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CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1 Definition of Robot....3
1.2 Security Robot....3
1.3 Surveillance System4
1.3 Project Outline....7
1.4 Interfaces used 7
1.5 Software used......7
1.6 Cell phone Operated Robot.....9
1.7 Overview Of Project9
CHAPTER-2
MICRO CONTROLLER
2.1 Introduction.10
2.2. Microcontroller vs microprocessor12
2.3. Advantages of microcontrollers...12
2.4. Types of 8051 microcontroller..14
2.5 Microcontroller Architectural Block Diagram...15
2.6 Pin out Diagram..19
CHAPTER 3
SENSORS
3.1 Introduction.36
3.2 Types of Sensors.36
3.3 Different Type of Sensors:.37
CHAPTER-4
POWER SUPPLY
4.1 Introduction.40
4.2. Description.40
4.2.1 Transformer40
4.2.2 Rectifier..40
4.2.3 Filtering Unit..41
4.2.4 Regulators..41
ECE Department, GITAM UNIVERSITY
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CHAPTER-1
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1Definition of Robot
"A robot is a reprogrammable, multi-functional manipulator
designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices
through variable programmed motions for the performance of a
variety of tasks." (Robotics Institute of America)
1.2Security Robot
Now a day's every system is automated in order to face new
challenges. In the present days automated systems have less manual
operations, good flexibility, reliability and accuracy. Due to this demand
every field prefers automated control systems. Especially in the field of
electronics automated systems are giving good performance. In the present
scenario of war situations, unmanned systems plays very important role to
minimize human losses. So this robot is very useful to do operations like
track the persons entering into a limited area in an industry and detecting
metals (conductor) in military security system.
In this system, a robot is fitted with motors and the direction of
rotation of motors is controlled by using H-Bridge circuit. A micro
controller is used to control all operations. The system also comprises of
obstacle sensing circuit which has infrared transmitter and receiver mounted
in front side as sensor array. When there is any obstacle in its path it changes
its path automatically.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
RIGHT
MOTOR
RELAYS
DTMF
DECODER
LEFT
MOTOR
8051
Controller
MOTOR
DRIVER
RELAY
S
The Figure shows the block diagram and cicuit diagram of the microcontrollerbased robot. The important components of this robot are DTMF decoder, Microcontroller
and motor driver.
An MT8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All types of the MT8870
series use digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the sixteen DTMF tone
pairs into a four-bit code output. The built -in dial tone rejection circuit eliminated the
ECE Department, GITAM UNIVERSITY
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1.5 INTERFACES USED: Serial communication used for downloading the hex code.
DTMF circuit interface.
L293D interfacing.
DC motor interfacing.
Sensors and Relays
1.6 SOFTWARES USED: A Cross compiler for compiling and linking the code written for 8051
Serial communication software for downloading code to 8051
Operating system: Windows XP.
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1.7 CELL PHONE OPERATED ROBOT:Conventionally, Wireless-controlled robots use of circuits, which have the
drawbacks of limited working range, limited frequency range and the limited control. Use
of a mobile phone for robotic control can overcome these limitations. It provides the
advantage of robust control, working range as large as the coverage area of the service
provider, no interference with other controllers and up to twelve controllers.
Although the appearance and the capabilities of robots vary vastly, all robots
share the feature of a mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. The
Control of robot involves three distinct phases: perception, processing and action.
Generally, the preceptors are sensors mounted on the robot , processing is done by the
on-board micro-controller or processor, and the task is performed using motors or with
some other actuators.
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1.8 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT:In this project the robot, is controlled by a mobile phone that makes call to the mobile
phone attached to the robot in the course of the call, if any button is pressed control
Corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call. This tone is
called dual tone multi frequency tome (DTMF) robot receives this DTMF tone with
the help of phone stacked in the robot.
The received tone is processed by the atmega16 microcontroller with the help of
DTMF decoder MT8870 the decoder decodes the DTMF tone in to its equivalent binary
digit and this binary number is send to the microcontroller, the microcontroller is
preprogrammed to take a decision for any give input and outputs its decision to motor
drivers in order to drive the motors for forward or backward motion or a turn.
The mobile that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the robot acts as a remote. It
does not require the construction of receiver and transmitter units.
DTMF signaling is used for telephone signaling over the line in the voice _
frequency band to the call switching center. The version of DTMF used for telephone
dialing is known as touch _tone .DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two
separate tones) to each keys that it can easily be identified by the electronic circuit.
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CHAPTER-2
MICROCONTROLLER
2.1. Introduction:
A microcontroller is an integrated chip with minimum
required devices. The microcontroller includes a CPU: ALU, PC,SP
and registers, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers like a standard
computer, but because they are designed to execute only a single
specific task to control a single system, they are much smaller and
simplified so that they can include all the functions required on a
single chip.
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ALU
TIMER/COUNTER
I/O
PORTS
ACCUMULATOR
I/O
PORTS
REGISTERS
INTERNAL
RAM
INTERNAL
ROM
STACK POINTER
INTERNAL
CIRCUITS
CLOCK
CIRCUIT
PROGRAM COUNTER
Fig 2.2: Functional Block Diagram of Microcontroller.
2.2. MICROCONTROLLER Vs MICROPROCESSOR:
1. A microcontroller is meant to be more self-contained and
independent, and functions as a tiny, dedicated computer than
microprocessor.
2. The microcontroller may function as a computer with addition of
external digital parts; the microprocessor must have many additional
parts to be operational.
3. Most microprocessors have many operational codes (opcodes) for
moving data from external memory to the CPU; microcontrollers may
have one or two.
ECE Department, GITAM UNIVERSITY
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features.
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Atmel
parts)
FLASH and semi-custom parts
Cygnal
20MHz
internal clock
Dallas
Intel
8051
ISSI
Matra
OKI
Philips
engine
SSI
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DPTR.
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serial
port
and
interrupt
system
to
continue
functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset.
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.9: Reset Signal: High logical state on this input halts the MCU and
clears all the registers. Bringing this pin back to logical state zero
starts the program anew as if the power had just been turned on. In
another words, positive voltage impulse on this pin resets the MCU.
Depending on the device's purpose and environs, this pin is usually
connected to the push-button, reset-upon-start circuit or a brown out
reset circuit. The image shows one simple circuit for safe reset upon
starting the controller. It is utilized in situations when power fails to
reach its optimal voltage.
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21- 28: Port 2: If external memory is not present, pins of Port 2 act
as universal input/output. If external memory is present, then these
pins serve as the location of the higher address byte, i.e. addresses
A8 A15. It is important to note that in cases when not all the 8 bits
are used for addressing the memory (i.e. memory is smaller than
64kB), the rest of the unused bits are not available as input/output.
29: PSEN: MCU activates this bit (brings to low state) upon each
reading of byte (instruction) from program memory. If external ROM
is used for storing the program, PSEN is directly connected to its
control pins.
30: ALE: Before each reading of the external memory, MCU sends
the lower byte of the address register (addresses A0 A7) to port
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31: EA: Bringing this pin to the logical state zero designates the
ports P2 and P3 for transferring addresses regardless of the
presence of the internal memory. This means that even if there is a
program loaded in the MCU it will not be executed, but the one from
the external ROM will be used instead. Conversely, bringing the pin
to the high logical state causes the controller to use both memories,
first the internal, and then the external (if present).
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Port 2:
When using external memory, this port contains the higher address
byte (addresses A8A15). Otherwise, it can be used as universal I/O
port.
Port 3:
Beside its role as universal I/O port, each pin of Port 3 has an
alternate function. In order to use one of these functions, the pin in
question has to be designated as input, i.e. the appropriate bit of
register P3 needs to be set. From a hardware standpoint, Port 3 is
similar to Port 0.
Memory in 8051 Microcontroller:
The 8051 has three very general types of memory. The memory
types
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ROM memory:
In this MCU contain 4 kilobytes of the flash memory on the
chip. It is of EEPROM. We can use 12v to program MCU. This option
is cost-effective only for large series. The main purpose of ROM is to
store the programs to be executed.
RAM memory:
RAM is used for storing temporary data and auxiliary results
generated during the runtime. Apart from that, RAM comprises a
number of registers: hardware counters and timers, I/O ports, buffer
for serial connection, etc. With older versions, RAM spanned 256
locations, while new models feature additional 128 registers. First 256
memory locations form the basis of RAM (addresses 0 FFh) of
every 8051 MCU. Locations that are available to the user span
addresses from 0 to 7Fh, i.e. first 128 registers, and this part of RAM
is split into several blocks as can be seen in the following figure.
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Bit Memory:
The 8051, being a communications-oriented microcontroller,
gives the user the ability to access a number of bit variables. These
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TIMERS:
The 8051 comes equipped with two timers, both of which may
be controlled, set, read, and configured individually. The 8051 timers
have three general functions:
1) Keeping time and/or calculating the amount of time between
events,
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information concerning how to run a timer. The high four bits (bits 4
through 7) relate to Timer 1 whereas the low four bits (bits 0 through
3) perform the exact same functions, but for timer 0.
The individual bits of TMOD have the following functions:
Bit Name Explanation of Function
Timer
When this bit is set the timer will only
7 GATE1
1
bit is clear the timer will be
5 T1M1
4 T1M0
3 GATE0
0
this bit is clear the timer will run
2 C/T0
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1 T0M1
0 T0M0
0
0
The Four bits (two for each timer) are used to specify a mode of
operation. modes of operation are:
TxM1
0
0
1
1
TxM0
0
1
0
1
Timer Mode
0
1
2
3
Description of Mode
13-bit Timer.
16-bit Timer
8-bit auto-reload
Split timer mode
Explanation of Function
Timer
Address
Timer 1 Overflow. This bit is set by the
7 TF1
8Fh
1
microcontroller when Timer 1 overflows.
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8Eh
5 TF0
8Dh
0
microcontroller when Timer 0 overflows.
Timer 0 Run. When this bit is set Timer 0 is
4 TR0
8Ch
CHAPTER 3
SENSORS
3.1.Introduction
Sensors are used to sense any obstacle present in the path of
robot. Sensors are following types.
The word sensor comes from the word sense and it is originate from
the Middle French sense, sensation, feeling, and mechanism of perception.
To improve the performance of the robots it must be able to sense in both
ways their internal and external states (the environment) to perform some of
the tasks presently done by humans.
As well, much more accurate and intelligent robots are expected to
emerge with the newly developed sensors, especially visual sensors. Vision
ECE Department, GITAM UNIVERSITY
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Force sensor: Measures the three components of the force and three
components of the torque acting between two objects. In particular, a robotwrist force sensor measures the components of force and torque between the
last link of the robot and its end-effectors by transmitting the deflection of
the sensor's compliant sections, which results from the applied force and
torque.
Touch sensor: Senses and indicates a physical contact between the object
carrying the sensor and another object. The simplest touch sensor is a micro
switch. Touch sensors can be used to stop the motion of a robot when its
end-effectors make contact with an object.
Tactile sensors: these are sensors which respond to contact forces with
another object. Some of these devices are capable of measuring the level of
force involved.
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of 3 functions:
a)
b)
c)
Application
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CHAPTER-4
POWER SUPPLY
4.1 Introduction:Any invention of latest technology cannot be activated without the source of power.
So in this fast moving world we deliberately need a proper power source which will be
apt for a particular requirement. All the electronic components starting from diode to ICs
only work with a DC supply ranging from 5V to 12V.We are utilizing for the same, the
cheapest and commonly available energy source of 230V-50Hz and stepping down,
rectifying, filtering and regulating the voltage. . Microcontroller operates at +5v DC and
also for other ICs and displays. A 220v ac to 12-0-12v transformer is used and for
rectification, four diodes IN4007 are connected for rectification of the step down ac
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IN 4007
Voltage regulators: 78L Series 7812: The 7812 supplies 12 volts at 2 amp maximum
with an input of 13-25 volts
7805: The 7805 supplies 5 volts at 1 amp maximum with an input of 7-25 volts
Electrolytic Capacitors: 100pF, 330pF and 100F, power rating of 25V.
4.2.6 Features:
Built in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets too hot.
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CHAPTER-5
DTMF DECODER
5.1 INTRODUCTION:Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used for telephone signaling over the
line in the voice-frequency band to the call switching center. The version of DTMF used
for telephone tone dialing is known by the trademarked term Touch-Tone, and is
standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. Other multi-frequency systems are used
for signaling internal to the telephone network
5.2 HISTORY:In the time preceding the development of DTMF, telephone systems employed a
system commonly referred to as pulse (Dial Pulse or DP in the USA) or loop disconnect
(LD) signaling to dial numbers, which functions by rapidly disconnecting and connecting
the calling party's telephone line, similar to flicking a light switch on and off. The
ECE Department, GITAM UNIVERSITY
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1336 Hz
1477 Hz
1633 Hz
697 Hz 1
770 Hz 4
852 Hz 7
941 Hz *
5.3 MT 8870 DTMF decoder:IC MT8870/KT3170 serves as DTMF decoder. This IC takes DTMF signal
coming via telephone line and converts that signal into respective BCD number. It uses
same oscillator frequency used in the remote section so same crystal oscillator with
frequency of 3.85M Hz is used in this IC.
Working of IC MT8870:
The MT-8870 is a full DTMF Receiver that integrates both band split filter and
decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP. Its filter section uses switched capacitor
technology for both the high and low group filters and for dial tone rejection. Its decoder
uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit
code. External component count is minimized by provision of an on-chip differential
input amplifier, clock generator, and latched tri-state interface bus. Minimal external
components required include a low-cost 3.579545 MHz crystal, a timing resistor, and a
timing capacitor. The MT-8870-02 can also inhibit the decoding of fourth column digits.
MT-8870 operating functions include a band split filter that separates the high and low
tones of the received pair, and a digital decoder that verifies both the frequency and
duration of the received tones before passing the resulting 4-bit code to the output bus.
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output latch are made available on the 4-bit output bus by raising the three state control
input (OE) to logic high. Inhibit mode is enabled by a logic high input to pin 5 (INH). It
inhibits the detection of 1633 Hz. The output code will remain the same as the previous
detected code. On the M- 8870 models, this pin is tied to ground (logic low).The input
arrangement of the MT-8870 provides a differential input operational amplifier as well as
a bias source (VREF) to bias the inputs at mid-rail. Provision is made for connection of a
feedback resistor to the op-amp output (GS) for gain adjustment. The internal clock
circuit is completed with the addition of a standard 3.579545 MHz crystal. The input
arrangement of the MT-8870 provides a differential input operational amplifier as well as
a bias source (VREF) to bias the inputs at mid-rail. Provision is made for connection of a
feedback resistor to the op-amp output (GS) for gain adjustment. The internal clock
circuit is completed with the addition of a standard 3.579545 MHz crystal.
5.4.1 Working of IC MT8870:The MT-8870 is a full DTMF Receiver that integrates both band split filter and decoder
functions into a single 18-pin DIP. Its filter section uses switched capacitor technology
for both the high and low group filters and for dial tone rejection. its decoder uses digital
counting techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. To
reject common-mode noise signals, a balanced differential amplifier input is used .The
internal clock circuit is completed with the addition of a standard 3.5795MHZ crystal
oscillator
The input arrangement of the MT-8870 provides a differential input operational amplifier
as well as a bias source (VREF) to bias the inputs at mid-rail. Provision is made for
connection of a feedback resistor to the op-amp output (GS) for gain adjustment.
ECE Department, GITAM UNIVERSITY
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697 Hz
770 Hz
852 Hz
941 Hz
High group
1209
1336
1477
1209
1336
1477
1209
1336
1477
1209
1336
1477
1633
1633
1633
1633
Digit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
*
#
A
B
C
D
D3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
D2
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
D1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
D0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
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CHAPTER-6
DC MOTORS:
6.1 INTRODUCTION:DC motors are widely used in industrial and consumer applications. In many cases,
absolute precision in movement is not an issue but precise speed control is. How ever
there are also applications that do require precise positioning.
DC motors combined with feedback for either position or speed are called Servo motors.
As this feedback mechanism has an edge over other closed loop systems when it comes
to position control, we use DC motors in commissioning the lift. Some more important
features of DC motor that accentuates its implementation are
The last advantage is certainly subtle because, the motor though for short periods is used
frequently.
6.2 Types of DC Motors:Depending upon the connection of the field circuit DC machines can be classified in to
four categories.
SHUNT WOUND
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SERIES WOUND
COMPOUND WOUND
SEPARATELY EXITED
Considering the requirement of lift, we need high torque at low speeds as the elevator
moves vertically against gravity. So by observing our requirements, DC series motor
becomes the best choice for our application.
6.2.1 Working of DC Motor:A brief account on the working of DC motor is described below.
The DC motor has two basic parts: the rotating part that is called the armature and the
stationary part that includes coils of wire called the field coils. The stationary part is also
called the stator. The armature is made of coils of wire wrapped around the core, and the
core has an extended shaft that rotates on bearings. The termination points are called the
commutator, and this is where the brushes make electrical contact to bring electrical
current from the stationary part to the part rotating of the machine. As the armature
begins to move, the north pole of the armature comes closer to the south pole of the field,
and the south pole of the armature is coming closer to the north pole of the field. As the
two unlike poles near each other, they begin to attract. This attraction becomes stronger
until the North Pole moves directly in line with the fields South Pole, and its South Pole
moves directly in line with fields poles. When the opposite poles area at their strongest
attraction, the armature will be locked up and will resist further attempts to continue
spinning. For the armature to continue its rotation, the armatures polarity must be
switched. For this reason the armature must be a coil and a set of commutator segments
must be added to provide a means of making contact between the rotating member and
the stationary member. One commutator segment is provided for each terminal of the
magnetic coil. Since this armature has only one coil, it will have only two terminals, so
the commutator has two segments. Since the armature is now a coil of wire, it will need
DC current flowing through it to become magnetized. This presents another problem;
since the armature will be rotating, the DC voltage wires cannot be connected directly to
the armature coil. A stationary set of carbon brushes is used to make contact to the
rotating armature. The brushes ride on the commutator segments to make a contact so
ECE Department, GITAM UNIVERSITY
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DC MOTOR
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DCMOTOR
Notice that the series field is in series with the armature windings. When the motor is first
started, with the negligible effects of the counter EMF, current flow through the armature
is high. Since the armature and the series field are in series, the current in the armature is
the same current through the series winding.
Large current develops a very strong magnetic field and results in an extremely high
torque, Conversely, if the motor is operating at rated speed, the counter EMF will be very
high, and the current in the series field winding and armature is reduced proportionally
.This means that the series motor can develop a very high torque and respond to increase
in loading (reductions in armature RPM) rapidly. The series motor will continue to
increase in speed as long as there is more torque developed that is necessary to turn the
load. This additional torque is called acceleration torque.
When a series motor is heavily loaded, it slows and produces more torque. As the load is
removed, the motor increases in speed. If the load is suddenly removed from the series
motor, the accelerating torque is just enough to continue to increase the motors speed.
The continuously increasing speed can destroy motor.
ECE Department, GITAM UNIVERSITY
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INPUT1/OUTPUT1
INPUT2/OUTPUT2
OPERATION
Motor moves in
clockwise Direction
Motor moves in
anticlockwise Direction
Motor will not move
In this way the DC motor is rotated in clockwise and anti clockwise direction so that the
lift can be moved from floor to floor in both directions.
6.3.1 Features:
Inhibit facility
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CHAPTER-7
ECE Department, GITAM UNIVERSITY
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SOFTWARE
#include<reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned int k, h;
while (1)
{
k =P0;
h=k
switch (h)
{
case 0x02:
{
P2=0x89;
break;
}
case 0x08:
{
P2=0x86;
break;
ECE Department, GITAM UNIVERSITY
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CHAPTER-8
ECE Department, GITAM UNIVERSITY
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APPLICATIONS
8.1.ADAVANTAGES
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Autonomous inspection.
8.2 LIMITATIONS
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CONCLUSIONS
From project we concluded that the surveillance with
robot is very efficient.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kenneth J.Ayala
ATMEL Datasheet
WEBSITES
www.nicrochip.com
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www.microelect.com
www.kpsec.freeuk.com
www.atmel.com
www.electrofriends.com
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