SECTION 10

COMPOSITES

OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
CLASSICAL LAMINATION THEORY (CLT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
COMPOSITE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
UNIDIRECTIONAL FILAMENTARY LAMINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
LAMINATE CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
LAMINA ARRANGEMENT IN A 0/90/0 LAMINATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
COMPOSITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
ROTATION TO MATERIAL COORDINATE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
CALCULATION OF COMPOSITE ELEMENT PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010
SYMMETRY IN COMPOSITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL STRUCTURES

. . 1016

MSC/NASTRAN INPUT FOR COMPOSITE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017

TYPICAL ELEMENT - PCOMP - MAT RELATIONSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018
SAMPLE LAMINATE DEFINITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
SPECIFICATION OF REFERENCE DIRECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
PROPERTY AND MATERIAL INPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
PLATE ELEMENTS FOR COMPOSITE MATERIAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
ELEMENT INPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026
OUTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
PLY STRESS AND STRAIN OUTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
ELEMENT FORCE AND STRAIN OUTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032
COMPOSITE FAILURE INDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033

SECTION 10

COMPOSITES (Cont.)

ALLOWABLE STRESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1034

FAILURE THEORIES FOR COMPOSITE MATERIALS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1035

HILL'S THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1036

HOFFMAN'S THEORY

1037

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HOFFMAN FAILURE THEORY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TENSOR POLYNOMIAL THEORY (TSAIWU THEORY)

1038

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1039

TSAIWU THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1040

INTERLAMINAR SHEAR FAILURE INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1041

CONCLUSION

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1042

REFERENCES

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1043

OVERVIEW

Classical lamination theory is used.

Family of plate elements, QUAD4, QUAD8, TRIA3, and TRIA6, are

available for modeling composites.

User input is simple.

Stress output for userrequested plies is available.

Can be used in optimization (SOL 200)

Failure indices for elements can be requested.

101

CLASSICAL LAMINATION THEORY (CLT)

By this theory, equations for laminate are derived from those of

laminae.

Each individual lamina is in plane stress.

The laminate is presumed to consist of perfectly bonded lamina.

Bonds are presumed to be very thin and nonshear deformable. No
lamina can slip relative to another.

Thus, the laminate acts as a

single layer.

A distinct feature of MSC/NASTRAN plate elements is the provision

for including transverse shear stiffness

Vx + G qxz
Vy qyz
3

The effective transverse shear stiffness matrix (G3) for composite

plate elements is evaluated on the assumption of the applicability of
elementary beam theory type equations for plates. This introduces
an approximation that the effects of twisting moments is negligible;
however,

it

is

expected

that

the

approximation is satisfactory.

102

majority

of

cases

such

an

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Composite material is defined as one where two or more materials

are combined on a macroscopic scale.

This is done to obtain the best qualities of their constituents (and in

some cases, additional qualities that the constituents do not have).

The following properties are improved and are of major interest:

Strength
Stiffness
Tailored properties
Lower weight

103

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Lamina is a group of unidirectional fibers (or sometimes woven

fibers) arranged to form a flat or curved load resisting member by
the use of a matrix.

The principal material axes are parallel and perpendicular to the

fiber directions.

The principal directions are be referred to as follows:

fiber direction, longitudinal direction or 1direction

matrix direction, transverse direction or 2direction

104

UNIDIRECTIONAL FILAMENTARY LAMINA

3

transverse direction
matrix direction

1
longitudinal direction
fiber direction

105

LAMINATE CONSTRUCTION

laminate

is

stack

of

lamina

arranged

with

the

principal

directions of each lamina at different orientations so as to obtain

the desired strength and stiffness properties.

The various layers of a laminate are bonded together by the same

matrix material that is used in the lamina.

Curing bonds the lamina together, usually in the presence of heat

and pressure.

106

LAMINA ARRANGEMENT IN A 0/90/0 LAMINATE

90 degree

0 degree

0 degree

107

  


  # #      %   

 

  %          


s
s

* E
E
+ *

n  n 

t 

n 

 # 

n  n 

n  n 

n 

or
n 





s





+ [Q ]{ }
e

108

e

e 

  



 

s

e



   

QQ
+

{s }

n 

   "

s

  ! 



n  n 

E
S






e
e
e

ROTATION TO MATERIAL COORDINATE SYSTEM

To form laminate properties, first the lamina properties are rotated

to the element material coordinate system [X m Ym]

ym
2
1

q
Xm

Using the equation:

Q + U T[Q][U]
[

where

[u] =

lamina

properties

rotated

to

material

coordinate

system.
the

stresstransformation

matrix

for

transforming

stresses from the 12 system to the xy system that is

given by

cos
[U ] +
* sin
sin cos
2

sin q
sinqcosq
* sinqcosq
cos q
sinqcosq cos q * sin q

109

CALCULATION OF COMPOSITE
ELEMENT PROPERTIES

The

for each of the stacked lamina are then integrated to form

the element properties.

In composite element literature,

+BA
A
A

A
B
B

B
D
D

D
F
M

A
[ A ] + A
A
B
[ B ] + B
B
D
[ D ] + D
D

11

where

12

16

11

12

16

11

12

16

A
A
A

12

22

26

B
B
B

12

22

26

D
D
D

12

22

26

B
D

16

26

66

16

26

66

16

26

66

1010

eo
x

CALCULATION OF COMPOSITE ELEMENT

PROPERIES (Cont.)

and where

Ai j
Ai j

+S
+S

N
1

N
1

Qi j

Qi j

zk

zk

k k

+ S *
+S

zk

+ S
+S

zk

Bij - Coupling Stiffness

Bi j
Bi j

Aij - Extensional Stiffness

Dij

1
2

N
1

Di j
Di j

N
1

Qi j

Qi j

zk

t zk

k k

Bending Stiffness
1
3

N
1

N
1

Qi j

*
)

zk

2
Q i j kt kz k

t3

12

1011

CALCULATION OF COMPOSITE
ELEMENT PROPERTIES (Cont.)

MSC/NASTRAN uses the G1, G2, G3, and G4 matricies to define

element properties.

The relation between forces and strains used for MSC/NASTRAN

plate elements is

+


{ }+


{ }+

{ }+

+


{ }+

{ }+

TG 1

M
Q

T G4

T G4

IG 2

T sG 3

* e
x*x

T
M

eM

Fx

where

Fy

, membrane forces per unit length

F xy

Mx

My

, bending moments per unit length

M xy

Qx

Qy

, transverse shear force per unit length

ex

eM

e y , membrane strains in mean plane

e xy
xx

x y , curvatures
x xy
gx

g y , transverse shear strains

1012

    
      %$(

%( ((





 







)& 





+
+ +






# $( ( "$''

$ $ $&( 

1013

CALCULATION OF COMPOSITE
ELEMENT PROPERTIES (Cont.)

Note that MSC/NASTRAN'S Mx, My, and Mxy terms are reversed from
classical lamination theory.

Vy

Mxy

Fy

y
My

Fxy

z
Mxy

Vx
Vx

Fxy

Fxy

Mxy

Fx

Fx

Mx
x
My

Mxy

Fy

Fxy

Vy

NASTRAN Forces in Plate Elements

Mxy

Vy

Fy

y
My

Fxy

z
Mxy

Vx
Vx

Fxy

Fxy

Mxy

Fx

Fx

Mx
x
My

Fxy

Mxy
Fy

Vy

Classical Lamination Theory Forces in Plate Elements

1014

    

 & -%# #% &,!!'% !"'#% &,!!'%, '' #(%%&  #% 

!" #) ' !$ " '% & " "' $ , " $%#$%'&

" #%"''#" #' ' ' &! &'"  #* ' !$ "

" 

   & &! % '#  

+!$ & # &,!!'% !"'&

) )

) ) ) )

) ) ) )

 

 /  /  /  / 

 / 

 /  / 

 / 

1015

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE

MATERIAL STRUCTURES

2D analysis using lamination theory is found to give good results

where the laminate is thin relative to its length.

Otherwise, a full 3D anisotropic material analysis is desirable.

3D analysis is also needed near free edges.

3D analysis uses HEXA elements to represent either single lamina

or sets of lamina.

1016

MSC/NASTRAN INPUT FOR COMPOSITE ANALYSIS

Executive Control - No changes required.

Case Control - No changes required.

Bulk Data - Plate elements QUAD4, QUAD8, TRIA3, TRIA6 refer to

PCOMP property entry; PCOMP may refer to MAT1, MAT2, or MAT8
material property entries.

1017

TYPICAL ELEMENT - PCOMP - MAT RELATIONSHIP

CQUAD

PCOMP

MAT1

MAT2

MAT8

EQUIV PSHELL
Output
if
ECHO=SORT

MID1

MID2

MID3

MID4

MAT2

MAT2

MAT2

MAT2

G1

G2

G3

1018

G4

SAMPLE LAMINATE DEFINITION

element

Yc
ply angle directions

Xc
45

Zc

90

Zm

projected onto
element surface

45
5
4

D
90
45

Xm

0
45
0
ply angle

CQUAD4, 101, 1, A, B, C, D, 5
PCOMP, 1, , , 10000.0, STRN,
+, 2, .003, 0., YES, 1, .005, 45., YES,
+, 1, .005, 0., YES, 1, .005, 45.,YES,
+, 3, .007, 90., YES

3
1
1
1
2
ply material

MAT8, 1, 2.0E+7, 2.0E+6, 0.35, 1.0E+6, 1.0E+6, 1.0E+6, 0.0

+, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, .007, .006, .007, .006, 15000.,
+, , ,1.0
MAT8, 2, 1.0E+7, 1.0E+7, 0.05, 1.0E+6, 1.0E+6, 1.5E+6, 0.0
+, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, .007, .006, .007, .006, 15000.,
+, , ,1.0
MAT8, 3, 0.8E+7, 0.8E+7, 0.05, 0.7E+6, 0.7E+6, 1.3E+6, 0.0
+, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, .006, .005, .006, .005, 12000.,
+, , ,1.0
CORD2R, 5, , 0.,0.,0. ,0.,1.,0.,
+ , 0.,0.,1.

1019

1 ply number
.007
.005
.005
.005
.003
ply thickness

SPECIFICATION OF REFERENCE DIRECTION

S

Specify angle theta in element connection entries

Provision to specify coordinate system ID in theta field

S

The X axis is projected onto the element to define the direction

of the X axis of the element material coordinate system.

The Z axis of the material coordinate system is defined by the

element coordinate system Z axis (in other words, by the grid
order in the element).

1020

PROPERTY AND MATERIAL INPUT

Input Data Entry PCOMP Layered Composite Element Property

Description:

Defines the properties of an nply composite material

laminate

Format and Example:

1
PCOMP
PCOMP

2
PID
181

3
Zo
-0.224

4
NSM
7.45

5
6
Sb
F.T.
10000.0 HOFF

MID1
171

T1
0.056

q1

MID2

0.

SOUT1
YES

MID3

T3

q3

SOUT3

MID4

7
TREF

8
GE

9
LAM

T2

q2

SOUT2

q4

SOUT4

45.

-45.

T4

90.

1021

10

PROPERTY AND MATERIAL INPUT (Cont.)

Input Data Entry MAT8 Material Property Definition, Form 8

Description:

Defines the material property for a 2D orthotropic

material

Format and Example:

1
MAT8
MAT8

2
MID
171

3
E1
30.+6

4
E2
1.+6

A1
28.-6

A2
1.5-6

TREF
155

GE
1.-4

F12

5
n12

0.3

6
G12
2.+6

7
G1,z
3.+6

8
G2,z
1.5+6

9
RHO
0.056

Xt
1.+4

Xc
1.5+4

Yt
2.+2

Yc
8.+2

S
1.+3

1022

10

PROPERTY AND MATERIAL INPUT (Cont.)

Input Data Entry PSHELL Shell Element Property

Description:

Defines the membrane, bending, transverse shear, and

coupling properties of thin shell elements

Format and Example:

1
PSHELL
PSHELL

2
PID
203

3
MID1
204

4
T
1.90

Z1
+.95

Z2
-.95

MID4

5
MID2
205

6
12I/T3
1.2

1023

7
MID3
206

8
TS/T
0.8

9
NSM
6.32

10

PROPERTY AND MATERIAL INPUT (Cont.)

Input Data Entry MAT2 Material Property Definition, Form 2

Description:

Defines

the

material

temperatureindependent,

properties
anisotropic

for

linear,

materials

twodimensional elements

Format and Example:

1
MAT2
MAT2

2
MID
13

3
G11
6.2+3

4
G12

5
G13

6
G22
6.2+3

7
G23

8
G33
5.1+3

A2
6.5-6

A12

T0
-500.0

GE
0.002

ST
20.+5

SC

+BC

A1
6.5-6

+DE

MCSID
1003

1024

9
10
RHO
0.056 ABC
SS
DEF

for

PLATE ELEMENTS FOR COMPOSITE

MATERIAL ANALYSIS

QUAD4
LINEAR AND GEOMETRIC NONLINEAR ANALYSIS

TRIA3

QUAD8
LINEAR ANALYSIS

TRIA6

1025

ELEMENT INPUT

Input Data Entry CQUAD4 Quadrilateral Element Connection

Description:

Defines a quadrilateral plate element (QUAD4) of the

structural model.

This is an isoparametric membrane

bending element.

Format and Example:

1
CQUAD4
CQUAD4

2
EID
111

3
PID
203

+BC

4
G1
31

5
G2
74

6
G3
75

7
G4
32

T1
1.77

T2
2.04

T3
2.09

T4
1.80

yelement

8
q

2.6

9
10
ZOFFS
0.3 ABC

G3
xelement
xmaterial

G4

Zelem

a
a

q
g
G2

G1

1026

+ b )2 g

ELEMENT INPUT (Cont.)

Input Data Entry CTRIA3 Triangular Element Connection

Description:

Defines a triangular plate element (TRIA3) of the structural

model.

This is an isoparametric membranebending

element.

Format and Example:

1
CTRIA3
+BC

2
EID

3
PID

+BC

yelement

4
G1
1.77

5
G2
2.04

6
G3
2.09

T1
1.77

T2
2.04

T3
2.09

7
q

8
ZOFFS

G3

xmaterial

TH
G1

G2

1027

xelement

10

ELEMENT INPUT (Cont.)

Input Data Entry CQUAD8 Quadrilateral Element Connection

Description:

Defines a curved quadrilateral shell element (QUAD8)

with eight grid points

Format and Example:

1
CQUAD8
CQUAD8

2
EID
207

3
PID
3

4
G1
31

5
G2
33

6
G3
73

7
G4
71

+BC

G7
53

G8
72

T1
0.125

T2
0.025

T3
0.030

T4
.025

+
h+
h

G4

8
G5
32
q

30.

G7

xm

ym

G3

ZOFFS
.03

yelem

0.6

G8

9
G6
51

G6

xelem
G5

G2

G1

1028

10
ABC

ELEMENT INPUT (Cont.)

Input Data Entry CTRIA6 Triangular Element Connection

Description:

Defines a curved triangular shell element (TRIA6) with

six grid points

Format and Example:

1
CTRIA6
CTRIA6

2
EID
302
q

+BC

45.

3
PID
3

4
G1
31

5
G2
33

6
G3
71

ZOFFS
.03

T1
.020

T2
.025

T3
.025

7
G4
32

8
G5
51

9
G6
52

10
ABC

G3

ym

xm

q
G6

+ const

G5
0.5

G4
G1

G2

1029

OUTPUT
S

Stresses in individual lamina including approximate interlaminar

shear stresses

Failure index table

Element strains

Element forces

1030

PLY STRESS AND STRAIN OUTPUT

To obtain lamina stress or strain and failure index table output for
composite elements, ELFORCE and ELSTRESS keywords request
ing force and stress output for those composite elements must be
present in Case Control Section.

To obtain Failure Index Table, allowables (Xt, Xc, Yt, Yc, S) must be
supplied in MAT8 Bulk Data entry.

Interlaminar shear stresses are output between the lamina.

Individual lamina stresses can be sorted (use NUMOUT1 and

BIGER1 parameters).

Failure index table can be sorted (use NUMOUT2 and BIGER2

parameters).

Available in Solutions 24 and 47 with use RFALTER RF24D79 and

RFALTER RF47D79.

Available in SOL 101 and 103 without alters.

1031

ELEMENT FORCE AND STRAIN OUTPUT

Calculation of element property data from usersupplied data for

lamina is available in all rigid formats and solution sequences.

Element force output and strain output available in other solution

sequences.

1032

COMPOSITE FAILURE INDICES

Composite failures are checked at the lamina level.

Failure index of a lamina checks whether the state of stress can

cause a failure.

If the failure index of the element is less than or equal to 1.0,

stresses

in

all

laminae

are

within

or

on

the

respective

failure

envelopes.

If the failure index is greater than 1.0 in at least one lamina, then the
element is assumed to fail.

1033

ALLOWABLE STRESSES

Xt = Allowable stress or strain in tension in longitudinal direction (or

1direction or fibre direction)
Xc = Allowable

stress

or

strain

in

compression

in

longitudinal

direction (positive sign will be used for Xc)

Yt = Allowable stress or strain in tension in transverse direction (or
2direction or matrix direction)
Yc = Allowable stress or strain in compression in transverse direction
(positive sign will be used for Yc)
S = Allowable stress in shear (positive and negative shear has the
same allowable)
Sb = Allowable

shear

stress

of

bonding

material

(allowable

interlaminar shear stress)

The first five, Xt, Xc, Yt, Yc, and S supplied in MAT8 Bulk Data entry;
Sb can be supplied in PCOMP Bulk Data entry.

1034

FAILURE THEORIES FOR COMPOSITE MATERIALS

HILL'S THEORY

HOFFMAN'S THEORY

TSAIWU THEORY

INTERLAMINAR SHEAR

1035

HILL'S THEORY
s 21

X2

)Y *
s 22

s 1s 2

X2

) S +1
s 212
2

where X = Xt if s 1 if tensile
X = Xc if s 1 is compressive
Y = Yt if s 2 is tensile
Y = Yc if s 2 is compressive

+ Xt if

s1

and

s 2 are of the same sign;

For the product term,

X X c otherwise

Basically, the equation represents a failure envelope in the stress

space.

If the state of stress in the orthotropic lamina s 1, s 2, s 12 is such

that the stress point is within or on the envelope, the lamina is said
to be safe," if the point is outside, the lamina is said to have
failed."

1036

HOFFMAN'S THEORY

Hill's theory does not take into account the differing tensile and

) )

compressive strengths in the fiber and matrix directions.

Xt

Xc

Yt

Yc

) ) ) +
X t X c YtYc X t X c S
s

2
1

2
2

s s
1

12
2

This equation can be thought of as having been derived from Hill's

theory by adding linear terms to account for differing strengths in
tension and compression.

1037

HOFFMAN FAILURE THEORY

Is an ellipsoid in

s 1, s 2, t 12 space:
t 12

*s

)s

*s

)s

1038


   

 1 


  ) %'- % ()'$)

%' $!(%)'%&! #)'!"( &'%&%( - (!

$ * (&!"!. )% )  ( % $ %') %)'%&! "#!$ !$ 

$'" ()) % &"$ ()'(( !(

F s 
+ '

)F s )F


F

+X * X


F

+Y * Y


F

+X X

F

+YY

F

+S



s 

F s s 

)F



t c


t c




$  !( )%  )'#!$ ,&'!#$)""-

1039

s 

)F



s 


1 

 "# )* $  ( $#()' # . ) $!!$, # #&*! ). ))

( !! ) /() ! ). ' )' $# (($ ) , ) ) )$'.

FF 

*F u



 # )$ () (. ) () ! ). ' )' $# )$)' , ) )
'&* '"#) ))   )'" # -%' "#)!!. '$"  $" #
()'((1()) %$((   *!) (

'.#(," #
!"# + (*() *( $ $"#(
)$'. $' ( 1* )$'. , )   ".  %''' !)'#) +( )$
-%' "#)! )'" #) $# $   ( '$""#) $# (

F

+ *  F

 

$")' !!. ) ( $# ) $# #(*'( )) ) ()'#) #+!$% (

!$( ) ( ) (% $ ) #+!$% "*()  !! %($ !
')' )# %'$!  $' .%'$!  #(*' # )) ) ")' ! (
 # ) ()'#) # !!  ') $#(

1040

    


t 1zi  t -!
 

+ '

t 1zi 

 ' ()'(( )+$ )  ! "#!$ $ )  ! "#/

!$ !$ )   !')!%$ % )  "#$) #)'!" %%'!/
$) (,()#
t 2zi 
 ' ()'(( )+$ )  ! "#!$ $ )  ! "#!$
!$ )   !')!%$ % )  "#$) #)'!" %%'!$)
(,()#
 
""%+" !$)'"#!$' ( ' ()'(( ) ) !( !$&*) %$
)    $)',

1041

CONCLUSION

MSC/NASTRAN layered composite analysis capability

Is user friendly

Is easy to use

Has simple input

Allows stresses in individual plies to be sorted and output

Provides failure index for individual plies

1042

REFERENCES
1.

MSC/NASTRAN Reference Manual,

2.

Mechanics of Composite Materials," R.M. Jones; Scripta

Book Co., Washington D.C., 1975.

3.

Mechanics of Composite Materials," R.M. Christensen; John

Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979.

4.

Primer on Composite Materials Analysis," J.E. Ashton,

J.C. Halpin, P.H. Petit; Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., Stamford,
Connecticut, 1969.

1043

Sections 6.5 and 15.2.

1044