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Physics Equation List :Form 4
Introduction to Physics
Relative Deviation
Value
1 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000
1 000 000
1 000
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 001
0.000 000 001
0.000 000 000 001
Standard form
Symbol
1012
109
106
103
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
T
G
M
k
d
c
m
n
p
(100 cm)
1 cm
1 m = 10 cm
(10,000 cm )
1 m3 = 106 cm3
(1,000,000 cm3)
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
= 10-2 m
1
m)
100
1 cm2 = 10-4 m2
1
m2 )
10,000
1 cm3 = 10-6 m3
1
m3 )
1,000,000
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Force and Motion
Average Speed
v= s
t
v = velocity
s = displacement
t = time
(ms-1)
(m)
(s)
Acceleration
a=
vu
t
(ms-2)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
(s)
a = acceleration
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
t =time for the velocity change
Motion with
constant velocity
v=
s
t
Motion with
constant
acceleration
Motion with
changing
acceleration
v = u + at
1
s = (u + v)t
2
Using Calculus
(In Additional
Mathematics
Syllabus)
1
s = ut + at 2
2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
a = acceleration
s = displacement
t = time
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
(ms-2)
(m)
(s)
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Ticker Tape
Finding Velocity:
velocity =
s
number of ticks 0.02s
1 tick = 0.02s
Finding Acceleration:
vu
a=
t
a = acceleration
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
t = time for the velocity change
(ms-2)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
(s)
Graph of Motion
Gradient of a Graph
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
y
x
Change in y coordinate, y
Change in x coordinate, x
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Displacement-Time Graph
Velocity-Time Graph
the
graph
and
x-axis
Momentum
p = mv
p = momentum
m = mass
v = velocity
(kg ms-1)
(kg)
(ms-1)
(kg)
(kg)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
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Newtons Second Law
mv mu
F
t
F = ma
(N or kgms-2)
(kg)
(ms-2)
Implication
When there is resultant force acting on an object, the object will accelerate
(moving faster, moving slower or change direction).
Newtons Third Law
Newton's third law of motion states that for every force, there is a reaction force with the same magnitude
but in the opposite direction.
Impulse
Impulse = Ft
Impulse = mv mu
F = force
t = time
(N)
(s)
m = mass
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
(kg)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
F = Force
t = time
m = mass
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
(N or kgms-2)
(s)
(kg)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
Impulsive Force
F=
mv mu
t
F
g=
m
(N kg-1)
(N or kgms-2)
(kg)
Weight
W = mg
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
W = Weight
(N or kgms-2)
m = mass
(kg)
g = gravitational field strength/gravitational acceleration
(ms-2)
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Vertical Motion
Lift
In Stationary
R = mg
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
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Moving Upward with positive acceleration
R = mg ma
R = mg + ma
Moving Upward with constant velocity
R = mg
R = mg
R = mg ma
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
R = mg + ma
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Smooth Pulley
With 1 Load
T1 = mg
Stationary:
Accelerating:
T1 = mg
With 2 Loads
T1 mg = ma
Finding Acceleration:
(If m2 > m1)
m2g m1g = (m1+ m2)a
Finding Tension:
(If m2 > m1)
T1 = T2
T1 m1g = ma
m2g T2 = ma
Vector
Vector Addition (Perpendicular Vector)
x2 + y2
Magnitude =
Direction =
tan 1
Vector Resolution
| x |=| p | sin
| y |=| p | cos
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
| y|
| x|
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Inclined Plane
Component parallel to the plane
= mgsin
= mgcos
Forces In Equilibrium
T3 = mg
T3 = mg
T2 sin = mg
T2 cos = T1 cos
T2 cos = T1
T2 sin + T1 sin = mg
T1 tan = mg
Work Done
W = Fx cos
W = Work Done
(J or Nm)
F = Force
(N or kgms-2)
x = displacement
(m)
= angle between the force and the direction of motion
W = Fs
W = Work Done
F = Force
s = displacement
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
(J or Nm)
(N or kgms-2)
(m)
(o )
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Energy
Kinetic Energy
EK = Kinetic Energy
m = mass
v = velocity
1
EK = mv 2
2
(J)
(kg)
(ms-1)
(J)
(kg)
(ms-2)
(m)
1
EP = kx 2
2
1
EP = Fx
2
EP = Potential Energy
k = spring constant
x = extension of spring
(J)
(N m-1)
(m)
F = Force
(N)
W
P=
t
P=
E
t
(W or Js-1)
(J or Nm)
(J or Nm)
(s)
P = power
W = work done
E = energy change
t = time
Efficiency
Efficiency =
Useful Energy
100%
Energy
Or
Efficiency =
Power Output
100%
Power Input
Hookes Law
F = kx
F = Force
k = spring constant
x = extension or compression of spring
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
10
(N or kgms-2)
(N m-1)
(m)
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Force and Pressure
Density
m
=
V
= density
m = mass
V = volume
Pressure
F
P=
A
(kg m-3)
(kg)
(m3)
P = Pressure
(Pa or N m-2)
A = Area of the surface
(m2)
F = Force acting normally to the surface (N or kgms-2)
Liquid Pressure
P = h g
h = depth
= density
g = gravitational Field Strength
(m)
(kg m-3)
(N kg-1)
Pressure in Liquid
P = Patm + h g
h = depth
= density
g = gravitational Field Strength
Patm = atmospheric Pressure
(m)
(kg m-3)
(N kg-1)
(Pa or N m-2)
Gas Pressure
Manometer
P = Patm + h g
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
Pgas = Pressure
(Pa or N m-2)
(Pa or N m-2)
(N kg-1)
11
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U=tube
h1 1 = h2 2
(Pa or N m-2)
(Pa or N m-2)
(m)
(kg m-3)
(N kg-1)
Barometer
Pressure in unit cmHg
Pressure in unit Pa
Pa = 0
Pa = 0
P b = 26
P b = 0.261360010
P c = 76
P c = 0.761360010
P d = 76
P d = 0.761360010
P e = 76
P e = 0.761360010
P f = 84
P f = 0.841360010
(Density of mercury = 13600kgm-3)
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
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Pascals Principle
F1 F2
=
A1 A2
F1 = Force exerted on the small piston
A1 = area of the small piston
F2 = Force exerted on the big piston
A2 = area of the big piston
Archimedes Principle
Weight of the object, W
Upthrust,
= 1V1 g
F = 2V2 g
F=T+W
T+F=W
Vg = T + mg
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
Vg + T = mg
13
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Heat
Heat Change
Q = mc
m = mass
c = specific heat capacity
= temperature change
Electric Heater
Energy Supply, E = Pt
Energy Receive, Q = mc
(kg)
(J kg-1 oC-1)
(o)
Mixing 2 Liquid
m1c11 = m2 c2 2
Pt = mc
E = electrical Energy (J or Nm)
P = Power of the electric heater (W)
t = time (in second)
(s)
m1 = mass of liquid 1
c1 = specific heat capacity of liquid 1
1 = temperature change of liquid 1
m2 = mass of liquid 2
c2 = specific heat capacity of liquid 2
2 = temperature change of liquid 2
Q = mL
Q = Heat Change
m = mass
L = specific latent heat
(J or Nm)
(kg)
(J kg-1)
Boyles Law
PV
1 1 = P2V2
(Requirement: Temperature in constant)
Pressure Law
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
(Requirement: Volume is constant)
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
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Charless Law
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
(Requirement: Pressure is constant)
Universal Gas Law
PV
PV
1 1
= 2 2
T1
T2
P = Pressure
V = Volume
T = Temperature
(Pa or cmHg .)
(m3 or cm3)
(MUST be in K(Kelvin))
Light
Refractive Index
Snells Law
Real depth/Apparent Depth
n=
sin i
sin r
n = refractive index
i = angle of incident
r = angle of reflection
(No unit)
(o)
(o )
n=
n = refractive index
D = real depth
d = apparent depth
Speed of light
D
d
(No unit)
(m or cm)
(m or cm)
n=
c
v
n=
n = refractive index
(No unit)
c = speed of light in vacuum
(ms-1)
v = speed of light in a medium (like water,
glass ) (ms-1)
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
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n = refractive index
c = critical angle
1
sin c
(No unit)
(o )
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Lens
Power
1
f
P=
P = Power
f = focal length
(D(Diopter))
(m)
Linear Magnification
m=
hi
ho
m=
v
u
hi v
=
ho u
m = linear magnification
u = distance of object
v = distance of image
hi = heigth of image
ho = heigth of object
(No unit)
(m or cm)
(m or cm)
(m or cm)
(m or cm)
Lens Equation
Conventional symbol
positive negative
1 1 1
+ =
u v f
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
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Real object
Virtual object
Real image
Virtual image
Convex lens
Concave lens
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Astronomical Telescope
Magnification,
Pe
m=
Po
fo
m=
fe
m = linear magnification
Pe = Power of the eyepiece
Po = Power of the objective lens
fe = focal length of the eyepiece
fo = focal length of the objective lens
Distance between eye lens and objective lens
d = fo + fe
d = Distance between eye lens and objective lens
fe = focal length of the eyepiece
fo = focal length of the objective lens
Compound Microscope
Magnification
m = m1 m2
=
Height of object
Height of first image , I1
d > fo + fe
d = Distance between eye lens and objective lens
fe = focal length of the eyepiece
fo = focal length of the objective lens
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
17