, transformer tertiary winding
and earthing transformer, shall be protected by their relevant protection.
Types of reactor and its associated protection can be categorise as below, in Table
3.6A;
Connection
to..
Transformer
Tertiary
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shunt
Shunt
2. Protection
Requirements
Bus
Line/Cable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3. Control
Requirement
1.
2.
4. Functional
Scheme
Reactor
Type
Shunt
1.
As
1.
2.
Protection
Scheme
Main Differential protection and
Overexcitation protection (V/Hz)
Main Reactor guard protections
Backup Negative Phase Sequence
protection
above
Main Differential protect ion
Main Reactor guard protections
Table 3.6A
1.
2.
Control
Scheme
Automatic Reactive
Controller (see Section
6.4.2)
Synchronous Switching
relay, where required.
As above
The main protection relays shall be independent of the Backup protection relays.
The reactor protection shall be able to isolate the reactor bank from overexcitation
conditions.
The reactor protection shall be able to isolate the reactor bank for all low magnitude
and high magnitude winding faults.
Reactor guard protection shall provide protection for all internal faults and inter-turn
fault.
For shunt reactor connected to the overhead line/underground cable, the zone of
protection for overhead line/underground cable shall also cover that of shunt reactor.
Adequate intertrip facilities shall also be provided to trip the relevant circuit breakers.
The control scheme must provide for an automatic opening and closing of the reactor
bank CB into the system.
Where Synchronising Switching relay is used, the reactor bank CB operation shall be
opened using point -on-wave switching.
reactor protection scheme;
Connection to..
Shunt
Transformer
Tertiary
Bus
Shunt
Line/Cable
Rank
M1
BK
M1
BK
M1

Scheme
(87R + (24+59OV)) + 26OT + 26WT + 63BT
(51OC + 46D)
(87R + (24+59OV)) + 26OT + 26WT + 63BT
(51OC + 46D)
87R + 26OT + 26WT + 63BT
Table 3.6B
Page 3-13
3.7 Breaker Failure Protection
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
2. Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3. Specific
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. Tripping
Circuit
Requirements
1.
2.
The purpose of Breaker Failure protection is to clear the faults that have been
correctly detected by the appropriate protection, but for which the associated circuit
breakers (CBs) have failed to operate.
In the event of the CBs failing to open within pre -selected time, the Breaker Failure
protection shall initiate tripping of all adjacent circuit breakers connected to the same
section of the busbar. This shall include the provision for initiating direct intertrip of
any remote infeeds CBs via teleprotection channels.
All 500kV, 275kV, 132kV(GIS) and 132kV side of autotransformer CB shall be
equipped with phase-segregated circuit Breaker Failure protection (BFP).
The BFP relay shall be a dedicated relay.

Initiation of BFP shall be only by the Main protection, Backup Distance protection,
Busbar protection and Stub protection.
Other Backup protection including pole discordance and Load Shedding scheme
tripping shall not initiate the BFP.
For 275kV and above, dedicated tripping contacts for each phase and common threepole tripping contact shall be used to initiate relevant BFP scheme. However,
initiation from Busbar protection shall be from respective bay of the Busbar
protection trip relays.
For 132kV, dedicated tripping contacts for common three-pole tripping contact shall
be used to initiate relevant BFP scheme. However, initiation from Busbar protection
shall be from respective bay of the Busbar protection trip relays.
For High Impedance protective relays where tripping contacts are limited,
multiplication of contacts for initiating BFP using high-speed and heavy-duty auxiliary
relays may be considered.
The maximum permitted reset time of current measuring elements of BFP relays shall
not be more than 20ms.
The tripping contact of the BFR shall not be of latching type.
The circuit Breaker Failure relay shall consist of two Current elements for each pole
and two Timer elements for each circuit breaker. Each combination of Current and
Timer elements shall be connected in parallel to form stage 1 and stage 2 elements.
See section 2.3.10.1, Table 2.3E.
For 132kV AIS type substation where the adjacent substation is GIS type substation,
the necessary intertrip receive facility and tripping facility shall also be provided.
For 275kV and above, the tripping circuit of Breaker Failure protection shall be shared
with the High Impedance Busbar protection tripping circuit.
For 132kV GIS, the tripping circuit of Breaker Failure protection shall be shared with
the Main Busbar protection.
Page 3-14
3.8 Busbar Protection
1. Policy
1.
2.
The busbar shall be adequately protected and the Busbar protection shall be sensitive,
stable, selective, secure and highly reliable. The Busbar protection zone of protection
shall be provided for each busbar section in any substation busbar configuration system.
In general, busbars shall be protected as in the following table, Table 3.8A;
Voltage Level
500kV and 275kV
132kV
33kV, 22kV and 11kV
2. Additional
Policy
Requirements
1.
3. Functional
Scheme
1.
2.
2.
1.
2.
1.
1.
Functional Scheme
High Impedance Busbar Protection, with
Low Impedance Busbar Protection
High Impedance or Low Impedance Busbar Protection
Reverse Blocking Signal schemes or Arc Protection Scheme or High
Impedance Busbar Protection
Table 3.8A
Where it is required, intertripping scheme to the remote end shall be provided for
complete clearing of faults.
The D.C supply for the Busbar protection scheme at the busbar protection panels
shall be separated from other protection schemes.
The following table (Table 3.8B) describes the functional details of the required
busbar protection scheme:
For retrofitting purposes at 132kV AIS installation, the Low Impedance Busbar
protection may be considered.
Voltage
Level
500kV & 275kV
Busbar
132kV
GIS
AIS
GIS
AIS
33kV, 22kV & 11kV
4. Specific Low
Impedance
Scheme
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Specific High
Impedance
Scheme
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Type
All
Functional Scheme
Rank
Scheme
M1
87BBHI
M2
87BBLO
M1
87BBLO or 87BBHI
M1
87BBHI
M1
Reverse Blocking Schemes or 87BBHI
M1
Reverse Blocking Scheme or Arc Protection Relay
Table 3.8B
The Low Impedance Busbar protection shall employ two different methods of
measurement, with 2-out -of-2 operations, where one of the methods shall use biased
differential.
For 132kV system, the current transformers for low Impedance Busbar protection
shall be dedicated for each bay.
If the relays are to be installed for retrofitting works, the current transformers may
be shared with Backup protection relays.
For 500kV and 275kV system, the current transformers for the Low Impedance
Busbar protection relays may be shared with the Breaker Failure protection.
The High Impedance relaying scheme shall employ several segregated zones
(discriminating zones), and one overall zone for the whole busbar (check zone).
Each discriminating zone and check zone shall operate to form two-out -of-two
tripping arrangement.
For 33kV, 22kV and 11kV only one zone shall be employed.
The current transformers shall be dedicated for each discriminating and check zone.
A fault in one discriminating zone shall cause tripping of that zone without resulting
operation of the other healthy discriminating zones.
Busbar Protection CT supervision relay shall be provided for each discriminating zone
to block from operation when CT circuits for Busbar Protection is open-circuited.
CT requirements for Busbar protection shall be referred to section 14.1.
Page 3-15
6. Specific Arc
Protection
Scheme
Requirement
1.
2.
The following table, Table 3.8C, describes the scheme requirement for the Busbar Arc
Protection.
The selection of which scheme to be used is largely dependent upon case-by-case
basis.
Arc Protection
Schemes
Scheme 1
(Master & Slave)
Scheme 2
(Selective)
Requirement
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
7. Specific
Reverse
Blocking Signal
Scheme
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
8. Tripping
Circuit
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Arc Protection Scheme shall consists of:

a. Master Unit,
b. Slave Unit,
c. Light Sensor,
d. Modular Cable.
The tripping shall only be init iated by Master Unit.
Dedicated current transformer for Master Unit shall be provided.
The Master Unit shall have facility to indicate the operated light sensor.
The Arc Protection Schemes shall consist of:
a. Relay,
b. Light Sensor,
c. Modular cable.
The tripping logic shall be based on light and current element.
The current Transformer for Arc Protection may be shared with other
protection CT.
Table 3.8C
The relays used for the Reverse Blocking Signal Scheme shall employ two protection
functions, which are IDMT protection and Definite Time protection functions.
For the incomer feeder relays, the IDMT protection function shall be coordinated with
upstream and downstream relays, and the Definite Time protection function shall be
blocked by the Definite Time protection function of the outgoing feeders relays. If
the incomer feeder relays do not receive the blocking signal, the relays shall trip
(with time delay) the related busbar CBs.
For the outgoing feeder relays, the IDMT protection function shall be coordinated
with upstream and downstream relays, and the Definite Time protection function
shall be configured to send blocking signal to the incomer feeder relays Definite Time
function.
For all the Reverse Blocking Signal Scheme relays, all the related blocking and
tripping input/output contacts shall be dedicated to their functions.
The tripping circuit for Busbar protection shall be separated from other protection trip
circuits except for Breaker Failure protection.
For 500kV and 275kV, separate tripping circuits shall be provided for the Main 1 and
Main 2 Busbar protection relays.
Dedicated High Impedance Busbar protection tripping relays shall be provided for
each circuit breaker.
The tripping circuits for High Impedance Check Zone shall use the negative check
method with cathodic protection scheme.
Adequate and suitable isolating links shall be provided for each tripping circuit.
Page 3-16
3.9 1 Breaker Busbar Protection
1. Policy
1.
In general, 1 breaker busbar configuration is employed on the 132kV and above

systems, where it shall be protected as follows:
Voltage Level
500kV and 275kV
2.
1.
2.
132kV
2. Additional
Policy
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3. Functional
Scheme
1.
132kV
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Tripping
Circuit
Requirements
1.
2.
Busbar Protection Policy

Duplicated Low Impedance Busbar Protection, or High Impedance and
Low Impedance Busbar Protection
Stub Protection
High Impedance or Low Impedance Busbar Protection
Stub Protection
Table 3.9A
The duplicate Low Impedance busbar relays shall be from differe nt manufacturers.
The busbar tripping relay shall be duplicated, except for the 132kV voltage level.
The Stub protection shall be in the form of Differential protection.
The DC supply for the Busbar protection at the busbar protection panels shall be
separated from other protection schemes.
Only the bus-side circuit breakers shall trip when the busbar protection for the 1
breaker operates.
busbar protection scheme:
Voltage
Level
500kV and 275kV
4. Additional
Scheme
Requirements
1.
Rank
M1
M2
M3
M1
M2
Functional Scheme
Scheme
87BBHI or 87BBLO
87BBLO
87S
87BBHI or 87BBLO
87S
Table 3.9B
In general, the 1 breaker busbar Low Impedance Busbar protection scheme

requirements and High Impedance Busbar protection scheme requirements shall
follow the scheme requirements as mention in section 3.8.4 and section 3.8.5
respectively unless specified otherwise.
The Low Impedance Busbar protection shall employ two different methods of
measurement, with 2-out -of-2 operation, where one method shall use biased
differential principle.
The current transformer shall be dedicated for each Low Impedance Busbar relay.
The High Impedance Busbar protection shall be provided with check zone relay using
same CT.
The tripping circuit for 1 Breaker Busbar protection shall be separated from other
protection trip circuits, but shared with the Breaker Failure protection.
For 500kV and 275kV, separate tripping circuits shall be provided for the Main 1 and
Main 2 busbar protection relays.
Page 3-17
3.10 Generator Protection
1. Policy
1.
2.
2. Functional
Scheme
1.
2.
The generator protection shall consider its functional design, protected zones and
fast discriminative tripping, in the following manner;
a. Functions to protect against various types of faults due to electrical and
mechanical stresses and temperature rise,
b. Overlapping main protection zones and the shortest tripping time,
c. Backup protection with short operating time,
d. Degree of protection system depends on the unit rated power, significance
to the power system and its type.
For large generator/transformer units, protection schemes shall be grouped into
completely independent electrically isolated system, with its own auxiliary supply.
Such scheme shall consider group redundancy and also permits on-load testing of
each group by standard testing devices belonging to the generator protection
The functional schemes of generator protection for generator without step-up

transformers are shown below in Table 3.10A.
For distributed generation as well as co-generation, the generator must be protected
for loss of main (grid supply). Generator isolation from the distribution system must
be initiated to prevent me chanical failure of the generator.
Type of Protection
Generator Capacity (MVA)

Protection Grouping
<5
5-100
>100
1
2
l
l
l
Generator Differential
l
l
Distance
l
l
100% Stator Earth Fault
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Overvoltage
l
l
l
Negative Phase Sequence
l
l
l
Underfrequency
l
l
l
Reverse Power
Stage 1
Stage 2
l
l
Pole Slip
l
l
l
l
Stator Overload
l
l
Rotor Overload
l
l
l
Rotor Earth Fault
l
l
Overcurrent
l
l
l
Underexcitation
l
l
Generator Inter-Turn
l
l
l
l
Undervoltage
l
l
Power Plant Isolation
Table 3.10A: Typical General Protection Functions for Generator
Legend:
l - Required
- Optional
3.
Large generators usually have step-up transformer to be connected to HV system.

Depending on generator type, the generator system may also have excitation and
start-up transformers. Table 3.10B shows the functional scheme for protecting these
kinds of generators.
Continue on next page
Page 3-18
Type of Protection
Protection Grouping
1
2
l
l
Overall Differential
l
Distance (HV-Side Step-Up Transformer)
l
Distance (Generator Stator Common)
l
l
Overvoltage
Stage 1
Stage 2
Overexcitation (LV -Side Step-Up Transformer)
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 1
Stage 2
Underfrequency
Stage 1
Stage 2
Reverse Power
Stage 1
Stage 2
l
Pole Slip
l
Stator Overload
l
Rotor Overload
l
Rotor Earth Fault
l
Unit Transformer Overcurrent
l
Unit Transformer Buchholz
l
Step-Up Transformer Buccholz
l
Step-Up Transformer Differential
l
Step-Up Transformer Restricted Earth Fault
l
Step-Up Transformer Earth Fault
l
HV Interconnector Differential
l
Underexcitation
l
Excitation Transformer Overcurrent
l
l
Undervoltage
l
Table 3.10B: Typical Protection Functions for Generator/Transformer Unit
Page 3-19
Overall Unit Differential
Distance (HV-Side Step-Up
Transformer)
Distance (Generator Stator
Common)
Overvoltage
l
l
Stage 1
Underfrequency
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 2
Stage 1
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 2
l
Pole Slip
l
Stator Overload
l
Rotor Overload
l
Rotor Earth Fault

l
Unit Transformer Overcurrent

l
Unit Transformer Buchholz

l
Step-Up Transformer Buccholz

l
Step-Up Transformer Differential

Step-Up Transformer Restricted
l
Earth Fault
l
Step-Up Transformer Earth Fault

l
Interconnector Differential
l
Underexcitation
l
Excit ation Transformer Overcurrent

l
l

Table 3.10C: Generator Protection Tripping Matrix
Stage 1
Overexcitation (LV -Side Step-Up

Transformer)
Stage 2
Reverse Power Relay
Signaling
De-excitation
Type of Protection
Turbine Emergency
Stop Valve
Protection
Grouping
Unit Auxiliary CB
The general and typical tripping matrix is as shown below in Table 3.10C. The actual
implementation shall depend on the functions available to the generator system.
Generator CB
1.
Power System CB
3. Tripping
Matrix
Page 3-20
3.11 Load Shedding Schemes
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
2. Functional
Scheme
1.
The load shedding scheme shall be of either the following;

a. Underfrequency relay and Undervoltage relay,
b. Autotransformer Intertripping.
A combination of Underfrequency and Undervoltage relaying scheme is allowed.
The load shedding scheme shall not be part of the function integrated with bay-level
or station-level computer.
Where the load shedding scheme is required, the following Table 3.11A, describes its
functional protection scheme;
Voltage Level
275kV and 132kV
33kV, 22kV and 11kV
Autotransformer 275/132kV
3. General
Requirements
for
Underfrequency
/Undervoltage
Scheme
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Functional Scheme
27UV + 81UF
27UV + 81UF
Autotransformer Intertripping
Table 3.11A
For transformer in PMU, the load shedding scheme relay shall be connected to the
high voltage side.
The relaying schemes voltage inputs shall be tapped directly from busbar voltage
transformer. Where busbar voltage transformer is not available, the voltage inputs
shall be tapped from voltage selection scheme.
Each busbar section shall have its own load shedding relay.
The load shedding scheme shall be able to trip single circuit breaker or/and multiple
circuit breakers at one time.
The distribution transformer in PPU and SSU, the load shedding relays shall be
mounted on the LV bus coupler or bus section relay panel.
4. General
Requirements
for
Autotransformer
Intertripping
1.
5. Special
Requirement
1.
For SCS equipped substation, the load shedding scheme information shall be made
available.
6. Alarm and
Indication
1.
Alarm and indication facilities, which are meaning and adequate, shall be provided at
each individual bay, where the scheme is designated to trip.
Adequate and meaningful labels shall be provided for the D.C circuits and the tripping
circuits.
2.
2.
The Autotransformer Intertripping scheme shall be mounted on the LV side of relay

panel.
Function for selecting the individual feeder or multiple feeders, at one time, for
tripping shall be made available.
Page 3-21
3.12 Special Protection Scheme
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
Special Protection Scheme shall be dedicated for a particular protect ion function.
Typically, the Special Protection Scheme is designed on case-by-case basis.
The approval of any Special Protection Scheme shall be from the Transmission
Technical Working Committee.
2. Schemes
1.
Currently, the Special Protection Scheme includes, but not limited to the following;
a. Force Generator Tripping Scheme,
b. Islanding Scheme,
c. Interface feeder protection scheme to Large Power Consumer.
Page 3-22
CHAPTER 4
TRIPPING
Chapter 4: TRIPPING, Table of Contents
4.0 TRIPPING ............................................................................................................................. 2

1. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 2
4.1 Tripping Logic ............................................................................................................................................................. 3
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 3
2. Tripping Logic .................................................................................................................... 3
4.2 Tripping Scheme ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 4
3. 500kV and 275kV Systems.................................................................................................... 4
4. 132kV System.................................................................................................................... 5
5. 33kV, 22kV and 11kV Systems............................................................................................... 5
6. Intertrip ............................................................................................................................ 5
Page 4-1
4.0 TRIPPING
1. Philosophy
1.
2.
All tripping elements shall be correctly designed and configured to the designated
relay tripping output contacts.
All tripping logics and schemes shall be correctly designed to trip the relevant circuit
breakers.
Page 4-2
4.1 Tripping Logic
1. Policy
1.
All tripping logic and command shall be designed to open the correct faulty phase or
all the phases of the relevant circuit breakers.
2. Tripping Logic
1.
The tripping logic for the Main and Backup relays are divided into primary equipment
applications and voltage levels, and shown in the tables, Table 4.1A, 4.1B and 4.1C,
below;
Overhead Line Feeders Tripping Logic

Voltage
Fault
Tripping
Type
Mode
500kV &
1. Single-phase-to1-Pole
275kV
ground
Phase-to-phase
Phase-to-phase-to
ground
3. Three-phase
4. Three-phase-toground
All type of faults
3-Pole
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
All
3-Pole
All Main Relay Elements
All type of faults
3-Pole
3-Pole
1.
2.
132kV
33kV, 22kV &
11kV
Main Relay
Elements
21Z (Zone 1)
21Z (Permissive)
87CD (Within LZOP)
87CC (Within LZOP)
21Z (Zone 2)
21Z (Zone 3)
21Z (Zone 3R)
DEFC
Main Relay Elements
Backup Relay
Elements
N/A
All Backup Relay

Elements
All Backup Relay

Elements
All Backup Relay

Elements
All Backup Relay
Elements
Table 4.1A
Underground Cable, Transformer, Capacitor, Reactor Tripping Logic

Voltage
Fault
Tripping
Main Relay
Type
Mode
Elements
500kV, 275kV All type of faults
3-Pole
and 132kV
33kV, 22kV &
All type of faults
3-Pole
11kV
Table 4.1B
Backup Relay
Elements
All Backup Relay
Elements
All Backup Relay
Elements
Busbar, and Circuit Breaker Failure Tripping Logic

Voltage
Fault
Tripping
Main Relay
Type
Mode
Elements
500kV &
All type of faults
3-Pole
275kV
132kV, 33kV,
All type of faults
3-Pole
22kV & 11kV
Table 4.1C
Backup Relay
Elements
All Backup Relay
Elements1
All Backup Relay
Elements1
Pole discordance and load shedding scheme do not initiate Circuit Breaker Failure protection.
Page 4-3
4.2 Tripping Scheme
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Requirements
1.
3. 500kV and
275kV Systems
1.
All circuit breakers shall be provided with adequate and suitable tripping scheme.
Tripping scheme shall be designed to trip the CB upon receiving the tripping
command from the protection relays and control command, without any additional
delay.
For all the 132kV and above circuit breakers, redundant trip circuits shall be provided.
Lockout trip facility shall be provided to prevent inadvertent closing of circuit breaker,
except for 33kV, 22kV and 11kV underground cable circuit breakers.
All the tripping schemes shall follow the conceptual drawings of as shown in
Appendix A.
2. The trip contact shall be of heavy-duty type suitable for direct energising of trip coil.
2. The trip contact shall be of high-speed type to meet the minimum system critical fault
clearance time.
3. All Main protection relays shall initiate direct tripping to the CBs trip coil, and also
initiate all master trip relays (MTR).
4. All Backup protection relays shall initiate all master trip relays.
5. The tripping circuit shall not employ external auxiliary relay for direct tripping of
circuit breakers.
6. Each lockout relay shall trip all the trip coils.
7. An energised trip coil shall be de-energised only by circuit breaker auxiliary contact.
8. Suitable and adequate tripping isolating links shall be provided for each trip coil.
9. Separate and dedicated D.C supply shall be used for each trip coil.
10. Tripping circuit shall be independent of Substation Control System circuitry and
scheme.
11. For High Impedance protective relays where tripping contacts are limited,
multiplication of contacts for initiating Breaker Failure relays and MTR using highspeed and heavy-duty auxiliary relays may be considered.
The requirement for tripping scheme for the 500kV and 275kV systems are tabulated
in the Table 4.2A below;
Equipment
Overhead Line
2.
Basic Requirement
Two MTRs shall be provided for
Main 1 and Main 2 protection
relays shall directly energise trip
coil 1 and trip coil 2 of the
circuit breaker respectively.
Underground Cable
1.
As Overhead Line
1.
Auto-transformer
1.
As Overhead Line
1.
Intertrip scheme shall be made for

tripping the HV side CB and LV side
CB simultaneously. The HV to LV
Intertrip shall trip the LV side CB
directly, while the LV to HV Intertrip
shall initiate the HV side MTR before
tripping the HV side CB.
Bus Tie
1.
Circuit Breaker
Failure
1.
Two MTRs shall be provided for

For all circuit breakers.
1.
2.
Stage 1 retrip local CB.

Stage 2 trip all adjacent CBs.
1.
1.
2.
Special Requirement
In case of fault during reclaim time,
both MTR shall be initiated by
Autoreclose relay.
Main 1 and Main 2 protection relays
shall in itiate MTR1 and MTR2
respectively, for faults that do not
allow autoreclose. MTRs shall not
intiate AR blocking.
Main 1 and Main 2 protection relays
shall initiate both MTR1 and MTR2
respectively.
Table 4.2A
Page 4-4
4. 132kV System
1.
The requirement for tripping scheme for the 132kV system is tabulated in the Table
4.2B below;
Equipment
Overhead Line
1.
2.
Basic Requirement
One MTR relay shall be provided
for each circuit breaker.
Main protection relay shall
directly energise both trip coils
of the circuit breaker.
1.
2.
Underground Cable
1.
As Overhead Line
1.
Power Transformer
1.
As Overhead Line
1.
2.
3.
Bus Coupler
1.
One MTR shall be provided for

Bus Section
Circuit Breaker
Failure
1.
1.
As bus coupler
For required circuit breakers.
1.
1.
2.
Special Requirement
In case of fault during reclaim time,
MTR shall be initiated by Autoreclose
relay.
Main protection relay shall initiate
MTR, for faults that do not allow
autoreclose. MTR shall not intiate AR
blocking.
Main protection re lay shall directly
energise both trip coils of the circuit
breaker and simultaneously initiate
MTR.
As Underground cable.
Intertrip scheme shall be made for
tripping the HV side CB and LV side
CB simultaneously. The HV to LV
Intertrip shall trip the LV side CB
directly, while the LV to HV Intertrip
shall initiate the HV side MTR before
tripping the HV side CB.
The LV Backup relays shall trip only
the LV circuit breaker.
Backup Protection shall initiate the
MTR.
Stage 1 retrip local CB.
Stage 2 trip all adjacent CBs.
Table 4.2B
5. 33kV, 22kV
and 11kV
Systems
1.
The requirement for tripping scheme for the 33kV and 11kV systems are tabulated in
the Table 4.2C below;
Equipment
Overhead Line
1.
Underground Cable
1.
Power Transformer
1.
Bus Coupler
1.
Bus Section
1.
6. Intertrip
1.
Basic Requirement
Main and Backup protection relay shall
directly energise the trip coil of the circuit
breaker.
Main and Backup protection relays shall
directly energise the trip coil of the circuit
breaker.
As 132kV Power Transformer
Backup protection relay shall
energise the trip coil.
As bus coupler
Table 4.2C
Special Requirement
1.
As 132kV Power
Transformer
directly
Intertrip tripping schemes and facilities shall be provided when the need for total
clearance of faults is essential and required for the system and the following
situations;
a. T-off condition,
b. Transformer feeder condition,
c. GIS type busbar.
Page 4-5
CHAPTER 5
PROTECTION: AUTORECLOSE AND

SYNCHRONISING
Chapter 5: PROTECTION: AUTORECLOSE AND SYNCHRONISING, Table of

Contents
5.0 PROTECTION : AUTORECLOSE AND SYNCHRONISING ..................................................... 2

1. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 2
2. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 2
3. General Requirements.......................................................................................................... 2
5.1 Autoreclose Scheme................................................................................................................................................. 3
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 3
3. Selection........................................................................................................................... 3
5. Evolving Fault Logic............................................................................................................. 3
5.2 Synchronising Scheme............................................................................................................................................. 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
5.2.1 Synchronising for Autoreclose............................................................................................................................. 5
5.2.2 Synchronising for Manual Close .......................................................................................................................... 5
Page 5-1
5.0 PROTECTION : AUTORECLOSE AND SYNCHRONISING
1. Philosophy
1.
For overhead lines, after the clearance of transient faults, the circuit breakers shall be
automatically reclosed so as to enhance system stability and increase overall system
availability.
2. Policy
1.
2.
All the overhead line feeders shall be equipped with autoreclose facilities.
All 132kV and above feeders shall be equipped with synchronising facilities to enable
safe interconnection of two sources of supply.
Separate synchronising facilities shall be made available for autoreclose and manual
closing.
3.
3. General
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
The autoreclose and synchronism functions shall be in the same relay, except for
manual closing purposes.
For 275kV and above, the autoreclose and synchronism functions shall be separated
from the Main protection relays.
For 132kV and below, the autoreclose and synchronism functions may be integrated
in the Main protection relay.
Page 5-2
5.1 Autoreclose Scheme
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
2. General
Requirements
1.
3. Selection
1.
All Backup protection relays/elements shall not initiate autoreclose. All Main
protection relays shall be able to initiate autoreclose cycle. For distribution system
networks, autoreclose may be initiated by both protections.
2. The master trip relays (MTR) shall not initiate autoreclose blocking.
3. Autoreclose scheme shall be able to determine the CB status (position and condition)
prior to initiating an autoreclose sequence.
4. Manual closing of CB shall inhibit autoreclose for a short period of time.
5. For single shot application, autoreclose shall not take place when fault occurs during
reclaim time.
6. During single-pole autoreclose, pole discordance, PSB and DEFC shall be inhibited for
the duration of the circuit breaker reclosing signal.
7. The dead time shall be separately adjustable for single-pole and three-pole
autoreclose.
8. The reclaim time, which shall start after the dead time has elapsed, shall be
separately adjustable, preferably for single-pole and three-pole autoreclose.
9. Separate counters for monitoring the single-pole and three-pole autoreclose attempts
shall be provided.
10. Autoreclose shall be initiated as shown by Table 5.1A, while other than specified in
Table 5.1A shall initiate lockout condition.
2.
3.
4. Specific
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
5. Evolving Fault
Logic
1.
2.
1
2
Single-pole and/or three pole, single-shot, autoreclose facilities shall be provided for
275kV and above overhead line circuit breakers.
Three-pole, single-shot, autoreclose facilities shall be provided for 132kV overhead
line circuit breakers.
For 33kV and below overhead line, three-pole multiple-shot autoreclose facilities shall
be made available. Sectionalising scheme shall be provided where necessary.
A 4-way autoreclose scheme selector switch (OFF / 1-pole / 1+3-pole / 3-pole) shall
be made available at the control panel for 275kV and above system.
A 2-way autoreclose scheme selector switch (ON/OFF) shall be made available at the
control panel for 132kV system.
A 2-way autoreclose scheme selector switch (ON/OFF) shall be made available at the
control panel for 33kV system and below.
For 1 Breaker system, separate autoreclose facilities shall be provided for each
breaker in a diameter that controls overhead line feeders.
For 1 Breaker system, all autoreclose facilities in a diameter shall be able to engage
priority scheme to determine the closing sequence priority between the circuit
breakers.
For all multi-terminal and transformer-fed feeders, specific autoreclose requirements
shall be considered on a case-by-case basis.
If the autoreclose selector switch is in the 1+3 pole selection mode, and if a second
single-phase-t o-earth fault occurs during the FSPAR1 dead time, three-pole tripping
shall take place with the DTPAR2 autoreclose cycle starting subsequently.
If the autoreclose selector switch is in the 1 pole selection mode, and if a second
single-phase-t o-earth fault occurs during the FSPAR dead time, three-pole tripping
shall take place without autoreclose.
FSPAR = Fast Single Pole Autoreclose

DTPAR = Delay Three Pole Autoreclose
Page 5-3
Overhead Line Feeders Autoreclose Scheme

Voltage
Fault
Autoreclose
Type
Selection
132kV and above
1. Three-phase faults3
All
275kV and above
1. Single-phase-to1-Pole
ground
3-Pole
1+3-Pole
1.
2.
Phase-to-phase
Phase-to-phase-to
ground
OFF
1-Pole
3-Pole
1+3-Pole
132kV
1.
2.
3.
33kV and below
1.
Single-phase-toground
Phase-to-phase
Phase-to-phase-to
ground
All fault types
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
Table 5.1A
Autoreclose
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Main Relay
Elements
All
21Z (Zone 1)
21Z (Permissive)
87CD (Within LZOP)
87CC (Within LZOP)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
21Z (Zone 1)
21Z (Permissive)
87CD (Within LZOP)
87CC (Within LZOP)
DEFC (POTT)
DEFC (Echo)
21Z (Zone 1)
21Z (Permissive)
87CD (Within LZOP)
87CC (Within LZOP)
21Z (Zone 1)
21Z (Permissive)
87CD (Within LZOP)
87CC (Within LZOP)
DEFC (POTT)
DEFC (Echo)
All
All
21Z (Zone 1)
21Z (Permissive)
87CD (Within LZOP)
87CC (Within LZOP)
DEFC (POTT)
DEFC (Echo)
21Z (Zone 1)
21Z (Permissive)
87CD (Within LZOP)
87CC (Within LZOP)
DEFC (POTT)
DEFC (Echo)
All
21Z (Zone 1)
21Z (Permissive)
87CD (Within LZOP)
87CC (Within LZOP)
DEFC (POTT)
DEFC (Echo)
All
87CD (Within LZOP)
87CC (Within LZOP)
50
51
All
DTPAR
Lockout
FSPAR
FSPAR
DTPAR
Lockout
Lockout
DTPAR
DTPAR
Lockout
DTPAR
Lockout
DTPAR
Lockout
Three-phase faults includes Phase-to-phase-to-phase fault and Phase-to-phase-to-phase-to-ground fault.
Page 5-4
5.2 Synchronising Scheme
1. Policy
1.
Single-phase yellow phase voltage shall be used for synchronising purposes.
5.2.1 Synchronising for Autoreclose
1. General
Requirements
1.
2.
2. Specific
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
The synchronising relay shall be independent of any Main protection relays, except
for 132kV and below. The synchronising relay shall be located in the Main protection
relay panel.
The voltages to the synchronising relay shall be wired through MCBs with indication
facilities.
The synchronising relay shall be able to directly measure the following parameters of
the incoming and running voltages;
a. Phase angle difference,
b. Frequency difference,
c. Voltage difference,
d. Voltage check.
The synchronising relay shall be able to monitor the following conditions;
a. Dead line-live bus (DLLB),
b. Live line-dead bus (LLDB),
c. Dead line-dead bus (DLDB),
d. Synchronism check (SYNC).
Synchronising-fail timer and alarming functions shall be made available.
5.2.2 Synchronising for Manual Close
1. General
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The synchronising relay shall be dedicated for manual closing purpose.

The synchronising scheme shall be easily extensible to cater for future extension.
The synchronising scheme shall be fail-proof against failure of line or busbar voltage
MCBs. Alarm functions shall be included in the event of this blocking.
The synchronising scheme shall be catered for supervisory control purposes.
Interposing voltage transformers (IVT) shall be provided for synchronising purposes if
required.
Back energisation of voltage transformers on dead primary plant shall not be
permitted, and where voltage selection scheme is provided, the scheme shall be failsafe so that component failure cannot result in voltage transformer paralleling.
For SCS-equipped substation, the synchronising function shall be provided by the Bay
Control Unit.
For SCS-equipped substation, a common synchronising relay shall also be provided as
the backup facility.
Page 5-5
2. Specific
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
All the three Specific Requirements of Synchronising for Autoreclose (section 5.2.1.2)
shall be followed.
A key operated synchronising selector switch for each circuit breaker shall be
interlocked such that synchronising can only take place on one circuit at a time.
For SCS equipped substation, the switch shall have two positions, as tabulated below
in Table 5.2.2A.
For conventional substation, the switch shall have three positions, as tabulated below
in Table 5.2.2B.
Position
MANUAL SYNCHRONISE
1.
Conditions and Requirement

The appropriate incoming and running VT supplies shall be applied to
the synchronism relays and synchronising devices.
2. The circuit breaker shall be prepared for closure via the control switch
which checks through the synchronising relay contact from either the
following;
i. dead line-live bus condition, or
ii. live line-dead bus condition, or
iii. live line-live bus condition [Synchronising].
MANUAL OVERRIDE
1. The appropriate incoming and running VT supplies shall be applied
only to synchronising equipment.
2. Under live line-live bus condition, the manual override closing shall not
be permitted.
3. The circuit breaker shall be prepared for closure via the control switch,
and through a contact from dead line-dead bus condition.
Table 5.2.2A: Manual Synchronising Switch for SCS equipped substations
Position
OFF
MANUAL SYNCHRONISE
1.
2.
Conditions and Requirement

No CB closing shall be permitted
The appropriate incoming and running VT supplies shall be applied to
the synchronism relays and synchronising equipment.
3. The circuit breaker shall be prepared for closure via the discrepancy
control switch which checks through the synchronising relay contact.
MANUAL OVERRIDE
1. The appropriate incoming and running VT supplies shall be applied
only to synchronising equipment.
2. Under live line-live bus condition, the manual override closing shall not
be permitted.
3. The circuit breaker shall be prepared for closure via the discrepancy
control switch which checks through the synchronising relay contact
from either the following;
i. dead line-live bus condition, or
ii. live line-dead bus condition, or
iii. dead line-dead bus condition.
Table 5.2.2B: Manual Synchronising Switch for conventional substations
5.
6.
Synchronising instruments shall also consist of incoming voltmeter, running

voltmeter, frequency meter and synchroscope.
These instruments shall be
continuously rated for conventional stations.
For SCS equipped substations
appropriate parameters shall be made available on the Human Machine Interface
(HMI) especially during switching.
For conventional substations, the synchronising equipment that common to all
circuits, e.g. instruments and synchronising relay, shall be mounted on a swing frame
withdraw-able panel. The panel shall be suitably hinged and mounted at the middle
of the control panel assembly so as to be adjustably viewed from any angle of the
circuit breaker remote control positions.
Page 5-6
CHAPTER 6
CONTROL: OPERATIONS
Chapter 6: CONTROL: OPERATIONS, Table of Contents
6.0 CONTROL: OPERATIONS ..................................................................................................... 2

1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 2
2. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 2
3. Definition .......................................................................................................................... 2
4. Overview........................................................................................................................... 2
6.1 CONTROL LEVELS .................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 3
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 3
6.2 CONTROL INITIATION ............................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
6.2.1 Switching Operation ............................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 4
6.2.2 Sequential Switching Operation ............................................................................................................................ 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 4
6.2.3 Setting Of Reference Value .................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.4 Manual Tap Changer Control................................................................................................................................. 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.5 Selection Of Auto/Manual Mode Of Automatic Regulating Devices ................................................................... 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.6 Control Of Parallel Operation Of Transformer...................................................................................................... 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 6
6.2.7 Resetting Of Master Trip Relays ............................................................................................................................ 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 6
6.2.8 Selection Of Relay Group Settings........................................................................................................................ 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 6
6.3 INTERLOCKING SCHEMES ...................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 7
2. Definitions......................................................................................................................... 7
4. Level of Interlocking............................................................................................................ 7
6.3.1 Station Level Interlock............................................................................................................................................ 8
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 8
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 8
6.3.2 Bay Level Interlock ................................................................................................................................................. 8
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 8
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 8
6.3.3 Apparatus Level Interlock ...................................................................................................................................... 8
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 8
6.3.4 Interlocking Schemes............................................................................................................................................. 9
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 9
2. Requirement ...................................................................................................................... 9
6.4 AUTOMATIC CONTROL FUNCTIONS ..................................................................................................................10
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................10
2. Definition .........................................................................................................................10
3. Overview..........................................................................................................................10
6.4.1 Automatic Voltage Control (AVC)....................................................................................................................... 10
1.
2.
3.
4.
Policy (Station Level) ..........................................................................................................10

Requirements (Station Level) ...............................................................................................10
Policy (Bay Level)...............................................................................................................10
Requirement (Bay Level) .....................................................................................................11
6.4.2 Automatic Reactive Control (ARC)..................................................................................................................... 11
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................11
2. Requirements....................................................................................................................11
Page 6-1
6.0 CONTROL: OPERATIONS
1. Background
1.
This chapter;
a. Describes the philosophy adopted for operating and controlling the power
system equipment within TNB substations.
b. Defines the policies and requirements established to support the control
operating philosophy.
2. Philosophy
1.
All control operations should be;

a. Secure, such that no inadvertent control operation shall be possible,
b. Safe, such that a control operation shall never compromise the safety of
plant or personnel,
c. Reliable, such that it shall always be possible to control the plant and the
system at all times.
3. Definition
1.
The table below, Table 6.0A below describes several terms that are commonly used
for control operation purposes;
Terms
Network Level
Station Level
Bay Level
Apparatus Level
Definition
National Load Dispatch Center (NLDC) and Distribution Regional Control
Centers (RCC).
Station Human Machine Interface (HMI) and Station Level Controller (SLC)
for substations equipped with SCS.
Control panel for conventional control system or back-up panel for SCS and
RTCC for transformers.
Control facility at individual switching devices and transformer OLTC.
Table 6.0A
4. Overview
1.
The control operation, as a process, can be summarized into three major control
stages;
a. Cont rol initiation,
b. Interlocking,
c. Control execution.
Page 6-2
6.1 CONTROL LEVELS
1. Policy
1.
Manual
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. Requirements
1.
2.
Only one level shall be permitted to initiate control of the equipment at any instance.
At the location of control levels, with exception of the network level, it shall be
possible to transfer control authority to the next lower priority level.
All control operations are permitted only when the authority for the device is selected
to the respective control level.
The control priority level for substation equipped with SCS shall be as in Table 6.1A.
The control priority for substation with conventional control system shall be as in
Table 6.1B.
3.
4.
5.
control can be initiated from any of these levels;

Network Level,
Substation Level,
Bay Level,
Apparatus Level.
Control priority level for substation equipped with SCS

Level
Source of Control
Level 1
Network Level
Level 2
Station Level
Level 3
Bay Level
Level 4
Apparatus Level1
Table 6.1A
Priority
Lowest
|
|
Highest
Control priority level for substat ion equipped with conventional control system
Level
Source of Control
Priority
Level 1
Network Level
Lowest
|
Level 2
Bay Level
Highest
Level 3
Apparatus Level
Table 6.1B
For switching devices, switching operation at this level shall only be for maintenance and emergency opening.
Page 6-3
6.2 CONTROL INITIATION
1. Policy
1.
The following control operation shall be made available at control level specified in
each sub items;
a. Switching operation,
b. Sequence switching operation,
c. Settings of reference value,
d. Manual tap changer control,
e. Selection of Auto/Manual mode,
f. Control of Parallel Operation of Transformer,
g. Resetting of Master Trip Relays,
h. Selection of Relay Group Settings.
6.2.1 Switching Operation
1. Policy
1.
Switching operation of all switchgears except earthing switches shall be available at

all control levels.
2. Requirements
1.
Switching operation from network, station and bay level shall be of three steps
control SELECT COMMANDEXECUTE.
A switching operation shall be completed before the next operation is initiated within
a substation.
Earthing switch shall only be operable at apparatus level.
Earthing switch for AIS installation shall be mechanically operated with electrical
release facility.
2.
3.
4.
6.2.2 Sequential Switching Operation
1. Policy
1.
The following sequential switching operations for operational purposes shall be made
available at network and station level;
a. Live transfer of individual bay,
b. Live transfer of multiple selected bays,
c. Isolation and normalization of power transformers,
d. Isolation and normalization of overhead line or underground feeders,
e. Isolation of bus section and bus coupler,
f. Isolation of center breaker in a one and a half breaker system.
2. Requirements
1.
The sequence operation shall stop at the unsuccessful command stage and shall not
rollback.
Each individual switching command within the sequence operation shall check with
interlocking scheme.
Each switching operation in the sequence shall wait for successful status confirmation
before commencing subsequent operation.
For substations equipped with SCS, the sequence operation shall be configured in the
SCS.
For substations with conventional control system, the option for the sequence
operation shall be configured in the SCADA system.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 6-4
6.2.3 Setting Of Reference Value
1. Policy
1.
Setting of reference value for the following automatic regulating devices shall be
made available at network, station and bay levels;
a. Automatic Voltage Controller (AVC),
b. Automatic Reactive Controller (ARC),
c. Generator Controller MW set-point,
d. Static VAR Compensator (SVC),
e. Capacitor and reactor controller.
6.2.4 Manual Tap Changer Control
1. Policy
1.
Manual tap changer control shall be made available at network, station and bay
levels, which include raising and lowering the tap changer position.
2. Requirements
1.
When the AVC is in automatic mode, facility to be able to override to manual control
of tap changer shall be made available.
Cancellation of the above override command shall revert the AVC to automatic mode.
In the case that transformers are in parallel operation, the manual tap changer
control shall only be done on master selected transformer.
When the transformer is in local mode, network and station level operation of tap
changer shall be inhibited.
2.
3.
4.
6.2.5 Selection Of Auto/Manual Mode Of Automatic Regulating Devices
1. Policy
1.
Selection of automatic and manual mode of automatic regulating devices, e.g. AVC,
ARC and equivalent, shall be made available at network, station and bay levels.
2. Requirements
1.
At network and station levels, selection of modes from automatic to manual shall
require an override command, while selection of mode from manual to aut omatic
shall require an override cancel command.
At bay level, the selection of modes shall be by automatic/manual selection only.
2.
Page 6-5
6.2.6 Control Of Parallel Operation Of Transformer
1. Policy
1.
Facility for parallel operation of transformer shall be made available at station and
bay levels.
2. Requirements
1.
The control facilities for parallel control of transformers shall cater for the following
operation;
a. Changing of Master/Follower or independent in Master/Follower mode,
b. Changing of transformer grouping, if available,
c. Accepted mode of operation of transformer paralleling shall be either that of
Master/Follower method or other approved paralleling method.
If Master/Follower method is used, it may only be applied to transformers with
identical characteristic.
2.
6.2.7 Resetting Of Master Trip Relays
1. Policy
1.
Resetting of any master trip relays, where applicable, shall be made available at
network, station and bay levels.
2. Requirements
1.
Master trip relays shall provide facility for electrical reset.
6.2.8 Selection Of Relay Group Settings
1. Policy
1.
Changing of relay pre -tested group settings, where applicable, shall be made
available at station level.
2. Requirements
1.
2.
Relays with facility for group setting shall be provided.

Security measures shall be applied at the station level to prohibit unauthorized
access.
Page 6-6
6.3 INTERLOCKING SCHEMES
1. Policy
1.
2.
2. Definitions
1.
All switching devices within a substation shall be interlocked in a manner that ensures
they always operate safely.
The interlocking scheme shall be provided to ensure correct sequence of operation of
the switching devices.
Table 6.3A defines several interlocking levels used in this section;
Terms
Station Level
Interlock
Bay Level Interlock
3. General
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
Category
Operational
Maintenance
4. Level of
Interlocking
1.
Definition
Interlocking scheme incorporating information of more than one bay in the
substation.
Interlocking scheme for a specific bay.
Table 6.3A
For substation equipped with SCS, status information for all switchgear used in
interlocking shall be defined by both normally open and normally close auxiliary
contacts.
Status information for all switchgear use for interlocking shall not be derived from
multiplied contacts.
The interlocking scheme shall satisfy two distinct categories as follows, in Table 6.3B;
Description
Interlocking associated with normal system operation and switching, and
intended to ensure that a pre-determined switching sequence is satisfied.
Interlocking associated with a series of switching operations to render the
equipment or sections of the station safe for access and maintenance by
personnel.
Table 6.3B
Interlocking shall be divided into three levels;

a. Station level interlock,
b. Bay level interlock,
c. Apparatus level interlock.
Page 6-7
6.3.1 Station Level Interlock
1. Policy
1.
Any failure to comply with the station level interlocking scheme shall block the
command from being executed.
2. Requirements
1.
For substation equipped with SCS, the station level interlocking scheme shall be
implemented. The implementation of station level interlocking shall be in either
station level or bay level unit by means of software. Electrical hardwired interlock
shall be implemented for primary equipment local control and remote CB emergency
control.
For substation with conventional control system, the station level interlocking scheme
shall be implemented by means of hardwired electrical interlock.
For GIS substation, software interlock scheme shall be implemented. Additional
electrical hardwired interlock scheme is preferable.
Facility for live transfer shall be provided, and the bus tie protection schemes shall be
trip-block during the live transfer. An alarm shall be provided.
For distribution voltage level, the implementation of hardwired electrical interlock
and/or software may be permitted.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.3.2 Bay Level Interlock
1. Policy
1.
Any failure to comply with the bay level interlocking scheme shall block the command
from being executed.
2. Requirements
1.
For substation equipped with SCS, the bay level interlocking scheme shall be
implemented in the bay unit by means of software. Electrical hardwired interlock
shall be implemented for primary equipment local control and remote CB emergency
control.
For substation with conventional control system, the interlocking scheme shall be
implemented by mean of hardwired electrical interlock.
For GIS substation, software interlock scheme shall be implemented. Additional
electrical hardwired interlock scheme shall be allowed.
For distribution voltage level, the implementation of hardwired electrical interlock
and/or software may be permitted.
2.
3.
4.
6.3.3 Apparatus Level Interlock
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
Specific apparatus level interlocking scheme shall be applicable for maintenance

interlocking.
For AIS installation, earthing switch operation shall be mechanically interlocked.
For transmission voltage level, additional fail-safe checking mechanism for earthing
switch for shall be made using three-phase undervoltage relay.
Page 6-8
6.3.4 Interlocking Schemes
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
2. Requirement
1.
Interlocking scheme shall cater for both operational interlock as well as maintenance
interlock.
All switchgears except circuit breakers shall be prevented to operate on load.
Closing or opening of any earthing switch shall be prevented unless the point of
application is disconnected from all possible sources of supply.
Interlocking scheme design for each switchgear shall consider status of relevant
devices that can be generalized as stated in Table 6.3.4A below;
Apparatus
Circuit Breaker
Isolators
Earthing switch
Operation
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
*where applicable
Interlock Check
None.
Necessary isolators, necessary earthing switches, Master Trip
Relay*, synchronism check*, LV circuit breaker*, and NER
isolators*.
Circuit Breaker.
Necessary earthing switch.
Necessary circuit breakers and isolators.
Necessary circuit breakers and isolators and undervoltage
relay*.
Table 6.3.4A
Page 6-9
6.4 AUTOMATIC CONTROL FUNCTIONS
1. Policy
1.
The following automatic control function are applied in TNB substation;

a. Automatic Voltage Control (AVC),
b. Automatic Reactive Control (ARC),
c. Autoreclosure (See Chapter 5.0),
d. Automatic Switching Sequence (See Chapter 6.2.2).
2. Definition
1.
The following Table 6.4A describes the definition of the AVC and ARC;
Function
Automatic Voltage Control
(AVC)
Automatic Reactive Control
(ARC)
3. Overview
1.
2.
Definition
AVC maintains a busbar voltage within a specific range, using a tap
changer of a transformer or the tap changer of other transformer
connected to the same bus.
ARC controls reactive power flow into a substation by connecting
and/or disconnecting capacitors and/or reactors onto the busbar
depending on monitored voltage and reactive power values.
Table 6.4A
The Automatic Voltage Control (AVC) consists of dual levels i.e. station level and bay
level.
The Automatic Reactive Control (ARC) only consist of one level i.e. bay level
6.4.1 Automatic Voltage Control (AVC)
1. Policy
(Station Level)
1.
Station level Automatic Voltage Control (AVC) function shall coordinates several
transformers in parallel operation.
2. Requirements
(Station Level)
1.
For identical transformers, the parallel operation mode shall be either

Master/Follower method or an approved paralleling method method.
When the master transformer is out from parallel operation the paralleling scheme
shall automatically select new master.
Master/Follower mode shall also incorporate tap out -of-step supervision and block
further operation of tap changer for 1 tap difference.
For different transformer characteristics, an approved paralleling method shall be
used to minimise the unbalance effects.
The paralleling of the transformer shall be automatically determined from the
statuses of circuit breakers and busbar isolators of the transformer together with
statuses of bus ties circuit breakers.
Facilities for overridding the paralleling selection by putting the transformer into
independent manual mode shall be provided.
Any fault or discrepancy that enable the paralleling of transformer to fulfil its function
shall revert all transformers to independent manual mode.
All AVC relays shall undergo and pass acceptance testing, and made listed in the TNB
Accepted Relay List before being accepted to be used in TNB substations.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3. Policy (Bay
Level)
1.
The AVC function shall regulate voltage for each transformer.
Page 6-10
4. Requirement
(Bay Level)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
There shall be independent Automatic Voltage Controller (AVC) functional unit for
each transformer.
The control shall follow step-by-step operation i.e. only single control pulse is
permitted until a desired service position is reached.
AVC shall ensure safe operation by incorporating undervoltage blocking and
overcurrent blocking as well as over voltage monitoring.
During manual control of tap changer, the automatic regulation mode shall be
deactivated.
Facility to decrease the setting voltage by certain preset percentage shall be
permissible from local and remote control levels.
Facility for compensation function due to outgoing feeder impedance shall be
embedded either by means of Line Drop Compensator or Z-Compensation.
Control facilities from various control levels related to bay level AVC as mentioned in
section 6.2 shall be available.
Monitoring facilities for various control levels related to bay level AVC as mentioned in
chapter 7.0 shall be provided.
All AVC relays shall undergo and pass acceptance testing, and made listed in the TNB
6.4.2 Automatic Reactive Control (ARC)
1. Policy
1.
The Automatic Reactive Control (ARC) function shall be applied for all reactors and
capacitors in TNB substations.
2. Requirements
1.
2.
The ARC shall operate based on both continuously monitored busbar voltages.
The automatic function of ARC shall incorporate the status of the relevant circuit
breakers.
Facilities for adjusting the voltage settings (switch in and switch out) and time delay
settings, within acceptable values, shall be provided.
Facility for overriding the automatic function of ARC shall be provided.
All ARC relays shall undergo and pass acceptance testing, and made listed in the TNB
3.
4.
5.
Page 6-11
CHAPTER 7
CONTROL: MONITORING
Chapter 7: CONTROL: MONITORING, Table of Contents
7.0 CONTROL: MONITORING...................................................................................................... 2

1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 2
2. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 2
3. Overview........................................................................................................................... 2
7.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 3
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 3
7.2 STATUS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
7.2.1 Switchgear Status ................................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 4
7.2.2 Status Of Operation Modes.................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 4
7.3 ALARMS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 5
7.3.1 Alarm Handling....................................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 5
7.4 EVENTS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 6
7.4.1 Sequence of Events ................................................................................................................................................ 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 6
7.5 MEASUREMENT........................................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 7
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 7
Page 7-1
7.0 CONTROL: MONITORING
1. Background
1.
This chapter;
a. Describes the philosophy adopted for monitoring the power system
equipment within TNB substations,
monitoring philosophy.
2. Philosophy
1.
Control monitoring provides comprehensive and accurate information for the benefits
of substation operation and operational analysis.
3. Overview
1.
The control monitoring, as a process, can be summarized into four groups;
Group
Status
Alarm
Event
Measurement
Definition
Position of switching devices and operation modes.
An information about a change of state from normal to alert/emergency
situation to be noticed by the operator or system supervisor; must be
acknowledged.
Status change of an external value (e.g. input contact) or of an
internal/calculated value (e.g. trip decision, limit violation), which is recording
with the related instant of time (time tag).
Quantization of electrical, mechanical and thermal quantities.
Table 7.0A
Page 7-2
7.1 GENERAL
1. Policy
1.
The control monitoring process groups shall be available at the following control
levels;
a. Network Level,
b. Substation Level,
c. Bay Level.
2. Requirements
1.
All substation parameters critical to the operation of the substation shall be

monitored.
All alarms and device statuses shall use the standard TNB terminology which have
been approved by Transmission Technical Working Committee for all substations
throughout the system.
2.
Page 7-3
7.2 STATUS
7.2.1 Switchgear Status
1. Policy
1.
The status of all switchgears shall be monitored at the following levels;

a. Network Level,
b. Subst ation Level,
c. Bay Level,
d. Apparatus Level.
2. Requirements
1.
For voltage level 275kV and above, all poles of circuit breakers, isolators and earthing
switchers shall be utilised to determine the open and close status.
For voltage level 275kV and above, individual circuit breakers, isolators and earthing
switchers pole status shall be monitored.
Status indication for all switching devices at network, station and bay level shall
incorporate both normally open and close auxiliary contacts.
2.
3.
7.2.2 Status Of Operation Modes
1. Policy
1.
The following operation modes for applicable devices shall be monitored at network,
station and bay levels;
a. Automatic devices,
b. Transformer paralleling modes,
c. Control level authority.
2. Requirements
1.
Operational modes having more than two states shall employ double bit indication for
network and station level monitoring.
Page 7-4
7.3 ALARMS
1. Policy
1.
2.
All alarms shall be monitored at network, station and bay levels.

All alarms shall use standard TNB terminology.
2. Requirements
1.
2.
All alarms shall be made available for network level interface.

For SCS, the alarms shall also be indicated at station HMI and at annunciator
windows of the back-up panel that are being grouped into various common alarms.
For conventional control system, the alarm for each bay shall be indicated at
annunciator windows of the associated bay control panel.
Alarms shall be presented in both visual and audible forms.
For conventional control system, monitoring of alarms at network level shall be
utilizing normally open voltage free contacts.
Alarms shall remain in close or make positions as long as the alarm conditions still
persist.
Attended/Unattended facility shall be provided to enable/disable the audible and
visual alarms.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
7.3.1 Alarm Handling
1. Policy
1.
Alarms shall be handled in a manner that they can be distinguished between active,
momentary or acknowledged alarms.
2. Requirements
1.
Active alarms shall blink and trigger the audible device and the acknowledgement of
active alarms shall stop the blinking and audible sound.
Acknowledgement of alarms shall be made from station level or bay level.
For conventional control system, upon clearance and acknowledgement of the
alarms, resetting the alarm will clear the annunciator.
2.
3.
Page 7-5
7.4 EVENTS
1. Policy
1.
Sequence of event (SOE) recording facility shall be provided.
2. Requirements
1.
For conventional control system, the sequence of events recording shall be done at
network level.
For substation equipped with SCS, the SOE shall also be archived at station and bay
levels.
2.
7.4.1 Sequence of Events
1. Policy
1.
Any change of state within the substation shall be recorded as sequence of event and
shall be made available for display and archive at station level and network level
interface.
2. Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
All events shall be time tagged with time resolution of 1 ms.

Simultaneous events shall be registered with the same time tag.
The events shall be archived in chronological order.
Substation with conventional control system, it shall be possible to discriminate the
sequence of two events that occur at least 5 milliseconds apart within the substation.
The source of events shall be derived directly from the initiating source and shall not
be reproduced using multiplying auxiliary relays.
5.
Page 7-6
7.5 MEASUREMENT
1. Policy
1.
Measurement for the following items shall be made available at network, station and
bay levels;
a. All electrical measurands such as active power, reactive power, voltage,
current, frequency, power factor,
b. D.C battery charger voltage,
c. Transformer tap position,
d. Transformer temperature.
2. Requirements
1.
For substations equipped with SCS, all electrical measurands to the bay controller
shall be derived from direct CT and VT inputs.
For measurements such as D.C Voltage and 415 A.C Voltage and non-electrical
measurands shall be derived from 4-20mA sources.
Measurement for transformer tap position shall be derived from BCD devices.
2.
3.
Page 7-7
CHAPTER 8
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Chapter 8: CONTROL SYSTEMS, Table of Contents
8.0 CONTROL SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................ 2

1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 2
2. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 2
3. Definition .......................................................................................................................... 2
8.1 SELECTION OF CONTROL SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................... 3
8.1.1 New Substation....................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 3
8.1.2 SCS Retrofitting ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 3
8.1.3 Substation Extension............................................................................................................................................. 3
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 3
8.2. CONVENTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM .................................................................................................................. 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
8.2.1 Control Mimic Panel................................................................................................................................................ 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 4
8.2.2 Network Level Interface.......................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 4
8.2.3 Display of measured parameters........................................................................................................................... 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
8.2.4 Control Command Interface ................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Requirement ...................................................................................................................... 5
8.3 SUBSTATION CONTROL SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 6
8.3.1 SCS General Requirements.................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
2. Requirement ...................................................................................................................... 6
8.3.2 General System Architecture................................................................................................................................ 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
8.3.3 SCS Basic Functions ............................................................................................................................................. 7
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 7
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 7
3. Definition .......................................................................................................................... 7
8.3.4 Function Allocation................................................................................................................................................ 8
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 8
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 8
8.3.5 Integration of Protection Functions ..................................................................................................................... 8
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 8
2. Requirement ...................................................................................................................... 8
8.3.6 Integration of Automatic Functions...................................................................................................................... 8
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 8
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 8
8.3.7 Station Level Control and Monitoring Facilities (Station HMI) ........................................................................... 9
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 9
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 9
8.3.8 Remote Control Center Interface .......................................................................................................................... 9
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 9
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 9
8.3.9 Equipment Qualifications ...................................................................................................................................... 9
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 9
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 9
8.4 SUBSTATION INTERROGATION AND MONITORING SYSTEM ....................................................................10
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................10
2. Requirements....................................................................................................................10
3. Substation Local Area Network .............................................................................................10
Page 8-1
8.0 CONTROL SYSTEMS
1. Background
1.
This chapter;
a. Describes the philosophy adopted for control system method and equipment
within TNB substations,
system philosophy.
2. Philosophy
1.
All control systems for substations shall provide;

a. Secure, safe and dependable control operations,
b. Extensive and accurate control monitoring.
3. Definition
1.
The following table, Table 8.0A, describes the types of control system;
Control System
Conventional Control
System
Substation Control
System
Description
The Conventional Control System is a hard-wired based control system
comprising control panels, switches and annunciators.
Substation Control System is a microprocessor based control system that
provides facilities for the monitoring and control of substations devices
and parameters.
Table 8.0A
Page 8-2
8.1 SELECTION OF CONTROL SYSTEM

8.1.1 New Substation
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
Where required, all 500kV, 275kV and 132kV transmission substations shall be
equipped with SCS.
For substation with multiple voltage levels where equipped with SCS, a single type of
SCS system shall be used.
All new distribution substations shall be equipped with conventional control systems.
8.1.2 SCS Retrofitting
1. Policy
1.
2.
Where required, the existing 275kV and critical 132kV subst ation employing
conventional control system shall be retrofitted with SCS. The retrofitting of SCS will
only encompass transmission levels only.
For distribution level in the transmission substation, the decision to retrofit the
distribution control system shall be made on a case-by-case basis.
8.1.3 Substation Extension
1. Policy
1.
Extension of existing transmission and distribution substations shall fully match up

and work with the existing control system type.
Page 8-3
8.2. CONVENTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM
1. Policy
1.
Conventional control system shall provide control operation and monitoring facilities
for;
a. Control mimic panel,
b. Network level interface,
c. Control Operation,
d. Control Monitoring,
e. Alarm Display,
f. Status Display,
g. Display of measurement.
8.2.1 Control Mimic Panel
1. Policy
1.
The control mimic panel shall provide bay level control in a form of control panel
placed in a centrally designated location within the substation switch house.
2. Requirements
1.
The control mimic panel shall adhere to control panel policies and requirement as
described in chapter 12.0.
In double busbar and single busbar substations, the panel designated for control shall
be configured to allow control for one bay only.
In 1 breaker substation, control mimic panel shall be configured to allow control for
one diameter only.
2.
3.
8.2.2 Network Level Interface
1. Policy
1.
The substation with conventional control system shall be equipped with Remote
Terminal Unit (RTU) for Network Level interfacing. The RTU shall be connected to
supervisory interface panels that shall contain all necessary monitoring and control
signals from the plant.
2. Requirements
1.
The supervisory interface panel shall have facilities to isolate the plant circuits from
the RTU. The detail requirement for the interface panel is as described in chapter 12.
In the case of distributed RTU, the interface panel is not applicable.
The following table, Table 8.2.2A, shows the signal types that shall be used to
interface the control system;
2.
3.
Items
Status and alarms
Analogue input
Control output
Analogue output
Transformer Tap Indicator
Signal Type
Voltage free contacts and/or via protocol interface
4 to 20 mA
Interposing relays
4 to 20 mA output
BCD format
Table 8.2.2A
Page 8-4
8.2.3 Display of measured parameters
1. Policy
At the bay level, analogue meters shall be used to provide reading information on the
measurement.
8.2.4 Control Command Interface
1. Policy
1.
There shall be a control command circuit interface from control system to the
respective apparatus.
2. Requirement
1.
Heavy-duty interposing relays (HDIR) shall be used for interfacing control command
from network level. The HDIR shall be located in each control panel for the respective
bay/diameter.
Page 8-5
8.3 SUBSTATION CONTROL SYSTEM

8.3.1 SCS General Requirements
1. Policy
1.
The Substation Control System (SCS) shall be designed in a manner that ensures
high reliability and availability of the entire system and individual subsystem within
SCS to avoid interruption of its service.
2. Requirement
1.
The SCS shall be designed to meet the following basic requirements;

a. Distributed processing in a bay oriented configuration shall be employed,
b. Each bay shall have its own individual bay control unit. For 1 breaker
system, each diameter shall be equipped with one control unit for each
breaker,
c. The system and scheme shall be designed such that a single failure shall not
affect the operation and functions of both the network level interface
(gateway) and the station HMI at the same time,
d. The system and scheme shall be designed such that a single failure shall not
affect the operation and functions of more than one bay or diameter,
e. All SCS subsystems shall be powered from the substations 110 volts DC
system.
8.3.2 General System Architecture
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
The configuration of SCS shall employ two or three tier hierarchical general system
architecture.
The two-tier system shall be as follows;
a. Level 2 Station Level,
b. Level 1 Bay Level.
In the case of remote I/O being used, the three-tier system architecture shall be as
follows;
a. Level 3 Station Level,
b. Level 2 Bay Level,
c. Level 1 Apparatus Level.
Page 8-6
8.3.3 SCS Basic Functions
1. Policy
1.
The SCS shall perform all conventional control system functions and incorporate
additional added value features.
2. Requirements
1.
The SCS shall support the following basic functions;

a. Station level control and monitoring facilities,
b. Network level interface,
c. All Control operation functions,
d. All Control monitoring functions,
e. Time synchronization,
f. System supervision,
g. Communication supervision,
h. Sequence of Event Recording.
Time source for time synchronization function shall be from GPS master clock
receiver.
2.
3. Definition
1.
The table below, Table 8.3.3A, describes the terminology related to several SCS
functions;
Function
Automatic Sequence
Control
Time synchronization
System Supervision
Communication
Supervision
Description
Series of pre-programmed switching operation.
Ensures the setting and regulation of all real-time clocks in all subsystems
in the SCS and protection system.
Feature in SCS and protection system whereby the function in each unit is
cyclically running to check a failure in the unit continuously.
Supervises the communication system to ensure complete functionality at
all times.
Table 8.3.3A
Page 8-7
8.3.4 Function Allocation
1. Policy
1.
Suitable function allocation to ensure failure effects are confined to a smaller degree
shall be considered.
2. Requirements
1.
Function that encompasses more than one bay shall either be allocated in station
level or bay level equipment.
Function that encompasses only one bay shall be allocated in bay level equipment.
2.
8.3.5 Integration of Protection Functions
1. Policy
1.
2.
2. Requirement
1.
For transmission voltage levels, the main protection functions and control functions
shall not be integrated in the same functional unit.
For distribution voltage levels, the protection and control functions may be
integrated.
Control functions shall be able to use information from protection relays, if necessary,
to achieve certain special functions.
8.3.6 Integration of Automatic Functions
1. Policy
1.
Automatic function for control purposes shall be able to be integrated into the SCS.
2. Requirements
1.
The following automatic function shall be integrated into SCS;

a. Synchronism check for manual closing,
b. Automatic sequence control for bay level.
The following automatic functions may be integrated into SCS: a. Automatic voltage regulation,
b. Automatic capacitor and reactor control,
c. Automatic paralleling of transformers,
d. Logic for voltage selection scheme,
e. Special schemes.
2.
Page 8-8
8.3.7 Station Level Control and Monitoring Facilities (Station HMI)
1. Policy
1.
Station level control and monitoring facilities shall provide all control and monitoring
facilities, such that the entire substation operation can be supervised from t he station
level without leaving the control desk.
2. Requirements
1.
The facilities shall consist of;

a. PC or workstation based Graphical User Interface (GUI) running POSIX
compliant operating system,
b. Alternate backup control panel for bay level control.
The alternate backup control panel shall be as defined in chapter 12.
For GIS substation, the alternate backup control panel may be incorporated into the
local control panel.
2.
3.
8.3.8 Remote Control Center Interface
1. Policy
1.
Information from SCS shall be able to be communicated to the remote control center.
2. Requirements
1.
The communication protocols shall emulate and be compatible with the remote
control centers protocol.
8.3.9 Equipment Qualifications
1. Policy
1.
All hardware used in SCS shall be of high reliability design and shall withstand harsh
operational environment.
2. Requirements
1.
All SCS subsystem equipment shall be certified and type tested as protection grade
equipment except for station HMI.
Station HMI PC shall be certified and type tested as industrial grade equipment.
All SCS systems shall undergo acceptance testing before the systems are accepted to
be used in TNB substation.
2.
3.
Page 8-9
8.4 SUBSTATION INTERROGATION AND MONITORING SYSTEM
1. Policy
1.
2.
2. Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3. Substation
Local Area
Network
1.
2.
All substations shall be equipped with Substation Interrogation and Monitoring

System (SIMS) for remote interrogation and monitoring purposes.
The operation of Substation Interrogation and Monitoring System (SIMS) shall be
independent from the substations control systems.
The failure of SIMS shall not cause any interruption to the normal services of the
primary equipment and secondary equipment inside the substation.
All intelligent subsystems may be connected to the stations local area network (LAN).
All intelligent electronic devices (IED) shall be connected to the stations local area
network (LAN).
All subsystems and IEDs shall be able to be interrogated and monitored from any
remote engineering centers, e.g. Protection Interrogation and Monitoring Center
(PIMC), via the TCP /IP protocol of TNBs corporate networks through SIMS. (See
section 10.1.8)
The examples of subsystems and intelligent electronic devices (IED) are listed below;
a. Protection relays IED,
b. Recorders IED,
c. Fault locators IED,
d. Databank,
e. Condition Monitoring system,
f. Close-circuit television (CCTV),
g. Substation Control System (SCS),
h. Weather station.
The SIMS and remote monitoring centers shall support the following basic functions;
a. Network level interrogation and monitoring facilities,
b. Wide area network functions,
c. Parameter flow,
d. Information flow.
The substation local area network (LAN) for SIMS shall be classified as information
LAN.
The substation LAN shall at least consist of the following;
a. Switch-type hub,
b. Router.
Page 8-10
CHAPTER 9
RECORDERS
Chapter 9: RECORDERS, Table of Contents
9.0 RECORDERS ........................................................................................................................ 2

1. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 2
2. Type of Recorders............................................................................................................... 2
3. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 2
4. Definition .......................................................................................................................... 2
9.1 General.......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. General Requirement ........................................................................................................... 3
2. Data Format ...................................................................................................................... 3
9.1.1 Fault Recorders [FR].............................................................................................................................................. 4
1. Fault Recorder Requirement.................................................................................................. 4

2. Sampling Rate.................................................................................................................... 4
9.1.2 Disturbance Recorders [DR] ................................................................................................................................. 4
1. Disturbance Recorder Requirement......................................................................................... 4

2. Sampling Rates .................................................................................................................. 4
Page 9-1
9.0 RECORDERS
1. Philosophy
1.
All major power system disturbances shall be adequately recorded for post-fault and
disturbance analysis.
2. Types of
Recorders
1.
The recorder is divided into two types;

a. Fault Recorder,
b. Disturbance Recorder.
3. Policy
1.
Fault recorders shall be installed in the selected and important 132kV lines or cable
feeders, and power transformers.
Disturbance recorders shall be installed in all the 500kV and 275kV lines or cable
feeders, and all autotransformers.
All recorders shall undergo and pass acceptance testing, and made listed in the TNB
Accepted Relay List before being accepted to be used in TNB substations
2.
3.
4. Definition
1.
2.
Fault recorder is generally defined as a device to record oscillography of all the

voltages and currents as well as protective relays operations during any fault
condition and switching transients using one sampling rate.
Disturbance recorder is generally defined as a device to record oscillography of all the
voltages and currents as well as protective relays operations during any power
system disturbances including fault conditions, power swing, power system frequency
deviation and other information related to dynamic system performance using two or
more separate sampling rates.
Page 9-2
9.1 General
1. General
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2. Data Format
1.
All recorders shall be provided with at least, but not limited to, 8 analogue channels
and 16 digital channels per feeder.
All recorders shall be capable of storing information in a non-volatile memory and real
time clock operation to safeguard loss of information on system parameters during
periods of D.C. supply interruption.
All recorders shall be provided with an internal clock to time tag each fault record.
The internal clock shall continue to keep time and date during loss of auxiliary power
supplies and have a facility for external time synchronization using Global Positioning
System (GPS) receiver via IRIG-B port.
All recorders shall be able to record analogue inputs ranging from 1% to 100% of
full-scale without clipping, and with a maximum error of less than 2% of the input
value.
Interface facilities shall be provided for the connection of computers to allow the
recorders to be configured from computers keyboard, via direct connection and via
remote communication link.
Interface facilities shall be provided for the connection of remote computers to allow
the fault records data to be accessible and transferred, via direct connection and via
remote communication link via TCP/IP protocol.
Minimum recording time for fast sampling rate shall be 4 seconds and slow sampling
rate shall be 40 seconds.
All faults and disturbances shall be continuously recorded irrespective of the specified
record length.
The fault records data shall be in an open type form, which shall be converted into
COMTRADE format (according to IEEE C37.111-1992). TNB reserves the right to test
and accept the COMTRADE format for compatibility and other purposes.
Page 9-3
9.1.1 Fault Recorders [FR]
1. Fault
Recorder
Requirement
1.
All fault recorders shall provide, in analogue form, at least three phase voltages, zero
sequence voltage, frequency, three phase current, neutral current information, an
digital form event information, such as protection equipment outputs, associated
inter-tripping and signalling equipment outputs and breaker operation at a selectable
pre and post time frame of the primary system faults.
2. Sampling
Rate
1.
The sampling rate for both the analogue and event channels shall be user settable, in
the range of 1000 - 10000 Hz.
9.1.2 Disturbance Recorders [DR]
1. Disturbance
Recorder
Requirement
1.
All disturbance recorders shall provide, in analogue form, at least three phase
voltages, zero sequence voltage, three phase current, neutral current information,
frequency, active power, reactive power, and digital form event information, such as
protection equipment outputs, associated inter-tripping and signalling equipment
outputs and breaker operation at a selectable pre and post time frame of the primary
system faults.
2. Sampling
Rates
1.
Where two sampling rates are available, the sampling rates for both the analogue
and event channels shall be user settable, where they fall in the following ranges;
a. Fast sampling rate
i. 1000 - 10000 Hz
b. Slow sampling rate
i. 10 - 100 Hz.
Where more than two sampling rates are available, the sampling rates for both the
analogue and event channels shall be user settable, and will be defined as in the
guidelines.
2.
Page 9-4
CHAPTER 10
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Chapter 10: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Table of Contents
10. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ............................................................................................... 2

1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 2
2. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 2
10.1 COMMUNICATION REFERENCE MODEL .......................................................................................................... 3
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 3
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 3
10.1.1 Intra-Bay Communication [IF1]........................................................................................................................... 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 4
10.1.2 Inter-Bay Communication [IF2]........................................................................................................................... 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 5
10.1.3 Bay-Station Communication [IF3]....................................................................................................................... 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 5
10.1.4 Apparatus Communication [IF4]......................................................................................................................... 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 6
10.1.5 Inter-Station Communication [IF5]..................................................................................................................... 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 6
10.1.6 Station-Remote Control Communication [IF6]................................................................................................... 7
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 7
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 7
10.1.7 Intra-Station Level Communication [IF7]........................................................................................................... 7
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 7
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 7
10.1.8 Station-Remote Monitoring Communication [IF8]............................................................................................. 8
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 8
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 8
Page 10-1
10. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1. Background
1.
2.
3.
2. Philosophy
1.
The application of substation communication has led to increased reliability due to

reduced number of wiring required to perform functions.
The introduction of digital communication has led to numerous advance functions in
protective relaying and control.
This chapter;
a. Describes the philosophy adopted for communication in the power system
equipment within TNB substations,
operating philosophy,
c. Anticipate the emerging IEC 61850 standard for substation communication
architecture.
The power system communication system shall take into account the following
considerations [IEEE WG9];
a. Delay,
b. Dependability,
c. Security,
d. Electromagnetic Compatibility.
Page 10-2
10.1 COMMUNICATION REFERENCE MODEL
1. Policy
1.
The communications reference model describes the communication architecture in

terms of data flow as defined and recommended by the CIGRE WG 34.03.
2. Requirements
1.
The policy applies to;

a. Network Level,
b. Substation Level,
c. Bay Level,
d. Apparatus Level.
The categories of information flows are as in Table 10.1A.
The communication flows are defined as in Table 10.1B, and as illustratively shown in
Figure 10.1A.
2.
3.
Flow
Operational Flow
Definition
Information for operation of the system with immediate access.
E.g. trip command.
Data communication for parameter change.
E.g. protection relays settings.
Data communicated for post -mortem display, monitoring, archiving and
statistics.
E.g. disturbance record.
Real time data from the process that may be used for operational or
informative functions.
E.g. Voltage indication.
A combination of slow operational, parameter and informative flow.
E.g. Manual open/close command.
Table 10.1A
Parameter Flow
Informative Flow
Primary flow
Supervisory flow
Remote Control
(Control Center)
TIME (Clock)
Remote Monitoring
(Monitoring Center)
IF6
STATION
LEVEL
IF8
DEVICE
e.g RTF
IF3
BAY
LEVEL
DEVICE
Protection
IF1
IF7
DEVICE
e.g MMI
IF2
DEVICE
Control
IF3
DEVICE
Protection
IF4
IF5
IF1
DEVICE
Control
IF4
IF5
APPRATUS
LEVEL
Remote
Protection
(Next station)
Remote
Protection
(Next station)
Figure 10.1A: Schematic Diagram of Data Flow

Page 10-3
Code
IF1
Communication Flow
Intra-Bay Communication
IF2
IF3
IF4
Inter-Bay Communication
Bay-Station Communication
Apparatus Communication
IF5
Inter-Station
Communication
IF6
Station-Remote Control
Communication
Intra-Station
Communication
Station-Remote Monitoring
Communication
IF7
IF8
Definition
Operational flow between related bay devices e.g.
between protection to control or between protection
devices.
Operational flow between different bays.
Supervisory flow between the bay and station level.
The primary flow between the bay and HV primary
equipment.
Operational flow between a local and remote (next
station) protection unit (analogue or digital signals for
teleprotection) or for control interlocking purposes.
Supervisory flow between the station level and remote
control center.
Flow between different devices at the station level.
Parameter and informative flow between the station level
and remote monitoring center.
Table 10.1B
10.1.1 Intra-Bay Communication [IF1]
1. Policy
1.
Intra-bay communication coordinates communication of protection functions among

numerical relays from various suppliers in the same bay and bay controllers.
2. Requirements
1.
The performance speed requirement for IF1 is in the range of 1 ms to 100 ms

depending upon functions [CIGRE WG 34.03].
The following items in Table 10.1.1A falls under intra-bay communication;
2.
Items
Protection-Protection
Protection-Bay Controllers
IEC 61850-9 SCSM for

Process Bus standardization
Practice
Current practice coordinates operat ional transfer/flow of information
using hardwired logical binary signals or optical fibre.
Current practice uses the IEC 60870-5-103 profile or/and the hardwire
logical binary signals to facilitate supervisory flow. A TNB specific
profile shall be defined inside a protocol implementation document
(PID).
An emerging standard for the application of substation Ethernet for
Intra-Bay and Inter-Bay level communication to be considered for later
practice.
Table 10.1.1A
Page 10-4
10.1.2 Inter-Bay Communication [IF2]
1. Policy
1.
Inter-bay communication coordinates communication of protection functions among

numerical relays in the different bays and bay controllers.
2. Requirements
1.

depending upon functions [CIGRE WG 34.03].
The following items as in Table 10.1.2A falls under inter-bay communication;
2.
Items
Protection-Protection
Bay controllers-Bay
controllers
Process Bus standardization
Practice
Current practice coordinates operational transfer/flow of information
using hardwired logical binary signals or optical fibre.
Current practice uses vendor-specific solutions.
Intra-Bay and Inter-Bay level communication to be considered for later
practice.
Table 10.1.2A
10.1.3 Bay-Station Communication [IF3]
1. Policy
1.
The bay-station communication [IF3] is to facilitate communication of primary flow

between;
a. Distributed low impedance busbar protection units and the main unit,
b. Station level controller and bay controllers,
c. Protection-Station Level equipment.
2. Requirements
1.

[CIGRE WG 34.03]
Protection operational flow to be given higher communication quality of service (QoS)
than control information.
The following items as in Table 10.1.3A falls under bay-station communication;
2.
3.
Items
Distributed Low
Impedance Busbar
Protection
Station level-Bay
controllers
Station level-Protection

Station Bus
Practice
Use proprietary protocols on a dedicated protection path.
The
performance speed requirement shall not affect the performance of the
protection relay to clear the fault(s) within the specified maximum fault
clearing time.
Current practice supports vendor-specific solutions
Current practice uses the IEC 60870-5-103 profile or/and the hardwire
logical binary signals to facilitate primary information flow. A TNB
specific IEC 60870-5-103 profile shall be defined inside a protocol
implementation document (PID).
Substation-Bay level communication to be considered for later practice.
Table 10.1.3A
Page 10-5
10.1.4 Apparatus Communication [IF4]
1. Policy
1.
Apparatus communication [IF4] provides communication of operational flow between

relays, bay control unit (BCU) and HV equipment.
2. Requirements
1.
The performance speed requirement for IF4 is less than 1 ms (128 samples/cycle)
[CIGRE WG 34.03]
The following items in Table 10.1.4A fall under apparatus communication;
2.
Items
Relays-HV Equipment
BCU-HV Equipment
IEC 61850-9 Process Bus
Practice
Current practice supports hardwired electrical and/or optical fibre
interfaces.
Current practice supports hardwired electrical and/or optical fibre
interfaces.
An emerging standard for the application of substation Ethernet between
relays and merging units to be considered for later practice.
Table 10.1.4A
10.1.5 Inter-Station Communication [IF5]
1. Policy
1.
Inter-station communication [IF5] provides communication of operational flow

between relays in a local and remote protection unit.
2. Requirements
1.
The performance speed requirement for IF5 shall not affect the performance of the
protection relay to clear the fault(s) within the specified maximum fault clearing time.
The requirements are as tabulated in the following table, Table 10.1.5A, shown
below;
2.
Applications
Teleprotection Signal,
e.g. Distance relays,
Breaker Failure, etc.
Schemes
Teleprotection Data, e.g.
Current Differential and
Current Comparison relays
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Requirements
Transmission of discrete contact logic signals from point to point
with high degree of security and dependability.
The communication interface shall allow communication between the
relays teleprotection interface to the telecommunication equipment.
(See section 2.3)
The main requirement is to eliminate time propagation delay to the
remote signal in order to prevent phase error in the comparison
process and false differential current. On a 50Hz system, 1 ms
creates a phase error of 18 degrees. (See section 2.3.2)
The use of microprocessor-based current differential and current
comparison relays with automatic delay compensation is highly
recommended. (See section 2.3.2)
Microprocessor based current differential and current comparison
relays shall utilize 64 kbps digital interface. The 64 kbps shall
support G.703 frame standards. (See section 2.3.2, 3.1 and 3.2)
In special cases, point-t o-point optical fibre communication shall be
supported. Current practice supports vendor specific solutions. (See
section 3.1 and 3.2)
Table 10.1.5A
Page 10-6
10.1.6 Station-Remote Control Communication [IF6]
1. Policy
1.
Station-remote control communication [IF6] provides communication of operational

flow between bay and station level equipment to the network control center.
2. Requirements
1.
[CIGRE WG 34.03].
The requirements include;
2.
Items
EMS/DMS/SCADA
1.
2.
Feeder
Automation
(Distribution System)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Applications and Descriptions

Requirements are defined by application of the IEC 60870-5-101 or the
TNB WISP+ protocol for SAS gateways and RTU. The IEC 60870-5-101
requirements specific for TNB shall be defined inside the protocol
implementation document (PID).
In future, the EMS/DMS/SCADA applications may support IEC 60870-5104 profile with general-purpose TCP/IP functions, performance and
security facilities.
Feeder automation for distribution systems shall support communication
of Feeder Automation RTU in LV substations (PE) for earth fault
indicators, switches and reclosers in application of Fault Location,
Isolation and Restoration (FLIR).
In the main distribution substation (PPU), the remote terminal unit
(RTU) shall act as a data concentrator.
The communication requirement for the remote control center (RCC) is
defined by application of IEC 60870-5-101 protocol profile.
The revenue metering communication requirement shall support the IEC
60870-5-102 profile.
In future, the feeder automation applications will include voltage
regulators, capacitor bank control and reactor bank control.
Table 10.1.6A
10.1.7 Intra-Station Level Communication [IF7]
1. Policy
1.
Intra-station level communication [IF7] provides communication of operational flow

between devices at station level equipment.
2. Requirements
1.
[CIGRE WG 34.03].
The current practice uses vendor specific solutions.
2.
Page 10-7
10.1.8 Station-Remote Monitoring Communication [IF8]
1. Policy
1.
Station-remote monitoring communication [IF8] provides communication of

operational flow between bay and station level equipment to the remote monitoring
centers.
2. Requirements
1.
2.
The performance speed requirement for IF8 is in the range of 100 ms to 1000 ms.
The requirements include;
Items
Engineering Analysis
(EA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Corporate Application
7.
1.
2.
Applications and Descriptions

Engineering analysis shall use separate communication path for post event analysis, file transfer, IEDs parameter and data maintenance,
planning and corporate access.
The communication shall be based upon TCP/IP (RFC 793/791) protocol.
The application layer protocol suite may include FTP (RFC 959).
The communication security shall be implemented with basic firewall
through routers.
The application layer security shall be implemented primarily for user
authentication.
The network layer security through Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)
may be considere d when necessary.
A real-time Quality of Services shall be provided.
Video Surveillance.
Asset Management.
Table 10.1.8A
Page 10-8
CHAPTER 11
SUBSTATION AUXILIARIES
Chapter 11: SUBSTATION AUXILIARIES, Table of Contents
11.0 SUBSTATION AUXILIARIES ............................................................................................... 2

1. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 2
2. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 2
11.1 D.C SUPPLY SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................. 3
1. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 3
2. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 3
3. D.C Auxiliary Subsystems ..................................................................................................... 3
4. Special Requirements .......................................................................................................... 3
11.1.1 Battery................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 4
3. Battery Type...................................................................................................................... 4
4. Battery Sizing..................................................................................................................... 4
5. Isolatio n............................................................................................................................ 4
6. Battery Rack...................................................................................................................... 4
11.1.2 Battery Charger.................................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 5
3. Operational Requirements .................................................................................................... 5
4. Indication and Alarms .......................................................................................................... 5
11.1.3 D.C Distribution Switchboard............................................................................................................................. 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
Requirement ...................................................................................................................... 6
Special Requirement ............................................................................................................ 6
Indication.......................................................................................................................... 6
11.1.4 Battery Room ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 7
2. Facilities............................................................................................................................ 7
11.2 30V D.C System ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
1. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 8
2. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 8
11.2.1 30V Battery Charger............................................................................................................................................. 8
1. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 8
2. Indications ........................................................................................................................ 8
11.2.2 30V Battery........................................................................................................................................................... 9
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 9
2. Requirement ...................................................................................................................... 9
11.2.3 30V Battery Charger Cubicle............................................................................................................................... 9
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 9
2. Requirement...................................................................................................................... 9
11.3 A.C Supply System................................................................................................................................................10
1. Philosophy........................................................................................................................10
2. Policy ..............................................................................................................................10
3. LVAC System Requirement...................................................................................................10
4. LVAC Switchboard Requirement ............................................................................................10
11.3.1 LVAC Incoming Supply..................................................................................................................................... 11
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................11
2. LVAC Incoming Supply Requirement ......................................................................................11
11.3.2 LVAC Distribution Busbar ................................................................................................................................. 11
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................11
2. LVAC Distribution Busbar.....................................................................................................11
11.3.3 LVAC Outgoing Distribution Circuits ............................................................................................................... 12
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................12
2. LVAC Outgoing Distribution Circuits Requirement .....................................................................12
Page 11-1
11.0 SUBSTATION AUXILIARIES
1. Philosophy
1.
All substations that require Direct Current (D.C) supply and Alternating Current (A.C)
supply for protection and control shall be provided with D.C and A.C auxiliary
systems.
2. Policy
1.
The D.C auxiliary supply shall be regulated and maintained at the suitable voltage
range to power the protections, control equipments and other essential services.
The A.C auxiliary supply shall be regulated and maintained at the suitable voltage
range for the use of other essential load and services.
Both the A.C and D.C supplies shall be taken from regulated sources, e.g. local
transformer equipped with tap changer or equivalent.
2.
3.
Page 11-2
11.1 D.C SUPPLY SYSTEM
1. Philosophy
1.
All essential duties of substation subsystems, i.e. secondary equipment and

telecontrol equipment, shall be powered by D.C auxiliary supplies to provide
continuity of service in the event of loss or interruption of A.C auxiliary supplies, for a
certain duration of time.
2. Policy
1.
2.
There shall be only one dedicated D.C system for each 500kV voltage level.
There shall be one shared D.C system for 275kV voltage level and below, provided all
the secondary equipment is housed in one building.
In the event of extension and where the D.C system needs to be upgraded, the new
D.C source shall be able to cater the existing load and new load.
The nominal system voltage shall be 110 volts D.C for transmission substation, 110 or
220 volts D.C for power station requirements, and 30 volts D.C for 11/0.415kV
distribution substation equipped with circuit breakers.
The D.C system shall have dual parallel redundant chargers and battery banks,
except for the 30 volts D.C system.
The supply for the D.C system shall be from LVAC auxilliary system.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3. D.C Auxiliary
Subsystems
1.
2.
The D.C auxiliary system shall consist of the following subsystems;

a. Battery,
b. Battery Charger,
c. D.C Distribution Board,
d. Interlocking System.
The typical layout for the D.C system shall be as Figure 11.1A;
MCB
MCB
Indicators
& Relays
Indicators
& Relays
Interlock
Charger No. 1
Charger No. 2
Anti-power
reversal device
Indicators
Anti-power
reversal device
Indicators
Battery Bank
No. 1
Battery Bank
No. 2
Indicators
& Relays
Indicators
& Relays
MCB
MCB
DC Busbar
MCB
MCB
DC Distribution Board
DC Distribution
Feeder No. 1
DC Distribution
Feeder No. n
Figure 11.1A: Typical D.C System Layout
4. Special
Requirements
1.
2.
The D.C supply circuits for the Busbar protection scheme and Breaker Failure
protection scheme shall be dedicated and independent of other protection and
control schemes.
For GIS system, the D.C supply circuits for the SF6 low pressure tripping shall be
dedicated and independent from all others.
Page 11-3
11.1.1 Battery
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
The batteries shall be suitable for substation applications where the batteries are
continuously charged and subject to infrequent discharges.
The batteries shall be easily replaced if there is reduction in capacity or abnormal
voltage.
The batteries shall consist of two identical, equally rated banks.
The minimum standby period, where the period for which a battery is required to
perform without recharge, shall be 8 hours.
2. Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The supply for the battery shall be from LVAC auxiliary system.
The battery shall be located in a separate and ventilated room from the charger.
The battery container shall be of translucent plastic type for visible electrolyte level.
The battery terminal polarity shall be colour coded for easy identification.
The battery terminal and inter cell connectors shall be covered with suitable
insulation material to prevent accidental contact or short circuit.
3. Battery Type
1.
2.
3.
4.
The battery shall be of Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) type.

The life duration shall be at least 20 years.
The battery shall have high rate discharge capability.
The performance of the battery shall not be affected due to external temperature
variations.
The battery cells shall be consecutively numbered.
5.
4. Battery Sizing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Isolation
1.
2.
6. Battery Rack
1.
2.
3.
The battery capacity, Ampere-Hours (AH), of the battery shall be calculated

depending on the substation standing and transient loadings, supply cycles and
standby period.
Each battery bank shall have sufficient capacity to supply continuous load for the
standby period.
Each battery bank shall have sufficient capacity to supply high transient current duty
of multiple tripping associated with busbar fault.
The battery minimum voltage shall not be lower than the specified end discharge
voltage.
Each positive pole shall be isolated with suitable rated fuse, for battery isolation
purposes in the event of battery faults. The isolation switch-fuse shall be wall
mounted.
The isolated switch-fuse shall be installed outside the battery room, and shall be
clearly labelled.
Each battery bank shall have its own battery rack with insulated tier stand.
The rack shall be either hard wood or non-corrosive metal.
The battery shall be accessible for maintenance, testing and inspection.
Page 11-4
11.1.2 Battery Charger
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Requirements
1.
3. Operational
Requirements
1.
The battery charger panel shall be floor mounted, front opening for easy access to
facilitate fault locating and testing of individual electronic control units.
2. Each battery charger shall be adequately rated to supply any continuous standing
load with sufficient excess to recharge its own battery bank after emergency
discharged.
3. The battery charger shall supply the normal loads, with the batteries supplying any
peak transient loads above the charger capacity.
4. Three charging rate facilities shall be provided, which are float charge, manual boost
charge and automatic boost charge.
5. The battery charger shall be continuously supervised and alarmed for failures.
6. The facility to detect battery earth fault shall be incorporated in the battery charger.
7. The battery charger shall be short -circuit proof in the event of output short -circuited.
8. The battery charger shall be located inside an air-conditioned room.
9. Facilities for remote monitoring of the battery charger status shall be provided.
10. The battery charger shall be protected from abnormal A.C supply transient and
surges.
11. All transducers and relays used for remote monitoring shall be provided.
2.
3.
4.
4. Indication
and Alarms
Each battery charger shall be designed for operation from either a single-phase 240
volts 50Hz, or a three-phase 415 volts 50Hz depending on substation load
requirement and battery capacity.
The battery charger system shall be of a dual charger with A.C/D.C rectifier control
operating in parallel with battery bank.
The battery charger shall be of constant voltage, current limiting type that shall be
suitable for unattended charging of the batteries.
During normal service, the two battery chargers shall be able to be operated in
parallel for sharing the substation load.
1.
2.
During normal parallel operation, if any of the two battery chargers is required to
boost charge, then the load shall be automatically disconnected from the battery
charger that is undergoing the boost charge.
In boost charge mode, the charger shall be able to restore its battery bank to its full
capacity, and revert to float charge upon completing the boost charge cycle.
During normal operation, the float charge facility shall be able to compensate for its
battery bank self-discharging and to maintain its battery bank in fully charged
condition.
The boost charge shall be blocked when one charger fails. Only one charger is
allowed to boost charge at any one time.
Each battery charger shall be provided with the following separate minimum
indication and alarm facilities, as shown in Table 11.1.2A and Table 11.1.2B
respectively.
All the alarm facility as in Table 11.1.2B shall be made available for remote
monitoring.
INDICATION FACILITIES
Indication
Indicator
Voltmeter
Charger Output, D.C Voltage
Charger Input, A.C Voltage
Battery Output, D.C Voltage
Ammeter
Load Output, D.C current
Battery Output, D.C current
Selector Switch
Float/Boost/Auto Selection
MCB
A.C Mains ON/OFF Input
D.C Mains ON/OFF Output
Table 11.1.2A
Page 11-5
ALARM FACILITIES
Indication
Indicator
Neon
A.C Mains ON
LED
Charger Fail
Charger on Float
Charger on Manual Boost
Charger on Automatic Boost
Earth Fault
Battery Low Electrolyte Level1
Battery Voltage Low
Battery Voltage High
Table 11.1.2B
Colour
GREEN
RED
WHITE
WHITE
YELLOW
RED
YELLOW
RED
RED
11.1.3 D.C Distribution Switchboard
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
D.C distribution board (DCDB) shall be separated from and adjacent to the D.C
battery chargers.
Individual miniature circuit breaker (MCB) shall be provided for each outgoing
circuits.
The MCB size and rating shall be calculated to satisfy the coordination between the
short-circuit requirement and thermal rating requirement.
2. Requirement
1.
3. Special
Requirement
1.
For each 33kV, 22kV or 11kV system, 4 dedicated D.C circuits shall be provided, 2 for
switchgear and 2 for relay panel.
4. Indication
1.
2.
Each outgoing circuit shall be clearly labelled.

All outgoing circuits shall be provided with common indicating red LED alarm.
For 500kV and 275kV, dual D.C circuits shall be provided to each bay for protection
and control purposes, where one circuit is for Main 1 protection and control schemes
and one circuit is for Main 2 protection, BCU, Backup protection and outdoor
switchgear auxiliary supplies.
2. For 132kV, single D.C circuit shall be provided to each bay for protection, BCU,
control purposes and outdoor swit chgear auxiliary supplies.
3. One separate D.C circuit shall be provided for signalling, and alarms purposes.
4. One separate D.C circuit shall be provided for busbar protection and breaker failure
tripping relays at the busbar protection panels.
5. One separate D.C circuit shall be provided for SF6 low pressure tripping, for GIS
system.
6. One separate D.C circuit shall be provided for microprocessor based SCS and RTU
power supply.
7. One separate D.C circuit shall be provided for transformer remote tap changer
controller and its local and master control panels.
8. For G.I.S system, separate D.C circuits shall be provided for each local control panel.
9. All outgoing circuit MCBs shall be monitored.
10. Adequate number of spare outgoing circuits of different ratings, shall be provided.
If applicable
Page 11-6
11.1.4 Battery Room
1. Policy
1.
2.
A separate and dedicated room for all the D.C batteries shall be provided.
The floor shall be acid and alkaline proof.
2. Facilities
1.
The following facilities shall be provided in t he battery room;

a. Exhaust fan, capable of discharging the room air within prescribed time,
b. Louvres, for constant ventilation,
c. Covered room lighting with adequate illumination for working environment
and shall follow the guidelines stipulated in Safety Healt h And Welfare
Regulations 1970,
d. Independent self-charging emergency light shall be provided inside the
battery room, and located at the top of the entrance,
e. The control switches for exhaust fan and room lighting shall be located
outside the room and near the room entrance,
f. Wash basins, with face mirror, complete with a tall-standing tap to facilitate
easy washing of eyes, facial and hands,
g. The room shall be such that the batteries shall not be directly exposed to
sunlight.
Page 11-7
11.2 30V D.C System
1. Philosophy
1.
2.
2. Policy
1.
2.
3.
The 30 volts D.C systems shall be applicable only for 11/0.415kV distribution
substation equipped with circuit breakers.
The D.C system shall be of a single charger and one battery bank.
The charger shall be designed for operation from a single-phase 240V, 50Hz A.C
supply.
The charger shall be of a constant potential, current limiting, suitable for an
unattended operation.
The nominal system voltage shall be 30 volts D.C.
11.2.1 30V Battery Charger
1. Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2. Indications
1.
The battery charger shall be SCR regulated with current output based on substation
load requirement and battery capacity.
The battery charger shall be fitted with an automatic boost facility, which detect and
trigger boost charging. The charger will automatically revert to float charge after a
preset time.
The battery charger must allow for boost charging of batteries with load still
connected, but the output voltage to the load shall be regulated.
The battery charger cubicle shall be free standing, ventilated and vermin proof.
The battery charger shall be supervised and alarmed for failures.
Facility to detect battery earth fault shall be incorporated.
The battery charger shall be protected from abnormal A.C supply transient and
surges.
The battery charger shall be adequately protected against short-circuit and overload.
Each battery charger shall be provided with the following minimum indication and
alarm facilities, as in Table 11.1.5A;
ALARM FACILITIES
Indication
Output Voltage
Output Current
LED
Indicators
Voltmeter, D.C Output
Ammeter, D.C Output
A.C Mains ON
Charger Fail
Charger on Float
Charger on Boost
Earth Fault
Battery Voltage Low
Battery Voltage High
Table 11.1.5A
Colour
GREEN
RED
WHITE
YELLOW
RED
RED
RED
Page 11-8
11.2.2 30V Battery
1. Policy
2. Requirement
1.
2.
3.
Battery shall be of nickel-cadmium of low internal resistance, vented pocket plate

type.
Battery container shall be of a translucent or transparent high impact plastic polymer.
Inter-connecter between batteries shall be covered.
1.
The battery shall be of 40AH rating with minimum end cell voltage of 1.14V.
11.2.3 30V Battery Charger Cubicle
1. Policy
1.
Charger cubicle shall be placed in the switchgear room.
2. Requirement
1.
2.
The cubicle shall be of a free standing, ventilated and vermin proof type.
The physical size should be designed to enable the charger and batteries to be house
in it.
Page 11-9
11.3 A.C Supply System
1. Philosophy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. Policy
1.
2.
3. LVAC System
Requirement
1.
2.
Low voltage alternating current (LVAC) auxiliary supply shall be provided to supply
the substations essential loads and non-essential loads.
LVAC supply shall have duplicated power sources (incomers).
Changeover facilities shall be provided to prevent the occurrence of parallel incomers.
The nominal system voltage shall be 415/240 volt s alternating current (A.C), and the
variation shall comply with the Electricity Supply Act regulations.
The system shall be three phase, four-wire, 50Hz, having the neutral solidly earthed.
The LVAC switchboard shall be in accordance with IEC 60439-1, Low Voltage
Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies, Part 1: Requirements for Type-Tested (TTA)
and Partially Type-Tested (PTTA) Assemblies.
The LVAC switchboard shall be designed in the form of cubicles (floor-standing)
containing modularised incoming and outgoing units.
The LVAC supply system shall consist of the following subsystems;

a. Incoming Circuits,
b. LVAC Distribution Busbar,
c. Outgoing Distribution Circuits,
d. Interlocking System.
The typical LVAC system layout shall follow the conceptual LVAC system as in Figure
11.2A.
Incoming No. 1
Incoming No. 2
Indicators
Indicators
Interlock
CB/Switch Fuse
Switch Fuse/CB
Indicators
Indicators
LVAC Busbar (with
bus-section)
Bus-section
MCB / MCCB
MCB / MCCB
Outgoing Distribution
Feeder No. 1
Outgoing Distribution
Feeder No. n
Figure 11.2A: Typical LVAC System Layout
4. LVAC
Switchboard
Requirement
1.
2.
3.
4.
The LVAC switchboard assembly is designed in the form of cubicles (floor-standing)

containing modularised incoming and outgoing circuits.
There shall be a separate compartment for wiring (cables), for busbars and for each
incoming and outgoing circuits.
The cubicles degree of protection shall be of IP31 in accordance to IEC 60529.
Suitable testing sockets shall be provided.
Page 11-10
11.3.1 LVAC Incoming Supply
1. Policy
1.
There shall be at least two sources of 415V A.C incoming supplies for the LVAC
system. The 415V A.C supply shall be taken from either auxiliary transformers or
local transformer or substat ion earthing transformers.
2. LVAC
Incoming
Supply
Requirement
1.
Each LVAC supply should be equipped with a switch-fuse or circuit breaker to isolate
the incoming supply (when necessary) from the A.C distribution busbars. The rating
of the switch-fuse or circuit breaker shall be able to cater all the loads.
Each LVAC incomer shall have a current transformer and voltage measuring
equipment for current and voltage measurements respectively. A selector switch
shall be provided for the ammeter in order to measure individual phase current.
Individual phase indicating lights shall be provided for the incomers and the busbars.
Each incomer shall have three-element undervoltage relays to monitor the availability
of the incoming A.C supply and the A.C status of the A.C distribution busbars.
The LVAC incoming supply system may be provided with automatic switch-over
facility.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11.3.2 LVAC Distribution Busbar
1. Policy
1.
The LVAC main distribution busbar shall be connected to the LVAC incoming supplies
for the use of distributing the LVAC power via LVAC outgoing distribution circuits.
2. LVAC
Distribution
Busbar
1.
2.
3.
The loading for the each section of the busbar shall be balanced.
Single busbar with bus-section isolator switch of adequate rating shall be provided.
The vertical busbars shall be adequately insulated.
Page 11-11
11.3.3 LVAC Outgoing Distribution Circuits
1. Policy
1.
2.
2. LVAC
Outgoing
Distribution
Circuits
Requirement
1.
2.
The LVAC outgoing distribution circuits shall be able to cater all the substations
essential loads and non-essential loads requirements.
Spare LVAC outgoing distribution circuits shall be provided.
The LVAC outgoing distribution circuits shall be protected with Miniature Circuit
Breakers (MCB) for single-phase connection, and Moulded-Cased Circuit Breakers
(MCCB) or MCB for three-phase connection, depending on the load requirement.
The following list specifies the Substation Services to be supplied with 415V supply by
the LVAC system;
a. Building Services for building lighting & Air-conditioning and power points,
b. Outdoor perimeter lighting and switchyard lighting for AIS substation,
c. Dedicated circuit for control panels, relay panels for testing, panel lighting
and heating purposes for each 500kV, 275kV and 132kV systems,
d. Dedicated circuit for relay control panels (RCP) for each 33kV, 22kV and
11kV systems,
e. Dedicated circuit for indoor switchgear panels for each 33kV, 22kV and
11kV systems,
f. Transformer Oil Treatment Plant,
g. Transformer Local Control Panel,
h. Transformer Master Control Panel,
i.
Transformer RTCC,
j. Battery Chargers,
k. Outdoor Marshalling Kiosk,
l.
Telecommunication equipment D.C Charger,
m. GIS Local Control Panels for GIS substation,
n. Adequate number of spares.
Page 11-12
CHAPTER 12
PANELS
Chapter 12: PANELS, Table of Contents
12.0 PANELS .........................................................................................................................................2

1. Philosophy....................................................................................................................................... 2
12.1 GENERAL PANEL REQUIREMENT .........................................................................................................3
1. Policy .............................................................................................................................................. 3
2. Types of Panels ............................................................................................................................... 3
3. Colour ............................................................................................................................................. 3
4. Construction .................................................................................................................................... 3
5. Mounting......................................................................................................................................... 4
6. Identification Labels......................................................................................................................... 4
7. Test Facilities................................................................................................................................... 4
8. Meters ............................................................................................................................................ 4
9. Heaters ........................................................................................................................................... 4
10. Lighting......................................................................................................................................... 4
12.1.1 Relay Panels and Control Panels..........................................................................................................................5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Policy .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Construction .................................................................................................................................... 5
Orientation ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Arrangement ................................................................................................................................... 5
Test Block ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Isolation Link................................................................................................................................... 6
Annunciator Windows And Alarm Scheme.......................................................................................... 6
12.1.2 Supervisory Interface Panel (for Load Despatch Center) ...................................................................................6
1. Policy .............................................................................................................................................. 6
2. Specific Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 6
12.1.3 Outdoor Marshalling Kiosk....................................................................................................................................6
1. Policy .............................................................................................................................................. 6
2. Construction .................................................................................................................................... 6
12.1.4 Isolator Box .............................................................................................................................................................7
1. Policy .............................................................................................................................................. 7
2. Construction .................................................................................................................................... 7
12.1.5 Transformer Local Control Panel (LCP) and OLTC .............................................................................................7
1. Policy .............................................................................................................................................. 7
2. Construction .................................................................................................................................... 7
12.1.6 Transformer Remote Tap Changer Control (RTCC) ............................................................................................8
1. Policy .............................................................................................................................................. 8
2. General Requirement ....................................................................................................................... 8
12.1.7 GIS Local Control Panel.........................................................................................................................................8
1. Policy .............................................................................................................................................. 8
2. Construction .................................................................................................................................... 8
12.1.8 Battery Charger Panel ............................................................................................................................................8
1. Policy .............................................................................................................................................. 8
2. Construction .................................................................................................................................... 8
Page 12-1
12.0 PANELS
1. Philosophy
1.
2.
All protection, control and any interface to the primary equipment shall be housed
inside cubicles or panels.
All panels shall be installed indoor, inside the substation, except mentioned
otherwise.
Page 12-2
12.1 GENERAL PANEL REQUIREMENT
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
All panels shall follow the general panel requirements.

All the panels shall be adequate and suitable for their intended functions.
Sharing of panel between bay equipments shall not be practiced. For 11kV system, a
maximum of 2 bays in a panel shall only be allowed with clear demarcation.
Panels and their doors shall be effectively earthed. Sufficient length of copper bar
shall be provided in all panels for secondary earthing purposes.
The extension panels shall match the existing installations.
2. Types of
Panels
1.
The types of panels that will be discussed in this document are as follows, but not
limited to;
a. Relay Panel and Control Panel,
b. Supervisory Interface Panel,
c. Outdoor Marshalling Kiosk,
d. Isolator Box,
e. Transformer Local Control Panel and On Load Tap Changer Panel,
f. Transformer Remote Tap Changer Control Panel,
g. Local Control Cubicle,
h. Battery Charger Panel.
3. Colour
1.
2.
The interior of each panel shall be finished with a matte white surface.
The exterior finish and colour of all cubicles shall be light aircraft grey in accordance
to BS381C, Code 627.
4. Construction
1.
All indoor located panels shall comply with enclosure of at least IP31 in accordance to
IEC 60529.
2. All outdoor located panels shall comply with enclosure of at least IP44 in accordance
to IEC 60529.
3. All equipment and devices that are installed outdoor shall comply with enclosure of at
least IP54 in accordance to IEC 60529.
4. Panels shall be suitable for floor mounting and shall provide for bottom entry of
power and multi-core cables via vermin proof plates.
5. Each cubicle shall be well-ventilated through vermin proof louvres fitted with brass
gauze screens.
6. Panel shall be constructed of sheet steel not less than 2mm thickness and shall
preferably be folded construction.
7. All switches for electrically operated apparatus shall be of approved type.
8. Suitable types of switches shall be provided for the various dedicated applications.
9. Current position of switches (push-buttons, discrepancy and discrete types) shall be
clearly displayed and indicated.
10. Lamp test facilities shall be provided for panels with illuminated indicators.
11. Each panel shall be provided with single-phase 13A-240V AC supply complete with
socket and protection, mounted at the front of the panel.
12. The 415/240 volts terminals shall be segregated from other terminals and shall be
fitted with non-flammable transparent plastic covers to prevent contact with any live
parts. Adequate labels shall be provided.
Page 12-3
5. Mounting
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Identification
Labels
1.
2.
3.
Relays and their auxiliary equipment shall not be fitted on the rear doors.
Transparent panel doors may not be applicable for distribution level panels.
All panels shall be accessible from front and rear for transmission level substations.
The cubicle door and relay mounted hinged panels shall have the facility to be
opened and latched to a minimum of 150 degrees position.
All protection relays and control equipment shall be flush mounted on a removable
plate.
For transmission level installations, local control panel of equipment (especially GIS)
shall be made to stand alone and not attached to the primary equipment concerned.
All panels shall be provided with adequate identification labels designating the circuit
name of the particular panels on the front and rear.
The panel identification label shall be placed on the lower side of the front and rear
panel.
All items (relays, fuses, etc) fitted on control and relay panels shall be provided with
identification labels. The labels shall be on or as close as possible to each item.
7. Test Facilities
1.
2.
3.
All panels shall be equipped with test facilities.

Where required, isolation links shall be provided at bottom front face of the panel.
See section 13.1.8.
8. Meters
1.
All indicating instruments and meters shall be of the flush mounted type with dust
and moisture proof covers.
Instruments shall be provided with a readily accessible zero point adjustment.
All meters shall be of analogue type and not transducer driven except for MW and
MVAr in SCS applications.
2.
3.
9. Heaters
1.
Anti-condensation heaters with thermostat control shall be fitted in each cubicle and
placed at a suitable and safe location.
10. Lighting
1.
Suitable illuminations in the panels shall be provided as far as practicable related to

panel lighting, and shall follow the guidelines stipulated in Safety Health And Welfare
Regulations 1970.
Page 12-4
12.1.1 Relay Panels and Control Panels

1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. Construction
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. Orientation
1.
2.
All protection relays including automated scheme relays shall be located on its own
bay protection panels.
All control equipment for controlling the primary equipment shall be located on the
control panels.
Dedicated miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) shall be provided on the control and
relay panels for the individual protection, control and signalling functions.
Control boards and panels shall be provided with mimic diagrams according to the
standard TNB colour code showing the main primary connections in single line AC
schematic form at a convenient height, so as to permit ready operation of the circuit
breaker control switches and discrepancy type switches and indicators which shall be
incorporated on such diagrams.
Earthed anti-static strap or other possible means of anti-static device shall be
provided on each relay panel.
Panels shall be designed such that future extension work on the panel can be carried
out.
Each panel shall form a complete 800mm (Width) x 800mm (Depth) x 2275mm
(Height) enclosure and shall be associated with only one circuit of Main protection
scheme. For any other size of panel, approval shall be sought from the relevant
Technical Committee.
The stiffness of cubicle shall be such as to prevent mal-operation of protection
scheme.
Panels shall be suitable for floor mounting and shall provide for bottom entry of
power cables and multi-core cables via vermin proof plates.
The front door panels shall be of transparent type so that indications and relay
operations are clearly visible without having to open the panel door.
The arrangement of protection relay panels and control equipment panels shall follow
the actual switchgear orientation in the switchyard.
For SCS-equipped substation, relay panels and control panels for their respective bay
or diameter shall be located side by side, adjacent to each other, as typically shown
in Figure 12.1.1A.
Figure 12.1.1A: Typical Relay Panel and Control Panel Location for SCS-equipped
Substation
4. Arrangement
3.
For conventional substation, separate rows of relay panels and control panels shall be
provided.
1.
All relays that give any kind of visual indication shall be located not higher than 1800
mm from the bottom of the panel.
Equipment, relays and terminals shall be readily accessible and shall require a
minimum disturbance of any associated and adjacent equipment for access.
2.
Page 12-5
5. Test Block
1.
Test facilities shall be provided at the front face of the relay panels. These facilities
shall be dedicated for their specific relays and shall not be shared.
6. Isolation Link
1.
2.
Isolation link shall be provided for tripping and carrier signal.

The isolation link shall be clearly and correctly labelled, and located at the lower front
face of relay panels.
7. Annunciator
Windows And
Alarm Scheme
1.
Adequate number of annunciator windows shall be provided for trip and alarm
functions.
For SCS-equipped stations, a limited number of grouped non-latched facia
annunciator windows shall be provided.
2.
12.1.2 Supervisory Interface Panel (for Load Despatch Center)

1. Policy
1.
All Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition facilities in a conventional substation

shall be wired and terminated to an interface panel.
2. Specific
Requirements
1.
2.
Only front access door shall be provided.

The isolating link type of terminal blocks shall be mounted vertically at the rear and
sides of the interface panel.
Each bay shall have its own terminal block group. Each terminal block group shall be
further segregated according to signal types.
The terminal blocks inside the panel shall be adequately labelled.
There shall be adequate space for cabelling and termination of cables from plants
and RTU.
3.
4.
5.
12.1.3 Outdoor Marshalling Kiosk

1. Policy
1.
For A.I.S, all bays shall be provided with outdoor marshalling kiosk to provide
interface between the primary equipment and secondary equipment.
2. Construction
1.
The outdoor marshalling kiosk shall be mounted at the respective bays in the
switchyard.
The marshalling kiosk shall be of vertical construction either free standing or
supported by support steel work on a concrete foundation.
The marshalling kiosk shall be provided with a close fitting lockable rigid steel door
and hinged and latched in such a manner that it can be opened through 190 degrees
from front and rear.
The terminal blocks shall be mounted horizontally in the middle of the marshalling
kiosk on both sides for easy accessibility and unrestricted by interference from other
cubicle devices.
All wiring in the marshalling kiosk shall be supported by cable raceway.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 12-6
12.1.4 Isolator Box

1. Policy
1.
For A.I.S, all isolators shall be provided with outdoor isolator box to provide interface
between the primary equipment and secondary equipment.
2. Construction
1.
The terminal block shall be sized and rated in accordance to the size and current
carrying capacity of the wires. It shall be of the insertion type where the conductor is
tightened by non-removable screws. Terminal entries shall be shrouded such that no
current-carrying metal is exposed.
The terminal block shall be of the removable link type. The link will facilitate in the
testing and isolation purposes of all circuits during maintenance.
Switches, push-buttons and lamps provided shall be of reliable and standard types,
and also easily replaceable when necessary.
Anti-condensation heaters with thermostat control shall be fitted and placed at the
suitable and safe location inside the box.
2.
3.
4.
12.1.5 Transformer Local Control Panel (LCP) and OLTC

1. Policy
1.
All transformers shall be provided with local control panel (LCP) and On Load Tap
Changer (OLTC) to provide interface between the primary equipment and secondary
equipment.
Page 12-7
CHAPTER 13
ANCILLARY EQUIPMENTS
Chapter 13: ANCILLARY EQUIPMENTS, Table of Contents
13.0 ANCILLARY EQUIPMENTS ................................................................................................. 2

1. Philosophy......................................................................................................................... 2
13.1 General Ancillary Equipment Requirements.................................................................................................... 3
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 3
2. Type of Ancillary Equipment .................................................................................................. 3
13.1.1 Master Trip Relays (MTR) .................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Specific Requirement ........................................................................................................... 3
13.1.2 Transducers ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
13.1.3 Terminal Blocks ................................................................................................................................................... 5
13.1.4 Auxiliary Relays / Contactors.............................................................................................................................. 6
13.1.5 Interposing CT/VT ................................................................................................................................................ 6
13.1.6 Trip Circuit Supervision (TCS)............................................................................................................................ 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
3. Specific Requirement ........................................................................................................... 6
13.1.7 Multi-Core Cables................................................................................................................................................. 7
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 7
3. Cable Numbering................................................................................................................ 7
13.1.8 Test Facility.......................................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 7
Page 13-1
13.0 ANCILLARY EQUIPMENTS
1. Philosophy
1.
2.
Ancillary equipment shall be provided to support and facilitate all protection, control
and measurement functions.
All ancillary equipment shall be sized and rated for their functions.
Page 13-2
13.1 General Ancillary Equipment Requirements
1. Policy
1.
2.
All ancillary equipment shall follow the general ancillary equipment requirements.
All ancillary equipment provided shall be of the approved type with suitable rating for
its intended functions.
2. Type of
Ancillary
Equipment
1.
The type of ancillary equipment that will be discussed in this document are as
follows, but not limited to;
a. Master Trip Relay (MTR),
b. Transducer (TDC),
c. Terminal Blocks,
d. Auxiliary Relay/Contactor,
e. Interposing CT/VT,
f. Trip Circuit Supervision (TCS),
g. Multi-core Cable,
h. Test Facility.
13.1.1 Master Trip Relays (MTR)
1. General
Requirements
1.
7.
All master trip relay (MTR) shall undergo and pass acceptance testing, and made
listed in the TNB Accepted Relay List before being accepted to be used in TNB
substations.
MTR shall be provided with suitably rated heavy-duty contacts to trip and lockout the
circuit breaker. The number of contacts shall be sufficient for the tripping
requirements.
All MTRs shall have sufficient normally open (NO) and normally close (NC) contacts to
cater for all interlocking requirements.
All MTRs shall provide electrical reset facility.
All MTRs shall be provided with latched flag relay or LED that can only be reset
electrically from a single command.
Two MTRs shall be provided for 275kV and above systems, and located at each Main
protection panel.
One MTR shall be provided for 132kV system, and located at Main protection panel.
1.
For distribution feeders, MTR will not be provided unless specified otherwise.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. Specific
Requirement
Page 13-3
13.1.2 Transducers
1. General
Requirements
1.
2. Specific
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
3.
All transducers shall be of static type and shall be used to convert A.C or D.C
quantities into a load independent D.C output.
All A.C transducer shall be rated for 50 Hz operations.
Transducers shall be powered up from the substation D.C auxiliary supply.
Transducers shall be of accuracy class of 0.2 or better, unless otherwise specified.
The output range of the transducers shall be of 4 to 20 mA.
All transducers located in the control panel shall only be used for telecontrol and
telemetering purposes.
The types of transducers;
a. True r.m.s A.C voltage,
b. True r.m.s A.C current,
c. Active power,
d. Reactive power,
e. D.C voltage,
f. Frequency.
All transducers shall fulfil and pass the Type Tests requirements.
Page 13-4
13.1.3 Terminal Blocks
1. General
Requirements
1.
All terminal blocks shall comply in accordance to IEC 60947-7-1, and shall undergo
and pass acceptance testing, and made listed in the TNB Accepted Relay List before
being accepted to be used in TNB substations.
2. All terminal blocks rails shall be mounted in accessible position.
3. The spare cores for multicore are not required to be terminated. However, the spare
cores are required to be grouped to each cable and bundled together separately from
the raceway. Each core shall be numbered with core number preceded by cable
number.
4. There shall be not more than two cores of multi-core cables and internal cubicle wires
connected to any one terminal. Where bridging connections are necessary, these
shall be incorporated in the terminal blocks or via insulated comb-type links.
5. Insulated barrier shall be fitted between adjacent terminals.
6. Terminal assemblies are preferably to be of the unit form suitable for mounting
collectively on a standard assembly rail, secured from the front and giving the
required number for ways.
7. Adequate number of spare terminal blocks (typically 10% for each group) shall be
provided. In addition, a spare terminal block group with 10 number of terminal
blocks shall be added.
8. Each terminal shall be numbered in a consecutive order within the group, and each
group of the same rail shall be identified separately. Labels shall be used to
designate different group of assembly rails.
9. The terminal block shall be sized and rated in accordance to the size and current
carrying capacity of the wires. It shall be of the insertion type where the conductor is
tightened by non-removable screws or any approved method. Terminal entries shall
be shrouded such that no current carrying metal is exposed.
10. In all cases, the terminal blocks shall be of the removable, isolatable sliding link type.
The link will facilitate in the testing and isolation purposes of all circuits during
maintenance.
11. For Telecontrol purposes, isolatable link type terminal blocks shall be provided.
12. All terminal blocks shall be provided with standard banana sockets test points.
2. Specific
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
The 415/240 volts terminals shall be segregated from other terminals and shall be
fitted w ith non-flammable transparent plastic covers to prevent contact with any live
parts. Adequate labels shall be provided.
All connections shall be made at the front of the terminal boards and no live metal
shall be exposed at the back.
Clear demarcations and grouping of functions for the DC terminal blocks are to be
exercised.
Page 13-5
13.1.4 Auxiliary Relays / Contactors
1. General
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2. Specific
Requirements
1.
The usage of auxiliary relays shall be minimised.

Whenever necessary, the auxiliary relays may be used for protection, control and
signalling functions only. Auxiliary relays shall NOT be used for direct tripping of the
trip coil.
Auxiliary relay may be used to initiate the master trip relay, where it shall be of highspeed and heavy-duty type, and does not affect the maximum fault clearing time.
All auxiliary relays shall have adequate contact ratings for its particular usage.
Any particular type of auxiliary relays shall be undergo and pass acceptance testing,
and made listed in the TNB Accepted Relay List before being accepted to be used in
TNB substations.
The auxiliary relays used shall be of protective relay equipment manufacturers type.
The operation of the auxiliary relays except time delay relays shall be less than 30
milliseconds.
Auxiliary relays that are sensitive to capacitive effect shall not be used.
All auxiliary relays shall be housed, labelled and arranged according to functions in a
dedicated enclosure within the kiosk/panel.
13.1.5 Interposing CT/VT
1. General
Requirements
2. Specific
Requirements
1.
4.
5.
Interposing Current Transformer (ICT) may be used for vector correction and
magnitude correction for transformer protection scheme.
The use of ICT solely for magnitude correction purposes is not allowed.
ICT and Interposing Voltage Transformer (IVT) used shall have sufficient accuracy
and characteristic for its intended functions.
The ICT and IVT shall be connected as close as possible to the burden.
Saturation ICT may be used if measuring purposes are sharing protection CT circuits.
1.
2.
ICT used shall be of a variable ratio type with a suitable range.

ICT used for measuring purposes shall saturate during fault conditions.
2.
3.
13.1.6 Trip Circuit Supervision (TCS)
1. Policy
1.
All tripping circuits including circuit breaker trip coils shall be continuously supervised
irrespective of its position.
2. General
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Trip Circuit Supervision (TCS) scheme shall not cause any CB to trip.
A set of TCS relay shall be used to monitor one trip circuit only.
Monitoring shall be done continuously, immaterial of the CB status.
Indication on TCS shall only be triggered for discontinuity in the trip circuit.
All TCS relays/schemes shall undergo and pass acceptance testing, and made listed
in the TNB Accepted Relay List before being ac cepted to be used in TNB substations.
3. Specific
Requirement
1.
For 132kV systems and above, two sets of TCS relays shall be provided and located
at each Main protection panel.
Page 13-6
13.1.7 Multi-Core Cables
1. Policy
1.
All multi-core cables used for their intended applications shall be adequately rated
and insulated, with clear and purposeful demarcation.
2. General
Requirements
1.
7.
All secondary cable insulation for the protection, switchgear, control and etc. shall be
rated at 600/1000 volts.
All secondary CT, VT and A.C circuits shall be of copper conductor with minimum
cross sectional area not less than 4mm2 from the instrument transformers to the
terminal blocks in the relay/control panels. The cables shall be colour coded for
phase identification.
All secondary cabling used for control purposes shall be of stranded copper conductor
with minimum cross sectional area not less than 2.5mm2.
For internal panel wiring, the cross sectional area conductor of the copper conductor
may be less than the specified above, provided that it is not less than the minimum
of 2.5mm2 for CT, VT and A.C circuits, while for control circuits it is not less than
1.5mm2.
Cables used for inter-panel wiring shall be adequately armoured. The screen/armour
shall be effectively earthed.
The outdoor-laid cable for used for measurement purposes shall be of screened type
to reduce the effect of EMC interference. The screen/armour shall be effectively
earthed.
A.C inter-panel cables shall be segregated from D.C and control cables.
1.
See section 15.7 and section 15.8.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3. Cable
Numbering
13.1.8 Test Facility
1. Policy
1.
All panels shall be equipped with test facilities.
2. General
Requirements
1.
The test facility shall be designed such that maintenance of all protective relays and
instrument/meters can be carried out on live primary equipment without affecting
any other relays or control schemes that are in service.
Testing facilities shall be provided at a suitable position on the relevant panel.
All test facilities shall undergo and pass acceptance testing, and made listed in the
TNB Accepted Relay List before being accepted to be used in TNB substations.
2.
3.
Page 13-7
CHAPTER 14
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
Chapter 14: INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS, Table of Contents
14.0 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS ........................................................................................ 2

1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 2
2. Type ................................................................................................................................ 2
3. Labels............................................................................................................................... 2
14.1 Current Transformer................................................................................................................................................ 3
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 3
2. Requirements..................................................................................................................... 3
3. Accuracy Class ................................................................................................................... 3
4. Ratio Selection ................................................................................................................... 3
5. Earthing............................................................................................................................ 3
6. Neutral Current Transformer................................................................................................. 3
7. Multiple Turns Ratio ............................................................................................................ 4
14.2 Voltage Transformer................................................................................................................................................ 5
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Type Selection.................................................................................................................... 5
4. Accuracy Class and Burden................................................................................................... 5
5. Earthing............................................................................................................................ 5
Page 14-1
14.0 INSTRUMENT T RANSFORMERS
1. Background
1.
The main functions of instrument transformer (IT) are as follow;

a. Transforms the high values of current and voltage in primary system to
values, which are suitable for measuring instruments, meters, protection
relays and other similar apparatus,
b. Isolates or insulates primary high voltage system from the accessible part of
the secondary systems,
c. Provides possibility to standardize the relays and instrument to rated current
and voltage.
2. Type
1.
The instrument transformers shall be either the following types;

a. Current transformer (CT),
b. Voltage transformers (VT) of either electromagnetic type or capacitive type.
3. Labels
1.
All IT shall be clearly labelled with rating plates and diagram plates, and the plate
shall be on the IT itself and its structure.
Page 14-2
14.1 Current Transformer
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3. Accuracy
Class
1.
Current transformer (CT) shall be used where current related relays and instruments
are used.
The CT should follow the guidelines as in IEC 60044-1 and IEC 60044-6.
The secondary rated current shall be 1 Amp for 132kV system and above, and 1 or 5
Amps for 33kV system and below.
The preferred position of the protection CT shall follow the concept of overlapping
zone as indicated in the Appendix A.
For bus coupler and bus section, t he CT shall be on each side of the circuit breaker.
CT for Unit protection scheme, including neutral CT, shall have identical turns ratio at
all ends. However for retrofitting purposes, CT mismatch may be acceptable if the
protection relay is capable of ratio and vector group corrections.
All the secondary windings of the CT shall be wired to the marshalling kiosk. The
selection of the ratio used shall be from the marshalling kiosk, and not from the CT
secondary terminals.
CT for High Impedance protection schemes1 including neutral CTs shall have identical
characteristics at all ends. Ratio correction via interposing CT shall not be allowed.
The CT burden shall be sufficient and able to cater for all its loads, and shall be more
than 15VA with minimum ALF = 20.
The detailed design and the burden calculation of each CT for correct application
shall be documented and furnished for approval.
The general applications of the CT shall follow the following accuracy class, as in
Table 14.1A;
Application
All non-unit protection and 87L
All unit protection except 87L
SCS, INSTRUMENTS
Energy Metering
Table 14.1A
Class
5P
TPS
0.5
0.2
4. Ratio
Selection
1.
The ratio selection shall follow the guidelines in the IEC 60044-1 and relevant TNB
guidance notes associated with this Code of Practice.
5. Earthing
1.
Secondary windings of each set of current transformers shall be wired to accepted

type terminal blocks and earthed at one point only.
The earthing points of CT shall be in the marshalling kiosk at each bay of the
protected equipment.
Earthing point for high impedance Busbar protection shall be at the dedicated
marshalling kiosk.
The star point of each CT winding shall be looped at the marshalling kiosk and facing
into the intended protected zone
2.
3.
4.
6. Neutral
Current
Transformer
1.
For 33kV and below NCT, it shall be of outdoor (weatherproof) ring type construction
with adequate mounting steelworks, and complete cable box for secondary
connections.
Including High Impedance Busbar Protection, Restricted Earth Fault Protection, High Impedance Transformer Protection and
equivalent.
Page 14-3
7. Multiple
Turns Ratio
1.
2.
3.
Where multiple turn ratios of the secondary windings are used, it shall be possible to
select any secondary ratio without any alteration to the primary turns.
Specific label shall be provided at the secondary terminals of the CT indicating clearly
the connection required for either ratio.
The connections and the turn ratios used for the protection scheme shall be shown
on the appropriated schematic and connection diagrams. The used ratio shall be
underlined.
Page 14-4
14.2 Voltage Transformer
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Type
Selection
1.
2.
3. General
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. Accuracy
Class and
Burden
1.
2.
3.
Voltage transformer (VT) shall be used where voltage related relays and instruments
are used.
Voltage Transformer (VT) shall be designed suitable for protection and control
systems with minimum transient over-reach during fault conditions.
The VT should follow the guidelines as in IEC 60044-2, IEC 186 and IEC 358.
The secondary nominal voltage of the VT shall be 110/v 3 volts alternating current
(AC) per phase.
VT of electromagnetic (inductive) type or capacitor type shall be used without

electronics amplification or equivalent, and shall be accommodated to suit their
particular duties.
Busbar VT shall be provided at all section of the busbar for all 132kV and above
substations for bus separation protection, synchronising scheme, instruments and
interlocking.
The secondary voltage of busbar voltage transformers shall not be paralleled.

The secondary winding shall be protected with single pole MCB located at the
marshalling kiosk for 132kV and above substations. The MCB shall be correctly sized
to trip for any current above the rating of the VT.
Separate secondary windings shall be used to segregate between the protection
functions and metering/control functions.
VT shall be provided for feeders including autotransformer for synchronising
purposes.
The detailed design and the burden calculation of each VT for correct application shall
be documented and furnished for approval.
The general application of the VT shall follow the following accuracy class, as in Table
14.2A.
The burden per winding for VT shall be sufficient and able to cater for all its loads,
and shall not be less than, as in Table 14.2B;
Application
Protection
Instruments
Energy Metering (where applicable)
Class
3P
0.5
0.2
Table 14.2A
Application
132kV and above
33kV and below
5. Earthing
1.
2.
3.
Min. Burden per Winding

50 VA
100 VA
Table 14.2B
No. of Winding
2 or 3
1
The VT primary windings shall be connected in star configuration.

The primary side neutral shall be solidly grounded. However for 33kV and below, the
yellow phase shall be solidly grounded.
The secondary side neutral shall also be grounded at one single point in the
marshalling kiosk.
Page 14-5
CHAPTER 15
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATIONS
Chapter 15: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATIONS, Table of Contents
15.0 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATIONS ........................................................................................ 2

1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 2
2. Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 2
3. Document Structure Requirements......................................................................................... 2
4. Document Preparation Requirements...................................................................................... 3
5. Computer-aided-design and Document Requirements................................................................. 3
15.1 Classification of Documentation........................................................................................................................... 4
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. Function Oriented Documents ............................................................................................... 4
3. Location Documents............................................................................................................ 5
4. Connection Documents........................................................................................................ 5
5. Items List.......................................................................................................................... 5
15.2 Graphical Symbols.................................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 6
2. Basic Rules........................................................................................................................ 6
15.3 General Drawing Rules............................................................................................................................................ 7
1. Policy ............................................................................................................................... 7
2. Drawing Papers .................................................................................................................. 7
3. Drawing Format.................................................................................................................. 7
4. Title Block ......................................................................................................................... 8
5. Reference Grid Systems ....................................................................................................... 9
6. Diagram Layout.................................................................................................................10
7. Signal and Location References.............................................................................................10
8. Terminal Function Drawings.................................................................................................10
9. Circuit Function Reference ...................................................................................................10
15.4 Reference Designation ..........................................................................................................................................11
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................11
2. Principles .........................................................................................................................11
3. Designation block...............................................................................................................11
4. Plant/Higher Level Designation.............................................................................................12
5. Location Designation ..........................................................................................................13
6. Device Designation.............................................................................................................14
7. Switching Device Designation...............................................................................................14
8. Terminal Designation..........................................................................................................15
15.5 Type of Documentation .........................................................................................................................................16
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................16
2. Document Type.................................................................................................................16
15.6 Drawing Function ....................................................................................................................................................17
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................17
2. Drawing function ...............................................................................................................17
15.7 Conductor Designation For Interconnection ...................................................................................................18
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................18
2. Wiring Marking ..................................................................................................................18
3. Cable Marking ...................................................................................................................18
15.8 Conductor Designation For Unit Connection ..................................................................................................19
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................19
2. Wiring Functional Identification.............................................................................................19
15.9 Protective Device Code .........................................................................................................................................21
1. Policy ..............................................................................................................................21
2. Purpose ...........................................................................................................................21
3. Concept ...........................................................................................................................21
4. Relay Flag and Lighting Device Indications..............................................................................21
5. Protective Device Code .......................................................................................................21
P rotection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition
Page 15-1
15.0 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATIONS
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Technical documentations that are complete and adequate shall be provided for each
plant or station as part of the product, system or installation.
The documentations shall be fit for purpose for various tasks and functions
throughout the product life cycle, i.e. for;
a. Engineering design work,
b. Manufacturing,
c. Erection and installation,
d. Testing and commissioning,
e. Fault investigation,
f. Operation and maintenance,
g. Training.
All technical information shall be documented in a proper manner for easy reference.
All as-built documentations shall be kept updated with the latest revision.
Circuit drawings of equipment shall be laminated and placed inside the relevant
panels/cubicles/kiosks.
2. Purpose
1.
The purpose of technical documentations are to;

a. Provide information in the simplest form, consistent, clear and easily
understood,
b. Design, manage, commission, operate and maintain the product, system or
installation,
c. Provide a part of contractual element for supplying the product, system or
installation,
d. Provide an element of after sales process and support,
e. Provide the information required to cover the whole product, system or
installation life cycle,
f. Provide method for information archiving and retrieving.
3. Document
Structure
Requirements
1.
The technical documentation presentation shall be in accordance with a standard and

organized structure.
The documentation structure emphasises the plant tree-like structure hierarchy
where the product or system is subdivided into more specific/smaller sub-products or
subsystems depending on the documentation purpose.
For example, for function-oriented documentation structure, in order for the
documentation to start from general to more specific, the following levels of
documentations shall be established;
a. Overview diagram,
b. Function diagram,
c. Circuit or schematic diagram,
d. Terminal-function diagram.
2.
3.
Page 15-2
4. Document
Preparation
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
5. Computeraided-design
and Document
Requirements
1.
2.
3.
The required information provided in the documentations shall;

a. Exhaustively describe the product/equipment, system or installation,
b. Be accurate, clear, consistent and concise,
c. Be easy to understand,
d. Be fit the purpose for which it is intended, and,
e. Be easy to handle and maintain.
The technical documentation shall provide the document function explanation (for
example, circuit drawings) and the product/system design description (for example,
interlocking circuit).
The documentation presentation shall be;
a. Targeted at practical use,
b. Clear on the statements, diagrams and illustrations,
c. Concise on the text without affecting its clarity,
d. Using reference designation system, for quick identification of each item of
equipment/product or system to which users have access,
e. Possible for future updating as the system develops.
The drawing and diagram preparation shall be computer-assisted using graphics

software (preferably using *.dwg format).
The computer-aided documentation design shall;
a. Support storage and retrieval of information,
b. Support standardised format for database and graphics to permit
documentation to be transported to other software system,
c. Conform to the required documentation practices, and
d. Allow for modification without extensive rework.
In addition to hardcopy technical documentations, a copy of the final as-built
drawings and diagrams shall be stored ont o CD-ROMs.
Page 15-3
15.1 Classification of Documentation
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
2. Function
Oriented
Documents
No.
1.
1.
The technical documentations should be referred to the guidelines as stated in IEC,

BS and ANSI standards and TNB standard practices.
The following minimum documentation classifications shall be established;
a. Function Oriented Documents,
b. Location Documents,
c. Connection Documents,
d. Items Lists.
Other documentation classifications to be established (not describe in the Code of
Practice) are;
a. Installation-specific documents,
b. Commissioning-specific documents,
c. Operation-specific documents,
d. Maintenance-specific documents.
The minimum required function-oriented documents are;
Document
Overview Diagram
2.
Block Diagram
3.
Logic-function diagram
4.
Circuit diagram
5.
Terminal-function
Diagram
Descriptions
Relatively simple diagram, often using single line representation,
showing the main interrelations or connections among the items
within a system, subsystem, installation, part equipment, software,
etc.
For example, single line diagram.
Overview diagram using blocks symbols predominantly. Simplified
representation of a circuit. It shows only the most essential parts, the
basic operation principle, and the system structure.
For example, protection block diagram, protection zone of
overlapping diagram.
Diagram showing details of the theoretical or ideal operation of a
system, subsystem, installation, part, equipment, software, etc. by
means of theoretical or ideal circuits without necessarily taking into
account the means used for implementation.
For example, protection logic diagram, control logic diagram.
Diagram showing the implementation of the circuits of a system,
subsystem, installation, part, equipment, software, etc., depicting
parts and connections by means of graphical symbols arranged to
show the functions but without necessarily taking into account the
physical sizes, shapes, or locations of the items.
It is a detailed representation of the circuit with its individual
components. It illustrates the principle of electrical equipment
operations.
For example, circuit or schematic diagram.
Diagram for a functional unit showing the terminals for the interface
connections and a description of the internal functions. These may be
describe by means of a circuit diagram, simplified if applicable, a
function diagram, a function or sequence chart, or text.
For example, device terminal diagram, apparatus/device drawing list.
Table 15.1A
Page 15-4
3. Location
Documents
No.
1.
1.
The minimum required location documents are;
Document
Installation
Drawing
[Plan]
2.
Installation Diagram
3.
Assembly Drawings
4.
Arrangement drawings
4. Connection
Documents
No.
1.
1.
Descriptions
Drawing [plan] showing the location of the components of an
installation.
For example, layout drawings.
Installation drawings showing the connections between items.
Drawing representing the spatial position and shape of a group of
assembled parts, normally to scale.
For example, panel assembly drawings.
Assembly drawings simplified or supplemented to give information
needed for some particular purpose.
For example, panel arrangement drawings.
Table 15.1B
The minimum required connection documents are;
Document
Connection Diagram
[table]
Descriptions
Diagram [table] showing or listing the connections of an installation
or equipment.
2.
Unit Connection
Diagram [table]
3.
Interconnection
Diagram [table]
4.
Cable Diagram [table]
Connection diagram [table] showing or listing the connections within

a constructional unit.
For example, internal connection table.
Connection diagram [table] showing the connections among different
constructional unit.
For example, inter panel connection diagram
Diagram [table] providing information on cables, such as the
identification of the conductors, the location of the ends and, if
needed, the characteristics, routes and function.
Table 15.1C
5. Items List
No.
1.
2.
1.
The minimum required item lists are;
Document
Parts List
Spare parts list
Descriptions
List specifying the items (parts, components, software, equipment,
etc.) that constitute an assembly (or sub-assembly) and, if
necessary, the reference documents.
For example, material lists.
List specifying the items (part, components, software, bulk material,
etc.) for preventive and corrective maintenance.
Table 15.1D
Page 15-5
15.2 Graphical Symbols
1. Policy
1.
The graphical symbols to be used in technical documentations shall be based on IEC

60617 and TNB practices.
2. Basic Rules
1.
Basic rules for graphical symbols are;

a. Generally, the graphical symbols in circuit/schematic diagrams are presented
in a de-energized and mechanically operated state,
b. The graphical symbols selected shall be appropriate for the particular
purpose of the diagram,
c. The orientation of the symbols depends on the drawing layout signal flow
direction,
d. The symbols legend shall be provided in a separate diagram.
Basic rules for connecting line symbols are;
a. The line width for the graphical symbols, electrical connections and linkage
lines shall be uniform,
b. The connecting lines shall be straight with a minimum of bends and
crossovers,
c. The T -junction of the connecting lines shall be provided with a dot,
d. Thick lines may be used to emphasize or distinguish significant circuit such
as power circuit,
e. Circuitry within a unit may be presented by a boundary frame.
2.
Page 15-6
15.3 General Drawing Rules
1. Policy
1.
International standards, in particular IEC and ISO standards, shall be referred as

guidelines during technical document preparations.
2. Drawing
Papers
1.
The documentation paper especially paper used for the drawings shall have the
following characteristics;
Paper
Characteristics
Quality
Size Standard
Lettering Standard
3. Drawing
Format
Requirements
Minimum of 80 gsm
A3 (297mm x 420mm) or A4 (210mm x 297mm)
ISO 3098, with font name of ISOCPEUR (Regular style)
2.
3.
An A3 size drawing is preferred for the as-built circuit or schematic drawing.

The drawings shall be organised in a heavy-duty, hard cover file with thickness not
more than 3 inches. The sheets shall be punched with more than 2 holes. The
sheets should also be bonded by suitable and easily retractable paper holders. The
file shall be provided with section separators and plastic sheets (before the first sheet
and the last sheet). Book binding is not acceptable.
1.
2.
The drawings for one bay or system may be spread over several sheets.
The technical drawings and diagrams shall be formatted with the following
requirements;
a. Title block,
b. Borders and frame,
c. Reference grid systems,
d. Diagram component layout with graphical symbols, electrical connections
and linkage lines,
e. Reference designations,
f. Signal and location references,
g. Circuit function references,
h. Technical data (if applicable),
i.
Explanatory marking or notes (if applicable),
j. Terminal function.
Page 15-7
4. Title Block
1.
2.
The position of the title block shall be within the drawing space. The portion of the
title block containing the drawing identification shall be situated in the bottom right hand corner of the drawing space.
The following figure, Figure 15.3A, illustrates the typical drawing identification zone
of the title block, based on IEC 61082-1;
Other information, e.g. TNB logo, contractor/
supplier name and logo, issuing date,
approval by and date
Drawing function designation

Reference designation
Identifying zone of title block
Title field
Title field to include:
Document/Drawing type
Bay Name/Type
Drawing function type
Drawing no.
Drawing no.
Revision index
Revision index
Sheet no.
Substation name
Following sheet no.
TNB Identification
no.
Supplier
Identification no.
Figure 15.3A: Typical Title Block based on IEC 61082-1
Page 15-8
5. Reference
Grid Systems
1.
The following figure illustrates the typical reference grid system;

1
DATE
OWNER:
DRAWN
CHECKED
REV
DATE
1
NAME
APP'D BY
2
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
TITLE:
SUPPLIER:
CONTRACT NO.:
TENDER NO.:
DWG. NO.:
SUBSTATION:
/
R E V . THIS SH.:
NEXT SH.:
Package = Visio; Page Size = A4,L; Unit = Inches; Scale = 1in.=1in.; 1 box = 1.25" x 1.25";
Figure 15.3B: Typical Reference Grid

2.
3.
The typical grid starting position is at the upper-left corner. Even number of grid
divisions is chosen in relation to the complexity of the drawings (Preferably 6 by 8
divisions).
The rectangles of the grid should be refe renced by means of capital letters along
vertical edges and numerals along the horizontal edges. The numbering direction
may start at the sheet corner opposite the title block drawing identification zone.
Page 15-9
6. Diagram
Layout
1.
2.
The diagram layout signal flow direction for overview, function, and circuit diagrams
shall be from top to bottom or, alternatively from left to right. The former is
preferred. The controlling system shall be placed to the top or left of the functionoriented group. The preferred circuit diagram layout is illustrated in Figure 15.3C.
The diagram signal flow direction for logic-function diagram shall be from left to
right. The preferred logic-function diagram layout is illustrated in Figure 15.3D.
&
0
0
0
>=1
0
Figure 15.3C: Flow

direction of Circuit Diagram
7. Signal and
Location
References
3.
4.
If the flow is not obvious, connecting lines shall be provided with arrowheads.
Where applicable, the logic function diagram shall differentiate between software and
hardwire logic implementations.
1.
The signal designations for connecting lines or item designation shall be placed above
the horizontal connecting lines or to the left of the vertical lines.
If the connecting lines are interrupted on one sheet or continues on another sheet,
the end of the interrupted line shall be mutually referenced. Grid system reference
and/or sheet number shall be utilized for this function. The location reference is
indicated by the combination of the letter of the row and the number of the column.
These indications may be preceded by the sheet number.
The relay coils and terminals, other equipment secondary contacts, other
manufacturer devices, shall be cross-referred to the terminal function drawings.
2.
3.
8. Terminal
Function
Drawings
1.
2.
3.
4.
9. Circuit
Function
Reference
Figure 15.3D: Flow direction of

Logic Function
1.
Terminal function drawings shall be prepared for all circuit devices. The drawings
shall indicate the device designation, reference sheet and location references.
The drawings shall indicate the number of relay contact used in the drawings and
shall be labelled clearly. The relay type, model, version and rating shall also be
specified. When the contacts and coils/terminals used elsewhere (e.g. on other
circuit diagram sheet), the contact and coils/terminals shall be clearly indicated.
The terminal function drawings shall also include the primary equipment control
circuits, busbar isolator auxiliary contacts timing diagram and other equipment
secondary circuits.
The terminal function drawings may include relay configuration and table of relay
contacts.
For diagram layout signal flow direction from top to bottom, each circuitry function or
group of circuitry functions of the circuit diagrams may be designated at the top of
the drawing space.
Page 15-10
15.4 Reference Designation
1. Policy
1.
All devices or components of electrical equipment/systems shall be identified by a

standardized and uniform reference designation system.
2. Principles
1.
The alphanumeric codes of the reference designation for the purpose of clear and
unique identification of devices are made of the following designations, as in Table
15.4A.
The reference system below does not apply for internal supply system or equipment
within a power station. For power station, the Identification System for Power Plants
or KKS (Karftwerk Kennzeichen System) reference system shall be used.
2.
Qualifying
Symbols
=
Definition of Designation Block

Higher level designation. The installation or part of it to which the device belongs
with regards to function.
Location designation. The place or location at which the device is installed.
Main circuit number and sub circuit number separation. Normally used for further
subdivision of higher level or location designation.
Identification (kind, number, function of item). The designation for each component
or device. For protective equipment, the designation includes the ANSI based device
number instead of numerical code. For example, F87L/1, -F21ZSOTF.
Terminal of the device.
Table 15.4A
+
.
:
3. Designation
block
1.
The reference designation block structure and formation consist of the qualifying
symbols assigned to it and series of alphanumeric characters as the following order,
as shown in Figure 15.4A below;
=
AA
NN
AA
NN
NN
AA
NN
Figure 15.4A
Page 15-11
4. Plant/Higher
Level
Designation
1.
The letter code A of the higher level designation block =AANN is defined as in
Table 15.4B.
Code
Letter A
B
D
E
F
H
J
K
N
NE, NF, NG, NH
NK, NL, NM, NN
2.
HV
Level/Plant
500kV
275kV
132kV
66kV
33kV
22kV
11kV
< 1kV
415/240V A.C
110V D.C
Table 15.4B
A typical example of a 275kV air insulated switchgear AIS switchyard layout

designation is as shown in Figure 15.4B below;
=D01
=D03
=D05
=D07
=D02
=D04
=D06
=D08
Figure 15.4B
3.
A typical example a 132kV gas insulated switchgear GIS switchyard layout

designation is as shown in Figure 15.4C below;
=E01
=E02
=E03
=E04
=E05
=E06
=E07
=E08
Figure 15.4C
Page 15-12
5. Location
Designation
1.
Code
Letter AA
J
N
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
AC
DC
DR
RW
RT or RTC
RTU
SC
SP
ST
2.
The letter code A of the location designation block +AANN is defined as in Table
15.4C.
Location
Junction Box
Auxiliary supply services
Operator desk
Metering panel
Relay panel or protection panel
Switchgear local control panel
Transformer
Supervisory marshalling cubicle (e.g. RTU marshalling)
Outdoor marshalling kiosk
Control panel
Centralised/Interface panel
Communication panel
415/240V LVAC switchboard
D.C charger
Recorder
Relay control panel
Remote tap-changer control panel
Remote Terminal Unit
Station level computer panel
Synchronising panel
Transformer local control panel
Table 15.4C
A typical panel arrangement for 275kV relay and control panel (for AIS station with
SCS facilities) is as shown in Figure 15.4D below. The arrangement shall corresponds
to the actual switchyard layout arrangement.
=D01+W1, =D01+R1, =D01+R2 as follows;
=D01+W1
=D01+R1
=D01+R2
=D03+W1
=D03+R1
=D03+R2
=D04+R1
=D04+W1
PANEL FRONT
PANEL FRONT
=D02+R2
=D02+R1
=D02+W1
=D04+R2
Figure 15.4D
Page 15-13
6. Device
Designation
1.
2.
Code Letter
A
B
C
E
F
G
H
K
L
M
N
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
7. Switching
Device
Designation
1.
Device
Designation
Q0
Q1
Q11
Q12
Q21
Q22
Q15Q19
Q25Q29
Q2
Q5
Q51
Q52
Q8
Q9
Q6, Q61, Q62
The letter code A of the device designation block -ANN is defined as in Table
15.4D.
For protective equipment, the designation includes the Protective device code instead
of numerical code. Refer to Section 15.9 for the protective device code.
For example, Main 1 Distance Protection is represented by -F21Z/1.
Apparatus/device
Device combination, assemblies, subassemblies, BCU
Converter
Condenser, capacitor
Heater, illuminations, lighting
Protection, relays, MCBs, transformer guards
Supply equipment, generator, power supplies
Signalling devices
Auxiliary relays, time delay relays, contactors
Inductor, reactor
Motor
Regulator, amplifier, controller
Metering device, test equipment, measuring equipment
HV circuit breaker, disconnector, isolator, switching devices
Resistor
Switches, control switch, limit switch, push button, selector
Current transformer, voltage transformer, transformer
Transducer
Diode, transistor, semiconductor
Transmission path, cable, busbar, hollow conductor, antennae
Terminal block, plug, socket, outlet, relay test plug
Electrically operated mechanical device, trip coil, closing coil
Filter, limiter
Table 15.4D
The power system switching device designation are as in Table 15.4F.
Apparatus/device
Circuit breaker
Main busbar isolator/disconnector
Main bus section isolator/disconnector
Main bus section isolator/disconnector
Reserve bus section isolator/disconnector
Reserve bus section isolator/disconnector
Main busbar earthing switch
Reserve busbar earthing switch
Reserve busbar isolator/disconnector
Maintenance earthing switch
First maintenance earthing switch
Second maintenance earthing switch
Line earthing switch
Line isolator/disconnector
1 CB tie isolator/disconnector
Table 15.4F
Page 15-14
8. Terminal
Designation
1.
2.
The alphanumerical code of the terminal designation block :AANN corresponds to

the terminal designation specified at the device/equipment.
The location of a device terminal number in the circuit of schematic diagram shall be
consistent with other device terminal numbers(s).
Page 15-15
15.5 Type of Documentation
1. Policy
1.
The type of documentation shall be indicated in the documents and drawings.

Generally, the document type is indicated at the title field of the title block.
2. Document
Type
1.
The possible type of documents are listed as follows, in Table 15.5A;
Code
A
B
Type of Document
General
Overview Diagrams
Block Diagrams
E
F
Installation
Diagrams/Drawings
Logic Function Diagrams
Structural Drawings
Design Drawings
Technical/Design
Dalculations
Equipment Assembly
Drawings
Hydraulic/Gas(SF6)
Diagrams
Function Chart
M
P
R
S
Schematic Diagrams
(Circuit Diagrams)
Terminal Function Diagrams
Parameter Lists, Tables,

Charts
Panel Assembly Drawings
V
X
Z
Panel Arrangement
Drawings
Unit Connection Diagram or
Tables
Interconnection Diagrams or
Tables
Other Documents
Example
Guides, drawing list, document list, master list, indices.
Function-orientated simple diagram, e.g. single-linediagram and network interconnection, etc.
Function-orientated overview diagram, e.g. bay/station
level block diagram, etc.
Ground system layouts and details, lightning system layout
and details, foundation grounding, etc.
Function-orientated diagram showing operation of a
syste/sub-system/installation/etc.
Structural specifications, formwork plans and reinforcement
diagrams.
Portal and lightning rod, cable rack, capacitor rack, etc.
and design drawings for fabrication.
Design calculations such as load calculation, short circuit
calculations, battery sizing, CT sizing, etc.
Equipment drawings such as for isolators, CBs, etc. and
normally to scale.
Gas, pneumatic and hydraulic diagrams.
Power and control system descriptions using steps and
transitions.
Function-orientated overview diagram showing the
implementation of the circuits of a system.
Diagrams for functional unit showing the terminals for the
interface connections and description of the internal
functions.
Function chart (table) describing the function and
behaviour of a control system.
Drawing showing special position and shape of a group of
assembled parts.
Drawings simplified or supplemented to give information
needed for particular purposes.
Connection diagram showing or listing the connections
within a constructional unit, e.g. wiring diagram or wiring
schedule.
Connection diagram showing the connections among
different constructional units such as core schedules.
Time schedule and other supplementary drawings.
Table 15.5A
Page 15-16
15.6 Drawing Function
1. Policy
1.
The drawing function may be indicated in the documents and drawings. Generally,
the document type is indicated at the top right corner of the title block. The intended
drawing function is separated by an oblique stroke ( / ).
2. Drawing
function
1.
The possible types of documents are listed as follows, as in Table 15.6A;
Code
/A
/B
/D
/G
/L
/M
/N
/P
/Q
/R
/S
/T
/U
/X
/Y
/Z
2.
Explanation and Examples

General documents such as drawing/document lists, guides, etc.
Cover Sheet, List of Diagrams, List of Contents, Designation Lists, Legend Symbols,
Abbreviations and Drawing Presentation.
Overview diagram of circuit in single-line representation, such as substation singleline-diagram.
Overview diagram showing the network of interconnected substations, generating
stations, overhead line feeder, underground cable feeder, etc.
Overview location drawing showing location of components of an installation such as
control room layout in a substation building.
Overview location drawing showing connection between items of installation such as
cable layout between switchyard equipments, control and relay panel, etc.
Overview location drawing showing arrangement of panels, corresponding drawing
reference of schematic, wiring schedule, etc. for each panel.
Function oriented block diagrams (bay level and station level)
Function oriented circuit diagrams showing A.C power supply distribution (bay level
and station level)
Function oriented circuit diagrams showing D.C power supply distribution (bay level
and station level)
Function oriented circuit diagrams showing the operating mechanism for switching
devices such as CBs, isolators, etc.
Function oriented circuit diagrams showing local control, station control, remote
control and alike.
Function oriented circuit diagrams showing protection circuits.
Function oriented circuit diagrams showing interlocking circuits.
Function oriented circuit diagrams showing position and status indicators such as
local/remote/supervisory selection mode, open/close for CB, isolator, etc.
Function oriented circuit diagrams signalling and alarm (monitoring) circuits.
Function oriented circuit diagrams showing instrument transformers connections and
circuits.
Function oriented circuit diagrams for metering circuits for current/voltage/active and
reactive power/active and reactive energy flow(import/export).
Function oriented circuit diagrams for feedback control circuits such as transformer
tap changer control.
Function oriented circuit diagrams showing or listing the connections within a
constructional unit such as terminal function diagram of a protection relay.
Location drawing showing the location of the components of an installation such as
isolator installation drawing, CB installation drawing and alike.
Item or part list specifying the parts and components that constitute an assembly and
the reference documents.
Table 15.6A
A numerical digit shall follows the code letter if more than one sheet drawing function
is required. For example, /A1, /A2 and /A3.
Page 15-17
15.7 Conductor Designation For Interconnection
1. Policy
1.
All interconnection conductors, i.e. cable and wiring, shall be clearly marked based on
a standard designation marking.
2. Wiring
Marking
1.
The wiring number marking designation is made of serial combination of cable

related devices as follows, as in Figure 15.7A;
Cable Number
Core Number
Terminal Number
Termination direction from left to right
Conductor
Trip **
Terminal Number
Termination direction from right to left
Trip **
Core Number
Conductor
Cable Number
** Red colour ferrule marker shall be provided for trip circuit only.
Figure 15.7A
2.
The ferrule marker for each block may be differentiated by the use of alternate white
and yellow ferrule marker. The above terminal number ferrules can be divided into
two groups with different colour, i.e. terminal group and dedicated terminal number,
as in Figure 15.7B;
Terminal
Block
E0110
XA
Trip
Conductor
White
Yellow
White
Yellow
Red
Conductor to
be crimped
with lug.
XA:2
Figure 15.7B: Example of Wiring Marking and Colouring
3. Cable
Marking
3.
Wiring function may be included as part of the wiring number marking.
1.
The cable number marking designation is proposed to be made of a series of

alphanumeric character groups as shown in Figure 15.7C below;
A
NN
NN or NNN
Figure 15.7C
2.
The letter code A is defined as voltage level. The first numeric NN group
represents the bay number. The second numeric group NN or NNN is to be
classified based on a designated cable group running number.
Page 15-18
15.8 Conductor Designation For Unit Connection
1. Policy
1.
All unit connection conductors, i.e. internal panel multi-core wiring, shall be clearly
marked based on a standard designation marking.
2. Wiring
Functional
Identification
1.
Each internal panel multi-core wiring shall be identified and marked according to its
function. The identification mark shall also be placed above the horizontal connecting
lines or to the left of the vertical lines of the circuit/schematic drawings.
For terminal block connection, terminal block number may be included with the
wiring functional identification number.
The wiring functions are as follows, as in Table 15.8A;
2.
3.
Code
A
Function
Current transformers for;
Main protection, excluding overcurrent.

Busbar protection.
Backup protection,
Overcurrent protection,
voltage control (if shared with protection),
instruments (if shared with protection).

instruments,
BCU,
metering,
voltage control.
Reference voltage for;
instruments,
BCU,
metering,
protection.
Reference voltage for;
synchronizing.
A.C supplies.
D.C supplies.
D.C circuits used for;
control,
closing, if separate D.C sources of tripping

and closing are provided
Alarms and indications circuits, annunciator,
semaphor indicator, discrepancy switch
indicator and for general indication equipment.
Auxiliary and control motor devices.
For example;
spring charging motors,
transformer cooler motor control, and,
motor for isolator operation.
B
C
L
M
Example
10-29 : Red phase.
30-49 : Yellow phase.
50-69 : Blue phase.
70-89 : Residual circuits and neutral
current transformers.
90 : Earth wires directly connected to
earth bar.
If more numbers are required, the wire
number may consist of three digits in
the multiplication of one hundred.
Odd no. : Live phase

Even no. : Neutral
Any running number from 1 upwards.
Odd no. : Positive terminal
Even no. : Negative terminal
Table 15.8A continue on next page

Page 15-19
Code
N
R
S
T
W
Y
Z
Function
Tap change control including;
automatic voltage control,
transformers paralleling,
tap position,
tap change in progress indications.

D.C tripping circuits for;
protection,
tripping,
Busbar protection tripping.

Interlock circuits not covered above.
D.C instruments and relays, exciter and field
circuits for generator.
Pilot conductors (including directly associated
connection) between panels, independent of
the distance between them, for pilot wire
protection, for inter-tripping or for both.
Control for supervisory including control for
SCS, BCU and RTU.
Example


Status indication for supervisory including

control for SCS, BCU and RTU.
Alarms and indications to and from general
indication and remote selective control
equipments.
From previous page Table 15.8A
For example,
D.C supply
Trip circuit
- J1, J2
- K1
Page 15-20
15.9 Protective Device Code
1. Policy
1.
2.
3.
Protective devices, equipment, functions or systems shall be identified by ANSI based

device code and BS 3939: Guiding Principles.
All relays shall be labelled with the relevant protective device codes. The codes do
not replace the existing protection names. The main relay function shall complement
the protective device codes.
The device reference designation for protective devices shall include the protective
device code. For example, Main 1 Distance Protection is represented by -F21Z/1.
2. Purpose
1.
The purposes of the protective device code are to;

a. Ease the NLDC, RCC and relevant personnel to understand the relay
functions,
b. Ease the reporters and investigators to interpret relay operation,
c. Standardize the relay names or codes,
d. Avoid confusion encountered in determining the relay function for certain
relay make/type when the relay indication/flag/LED operated,
e. Identify the relay function independent of the relay brand/make name.
3. Concept
1.
The concept of the protective device code are;

a. The code shall consist of device numbers and may include suffix letters that
immediately explain the function and type of the protective devices,
b. The code shall be simple as possible,
c. The device number may be followed by combination of suffix capital
letter(s),no more than 4, to further describe the device specific function,
d. Device that perform two relative important functions may be identified by
using double function numbers separated by a plus(+) without spacing,
e.g. 50+51 or 24+59OV.
e. Devices with the same function, but different ranking or location, shall be
followed with number(s) or letter(s) separated by a slash (/), e.g. 21Z/1
and 21Z/2, or 64REF/HV and 64REF/LV.
f. Devices with the same function, but different stages or for different trip
coils, shall be followed with number(s) or letter(s), e.g. 64SBEF1 and
64SBEF2, or 86E1 and 86E2.
4. Relay Flag
and Lighting
Device
Indications
1.
The device flags and lighting indications on the relay shall be clearly labelled with
common understanding description according to its function.
5. Protective
Device Code
1.
The standard protective device codes are as listed in Appendix B.
Page 15-21
APPENDIX A
CT LOCATION AND TRIPPING SCHEME

CONCEPTUAL DRAWINGS
MAIN 1 PROTECTION
Main 1 Protection relays/functions
Current Transformer
A
MAIN 2 PROTECTION
MAIN PROTECTION
BACKUP
PROTECTION
B
AUTO
RECLOSE
Main Protection relays/functions
Isolator or Disconnector
Backup Protection relays/functions
Neutral Earthing Resistor

B
Earthing point
Autoreclose function
MTR 1
Master Tripping-Lockout relay, no. 1
MTR 2
Master Tripping-Lockout relay, no. 2
Master Tripping-Lockout relay
MTR
Circuit Breaker
External Autoreclose Block,

e.g. SF6 low, etc.
EXTERNAL
AR BLOCK
START
BLOCK
Main 2 Protection relays/functions
BREAKER
FAILURE
S1
S2
Breaker Failure Protection relays/

functions
BACKUP
PROTECTION
Xp
Xp
Backup Protection relays/functions,

with certain Protection relays/functions
OR
Terminal block junction with OR

functionality
Xp = Protection Device Code

F
REV
DATE
NAME
DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
OWNER:
UMAR / RIZAL
RAZAK
ILHAM
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Legends
SUPPLIER:
CONTRACT NO.:
TENDER NO.:
1
2
3
=
DWG. NO.:
SUBSTATION:
REV. THIS SH.:

1
NEXT SH.:
8
1
2
500kV or 275kV
BUS
132kV
BUS
132kV
BUS
CT1, Core 1
Main 1 Protection
CT1, Core 1
Main Protection
CT1, Core 1
Main Protection
CT1, Core 2
Main 2 Protection
CT1, Core 2
Backup Protection
CT1, Core 2
Backup Protection
CT1, Core 3
Backup Protection
(see Note)
CT1, Core 3
SCS & Instrument
CT1, Core 3
SCS & Instrument
CT1, Core 4
SCS & Instrument
CT1, Core 4
Busbar Protection
(Discriminating Zone)
CT1, Core 4
Busbar Protection
(Low Impedance)
CT1, Core 5
Busbar Protection
CT1, Core 5
Busbar Protection
(Check Zone)
CT1, Core 6
Busbar Protection
(Check Zone)
132kV OHL and UGC

feerders for GIS/AIS,
where Busbar Protection is
Low Impedance Type
132kV OHL and UGC

feerders for GIS/AIS
500kV or 275kV OHL and

UGC feerders for GIS/AIS
Note:
This CT core may also be used for Low Impedance
Busbar protection, Backup Diatance Protection,
Recorders and Breaker Failure protection.
F
CONCEPTUAL DRAWING ONLY

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
CT location, cores and functions for 132kV

and above OHL and UGC feeders, for
single breaker busbar scheme
SUPPLIER:
5
CT_132kV_above_OHL/UGC
SUBSTATION:
4
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
2
3
33kV
BUS
22kV
BUS
11kV
BUS
CT1, Core 1
Main Protection
CT1, Core 1
Main Protection
CT1, Core 1
Main Protection
CT1, Core 2
Backup Protection &

Instruments
CT1, Core 2
Backup Protection &

Instruments
CT1, Core 2
Backup Protection &

Instruments
CT1, Core 3
Energy Meter
(Where required)
CT1, Core 3
Energy Meter
(Where required)
CT1, Core 3
Energy Meter
(Where required)
CT1, Core 4
Busbar Protection
(Where required)
CT1, Core 4
Busbar Protection
(Where required)
CT1, Core 4
Busbar Protection
(Where required)
33kV OHL and UGC for

GIS/AIS type busbar

GIS/AIS type busbar

GIS/AIS type busbar

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
CT location, cores and function for 33kV,

22kV & 11kV OHL and UGC
SUPPLIER:
5
CT_33kV_below_OHL/UGC
SUBSTATION:
4
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
3
4
500kV or 275kV
BUS
Main 1 Protection
CT1, Core 1
B
Backup Protection
Backup Protection
(see Note 1)
CT1, Core 3
CT6, Core 1
33kV or 22kV
or 11kV
Main 1 Protection
Main 2 Protection
CT1, Core 2
SCS & Instrument
CT1, Core 4
Busbar Protection
(Disriminating Zone)
CT1, Core 5
Main 2 Protection
Busbar Protection
(Check Zone)
CT1, Core 6
C
C
Earthing
XFMR
Red phase
*
Y Z
Blue phase
CT2, Core 5
CT2, Core 4
CT4, Core 1 (B)
Busbar Protection
(Check Zone, see Note 2)
CT2, Core 6
CT4, Core 1 (Y)
CT5, Core 1
CT4, Core 1 (R)
REF Protection
CT3, Core 2
CT5, Core 2
CT3, Core 1
Tertiary
grounding
SBEF Protection
Common grounding,
solid
Yellow phase
SCS & Instrument
Busbar Protection
(Discrimination Zone, see Note 2)
Main 2 Protection
Backup Protection
CT2, Core 3
CT2, Core 2
CT2, Core 1
E
Main 1 Protection
Legend:
Single line diagram (SLD), bus
SLD, line/cable
Three-phase diagram, line/cable
Note:
1. This CT core may also be used for Low Impedance Busbar protection, Backup Distance Protection,
Recorders and Breaker Failure protection
2. Where 132kV busbar is protected by Low Impedance relay, the relay shall be connected to CT2
Core 5, and CT2 Core 6 is not required.
275kV or 132kV
*. Additional CT cores shall be provided for 500/275kV autoXFMR for Unrestricted Earth Fault
Protection.
BUS

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
CT location, cores and function for 500/

275kV & 275/132kV Auto XFMRs, with HV
equipment connected to tertriary.
SUPPLIER:
5
CT_AUTOXFMR_TV
SUBSTATION:
4
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
4
5
500kV or 275kV
BUS
Main 1 Protection
CT1, Core 1
B
Backup Protection
Backup Protection
(see Note 1)
CT1, Core 3
Main 1 Protection
Main 2 Protection
CT1, Core 2
SCS & Instrument
CT1, Core 4
Busbar Protection
(Disriminating Zone)
CT1, Core 5
Main 2 Protection
Busbar Protection
(Check Zone)
CT1, Core 6
C
C
Red phase
Common grounding,
solid
Yellow phase
Blue phase
CT2, Core 5
CT2, Core 4
CT4, Core 1 (B)
Busbar Protection
(Check Zone, see Note 2)
CT2, Core 6
CT4, Core 1 (Y)
CT4, Core 1 (R)
CT3, Core 2
CT3, Core 1
Tertriary grounding,
see Note 3
SCS & Instrument
Busbar Protection
(Discrimination Zone, see Note 2)
Main 2 Protection
Backup Protection
CT2, Core 3
CT2, Core 2
CT2, Core 1
E
Main 1 Protection
Legend:
Single line diagram (SLD), bus
SLD, line/cable
Three-phase diagram, line/cable
Note:
1. This CT core may also be used for Low Impedance Busbar protection, Backup Distance
Protection, Recorders and Breaker Failure protection.
2. Where 132kV busbar is protected by Low Impedance relay, the relay shall be connected to
CT2 Core 5, and CT2 Core 6 is not required.
275kV or 132kV
BUS
3. Tertiary winding is only grounded at one phase only, usually at Yellow phase.

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
CT location, cores and function 500/275kV

& 275/132kV Auto XFMRs, for direct
tertriary connection
SUPPLIER:
5
CT_AUTOXFMR_TV_NONE
SUBSTATION:
4
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
5
6
132kV
BUS
Main & REF Protection
CT1, Core 1
Backup Protection
CT1, Core 2
SCS & Instrument
CT1, Core 3
CT1, Core 4
Busbar Protection
(Check Zone, see
Note)
CT1, Core 5
REF Protection
Busbar Protection
(Discrimination Zone,
see Note)
Y
HV grounding, solid
CT3, Core 1
Earthing
XFMR
Z Y
D
CT2, Core 4
Busbar Protection
(Where required)
CT2, Core 3
Energy Meter
CT2, Core 2
Backup Protection,
SCS & Instrument
CT2, Core 1
CT4, Core 2
SBEF Protection
CT4, Core 1
REF Protection
LV grounding, through NER
33kV or 22kV or 11kV

F
Note:
Where 132kV busbar is protected by Low Impedance relay, the relay shall be
connected to CT1 Core 4, and CT1 Core 5 is not required.
BUS

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
SUPPLIER:
4
=
+
CT LOCATION, NO. OF CORES AND
FUNCTIONS FOR 132/33kV,132/22kV & 132/
11kV Yd VECTOR GROUP XFMRs
CT_132kV_XFMR(Yd)
SUBSTATION:
6
7
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
6
7
132kV
Backup Protection
SCS & Instrument
CT1, Core 3
CT1, Core 4
Busbar Protection
(Check Zone, see
Note)
CT1, Core 5
REF Protection
CT1, Core 2
BUS
CT1, Core 1
Busbar Protection
(Discrimination Zone,
see Note)
SBEF Protection
REF Protection
Y
HV grounding, solid
CT3, Core 1
Busbar Protection
(Where required)
CT2, Core 3
Energy Meter
CT2, Core 2
Backup Protection,
SCS & Instrument
CT2, Core 1
CT4, Core 1
CT2, Core 4
CT4, Core 2
LV grounding, through NER

D
33kV or 22kV or 11kV

F
Note:
Where 132kV busbar is protected by Low Impedance relay, the relay shall be
connected to CT1 Core 4, and CT1 Core 5 is not required.
BUS

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
SUPPLIER:
4
=
+
CT LOCATION, NO. OF CORES AND
FUNCTIONS FOR 132/33kV, 132/22kV & 132/
11kV Yy VECTOR GROUP XFMRs
CT_132kV_XFMR(Yy)
SUBSTATION:
6
7
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
7
8
CT2N, Core 4
SCS & Instrument
CT2N, Core 3
Backup Protection
CT2N, Core 2
Main Protection
CT2N, Core 1
North Bus
132kV
OHL/UGC Feeder
Stub Protection
(North side)
CT1N, Core 1
Stub Protection
(North side)
CT1N, Core 2
Busbar Protection
CT1N, Core 3
Busbar Protection
(Where required)
CT3N, Core 1
Stub Protection
(South side)
CT3S, Core 1
Stub Protection
(North side)
Main 1 Protection
CT2S, Core 1
Main 2 Protection
(see Note)
CT2S, Core 2
Backup Protection
CT2S, Core 3
SCS & Instrument
CT2S, Core 4
Stub Protection
(South side)
CT2S, Core 5
CT1S, Core 3
Busbar Protection
(Where required)
CT1S, Core 2
Busbar Protection
CT1S, Core 1
Stub Protection
(South side)
E
South Bus
Note:
Where required, such as for 275kV/132kV
AutoXFMR connection
132kV
XFMR Feeder
F

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD

OHL and UGC feeders with 1-half breaker
busbar scheme
SUPPLIER:
5
CT_132kV_1-half-breaker
SUBSTATION:
4
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
8
9
CT2N, Core 5
SCS & Instrument

Backup Protection
North Bus
500kV or 275kV
OHL/UGC Feeder
Stub Protection
(North side)
Main 2 Protection
Main 1 Protection
CT2N, Core 4
CT1N, Core 1
CT2N, Core 3
CT1N, Core 2
CT2N, Core 2
CT1N, Core 3
CT2N, Core 1
CT1N, Core 4
CT3N, Core 1
C
Stub Protection
(North side)
Local Backup,
Main 2 BB Protection
(Check Zone)
Stub Protection
(South side)
C
Local Backup
CT3N, Core 2
CT3S, Core 1
(Disc. Zone)
Stub Protection
(North side)
Main 1 Protection
Main 2 Protection
Backup Protection
SCS & Instrument
Stub Protection
(South side)
CT2S, Core 1
CT1S, Core 4
CT2S, Core 2
CT1S, Core 3
CT2S, Core 3
CT1S, Core 2
CT2S, Core 4
CT1S, Core 1
(Check Zone)
Local Backup,
Stub Protection
(South side)
E
CT2S, Core 5
500kV or 275kV
Auto XFMR Feeder
South Bus
Abbreviation:
BB = Busbar

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
SUPPLIER:
4
+
CT location, cores and functions for 500kV & =
275kV and above OHL and UGC feeders with 1half breaker busbar scheme
CT_275kV_1-half-breaker
SUBSTATION:
6
7
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
9
10
CT1M, Core 1
CT1M, Core 2
CT1M, Core 3
(500kV or 275kV or 132kV)
CT2M, Core 2
A
CT2M, Core 1
Main Bus 1
Main Bus 2
Main Bus 1 BB Protection*

Backup Protection,
Low Impedance BB Protection
(see Note 1 & 2)
Reserve Bus, BB Protection*
Backup Protection,
(see Note 1 & 2)
SCS & Instrument
CT3M, Core 1
CT3M, Core 2
Backup Protection,
(see Note 1 & 2)
Main Bus 2, BB Protection*
SCS & Instrument
CT1R, Core 3
Backup Protection
CT1R, Core 2
Main Bus, BB Protection*
CT1R, Core 1
Note:
1. The Low Impedance BB protection is only for 275kV and 500kV systems only.
2. For 132kV system, if Low Impedance BB protection is used, the CT shall be

decicated and not share with the Backup protection relays, where it is shown as *
inside the drawing.
Reserve Bus
Abbreviation:
BB = Busbar

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD

and above for bus ties, for single breaker
busbar scheme
SUPPLIER:
5
CT_132kV_above_BT
SUBSTATION:
4
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
10
11
CT1M Core 1
CT2M, Core 1
Main Bus 1
Main Bus 2
Main Bus 1, Busbar Protection

(Where required)
Reserve Bus, Busbar Protection
(Where required)
CT3M, Core 2
Backup Protection & Instrument
CT3M, Core 1
Main Bus 2, Busbar Protection

(Where required)
Main Bus, Busbar Protection

(Where required)
D
CT1R, Core 1
E
Reserve Bus

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD

and below for bus ties, for single breaker
busbar scheme
SUPPLIER:
5
CT_33kV_below_BT
SUBSTATION:
4
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
11
12
BUSBAR PROTECTION RELAY PANEL
BAY/DIAMETER RELAY PANELS
DISCRIMINATION
ZONE
&
CT SUPERVISION
(HEALTHY)
B
FEEDER
TRIP
RELAYS
ISOLATORS
SELECTION
&
CHECK ZONE
TRIP
COIL
1
MTR 1
&
TRIP/
OPEN
CB
CT SUPERVISION
(HEALTHY)
TRIP
COIL
2
MTR 2
(see Note)
BREAKER
FAILURE
(Where
required)
S1
S2
INTERTRIP SEND
Note:
For 132kV system, only one MTR is required.
Abbreviation:
BB = Busbar
BBP = Busbar Protection
F

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 132kV and above systems,

for High Impedance Busbar Protection
SUPPLIER:
SUBSTATION:
4
TRIP_SCHEME_132kV_up_BB_H REV. THIS SH.:

I
1
NEXT SH.:
7
8
12
13

ISOLATORS
SELECTION
BBP [MASTER UNIT]

B
MEASURING METHOD
1
(see Note 2)
&
BBP
[BAY ACQ
UNIT]
TRIP
COIL
1
MTR 1
TRIP/OPEN
CB
MEASURING METHOD
2
(see Note 2)
TRIP
COIL
2
MTR 2
(see Note 1)
D
E
Note:
1. For 132kV system, only one MTR is required.
2. One of the methods shall be Biased Differential
principle as mentioned in section 3.8.4.
Abbreviation:
BB = Busbar;
BBP = Busbar Protection;
ACQ = Acquisition.

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD

for Numerical Type, Centralise Scheme, Low
SUPPLIER:
SUBSTATION:
4
TRIP_SCHEME_132kV_up_BB_N REV. THIS SH.:

LI_C
1
NEXT SH.:
7
8
13
14
ISOLATORS
SELECTION
BBP [MASTER UNIT]
MEASURING METHOD
1
(see Note 2)
BBP
[BAY ACQ
UNIT]
&
TRIP
COIL
1
MTR 1
TRIP/OPEN
CB
MEASURING METHOD
2
(see Note 2)
TRIP
COIL
2
MTR 2
(see Note 1)
D
E
Note:
1. For 132kV system, only one MTR is required.
2. One of the methods shall be Biased Differential
principle as mentioned in section 3.8.4.
Abbreviation:
BB = Busbar;
BBP = Busbar Protection;
ACQ = Acquisition.

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD

for Numerical Type, Distributed Scheme, Low
SUPPLIER:
SUBSTATION:
4
TRIP_SCHEME_132kV_up_BB_
NLI_D
7
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
14
15
OPEN COMMAND
DIRECT TRIP & INITIATE AR
MAIN 1 PROTECTION
NON AR FAULTS
MTR 1
TRIP COIL 1
TRIP/OPEN
CB
MAIN 2 PROTECTION
NON AR FAULTS
TRIP COIL 2
BACKUP PROTECTION
MTR 2
BREAKER FAILURE
INTERTRIP RECEIVE
OR
CLOSING
SIGNAL
START
OR
BLOCK
AUTO
RECLOSE
EXTERNAL
AR BLOCK
AR LOCKOUT
AR LOCKOUT
BREAKER
FAILURE
S1
S2
87BBHI
TRIP
INTERTRIP SEND

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 275kV and above OHL

feeder
SUPPLIER:
SUBSTATION:
4
TRIP_SCHEME_275kV_above_O REV. THIS SH.:

HL
1
NEXT SH.:
7
8
15
16
OPEN COMMAND
DIRECT TRIP
MAIN 1 PROTECTION
B
MTR 1
TRIP COIL 1
TRIP/OPEN
CB
DIRECT TRIP
MAIN 2 PROTECTION
C
TRIP COIL 2
MTR 2
BACKUP PROTECTION
BREAKER FAILURE
INTERTRIP RECEIVE
BREAKER
FAILURE
S1
S2
87BBHI
TRIP
INTERTRIP SEND

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 275kV and above UGC

feeder
SUPPLIER:
SUBSTATION:
4
TRIP_SCHEME_275kV_above_U REV. THIS SH.:

GC
1
NEXT SH.:
7
8
16
17
OPEN COMMAND
MAIN PROTECTION
B
NON AR FAULTS
TRIP COIL 1
MTR 1
TRIP/OPEN
CB
BACKUP PROTECTION
C
TRIP COIL 2
BREAKER FAILURE
INTERTRIP RECEIVE
(See Note 1 & 2)
START
OR
EXTERNAL
AR BLOCK
BLOCK
CLOSING
SIGNAL
AUTO
RECLOSE
AR LOCKOUT
BREAKER
FAILURE
(see Note 1)
S1
S2
87BBHI
TRIP
INTERTRIP SEND
(see Note)
Note:
1. Breaker Failure Scheme is only required when the bus
system is GIS type.
2. Intertrip Receive tripping facility must also be provided for
AIS type substation to complement the Breaker Failure
Scheme for the adjacent GIS type substation.
F

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
TITLE:
Trip Scheme for 132kV OHL feeder, with
optional GIS type bus
SUPPLIER:
5
TRIP_SCHEME_132kV_OHL
SUBSTATION:
4
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
17
18
OPEN COMMAND
DIRECT TRIP
MAIN PROTECTION
B
TRIP COIL 1
MTR 1
TRIP/OPEN
CB
BACKUP PROTECTION
C
TRIP COIL 2
BREAKER FAILURE
INTERTRIP RECEIVE
(see Note 1 & 2)
D
BREAKER
FAILURE
(see Note 2)
S1
S2
BBP
TRIP
INTERTRIP SEND
(see Note)
Note:
1. Breaker Failure Scheme is only required when the bus system
is GIS type.
2. Intertrip Receive tripping facility must also be provided for AIS
type substation to complement the Breaker Failure Scheme for the
adjacent GIS type substation.
F

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 132kV UGC feeder & shunt

equipment, with optional GIS type bus
SUPPLIER:
5
TRIP_SCHEME_132kV_UGC
SUBSTATION:
4
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
18
19
OPEN COMMAND
AR SOR MODE
D.C CIRCUIT FAIL
(TRIP RELATED)
INSTANTANEOUS TRIP (AR SOR MODE)
MAIN PROTECTION
&
OR
TRIP/OPEN
CB
TRIP COIL
DIRECT TRIP (NOR MODE)
&
INITIATE AR (NOR MODE)
&
CLOSING
SIGNAL
AUTORECLOSE
NOR MODE

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 33kV and below OHL

feeder
SUPPLIER:
SUBSTATION:
4
TRIP_SCHEME_33kV_below_OH REV. THIS SH.:

L
1
NEXT SH.:
7
8
19
20
OPEN COMMAND
MAIN PROTECTION
TRIP COIL
TRIP/OPEN
CB
BACKUP PROTECTION

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 33kV and below UGC

feeder
SUPPLIER:
SUBSTATION:
4
TRIP_SCHEME_33kV_below_UG REV. THIS SH.:

C
1
NEXT SH.:
7
8
20
21
OPEN COMMAND
A
MAIN 1 PROTECTION
(HV SIDE)
MTR 1
(HV SIDE)
TRIP COIL 1
(HV SIDE)
MTR 2
(HV SIDE)
TRIP COIL 2
TRIP/OPEN
CB (HV)
MAIN 2 PROTECTION
B
S1
S2
87BBHI
TRIP
From LV to HV Intertrip >>
BREAKER
FAILURE
HV side
LV side, and (where required, other sides, see Note 1.)
<< From HV to LV Intertr ip
BACKUP PROTECTION
OPEN COMMAND
BACKUP PROTECTION
(LV SIDE)
MTR 1
(LV SIDE)
TRIP COIL 1
TRIP/OPEN
CB (LV)
BREAKER
FAILURE
(LV SIDE)
MTR 2
(see Note 2)
S1
S2
Notes:
(LV SIDE)
TRIP COIL 2
87BBHI
TRIP
1. Repeat the LV side, if the other sides of

the autotransformer have CB.
2. For 132kV, only one MTR is required.

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 500/275kV & 275/132kV

AutoXFMR
SUPPLIER:
5
TRIP_SCHEME_AutoXFMR
SUBSTATION:
4
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
21
22
OPEN COMMAND
A
MAIN PROTECTION
(HV SIDE)
TRIP COIL 1
(HV SIDE)
MTR
TRIP/OPEN
CB (HV)
BACKUP PROTECTION
S1
BREAKER
FAILURE
S2
HI-BBP
TRIP
INTERTRIP SEND
(see Note 1)
HV side
LV side, and (where required, other sides, see Note 2)

D
OPEN COMMAND
MAIN
PROTECTION
(HV SIDE)
TRIP COIL 2
(LV SIDE)
MTR
REF
(LV SIDE)
TRIP COIL 1
TRIP/OPEN
CB (LV)
BACKUP
PROTECTION
SBEF
S2
Notes:
1. Breaker Failure Scheme is required when
the bus system is GIS type.
OCEF
2. Repeat the LV side, if the other sides of the

transformer have CB.

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 132/33kV, 132/22kV & 132/

11kV XFMR
SUPPLIER:
5
TRIP_SCHEME_132kV_XFMR
SUBSTATION:
4
/
REV. THIS SH.:
1
NEXT SH.:
8
22
23
OPEN COMMAND
B
MAIN PROTECTION
(HV SIDE)
TRIP COIL
BACKUP PROTECTION
HV side
LV side, and (where required, other sides, see Note)
TRIP/OPEN
CB (HV)
(HV SIDE)
MTR
OPEN COMMAND
D
BACKUP
PROTECTION
(LV SIDE)
TRIP COIL
(LV SIDE)
MTR
SBEF
S2
TRIP/OPEN
CB (LV)
OCEF
Note:
Repeat the LV side, if the other sides of the
transformer have CB.
F

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 33/11kV & 22/11kV XFMR

SUPPLIER:
TRIP_SCHEME_33kV_XFMR
SUBSTATION:
4
REV. THIS SH.:

1
NEXT SH.:
8
23
24
OPEN COMMAND
B
BACKUP PROTECTION
MTR 1
TRIP COIL 1
TRIP/OPEN
CB
TRIP COIL 2
MTR 2
BREAKER
FAILURE
S1
S2
BBP
TRIP
Note:
During Live Bus Transfer, all tripping shall be blocked.

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 500kV & 275kV Bus Ties

SUPPLIER:
SUBSTATION:
4
TRIP_SCHEME_275kV_above_B REV. THIS SH.:

USTIES
1
NEXT SH.:
7
8
24
25
OPEN COMMAND
B
BACKUP PROTECTION
MTR
TRIP COIL 1
TRIP/OPEN
CB
TRIP COIL 2
BREAKER
FAILURE
S1
S2
BBP
TRIP
Notes:
During Live Bus Transfer, all tripping shall be
blocked.
F

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 132kV Bus Ties

SUPPLIER:
SUBSTATION:
4
TRIP_SCHEME_132kV_BUSTIE REV. THIS SH.:

S
1
NEXT SH.:
7
8
25
26
OPEN COMMAND
TRIP/OPEN
CB
TRIP COIL
BACKUP PROTECTION

DATE
DRAWN
CHECKED
APP'D BY
25/10/2003
UMAR / RIZAL
OWNER:
RAZAK
CONTRACT NO.:
ILHAM
TENDER NO.:
DATE
NAME
1
2
3
REV
CONTRACTOR:
TENAGA NASIONAL
BERHAD
Trip Scheme for 33kV and below Bus Ties

SUPPLIER:
SUBSTATION:
4
TRIP_SCHEME_33kV_below_BU REV. THIS SH.:

STIES
1
NEXT SH.:
7
8
26
-
APPENDIX B
TNB STANDARD PROTECTIVE

DEVICE CODE
Appendix B
TNB Standard Protective Device Code

CODE
1
2
21
21P
21G
21Z
21Z/1
21Z/2
21ZBS
21ZBS/M
21ZBS/R
23
24
24+59OV
25
25BV
25LV
25POW
25SYN
26
26OT
26OTA
26OTT
26WT
26WTA
26WTT
27
27DCF
27DCS
27PWS
27TCS
27UV
27VRF
27VS
27VTF
27VTS
3
30
32
32MIN
32LP
32RP
33
33OGS
34
37
37MIN
4
40
RELAYING DESCRIPTION
Master Element Control Switch
Time Delay Starting or Closing Relay
Distance (Impedance) Protection
Phase Distance Protection
Earth Distance Protection
Distance Protection Relay
Distance Protection Relay First Main
Distance Protection Relay Second Main
Distance Protection Relay Bus Separation
Distance Protection Relay Bus Separation for Main Busbar
Distance Protection Relay Bus Separation for Reserve Busbar
Temperature Control Device, e.g. Thermostat
Overexcitation Protection Relay
Overexcitation with Overvoltage Protection Relay
Synchronising Relay or Synchronism Check Relay
Synchronising Relay for Busbar Voltage
Synchronising Relay for Feeder Voltage
Point-on-wave Synchronous Switching Relay
Synchronising Relay
Apparatus Thermal Device
Oil Temperature
Oil Temperature Alarm
Oil Temperature Trip
Winding Temperature
Winding Temperature Alarm
Winding Temperature Trip
Voltage Operated Relay
D.C Voltage Supply Failure
D.C Voltage Supply Supervision
Pilot Wire Supervision
Trip Circuit Supervision
Undervoltage Relay
V.T Reference Failure
Voltage Selection Relay
V.T Supply Failure
V.T Supply Supervision
Interlocking Relay
Annunciator Relay
Directional Power Relay
Minimum Power Relay
Low Forward Power Relay
Reverse Power Relay
Position Switch
Transformer Out-of-Step
Master Sequence Device, Computer Device
Undercurrent Relay or Underpower Relay
Minimum Power Relay
Master Contactor
Field Relay
Transmission Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition
Page 1 of 5
Appendix B
CODE
40FF
40LOE
43
46
46S
46D
47
47S
48
48TIC
49
49R
49S
49OL
50
50BF
50BFT
50BFT1
50BFT2
50EF or 50N
50OC
50OCR
50OCY
50OCBL
50OCA
50OCB
50OCC
50+51
51
51AUX
51COB
51EF or 51N
51OC
51OCR
51OCY
51OCBL
51OCA
51OCB
51OCC
51OC/TV
51TD
51V
52
52PD
55
59
59N
59OV
60
61
62
63
63B
Field Failure Relay
Loss of Excitation
Selector Switch, e.g. AR Selector Switch
Negative Phase Sequence Overcurrent Relay
Instantaneous Negative Phase Sequence Overcurrent Relay
IDMT Negative Phase Sequence Overcurrent Relay
Negative Phase Sequence Voltage Relay
Instantaneous Negative Phase Sequence Voltage Relay
Incomplete Sequence Relay
Transformer Tap Change Incomplete
Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay
Rotor Overload Relay
Stator Overload Relay
Thermal Overload Relay
Instantaneous Overcurrent or Rate of Rise
C.B. Failure Protection
C.B. Failure Protection, which may consist of Stage 1 and Stage 2
C.B. Failure Protection Timer 1
C.B. Failure Protection Timer 2
Instantaneous Earth Fault
Instantaneous Overcurrent
Instantaneous Overcurrent Red Phase
Instantaneous Overcurrent Yellow Phase
Instantaneous Overcurrent Blue Phase
Instantaneous Overcurrent A Phase
Instantaneous Overcurrent B Phase
Instantaneous Overcurrent C Phase
Instantaneous and Time Delayed Overcurrent Relay
Time Overcurrent Relay
Auxiliary Relay for 51 Relay
Capacitor Out-of-Balance
IDMT Earth Fault
IDMT Overcurrent
IDMT Overcurrent Red Phase
IDMT Overcurrent Yellow Phase
IDMT Overcurrent Blue Phase
IDMT Overcurrent A Phase
IDMT Overcurrent B Phase
IDMT Overcurrent C Phase
IDMT Overcurrent for Tertiary Winding
Definite Time Delay Overcurrent Relay
Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Relay
A.C Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker Pole Discrepancy Relay
Power Factor Relay
Voltage Relay
Neutral Displacement Relay
Overvoltage Relay
Voltage Balance Relay or Current Balance Relay
Density Device
Opening Relay or Time Stopping Relay
Liquid Pressure Relay or Gas Pressure Relay or Vacuum Relay
Buccholz Device
Page 2 of 5
Appendix B
CODE
63BA
63BT
63GPL1
63GPL2
63OPL
63PRD
63TCBT
64
64BAT
64REF/HV
64REF/LV
64ROT
64SBEF
64SBEF1
64SBEF2
64STA
67
67DEFC
67EF
67OC
67OCR
67OCY
67OCBL
67OCA
67OCB
67OCC
68
68PSB
70
71
71OLL
72
74
74AUX
77
78
78OOS
79
79AR
79E
80
81
81UF
81OF
83
84
85
85DEFCR
85DEFCS
85INTR
85INTS
85ZCR
85ZCS
Buccholz Alarm
Buccholz Trip
Gas (SF6) Pressure Low Stage 1
Gas (SF6) Pressure Low Stage 2
Oil Pressure Low
Pressure Relief Device
Tap Changer Buccholz Trip
Earth Fault Protective Relay
Battery Earth Fault
Restricted Earth Fault HV side
Restricted Earth Fault LV side
Rotor Earth Fault
Standby Earth Fault
Standby Earth Fault Stage 1
Standby Earth Fault Stage 2
Stator Earth Fault
A.C Directional Current Relay
Directional Earth Fault Comparison Protection
IDMT Directional Earth Fault
IDMT Directional Overcurrent
IDMT Directional Overcurrent Red Phase
IDMT Directional Overcurrent Yellow Phase
IDMT Directional Overcurrent Blue Phase
IDMT Directional Overcurrent A Phase
IDMT Directional Overcurrent B Phase
IDMT Directional Overcurrent C Phase
Blocking Relay
Power Swing Blocking Relay
Rheostat
Liquid or Gas Level Relay
Low Oil Level
D.C Circuit Breaker
Alarm Relay
Auxiliary Alarm Relay
Telemetering Device
Phase Angle Measuring or Out-of-Step Relay
Out-of Step Protection Relay
A.C. Reclosing Relay
Automatic Reclosing Relay or Autoreclose Relay
Autoreclose Lock-out Relay
Liquid Flow Relay or Gas Flow Relay
Frequency Relay
Underfrequency Relay
Overfrequency Relay
Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay
Operating Mechanism
Carrier Transceiver Relay or Pilot Wire Transceiver Relay
DEF Comparison Protection - Carrier Receive
DEF Comparison Protection - Carrier Send
Direct Intertrip Receive
Direct Intertrip Send
Distance Protection - Carrier Receive
Distance Protection - Carrier Send
Page 3 of 5
Appendix B
CODE
86
86AUX
86A
86B
86C
86R
86Y
86BL
86BB
86T
86E
86E1
86E2
86EBB
87
87BBLO
87BBHI
87CBB
87CBB/1
87CBB/2
87CC
87CD
87CD/1
87CD/2
87G
87G/1
87G/2
87L
87MBB
87M1BB
87M2BB
87M3BB
87MBB/1
87MBB/2
87OD
87PWR
87RBB
87R1BB
87R2BB
87RBB/1
87RBB/2
87R
87S
87T
87T/1
87T/2
87TBD
87THI
87UT
88
90
90AVR
94
94BB
Tripping Relay
Auxiliary Tripping Relay
Tripping Relay A Phase
Tripping Relay B Phase
Tripping Relay C Phase
Tripping Relay Red Phase
Tripping Relay Yellow Phase
Tripping Relay Blue Phase
Busbar Tripping Relay
Three Phase Tripping Relay
Lock-out Tripping Relay or Master Tripping Relay
Lock-out Tripping Relay 1
Lock-out Tripping Relay 2
Busbar Lock-out Tripping Relay
Differential Protection Relay
Busbar Protection Low Impedance
Busbar Protection High Impedance
Busbar Check Zone
Busbar Check Zone Relay First Main
Busbar Check Zone Relay Second Main
Current Comparison Protection Relay
Current Differential Protection Relay
Current Differential Protection Relay First Main
Current Differential Protection Relay Second Main
Generator Differential Protection Relay
Generator Differential Protection Relay First Main
Generator Differential Protection Relay Second Main
Line or Cable Differential Protection
Busbar Protection Main Busbar
Busbar Protection Main Busbar 1
Busbar Protection First Main Main Busbar
Busbar Protection Second Main Main Busbar
Overall Differential Protection Relay
Pilot Wire Differential Relay
Busbar Protection Reserve Busbar
Busbar Protection Reserve Busbar 1
Busbar Protection Reserve Busbar 2
Busbar Protection First Main Reserve Busbar
Busbar Protection Second Main Reserve Busbar
Reactor Differential Protection
Stub Protection Differential Relay
Transformer Differential Protection
Transformer Differential Protection First Main
Transformer Differential Protection Second Main
Transformer Biased Differential Protection
Transformer High Impedance Differential Protection
Unit Transformer Differential Protection
Auxiliary Motor
Regulating Device
Automatic Voltage Regulator Relay
Tripping or Trip-free Relay
Busbar Tripping Relay
Page 4 of 5
Appendix B
CODE
96
96BBF
96BBS
96TCS
96DCF
96DCS
96VRF
96VTF
96VTS
Supervision Relay
Busbar Protection Failure (Defective) Device
Busbar Protection Supervision Relay
Trip Circuit Supervision
D.C Voltage Supply Failure Device
D.C Voltage Supply Supervision Device
V.T Reference Failure Device
V.T Supply Failure Device
V.T Supply Supervision Device
References:
1. TNB Relay Code
2. ANSI
3. IEEE C37.2
Page 5 of 5
APPENDIX C
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Appendix C
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations

Term/Abbreviation
A.C
AIS
Automatic Reclosing
Autoreclose Dead Time
Autoreclose Reclaim Time
CB
CC
CD
Check Zone
Closing Coil
D.C
Discriminating Zone
DR
DTPAR
Evolving Fault
FR
FSPAR
GIS
Inrush Current
Lockout
MTBF
Multi-shot Reclosing
NiCd
NLDC
Permanent Fault
PUTT
POTT
RCC
SBEF
Self-supervision
SIMS
Single-phase Fault
Definition
Alternating current
Air Insulated Switchgear
Some refers as autoreclose, is the automatic reclosing of CB associated with faulted
section of network after an interval of time which permits that section to recover
from transient fault [IEC 50(604)-1987]
The time during autoreclose when the power line(s) or phase(s) is(are) not
connected to any network voltage. Note: For radial fed power lines, the dead time
is equal to the autoreclose open time. [IEC 50(448)-1995]
The time after an autoreclosure, before the autoreclose equipment will initiate
another reclosures in the event of another power system fault. [IEC 50(448)-1995]
Circuit Breaker
Current Comparison
The non-selective part of a multi-zone High Impedance Busbar protection, generally
supervising current flow at the terminals of the complete substation. Note: Tripping
from the Busbar protection is conditional on operation of both the check zone and
discriminating zone. [IEC 50(448)-1995]
Coil used in the electromagnet that supplies power for the closing the device, usually
CB. Note: In an air or other stored-energy-operated device, the closing coil may be
the coil used to release the air or stored energy which in turn closes the device.
[IEEE C37.100-1981]
Direct current
The selective part of a multi-zone High Impedance Busbar protection, generally
supervising current flow into and out of a single section of busbar, see also Check
Zone. [IEC 50(448)-1995]
Disturbance Recorder
Delay Three Pole Autoreclose, is defined as delayed reclosing shall only be initiated
in the event of a single-phase fault or two-phase fault. Three-phase fault shall
initiate lockout condition.
Evolving fault terminology must include the operation of autoreclose cycle, where it
is classified as fault that occurs after the clearance of the first-detected fault and
during the dead time of the first-detected fault.
Fault Recorder
Fast Single Pole Autoreclose, is defined as single-pole, high speed reclosing shall be
initiated only in the event of a single-phase fault, and delay reclosing in the event of
two-phase fault. Three-phase fault shall initiate lockout condition.
Gas Insulated Switchgear
The current which results when a switching device is closed to energise an inductive
or capacitance circuit .
The disconnection of faulty equipment or part of the network after a pre-determined
number of reclosures and conditions. Sometimes the number of reclosures can also
be zero. Sometimes refer as final tripping [IEC 60(604)-1987]
Mean Time Between Failure, which is calculated using CIGRE WG34.10 method.
An autoreclosing repeated more than two times if it is unsuccessful.
Nickel Cadmium
National Load Despatch Center for TNB
A fault which affects a device and prevents its restoration into service until action
has been taken at the point of the fault. [IEC 50(604)-1987]
Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip
Regional Control Center for TNB
Standby Earth Fault. For TNB system, it is usually an Earth Fault relay using Definite
Time characteristic.
Some refers as self-checking, where self-testing by microprocessor-based relays that
checks operation of the processor software. [IEEE C37.113-1999]
Substation Interrogation and Monitoring System
Sometimes refer as single-phase-to-ground fault.
Page 1 of 2
Appendix C
Term/Abbreviation
SOTF
Three-phase fault
Tower Footing Resistance

TTC
TTWC
Two-phase fault
Definition
Switch On To Fault, usually occurs during closing of CB for when fault happens at
the same period of time.
Three-phase fault includes phase-to-phase-t o-phase fault and phase-to-phase-t ophase-to-ground fault. In TNB system, if autoreclose is employed, it shall initiate
lockout condition.
The resistance between the tower grounding system and true ground.
TTC is chaired by the Vice President of Transmission Division of TNB. TTC is the
highest divisional committee to accept or to approve any changes to the philosophy,
policy and requirement. TTC is the body that acknowledge the acceptance of relay
model, SCS equipment and protection/control anciliary equipment to be used in TNB
secondary systems.
Transmission Technical Working Committee.
Two-phase fault includes phase-t o-phase fault and phase-to-phase-t o-ground fault
Page 2 of 2

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Disediakan oleh;

TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD

PROTECTION AND CONTROL

Description of Philosophy, Policy & Practice

PROTECTION AND CONTROL CODE OF PRACTICE, Table of Contents

BACKGROUND . Index-1 to Index-4

INTRODUCTION 1-1 to 1-3

PROTECTION: GENERAL REQUIREMENT . 2-1 to 2-14

PROTECTION: SCHEME POLICY 3-1 to 3-22

TRIPPING . 4-1 to 4-5

PROTECTION: AUTORECLOSE AND SYNCHRONISING 5-1 to 5-6

CONTROL: OPERATIONS .. 6-1 to 6-11

CONTROL: MONITORING 7-1 to 7-7

CONTROL SYSTEMS . 8-1 to 8-10

RECORDERS 9-1 to 9-4

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS .. 10-1 to 10-8

SUBSTATION AUXILIARIES .. 11-1 to 11-12

PANELS . 12-1 to 12-8

ANCILLARY EQUIPMENTS .. 13-1 to 13-7

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS .. 14-1 to 14-5

TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATIONS . 15-1 to 15-21

CT LOCATION AND TRIPPING SCHEME CONCEPTUAL DRAWINGS 1 to 26

TNB STANDARD PROTECTIVE DEVICE CODE .. 1 to 5

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1 to 2

Background, Table of Contents

PRAKATA DARI NAIB PRESIDEN (PENGHANTARAN) ............................................................... 2

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

PRAKATA DARI NAIB PRESIDEN (PENGHANTARAN)

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

PTT Division is Protection, Telecontrol and Telecommunication Division.

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

SUGGESTIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION, Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 2

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

1.1 SUBSTATION SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The following definitions are used to segregate the functionality of a substation;

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

PROTECTION: GENERAL REQUIREMENT

Chapter 2: PROTECTION: GENERAL REQUIREMENT, Table of Contents

2.0 PROTECTION: GENERAL REQUIREMENT ........................................................................... 2

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

2.0 PROTECTION: GENERAL REQUIREMENT

The protection system shall function to;

Substation & Transformer

11kV, 22kV and

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

2.1 Zone of Protection

The zone of protection shall be overlapped.

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

2.2 Fault Clearing System

The basic tasks of Fault Clearing System (FCS) are:

Figure 2.2A: Typical Fault Clearing System

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

Functions and Characteristics

Protection and Control Code of Practice, 2nd Edition

2.3 Protection Relays

All protection relays to be used in TNB generation, transmission and distribution

Reset facilities shall be made available, either electrically or mechanically, without

Main Relay, Primary Elements