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1 INTRODUCTION:
Working capital holds the key to open the flood-gates for perennial flow of internal
finance for capital formation, which of course, is imperative, an institutional base.
It is just like a heart of industry. If it is weak the business cannot prosper & survival
but not only the existence of working capital is must for the industry but it must also
be adequate. Inadequate working capital is disastrous, where as redundant working
capital is criminal waste.
No doubt, fixed tangible assets like land & building, plant machinery provide a
strong structural base but working capital is all the more needed as a Sriroz
Consultants Pvt.Ltd to make the fixed tangible more effective & turn out what is
mostly needed.
There might be much business in the world, where besides investment in fixed
assets, funds would be not needed for carrying on day to day operations of the
business. But in most companies, it is essential that a certain proportion of funds be
kept invested in the forms of different current assets like inventories, receivables,
cash & marketable securities.
The mode of administration of working capital determines to a very large extent the
overall success or failure of the operations of a business. Many times in the event of
the failure of business concerns, shortage of working capital is given out as its main
cause.
The management of working capital is of vital importance for the success of a
business. A business should maintain a sound working capital but there should not
be excessive level of investment in working capital. The manner of management of
working capital in to a very large extent determines the success of operations of a
concern because problem of trade off between risks & return in involved.
In the ultimate analysis, however, it may be found that it was management of
resources of the firm that converted a successful business into an unsuccessful one.
Inadequacy of working capital is a symptom, & sometimes excess, but by no means
1
the cause of business failure, proper management of working capital is, therefore, of
crucial importance for the success of an enterprise, which involves the
administration of all current assets.
Thus study of working capital management has been conducted to look in to various
aspects of working capital in Sriroz Consultants Pvt.Ltd.
1.2 Theoretical Background:
1.2.1
Working Capital is defined as the excess of current assets over current liabilities.
Working capital is also called revolving, circulating or short term capital. Every
business require the funds for its establishment which is called fixed capital and
require funds to carry out its day to day operations like purchase of raw material,
payment of wages etc. which is called working capital. Thus, working capital is the
capital required to finance the short term or current assets such as cash, securities,
debtors, stock.
1.2.2 Definition :
Many scholars gives many definitions regarding term working capital some of these
are given below.
L.J. Guthmann defined working capital as the portion of a firms current assets
which are financed from longterm funds.
According to Weston& Brigham
Working capital refers to a firms investment in short-term assets cash, short term
securities, accounts receivables and inventories.
Excessive working capital means ideal funds which earn no profit for
the firm and business cannot earn the required rate of return on its
investments.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Due to lower rate of return n investments, the values of shares may also
fall.
7.
1.2.8 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:The specific objectives of working capital management are as follow :
1.
4. Minimise over the long run the cost of capital employed in financing the
current assets.
5. To control the flow of funds through working capital in such a way that the
firm would always be able to meet its financial obligations when due.
1.2.9 COMPONENT:
Current assets
Current assets are those assets which will be converted into cash within the current
account period or within the next near as a result of the ordinary operation of the
business. They are cash or near cash resources. These include:
Receivables
Inventory
Work-in progress
Finished goods
Prepaid expenses
Short-term advances
Temporary investment
Current liabilities are the debts of the firm that have to be paid during the current
accounting period or within a year. These include:
Short-term borrowings
1.2.10
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
ADEQUATE
WORKING CAPITAL
i) Helps in maintaining goodwill of the firm.
ii) Helps in maintaining solvency of the firm.
iii) Helps the firm in getting regular supply if raw material.
iv) Helps the firm in getting regular return on investment.
v) Helps the firm in getting payment.
vi) Helps the firm to face the crisis.
Vii) Helps the firm in getting loan easily from the banks.
Viii) Helps the firm in getting cash discount.
DISADVANTAGES OF INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL
i) It leads to excessive debtors.
ii) Spare funds are of no use and earn no profit.
iii) Firm fails to maintain the relationship with the banks due to non requirement of
funds.
ii.
Gross working capital provides the correct amount of working capital at the
right time.
iii.
iv.
v.
It enables a firm to plan and control funds and to maximize the return on
investment.
For these advantages, gross working capital has become a more acceptable concept
in financial management.
2) Net Working Capital
This is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current
liabilities are those that are expected to mature within an accounting year and
include creditors, bills payable and outstanding expenses.
Working Capital Management is no doubt significant for all firms, but its
significance is enhanced in cases of small firms. A small firm has more investment
in current assets than fixed assets and therefore current assets should be efficiently
managed.
The working capital needs increase as the firm grows. As sales grow, the firm
needs to invest more in debtors and inventories. The finance manager should be
aware of such needs and finance them quickly.
10
and hence the amount of working capital vary with the seasons. The
capital required to meet the seasonal needs of the enterprise is known as seasonal
Working capital.
b) Special Working Capital
The Capital required to meet any special operations such as experiments
with new products or new techniques of production and making interior advertising
campaign etc, are also known as special Working Capital.
1.2.12 WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE/OPERATING CYCLE
A continuous process starting from payment of cash for purchasing raw material ,
production , stocking , selling until obtaining money from debtors.
It is a cycle involving- conversion of cash into raw material > conversion of raw
material into WIP > conversion of WIP into Finished goods> conversion of Finished
goods into cash /debtors and > conversion of debtors into cash.
OC = R+W+F+D-C
Ie.
Duration of Operating Cycle = Raw mat. period+WIP period +Finished goods
period +Debtors collection period Creditors payment period
Cash
Inventories
Receivables
11
Ratio analysis.
3.
Budgeting.
The funds flows statement explains the working capital change through the changes
in the long term sources and non-current assets. In other words, it shows the sources
and application of working capital.
According to R.A.Foulke fund flow statement is defined as A statement of source
and application of funds is a technical device designed to analyse the changes in the
financial condition of a business enterprise between two dates.
According to Anthony R.N.: The fund flow analyse describe the sources from
which additional fund are derived and the use to which these funds were puts.
12
Fund flow analysis is a technical device designated to the study the source from
which additional funds were derived and the use to which these sources were put.
The fund flow analysis consists of:
a.
b.
13
summarized view of the firm. Ratio analysis is the powerful tool applied measuring
financial soundness and performance of a firm.
Ratio analysis is the one of the powerful techniques which is widely used for
interpreting financial statement. This technique serves as a tool for assessing the
financial soundness of the business. It can be used to compare the risk and return
relationship of firms of different sizes. The terms ration refers to the numerical or
quantitative relationship between two items/variables.
3.1.1 MEANING:
The term ratio refers to One number expressed in terms of another. Ratio is a
mathematical expression of the relationship between two or more related numbers.
The rations used to describe significant relationship between two or more related
items of financial statements are called as accounting ratios.
The ratio may be expressed either in / form of:
1. Co-efficient
2. Percentage
3. Proportion
Thus ratio analysis is defined and interpretation of financial statements through
ration.
3.1.2 BASIS OF COMPARISON:
Ratios are relative figures reflecting the relationship between variables. They
enable analysis to draw conclusion regarding financial operations. The use of the
ratios, as a tool of financial analysis involves their comparison, for a single ration
like absolute figures, fails to reveal the true position. For example, if in the case of a
firm, the return on capital employed is 15 percent in a particular year the relevant
return was 12 percent or 18 percent, it can be inferred whether the profitability of the
firm has declined or improved. Four types o comparison are involved.
14
1) Trend ratio :
Trend ratios involve a comparison of a firm over time, that is, present ratios
are compared with the past ratio of the firm. Trend ratio indicates the direction of
change in the performance, improvement, deterioration or constancy over the year.
This kind of ration particularly applicable to the net income may be studied in the
light of two factors: the rate of fixed expansion or secular trend in the growth of the
business and the general price level. It might be found in practice that a number of
firms would show a persistent growth over the period of the year.
2) Intra firm comparison :
Intra firm comparison involving comparison of the firm with those of the others in
the same line of business or for the industry as a whole relation to its competitors.
3) Comparison of items within a single years financial statement of a firm
In This method the ratios of same period are complied with each other.
4) Comparison with standards :
In this ratios of a firm are compared with pre-determined standards.
1) Liquidity Ratio :
The liquidity ratio is the ability of a firm to satisfy its short term obligations
as they become due; Liquidity ratios play a key role in the analysis of short term
solvency of a firm. To judge the liquidity of a firm, Following ratios are examined.
1) Current Ratio :
Current ratio means the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. It indicates
relationship between assets and current liabilities. It is also collect as working
capital ratio it is calculated as follows:
Current Assets
Current Ratios = -----------------------Current Liability
Current Ratios of 2:1 are considered to be ideal.
15
A very high current ratio is not desired as it indicates less efficient use of
funds.
2) Quick / Acid Test Ratio :
This ratio is also called as Liquid Ratio. The Liquid ratio is the ratio
between liquid assets to Liquid Liabilities or some authors explains ratio
is the ratio between Liquid Assets to Current Liabilities. The following
formula is used:
Liquid Assets
Liquid Ratio =
-----------------------Liquid Liability
OR
Liquid Assets
Liquid Ratio =
-----------------------Current Liability
16
This
ratio
is
calculated
by
using
the
following
formula.
used
Inventory
to
turnover
calculate
ratio
inventory
Sales/Closing
turnover
Inventory
..........
ratio.
times.
expensesCost
Of
Good
Closing
Sold
=Sales
Stock
-
Gross
profit
17
18
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Sriroz Consultants is a pioneer company in India who has supplied poly house
material to Indian as well as Overseas market. Today, Sriroz Consultants is a
recognized leader for material supplier of playhouses/ Shade Net Houses and one of
the largest & leading exporters of poly houses in India.
Sriroz Consultants have also supply poly house accessories like G.I. Pipe, Shade
Net, Clamps, Profiles, Poly locks & Polythene to the clients for repairing and
changing of part material. Sriroz Consultants have one of the best qualities of poly
film anti fog, anti dust, 200 micron thick, U.V stabilized, IR resistant, water and also
sulphur resistant. This film is available in various widths.
Sriroz Consultants poly house material are used for strong & sturdy designed poly
house to obtain maximum utility, better growth & optimal production. These poly
houses are designed for heavy rainfall and to withstand heavy wind speed.
Sriroz Consultants therefore conclude that the poly house cultivation will remain the
only key factor in the field of agriculture, because open field agriculture is not a
game of surety. The global demand of Floriculture and Horticulture crop is
increasing tremendously. In order to get the quality of international marketing poly
house is the only solution.
2.2 HISTORY Sriroz Consultants was established in 1990. The company is located in Pune,
Maharashtra state. Mr. Mayur Umap is the Planning and Strategy Head of the
company. The company involves in activities in all types of polyhouse erection
according to different climatic conditions.
The structures vary according to regional requirements. The company boasts that it
has worked on more than 1,800 acres in the past 22 years. The companys main
customers are farmers and its annual revenue is around Rs. 20 crores.
19
2.3.2 VISION :
Sriroz Consultants Pvt.Ltd continuously empowering the skills and techniques that
help to withstand, both national and international business.
2.4 HUMAN RESOURCE
There are 26 to 50 employees. Mr. Chandramohan sane the owner and Mr. Mayur
Umap looks after tax structure .
2.5 CLIENTS
2.6 PRODUCTS
21
22
23
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It May
be understood as a science of studying now research is done systematically. In that
various steps, those are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his problem
along with the logic behind it.
Defined in simplest terms, research is searching for and gathering information,
usually to answer a particular question or problem. In the broadest sense of the
word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts
for the advancement of knowledge.
4.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:The main objective of carrying out this project is to know and gain practical
knowledge and to know the organizations working culture. The project was
conducted to know the various financial and other aspects of the working capital
analysis.
The present study is aimed to cover the following objectives:
1. To Study the present financial position of Sriroz Consultants Pvt.Ltd.
24
Primary Sources:
1. Discussion with the management.
2. Interview with concerned officer.
Secondary Sources:
The secondary data of the organization helps me a lot. I have collected all the
figures from Annual Reports & Financial Statements of Sriroz Consultants
Pvt.Ltd.
A. Records of the company help me to get details, regarding the history of the
company.
4.3.2 DATA RANGEThe Data is based on study last three financial year that is from 2010-11,2011-12
and 2012-13.
25
4.3.3 DATA ANALYSIS TOOLSThe study is carried on with the help of ratio analysis and percentage analysis.
TYPE OF RESEARCH:
This project A Study on Working Capital Management of Sriroz consultants
pvt ltd is considered as an analytical research.
Analytical Research is defined as the research in which, researcher has to use facts
or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of
the facts, figures, data or material.
4.3.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY:
As the part of the study of working capital and its circulation, statement of
changes in working capital with its conclusion and interpretation of working
capital with the help of graph has been done.
The study is done on only one organization so it does not provide any scope
of comparison with other organization.
The study is based only on last three years record and do not give clear idea
from the data available.
due to Time and Financial data constraint the study includes only last 3 year
data.
The Conclusions were drawn are based on the data supplied by the company
it may not be applicable in general
26
TABULATION OF DATA:
Table No.1
Sources Of Funds
2010
2011
2012
2013
16.86
16.85
16.85
16.84
16.86
16.85
16.85
16.84
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Reserves
311.34
357.57
350.28
379.91
Revaluation Reserves
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Networth
328.20
374.42
367.19
396.75
Secured Loans
7.14
34.20
35.13
25.85
Unsecured Loans
476.98
539.63
450.68
126.90
Total Debt
484.12
573.83
485.81
152.75
Total Liabilities
812.32
948.25
853.00
549.50
72.15
107.29
106.16
104.95
13.74
51.56
42.97
34.24
Net Block
58.41
55.73
63.19
70.71
0.25
0.31
0.37
0.43
Investments
378.68
412.24
412.59
416.59
Inventories
13.02
50.36
55.88
60.59
Sundry Debtors
13.55
23.52
12.31
14.60
7.58
12.85
5.10
1.62
34.15
86.73
73.29
76.81
416.80
448.43
351.21
48.80
Share
Application
Money
Application Of Funds
Gross Block
Less:
Accum.
Depreciation
27
Fixed Deposits
0.00
4.48
4.67
0.27
450.95
539.64
429.17
125.88
Deffered Credit
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Current Liabilities
73.71
57.53
50.31
60.04
Provisions
2.26
2.60
2.54
4.06
75.97
60.13
52.85
64.10
374.98
479.51
376.32
61.78
Miscellaneous Expenses
0.00
0.48
0.53
0.00
Total Assets
812.32
948.27
853.00
549.51
187.08
181.24
136.94
222.16
217.86
235.58
Total
CA,
Loans
&
Advances
Contingent Liabilities
Book Value (Rs)
194.63
28
Table No.2
(Amt. in crores)
PARTICULARS
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
(A) CURRENT
ASSETS
Inventories
13.02
50.36
55.88
Sundry Debtors
13.55
23.52
12.31
7.58
12.85
5.10
416.80
448.43
351.21
0.00
4.48
4.67
450.95
539.64
429.17
73.71
57.53
50.31
Provisions
2.26
2.60
2.54
Total CL
75.97
60.13
52.85
(B)
CURRENT
LIABILITIES
Current Liabilities
29
Table No.3
(Amt. in crores)
PARTICULARS
2010
2011
Increase
in Decrease in
working
working
capital
capital
(A)CURRENT
ASSETS
Inventories
13.02
50.36
37.34
Sundry Debtors
13.55
23.52
9.97
7.08
12.85
5.27
416.80
448.43
31.63
0.00
4.48
4.48
450.95
539.64
73.71
57.53
2.26
2.60
75.97
60.13
374.98
479.51
(B)
CURRENT
LIABILITIES
Current Liabilities
Provisions
Total CL
Working capital
Increase
in
working
16.18
0.34
104.53
104.53
capital
Total
479.51
479.51
104.87
104.87
Interpretation The above table shows the current asset for the year 2010-11 was
450.95 on the other hand for 2011-12 was rs. 539.64, whereas Current Liab. For
year 2010-11was 75.97 and for year 2011-12 is 60.13. then net working capital is
increased by 104.53.
30
Table No.4 Statement showing changes in working capital for year 2011-12
(Amt. in crores)
PARTICULARS
2011
2012
Increase
in Decrease
working
working
capital
capital
in
(A)CURRENT
ASSETS
5.52
Inventories
50.36
55.88
Sundry Debtors
23.52
12.31
12.85
5.10
448.43
351.21
4.48
4.67
539.64
429.17
57.53
50.31
7.22
Provisions
2.60
2.54
0.06
Total CL
60.13
52.85
479.51
376.32
Cash
and
Bank
Balance
Loans and Advances
Fixed Deposits
Total CA
(B)
11.21
7.75
97.22
0.19
CURRENT
LIABILITIES
Current Liabilities
Working capital
Decrease in working
103.19
103.19
479.51
116.18
capital
Total
479.51
116.18
Interpretation :
The above table shows the current asset for the year 2011-12 was 539.64 on the
other hand for 2012-13 was rs. 429.17, whereas Current Liab. For year 2011-12 was
60.13 and for year 2012-13 is 52.85. then net working capital is decreased by
103.19.
31
Table No.5
(Amt. in crores)
PARTICULARS 2012
2013
Increase
in Decrease
working
working
capital
capital
in
(A)CURRENT
ASSETS
Inventories
55.88
Sundry Debtors
12.31
and
Advances
Fixed Deposits
Total CA
60.59
4.71
14.60
2.29
1.62
3.48
48.80
302.41
4.67
0.27
4.4
429.17
125.88
5.10
351.21
(B) CURRENT
LIABILITIES
Current
50.31
Liabilities
60.04
9.73
1.52
Provisions
2.54
4.06
Total CL
52.85
64.10
376.32
61.78
Working capital
Decrease
in
314.54
314.54
376.32
321.54
working capital
Total
376.32
321.54
Interpretation :The above table shows the current asset for the year 2012-13 was
429.17on the other hand for 2013-14 was rs. 125.88, whereas Current Liab. For year
2012-13 was 52.85and for year 2013-14 is 64.10. then net working capital is
decreased by 314.54.
32
The size of working finance of the SRIROZ CONSULTANTS from the period
WORKING FINANCE = CURRENT ASSTES CURRENT LIABLITIES
TABLE NO. 6
Year
Current Assets
Current
Working Finance
Liabilities
2010 - 11
450.95
75.97
374.98
2011 - 12
539.64
60.13
479.51
2012 - 13
429.17
52.85
376.32
The figures from the above table clearly indicate that W.C requirement is increasing
year by year except 2010 11 where it has shown a short decline. This highlights to
improve the W.C Position in SRIROZ CONSULTANTS.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIO
Working Finance
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Working Finance
2010 - 11
FIG.
NO.
2011 - 12
WORKING
2012 - 13
CAPITAL
RATIOS
OF
THE
SRIROZ
5.2.1 Current Assets Ratio of the SRIROZ CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. For
the Period:
TABLE NO. 7
Year
Current Assets
Current
Current Ratio
Liabilities
2010-11
450.95
75.97
5.935
2011-12
539.64
60.13
8.974
2012-13
429.17
52.85
8.120
As we know that ideal current ratio for any firm is 2:1. If we see the current ratio of
the company for last three years it has increased from 2011 to 2013. The current
ratio of company is more than the ideal ratio. This depicts that companys liquidity
position is sound. Its current assets are more than its current liabilities.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Current Ratio
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Current Ratio
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
34
TABLE NO. 8
Year
Quick Assets
Quick/Current
Quick Ratio
Liabilities
2010-11
437.93
75.97
5.76:1
2011-12
489.28
60.13
8.137:1
2012-13
373.29
52.85
7.063:1
A quick ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its
current liabilities in time. The ideal quick ratio is 1:1. Companys quick ratio is
more than ideal ratio. This shows company has no liquidity problem.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
4
3
2
1
0
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
35
TABLE NO. 9
Year
Net Sales
Average
Inventory
(A)
Inventory
Turnover Ratio
(B)
A/B=C
2010-11
102.90
13.02
7.90 times
2011-12
137.04
50.36
2.72 times
2012-13
103.51
55.88
1.85 times
Interpretation:
receivable through sales. In 2010 the company has high inventory turnover ratio but
in 2012-13 it has reduced to 1.75 times. This shows that the companys inventory
management technique is less efficient as compare to last year.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
4
3
2
1
0
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
36
TABLE NO. 10
Year
Days
Inventory
Inventory
Turnover Ratio
Conversion Period
2010-11
365
7.90
46.20 days
2011-12
365
2.72
134.19 days
2012-13
365
1.85
197.29 days
Interpretation :
Inventory conversion period shows that how many days inventories
takes to convert from raw material to finished goods. In the company
inventory conversion period is decreasing. This shows the efficiency of
management to convert the inventory into cash.
Net sales
Average Debtors
Debtors Turnover
2010-11
102.90
18.535
5.55
2011-12
137.04
17.915
7.64
2012-13
103.51
13.455
7.69
Interpretation:
This ratio indicates the speed with which debtors are being converted or turnover
into sales. The higher the values or turnover into sales. The higher the values of
debtors turnover, the more efficient is the management of credit. But in the company
the debtor turnover ratio is increasing year to year. This shows that company is
utilizing its debtors efficiency.
37
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Debtors Turnover
8
7
6
5
Debtors Turnover
4
3
2
1
0
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
Days
Debtor Turnover
Average
Ratio
Collection Period
2010-11
365
5.55
65.76
2011-12
365
7.64
47.77
2012-13
365
7.69
47.46
Interpretation :
The average collection period measures the quality of debtors and it helps in
analyzing the efficiency of collection efforts. It also helps to analysis the credit
policy adopted by company. In the firm average collection period increasing year to
year. It shows that the firm has Liberal Credit policy. These changes in policy are
due to competitors credit policy.
38
39
40
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Financial
Management,
by
P.V.
Kulkarni,
B.G.
report
of
Consultants Pvt.Ltd.
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
Website
www.agricultureinformation.com/consultants/sriroz-consultants-pvt-ltd
www.indiamart.com/srirozconsultants/
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
www.slideshare.net
41
Sriroz
www.accounting-ebook.com
42