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Mole Concept
a) define mole, Avogadros Law and molar mass
b) perform calculations involving Avogadros Law and molar mass
c) construct balanced ionic equations from full equations
d) state molar volumes of gases at stp and rtp
e) define molar concentration and mass concentration
f) perform calculations involving molar conc., mass conc., and volumes
of gases
g) calculate empirical and molecular formulae given appropriate data
h) perform calculations involving titrimetric analyses
Mole one mole of a substance contains as many elementary particles as there
are carbon atoms in 0.012 kg of 12C
Avogadros Law equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules
Molar masses of elements are equivalent to the relative atomic mass of the
element with the units of grams.
Avogadros Law allows one to determine the ratio in which GASES are reacted
or produced without using stp or rtp considerations.
Example CH4 (g) +2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
If 40 cm3 of methane was reacted with excess oxygen, what volume of carbon
dioxide would be produced at rtp? Using the molar ratio in the balanced
equation of methane to carbon dioxide (1:1) it can be easily determined. The
volume of CO2 (g) would also be 40 cm3. However since water is a liquid,
Avogadros Law would NOT apply to this substance.
Ionic Equations
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1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 dm3 at stp (standard temperature and pressure)
1 mole of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at rtp (room temperature and pressure)
Volume of gas in dm3 = # of moles of gas x 22.4 at stp (OR 24 at rtp)
Empirical and Molecular Formula
Molecular formula (M.F) is the actual ratio of atoms in a compound e.g. C4H8
Empirical formula (E.F) is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a
compound. e.g. CH2
Note M.F C4H8 and the simplest ratio is 1C and 2H hence the E.F is CH2
Example #1
1.15 g of Na react with 0.8 g of S. Calculate the empirical formula of the
compound
Na
S
Comments
mass (g)
1.15
0.80
Can also be
percentages as well
Ar
23
32
mass/Ar
1.15/23
0.8/32
First step to find # of
= # of mol
= 0.05
= 0.025
mol of each element
old ratio of mol
0.05 / 0.025
0.025/0.025
To find ratio divide
=2
=1
each # by the smallest
# present
Conversion
x1
x1
If # in old ratio ends in
factor
.0 then conversion
factor is x 1 , if ratio
end in .5 then
conversion factor is x
2, if # ends in .3 then
conversion factor is x
3, if # in ration ends in
.25 then conversion
factor is x 4,
If # in ratio ends in .9
round up to the
nearest whole number
new ratio of mol 2
1
E.F
Na2S
O
1.2
Ar
mass/Ar
= # of mol
old ratio of mol
27
1.35/27
= 0.05
0.05 / 0.05
=1
16
1.2/16
= 0.075
0.075/0.05
= 1.5
Conversion
factor
x2
x2
mass (g)
3
Al2O3
Comments
Can also be
percentages as well
First step to find # of
mol of each element
To find ratio divide
each # by the smallest
# present
If # in ratio ends in .0
then conversion factor
is x 1 , if ratio end in .
5 then conversion
factor is x 2, if # ends
in .3 then conversion
factor is x 3, if # in
ration ends in .25 then
conversion factor is x
4,
If # in ratio ends in .9
round up to the
nearest whole number
C
24.24
H
4.04
Cl
71.72
Ar
%/Ar
= # of mol
old ratio of
mol
12
24.24/12
= 2.02
2.02/2.02
=1
1
4.04/1
= 4.04
4.04/2.02
=2
35.5
71.72/35.5
= 2.02
2.02/2.02
=1
Conversion
factor
x1
x1
x1
new ratio of
mol
E.F
Comments
Can also be
percentages as well
First step to find # of
mol of each element
To find ratio divide
each # by the smallest
# present
If # in ratio ends in .0
then conversion factor
is x 1 , if ratio end in .
5 then conversion
factor is x 2, if # ends
in .3 then conversion
factor is x 3, if # in
ration ends in .25 then
conversion factor is x
4,
If # in ratio ends in .9
round up to the
nearest whole number
CH2Cl
molar mass
formula mass using E.F
99
45
=2
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Sample calculation
If 14.7 mL of 0.012 M NaOH is required to completely neutralise 25 mL of HCl,
what is the molar concentration of the acid? NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
a) # of mol of NaOH = 0.0147 x 0.012 = 1.764 x 10-4
b) ratio alkali: acid = 1: 1
# mol of HCl that has reacted = 1.764 x 10-4
c) molar conc of acid = # of mol / vol in dm3 = 1.764 x 10-4 / 0.025
= 0.007056 mol dm-3
Worksheet
1. If 8.6 mL of 0.05 mol dm-3 HNO3 is required to neutralise 25 cm3 of
Mg(OH)2, what is the molar and mass concentration of the Mg(OH)2?
2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O
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Na+(aq) + CH3COOH-(aq) + H2O (l)