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Introduction
F0 (z)
G0(z)
F1 (z)
G1(z)
ck,0
X
ak(n)
0ck,0
ck,1
sk(n)
GM 1(z)
X
M 1 ck,M 1
ck,M 1
Fig. 1
branch, the symbol is multiplied by the mth chip, ck[m], upsampled by M factor and then ltered using synthesis lter
Fm(z). The transmitted signal of the kth user, sk (z), is given
by:
sk z Fz C k ak zM
where F(z) [F0(z)F1(z)yFM1(z)] is a row vector representing the transmitter synthesis lters in which Fm(z) is the
wavelet generator lter of the mth branch, Ck is the users
signature code which is the kth column vector of the code
matrix:
2
3
c1; 0
cK1; 0
c0; 0
6 c0; 1
c1; 1
cK1; 1 7
6
7
2
C 6 .
7
4 ..
5
c0; M1
c1; M1
cK1; M1
rk z H k zsk z nz
where Hk(z) is the channel carrying the kth user signal and
the term n(z) is the AWGN with a two-sided power spectral
density of N0/2.
Wavelet multi-user detection
K 1
X
H k zsk z nz
k0
y(n)
1ck,1
channel
FM 1(z)
r(n)
MAI signal
n
|{z}
filtered noise
10
X
ak(n)
ck,1
xopt cc r b c
PM 1(z)
ck,M1
Fig. 3
2 2 1
14
x0(n)
P 0(z)
P 1(z)
r(n)
xn 1 xn mynaH n yH nxn
r(n)
wavelet
demod
MF
User k
MMSE
comb yk(n)
ck,1
MMSE
comb
0
1
xM 1(n)
M1
PM1(z)
y0(n)
y1(n)
MUD
y /0(n)
X
ck,M 1
K1
yM 1(n)
X
k,0
z1
17
X
yk (n)
k,k
X
DC
z1
yK1(n)
DC: decision circuit
TSG: training sequence generator
X
MF: matched filter
N
1
X
pnzn
18
n0
k,K1
z1
X
u
P z P0 zM z1 P1 zM
zM1 PM1 zM
TSG
P z
Fig. 2
x1(n)
15
X
C
X
ck,0
DEMUX
sk(n)
MUX
M1
13
Thus:
y0(n)
P 1(z)
^
C 1
12
^
a sgnxH y
P 0(z)
ck,0
11
M
1
X
zm Pm zM
19
m0
447
pm lMz
The modulation matrix (C1) in Fig. 3 and the corresponding demodulation matrix (C) in Fig. 4 are given in [4, 10].
5
20
Complexity considerations
normalised power, dB
Pm z
M 1
X
25
0.4
0.6
normalised frequency
a
0.8
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
normalised frequency
b
0.4
0.5
10
30
normalised power, dB
Decor
4.5
MMSEComb
4.0
3.5
40
50
60
3.0
70
2.5
80
90
2.0
10
15
20
25
30
35
number of users
Fig. 5
0.2
MMSEMUD
MMSECombMUD
1.5
20
5.0
log10(computations)
15
20
5.5
10
Simulation results
0.10
448
FFT system
wavelet system
0.08
0.06
PSD
The power spectral density (PSD) of a 16-channel multicarrier system generated by FFT is shown in Fig. 6a and the
PSD of a similar system produced by wavelet processing is
shown in Fig. 6b. The side components are about 13 dB
below the main component in FFT and about 80 dB
below the main component in the wavelet system. The
PSDs of an individual channel produced by the two systems
are compared in Fig. 7. The energy of the FFT channel is
spread over many sidelobes but the spectrum of the wavelet
channel is more compact.
The peak to average power ratio (PAPR) was assessed
using a single-user 16-channel multicarrier transmission
system generating FFT-based and wavelet-based signals. It
was found that the PAPR in the wavelet-based signal is 0.79
dB higher than in the FFT-based signal. Furthermore,
6.25% of the measured instantaneous powers in the
FFT-based signal are found to be higher than the average
power compared to only 2% for the wavelet-based signal.
The variance of the instantaneous power is 9.28 for the
wavelet-based signal and a maximum of 15.00 for the FFT
signal.
0.04
0.02
0.1
0.2
0.3
normalised frequency
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
100
0.1
0.2
FBMCCDMA
WBMCCDMA
0.3
0.4
0.5
101
102
BER
0.5
0.4
103
0.3
104
105
0.2
6
Eb /N0, dB
10
0.1
12
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Fig. 9
a FFT system
b Wavelet system
Conclusions
20
calc
sim
101
16
102
BER
SIR, dB
12
MMSEcomb
MMSEmud
decorr
MMSEcombMUD
LMSMUD
104
103
6
8
10
number of users
a
12
14
105
16
10
15
20
number of users
a
25
30
30
calc
sim
101
25
20
102
15
BER
SIR, dB
MMSEcomb
MMSEMUD
decorr
MMSEcombMUD
LMSMUD
103
10
104
6
8
10
number of users
b
12
14
105
16
10
15
Eb /N0
b
Acknowledgement
References
30
10 Appendix
nz bGznz1=M
and the column vector is
K 1
X
FzC k H k ak zM nz
xz x0 z x1 z xK1 zT :
21
k0
K 1
X
FzEzak zM
23
k0
c0;0 h0;0
c0;1 h0;1
..
.
c1;0 h1;0
c1;1 h1;1
c0;M1 h0;M1
c1;M1 h1;M1
cK1;0 hK1;0
cK1;1 hK1;1
7
7
7
7
5
cK1;M1 hK1;M1
24
The signal at the output of the mth branch of the kth user
receiver is:
xz Gzrz1=M
25
K 1
X
32
35
36
37
38
h
o i
Ev2m EG2m zn2 z1=M E G2m on2
39
M
Simplifying further this equation and taking the approximation
Z1
o
s2
40
do
Ev2m G2m on2
M
M
0
GzFzE k ak z N z
26
k0
27
28
29
s2
M
I r2 I
M
41
42
43
1
aopt EHH s I H k
xopt bEE H bH r2 b2 1
bE
52
46
47
48
49
50
452
51
xopt ccH r2 b2 1 c
53