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DOI 10.1007/s11270-014-2026-6
1 Introduction
Textile effluents contain substances from different stages
of dyeing and finishing as well other processes. The
pollutants found in these effluents are primarily persistent organic substances, such as dyes and salts, giving
the effluent a low degree of biodegradability (Fu et al.
2011). Dyes are visible compounds that, when released
into the environment, can cause the appearance of color
in rivers, hindering the penetration of sunlight and thereby reducing the process of photosynthesis among different organisms in these ecosystems (Wang et al. 2005).
Azo dyes are the class of dyes with the largest number of representatives, accounting for 60 to 70 %, and
therefore constitute the majority of the components in
effluents from the textile industry (Hunger 2003; Van
der Zee et al. 2003). In addition to textile applications,
this class of dyes is still widely used in pharmaceutical,
food, and cosmetic industries. The main characteristic of
azo dyes is the binding of aromatic rings by azo groups
(NN) which, added to sulfonated substitutions,
contribute to the resistance of dyes to chemical and
microbiological degradation processes (Martins et al.
2001; Stolz 2001; Hu and Wu 2001).
There is a need to remove dye from waste effluents
before it mixes with watercourses. Biological methods
have typically been applied to remove organic compounds and color from textile effluents due to the low
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Fig. 1 Absorbance values of chromophore and azo groups and absorbance ratio after treatment of DB71 dye with P. chrysosporium (a) and
A. oryzae (b)
24 h of treatment with P. chrysosporium, the dye demonstrated a different spectrum from the control, with the
chromophore peak (583 nm) smaller and displaced. The
chromophore peak, from the treatment with A. oryzae,
was also smaller and slightly displaced; the same occurred with the other peaks. However, the absorbance
values were higher in comparison to those of
P. chrysosporium, indicating that no greater removal of
the dye occurred after 240 h of treatment with A. oryzae.
3.1.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis
An analysis of the FTIR spectra is required to better
appreciate the absorption ratio changes and breaking of
molecule bonds by both fungi. The spectra measured
correspond to 24 h (Fig. 3), 144 h (Fig. 5), and 240 h
Fig. 2 Absorption spectra of dye solution after 240 h of interaction with P. chrysosporium (a) and A. oryzae (b) at 301 C, with scans
performed at 24, 144, and 240 h
Fig. 3 FTIR spectrum of control dye solution and samples after 24 h of treatment with P. chrysosporium and A. oryzae
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Fig. 4 FTIR spectrum in 1,280 to 1,100 cm1 range of control dye solution (a) and 24 h after treatment with P. chrysosporium (b) and
A. oryzae (c) after Lorentzian deconvolution
Fig. 5 FTIR spectrum of control dye solutions and samples after 144 h of treatment with P. chrysosporium and A. oryzae
spectrum with A. oryzae (Fig. 5). This region is characterized by the CC stretch of naphthalene derivatives
(Barbosa 2007), the NN stretch (Cervantes et al. 2009;
Franciscon et al. 2009), and the presence of free amines
(Wharfe et al. 2010). Thus, the action of enzymes from
A. oryzae on the dye molecule interfered with the bonds
and may cause their rupture, releasing amines into the
solution.
The other bands in the spectra remained apparently with the same intensity, except the band in the
597 cm1 region, representing the deformation of the
CH bond of the aromatic ring (Polunin et al. 2008),
which decreased in the spectrum with A. oryzae.
Thus, the band at 619 cm1 related to sulfonic groups
(Dhanve et al. 2009; Silverstein et al. 1994) appeared
more intensely than at 597 cm1. The bands in the
1,008 and 991 cm1 range, corresponding to the
stretching of the SO bond, were again found only
in the spectrum with A. oryzae.
Among the changes in the spectra 240 h after treatment (Fig. 6), the most evident was in the 1,400 cm1
region with A. oryzae. A significant increase in the
intensity of this band occurred. It is likely that the azo
bonds were broken, as already mentioned, releasing
primary amines. The dye is triazo and as this dye has
an amine linked to a naphthol, the azo bonds of the
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Fig. 6 FTIR spectrum of control dye solution and samples after 240 h of treatment with P. chrysosporium and A. oryzae
Fig. 7 Pathway proposed for degradation of DB71 dye after treatment with P. chrysosporium and A. oryzae
4 Conclusion
UV-VIS spectrophotometer and FTIR analysis allowed
the determination of the susceptibility of the DB71 dye
to degradation by both fungi tested. Biodegradation was
proven by the appearance of characteristic bands in the
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