Baroque

For other uses, see Baroque (disambiguation).

music. The style began around 1600 in Rome, Italy and
The Baroque (US /brok/ or UK /brk/) is often spread to most of Europe.[1]
The popularity and success of the Baroque style was
encouraged by the Catholic Church, which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent, in response
to the Protestant Reformation, that the arts should
communicate religious themes in direct and emotional
involvement.[2] The aristocracy also saw the dramatic
style of Baroque architecture and art as a means of impressing visitors and expressing triumph, power and control. Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of
courts, grand staircases and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, baroque has resonance and application that extend beyond a simple reduction to either style or period.[3]
The Triumph of the Immaculate by
Paolo de Matteis

1 Etymology

The Church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, designed by Gian

Lorenzo Bernini

thought of as a period of artistic style that used exag- Brooch of an African, Walters Art Museum
gerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculp- The word baroque is derived from the Portuguese word
ture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, theater, and barroco, Spanish barroco, or French baroque, all
1

2
of which refer to a rough or imperfect pearl, though
whether it entered those languages via Latin, Arabic, or
some other source is uncertain.[4] The 1911 Encyclopdia
Britannica 11th edition thought the term was derived
from the Spanish barrueco, a large, irregularly-shaped
pearl, and that it had for a time been conned to the craft
of the jeweller.[5] Others derive it from the mnemonic
term Baroco, a supposedly laboured form of syllogism
in logical Scholastica.[6] The Latin root can be found in
bis-roca.[7]

DEVELOPMENT

of Anthony Blunt. In painting the gradual rise in popular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of
modern taste.

In art history it has become common to recognise

Baroque stylistic phases, characterized by energetic
movement and display, in earlier art, so that Sir John
Boardman describes the ancient sculpture Laocon and
His Sons as one of the nest examples of the Hellenistic
baroque,[10] and a later phase of Imperial Roman sculpture is also often called Baroque. William Watson
In informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that describes a late phase of Shang-dynasty Chinese ritual
something is elaborate, with many details, without ref- bronzes of the 11th century BC as baroque.[11]
erence to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th cen- The term Baroque may still be used, usually pejoraturies.
tively, describing works of art, craft, or design that are
The word Baroque, like most periodic or stylistic des- thought to have excessive ornamentation or complexity
ignations, was invented by later critics rather than practi- of line.
tioners of the arts in the 17th and early 18th centuries.
It is a French transliteration of the Portuguese phrase
prola barroca, which means irregular pearl", and nat- 3 Development
ural pearls that deviate from the usual, regular forms so
they do not have an axis of rotation are known as "baroque
pearls".[8]
The term Baroque was initially used in a derogatory
sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, which sharply contrasted the clear and sober rationality of the Renaissance.
Although it was long thought that the word as a critical
term was rst applied to architecture, in fact it appears
earlier in reference to music, in an anonymous, satirical
review of the premire in October 1733 of Jean-Philippe
Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie, printed in the Mercure de
France in May 1734. The critic implied that the novelty in this opera was du barocque, complaining that the
music lacked coherent melody, was unsparing with disso- Aeneas ees burning Troy, Federico Barocci, 1598
nances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily
The Baroque originated around 1600, several decades afran through every compositional device.[9]
ter the Council of Trent (154563), by which the Roman
Catholic Church answered many questions of internal reform, addressed the representational arts by demanding
that paintings and sculptures in church contexts should
2 Modern taste and usage
speak to the illiterate rather than to the well-informed.
The Swiss-born art historian, Heinrich Wlin (1864 This turn toward a populist conception of the function of
1945), started the rehabilitation of the word Baroque ecclesiastical art is seen by many art historians as driving
in his Renaissance und Barock (1888); Wlin identi- the innovations of Caravaggio and brothers Agostino and
ed the Baroque as movement imported into mass, an Annibale Carracci, all of who were working (and comart antithetic to Renaissance art. He did not make the peting for commissions) in Rome around 1600.
distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Long
despised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has largely remained in critical favour. For example, the often extreme Sicilian Baroque architecture is today recognised
largely due to the work of Sir Sacheverall Sitwell, whose
Southern Baroque Art of 1924 was the rst book to appreciate the style, followed by the more academic work

The appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the

witty, intellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art
to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an
iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, and theatrical (illustration, right). Baroque art drew on certain broad
and heroic tendencies in Annibale Carracci and his circle, and found inspiration in other artists like Correggio
and Caravaggio and Federico Barocci (illustration, right),
nowadays sometimes termed 'proto-Baroque'. Germinal
ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of

3.1

Periods

Michelangelo. Some general parallels in music make the

expression "Baroque music" useful: there are contrasting
phrase lengths, harmony and counterpoint have ousted
polyphony, and orchestral color makes a stronger appearance. Even more generalized parallels perceived by some
experts in philosophy, prose style and poetry, are harder
to pinpoint.

to react against the many revolutionary cultural movements that produced a new science and new forms of
religionReformation. It has been said that the monumental Baroque is a style that could give the Papacy,
like secular absolute monarchies, a formal, imposing
way of expression that could restore its prestige, at the
point of becoming somehow symbolic of the CounterThough Baroque was superseded in many centers by the Reformation.
Rococo style, beginning in France in the late 1720s, espe- Whether this is the case or not, it was successfully decially for interiors, paintings and the decorative arts, the veloped in Rome, where Baroque architecture widely reBaroque style continued to be used in architecture un- newed the central areas with perhaps the most important
til the advent of Neoclassicism in the later 18th century. urbanistic revision.
See the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace
(though in a chaste exterior) whose construction began in
3.1 Periods
1752.
The Baroque era is sometimes divided into roughly three
phases for convenience:[12][13][14]
Early Baroque, c.1590c.1625
High Baroque, c.1625c.1660
Late Baroque, c.1660c.1725
Late Baroque is also sometimes used synonymously with
the succeeding Rococo movement.
St. Nicholas Church in Lesser Town in Prague was founded in
1703 under lead of Baroque architect Christoph Dientzenhofer.

4 Painting

In paintings Baroque gestures are broader than MannerMain article: Baroque painting
ist gestures: less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious,
A dening statement of what Baroque signies in
more like the stage gestures of opera, a major Baroque art
form. Baroque poses depend on contrapposto (counterpoise), the tension within the gures that move the planes
of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. See Berninis
David.
The dryer, less dramatic and coloristic, chastened later
stages of 18th century Baroque architectural style are
often seen as a separate Late Baroque manifestation,
for example in buildings by Claude Perrault. Academic
characteristics in the neo-Palladian style, epitomized by
William Kent, are a parallel development in Britain and
the British colonies: within interiors, Kents furniture designs are vividly inuenced by the Baroque furniture of
Rome and Genoa, hierarchical tectonic sculptural elements, meant never to be moved from their positions,
completed the wall decoration. Baroque is a style of unity Caravaggio, The Crowning with Thorns
imposed upon rich, heavy detail.
The Baroque was dened by Heinrich Wlin as the age
where the oval replaced the circle as the center of composition, that centralization replaced balance, and that
coloristic and painterly eects began to become more
prominent. Art historians, often Protestant ones, have
traditionally emphasized that the Baroque style evolved
during a time in which the Roman Catholic Church had

painting is provided by the series of paintings executed by Peter Paul Rubens for Marie de Medici at the
Luxembourg Palace in Paris (now at the Louvre),[15]
in which a Catholic painter satised a Catholic patron: Baroque-era conceptions of monarchy, iconography, handling of paint, and compositions as well as the
depiction of space and movement.

5 SCULPTURE

Baroque style featured exaggerated lighting, intense

emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. Baroque art did not really depict the
life style of the people at that time; however, closely tied
to the Counter-Reformation, this style melodramatically
rearmed the emotional depths of the Catholic faith and
gloried both church and monarchy of their power and
inuence.[16]
There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque
painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona; both approaching
emotive dynamism with dierent styles.
Another frequently cited work of Baroque art is Bernini's
Saint Theresa in Ecstasy for the Cornaro chapel in Saint
Maria della Vittoria, which brings together architecture,
sculpture, and theatre into one grand conceit.[17]

Stanislas Kostka on his deathbed by Pierre Le Gros the Younger

vortex, or reached outwards into the surrounding space.

For the rst time, Baroque sculpture often had multiple
ideal viewing angles. The characteristic Baroque sculpStill-life, by Josefa de bidos, c.1679, Santarm, Portugal, Mu- ture added extra-sculptural elements, for example, concealed lighting, or water fountains. Aleijadinho in Brazil
nicipal Library
was also one of the great names of baroque sculpture, and
The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more dec- his master work is the set of statues of the Santurio de
Bom Jesus de Matosinhos in Congonhas. The soapstone
orative Rococo.
sculptures of old testament prophets around the terrace
A rather dierent art developed out of northern realist are considered amongst his nest work.
traditions in 17th century Dutch Golden Age painting,
which had very little religious art, and little history paint- The architecture, sculpture and fountains of Bernini
ing, instead playing a crucial part in developing secu- (15981680) give highly charged characteristics of
lar genres such as still life, genre paintings of everyday Baroque style. Bernini was undoubtedly the most imscenes, and landscape painting. While the Baroque na- portant sculptor of the Baroque period. He approached
ture of Rembrandt's art is clear, the label is less often Michelangelo in his omnicompetence: Bernini sculpted,
used for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish worked as an architect, painted, wrote plays, and staged
Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while also spectacles. In the late 20th century Bernini was most valued for his sculpture, both for his virtuosity in carving
continuing to produce the traditional categories.
marble and his ability to create gures that combine the
In a similar way the French classical style of painting physical and the spiritual. He was also a ne sculptor of
exemplied by Poussin is often classed as Baroque, and bust portraits in high demand among the powerful.
does share many qualities of the Italian painting of the
same period, although the poise and restraint derived
from following classical ideas typically give it a very 5.1 Berninis Cornaro chapel
dierent overall mood.

Sculpture

A good example of Berninis Baroque work is his St.

Theresa in Ecstasy (164552), created for the Cornaro
Chapel of the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria,
Rome. Bernini designed the entire chapel, a subsidiary
space along the side of the church, for the Cornaro family.

Main article: Baroque sculpture

In Baroque sculpture, groups of gures assumed new im- Saint Theresa, the focal point of the chapel, is a soft white
portance and there was a dynamic movement and energy marble statue surrounded by a polychromatic marble arof human formsthey spiraled around an empty central chitectural framing. This structure conceals a window

5
a language of ecstasy used by many mystics, and Berninis
depiction is earnest.
The Cornaro family promotes itself discreetly in this
chapel; they are represented visually, but are placed on
the sides of the chapel, witnessing the event from balconies. As in an opera house, the Cornaro have a privileged position in respect to the viewer, in their private
reserve, closer to the saint; the viewer, however, has a
better view from the front. They attach their name to the
chapel, but St. Theresa is the focus. It is a private chapel
in the sense that no one could say mass on the altar beneath the statue (in 17th century and probably through the
19th) without permission from the family, but the only
thing that divides the viewer from the image is the altar
rail. The spectacle functions both as a demonstration of
mysticism and as a piece of family pride.

6 Architecture
Main article: Baroque architecture

Bernini's Ecstasy of St. Teresa

In Baroque architecture, new emphasis was placed

on bold massing, colonnades, domes, light-and-shade
(chiaroscuro), 'painterly' color eects, and the bold play
of volume and void. In interiors, Baroque movement
around and through a void informed monumental staircases that had no parallel in previous architecture. The
other Baroque innovation in worldly interiors was the
state apartment, a sequence of increasingly rich interiors
that culminated in a presence chamber or throne room
or a state bedroom. The sequence of monumental stairs
followed by a state apartment was copied in smaller scale
everywhere in aristocratic dwellings of any pretensions.

which lights the statue from above. Figure-groups of the

Cornaro family sculpted in shallow relief inhabit opera
boxes on the two side walls of the chapel. The setting
places the viewer as a spectator in front of the statue with
the Cornaro family leaning out of their box seats and craning forward to see the mystical ecstasy of the saint.
Baroque architecture was taken up with enthusiasm
in central Germany (see, e.g., Ludwigsburg Palace
St. Theresa is highly idealized and in an imaginary setting. She was a popular saint of the Catholic Reforma- and Zwinger, Dresden), Austria and Russia (see, e.g.,
Peterhof). In England the culmination of Baroque archition. She wrote of her mystical experiences for an auditecture
was embodied in work by Sir Christopher Wren,
ence of the nuns of her Carmelite Order; these writings
Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor, from ca.
had become popular reading among lay people interested
in spirituality. In her writings, she described the love of 1660 to ca. 1725. Many examples of Baroque architecture and town planning are found in other European
God as piercing her heart like a burning arrow. Bernini
materializes this by placing St. Theresa on a butt while towns, and in Latin America. Town planning of this pea Cupid gure holds a golden arrow made of metal and riod featured radiating avenues intersecting in squares,
smiles down at her. The angelic gure is not preparing which took cues from Baroque garden plans. In Sicily,
to plunge the arrow into her heartrather, he has with- Baroque developed new shapes and themes as in Noto,
drawn it. St. Theresas face reects not the anticipation Ragusa and Acireale Basilica di San Sebastiano.
of ecstasy, but her current fulllment.

Another example of Baroque architecture is the

Cathedral of Morelia, Michoacn in Mexico. Built in
the 17th century by Vincenzo Barrochio, it is one of the
many Baroque cathedrals in Mexico. Baroque churches
are also seen in the Philippines, which were built during
the Spanish period.

This work is widely considered a masterpiece of the

Baroque, although the mix of religious and erotic imagery (faithful to St Teresas own written account) may
raise modern eyebrows. However, Bernini was a devout
Catholic and was not attempting to satirize the experience of a chaste nun. Rather, he aimed to portray re- Francis Ching described Baroque architecture as a style
ligious experience as an intensely physical one. Theresa of architecture originating in Italy in the early 17th cendescribed her bodily reaction to spiritual enlightenment in tury and variously prevalent in Europe and the New World

9 MUSIC

for a century and a half, characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornament, dynamic
opposition and interpenetration of spaces, and the dramatic combined eects of architecture, sculpture, painting, and the decorative arts.[18]
Architecture
Augustusburg Palace near Cologne
Trevi Fountain in Rome
Wilanw Palace in Warsaw, Poland

This technology aected the content of the narrated

or performed pieces, practicing at its best the Deus ex
Machina solution. Gods were nally able to come down
literally from the heavens and rescue the hero in the
most extreme and dangerous, even absurd situations.
The term Theatrum Mundi the world is a stage was
also created. The social and political realm in the real
world is manipulated in exactly the same way the actor
and the machines are presenting/limiting what is being
presented on stage, hiding selectively all the machinery
that makes the actions happen.

The lms Vatel and Farinelli give a good idea of the style
Interior of the Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della
of productions of the Baroque period. The American
Vittoria church, Rome including the Cornaro pormusician William Christie and Les Arts Florissants have
traits, but omitting the lower parts of the chapel.
performed extensive research on all the French Baroque
Opera, performing pieces from Charpentier and Lully,
among others that are extremely faithful to the original
7 Theatre
17th century creations.

8 Literature and philosophy

Further information: 17th century in literature, 17th
century philosophy and Early Modern literature
For German Baroque literature, see German literature of
the Baroque period.

9 Music
Main article: Baroque music
The term Baroque is also used to designate the style of
music composed during a period that overlaps with that
of Baroque art, but usually encompasses a slightly later
period.
It is a still-debated question as to what extent Baroque
music shares aesthetic principles with the visual and literary arts of the Baroque period. A fairly clear, shared
18th-century painting of the Royal Theatre of Turin
element is a love of ornamentation, and it is perhaps signicant that the role of ornament was greatly diminished
In theatre, the elaborate conceits, multiplicity of plot
turns and a variety of situations characteristic of in both music and architecture as the Baroque gave way
Mannerism (Shakespeares tragedies, for instance) were to the Classical period.
superseded by opera, which drew together all the arts into The application of the term Baroque to music is a rela unied whole.
atively recent development, although it has recently been
Theatre evolved in the Baroque era and became a pointed out that the rst use of the word baroque in
multimedia experience, starting with the actual architec- criticism of any of the arts related to music, in an anonytural space. In fact, much of the technology used in cur- mous, satirical review of the premire in October 1733
rent Broadway or commercial plays was invented and de- of Rameaus Hippolyte et Aricie, printed in the Mercure
veloped during this era. The stage could change from a de France in May 1734. The critic implied that the novromantic garden to the interior of a palace in a matter of elty in this opera was du barocque, complaining that the
seconds. The entire space became a framed selected area music lacked coherent melody, was lled with unremitand
that only allows the users to see a specic action, hiding ting dissonances, constantly changed key and meter,
[19]
speedily
ran
through
every
compositional
device.
all the machinery and technology mostly ropes and pulleys.

However this was an isolated reference, and consistent use

9.1

Composers and examples

7
of the Ancient Greeks. An important technique used in
baroque music was the use of ground bass, a repeated
bass line. Didos Lament by Henry Purcell is a famous
example of this technique.

9.1 Composers and examples

Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554/15571612) Sonata
pian' e forte (1597), In Ecclesiis (from Symphoniae
sacrae book 2, 1615)
Claudio Monteverdi (15671643), L'Orfeo, favola
in musica (1610)
Heinrich Schtz (15851672), Musikalische Exequien (1629, 1647, 1650)
Francesco Cavalli (16021676), L'Egisto (1643),
Ercole amante (1662), Scipione aricano (1664)
Jean-Baptiste Lully (16321687), Armide (1686)
Marc-Antoine Charpentier (16431704), Te Deum
(1688-1698)
George Frideric Handel, 1733

Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber (16441704), Mystery

Sonatas (1681)
John Blow (16491708), Venus and Adonis (1680
1687)
Johann Pachelbel (16531706), Canon in D (1680)
Arcangelo Corelli (16531713), 12 concerti grossi,
Op. 6 (1714)
Marin Marais (16561728), Sonnerie de SteGenevive du Mont-de-Paris (1723)
Henry Purcell (16591695), Dido and Aeneas
(1687)
Alessandro Scarlatti (16601725), L'honest negli
amori (1680), Il Pompeo (1683), Mitridate Eupatore
(1707)
Franois Couperin (16681733), Les barricades
mystrieuses (1717)
Tomaso Albinoni (16711751), Didone abbandonata (1724)

Johann Sebastian Bach, 1748

was only begun in 1919, by Curt Sachs,[20] and it was not

until 1940 that it was rst used in English (in an article
published by Manfred Bukofzer).[19]
Many musical forms were born in that era, like the
concerto and sinfonia. Forms such as the sonata, cantata
and oratorio ourished. Also, opera was born out of the
experimentation of the Florentine Camerata, the creators
of monody, who attempted to recreate the theatrical arts

Antonio Vivaldi (16781741), The Four Seasons

(1723)
Jan Dismas Zelenka (1679-1745), Il Serpente di
Bronzo (1730), Missa Sanctissimae Trinitatis (1736)
Georg Philipp Telemann (16811767), Der Tag des
Gerichts (1762)
Johann David Heinichen (16831729)
Jean-Philippe Rameau (16831764), Dardanus
(1739)

12
George Frideric Handel (16851759), Water Music
(1717), Messiah (1741)
Domenico Scarlatti (16851757), Sonatas for harpsichord
Johann Sebastian Bach (16851750), Toccata and
Fugue in D minor (17031707), Brandenburg Concertos (1721), St Matthew Passion (1727)
Nicola Porpora (16861768), Semiramide riconosciuta (1729)
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (17101736), Stabat
Mater (1736)

10

See also

Andean Baroque

REFERENCES

[4] OED Online. Accessed 6 June 2008.

[5] Baroque. Encyclopdia Britannica 1911. Retrieved 20
April 2011.
[6] Panofsky, Erwin (1995). Three Essays on Style. The
MIT Press. p. 19. |chapter= ignored (help)
[7] Baroque. Vocabolario Etimologico della Lingua Italiana
di Ottorino Pianigiani. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
[8] Diogo Mayo (1967-09-15). Scale Regia.
gia.blogspot.ca. Retrieved 2013-04-20.

Scalare-

[9] Claude V. Palisca, Baroque. The New Grove Dictionary

of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley
Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers,
2001).
[10] Boardman, John ed., The Oxford History of Classical Art,
1993, OUP, ISBN 0198143869

Baroque architecture in Portugal

[11] Watson W. (1974), Style in the Arts of China, p. 34, 1974,

Penguin, ISBN 0140218637

Dutch Baroque architecture

[12] The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2011

English Baroque
French Baroque
Gilded woodcarving

[13] Encyclopdia Britannica: Western painting. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-04-20.

Italian Baroque

[14] Shearer West (ed.) The Bulnch Guide to Art History:

A Comprehensive Survey and Dictionary of Western Art
and Architecture. Bullnch 1996. ISBN 0-8212-2137-X

List of Baroque architecture

[15] Peter Paul Rubens The Life of Marie de' Medici.

Naryshkin Baroque
Neo-baroque

[16] Hunt, Martin, Rosenwein, and Smith (2010). The Making

of the West (third ed.). Boston: Bedford/ St. Martins. pp.
469

New Spanish Baroque

[17] Cornaro Chapel at Bogelwood.com.

Petrine Baroque
Polish Baroque

[18] Francis DK Ching, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, p.

133

Sicilian Baroque

[19] Palisca 2001.

Spanish Baroque architecture

[20] Sachs, Curt (1919). Barockmusik [Baroque Music].

Jahrbuch der Musikbibliothek Peters (in German) 26.
Leipzig: Edition Peters. pp. 715.

Ukrainian Baroque

11

Notes

[1] Fargis, Paul (1998). The New York Public Library Desk
Reference (third ed.). New York: Macmillan General
Reference. p. 262. ISBN 0-02-862169-7.
[2] Helen Gardner, Fred S. Kleiner, and Christin J. Mamiya,
Gardners Art Through the Ages (Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005), p. 516.
[3] Helen Hills (ed), Rethinking the Baroque (Farnham (Surrey) and Burlington (Vermont): Ashgate Publishing,
2011):.

12 References
Andersen, Liselotte. 1969. Baroque and Rococo
Art, New York: H. N. Abrams.
Buci-Glucksmann, Christine. 1994. Baroque Reason: The Aesthetics of Modernity. Sage.
Gardner, Helen, Fred S. Kleiner, and Christin J.
Mamiya. 2005. Gardners Art Through the Ages,
12th edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
ISBN 978-0-15-505090-7 (hardcover)

9
Palisca, Claude V. (1991) [1961]. Baroque Music. Prentice Hall History of Music (3rd ed.). Englewood Clis, N.J.: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13058496-7. OCLC 318382784.
Wakeeld, Steve. 2004. Carpentiers Baroque Fiction: Returning Medusas Gaze. Coleccin Tmesis.
Serie A, Monografas 208. Rochester, NY: Tamesis. ISBN 1-85566-107-1.

13

Further reading

Bazin, Germain, 1964. Baroque and Rococo.

Praeger World of Art Series. New York: Praeger.
(Originally published in French, as Classique,
baroque et rococo. Paris: Larousse. English edition
reprinted as Baroque and Rococo Art, New York:
Praeger, 1974)
Hills, Helen (ed.). 2011. Rethinking the Baroque.
Farnham, Surrey; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN
978-0-7546-6685-1.
Hortol, Policarp, 2013, The Aesthetics of Haemotaphonomy. Sant Vicent del Raspeig: ECU. ISBN
978-84-9948-991-9.
Kitson, Michael. 1966. The Age of Baroque. Landmarks of the Worlds Art. London: Hamlyn; New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Lambert, Gregg, 2004. Return of the Baroque in
Modern Culture. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-82646648-8.
Martin, John Rupert. 1977. Baroque. Icon Editions. New York: Harper and Rowe. ISBN 0-06435332-X (cloth); ISBN 0-06-430077-3 (pbk.)
Wlin, Heinrich. 1964. Renaissance and Baroque
(Reprinted 1984; originally published in German,
1888) The classic study. ISBN 0-8014-9046-4
Vuillemin, Jean-Claude, 2013. Episteme baroque: le
mot et la chose. Hermann. ISBN 978-2-7056-84488.

14

External links

The baroque and rococo culture

Webmuseum Paris
barocke in Val di Noto Sizilien
Baroque in the History of Art
The Baroque style and Luis XIV inuence

Melvyn Braggs BBC Radio 4 program In Our Time:

The Baroque
Baroque Style Guide. British Galleries. Victoria
and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on
19 August 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.

10

15

15
15.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Baroque Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque?oldid=650642722 Contributors: MichaelTinkler, Mav, Ap, Andre Engels,

Youssefsan, Gianfranco, William Avery, Heron, Sfdan, Olivier, Ram-Man, Michael Hardy, Paul Barlow, Lexor, Jahsonic, Gabbe, Jketola, Ihcoyc, Ahoerstemeier, Snoyes, Angela, Ugen64, Glenn, Nikai, Susurrus, Lancevortex, Ghewgill, Tobias Conradi, Raven in Orbit,
JASpencer, Schneelocke, Alex S, Timwi, Viajero, Composer333, Andrewman327, Rednblu, Peregrine981, Tpbradbury, Hyacinth, Grendelkhan, Taxman, Sabbut, Mackensen, Opus33, Raul654, Wetman, Jerzy, Robbot, Chris Roy, Texture, Halibutt, Rasmus Faber, Smb1001,
Mervyn, Hadal, Phthoggos, Wikibot, Mushroom, David Gerard, Stirling Newberry, Djinn112, Meursault2004, Lupin, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Leonard G., SWAdair, Bobblewik, Deus Ex, Stevietheman, Andycjp, Antandrus, OwenBlacker, RetiredUser2, NetgutuDD, C4,
JHCC, Neutrality, Burschik, Robin klein, Adashiel, Conte Giacomo, Apwoolrich, Switisweti, Mike Rosoft, Pfg, Ornil, Ham II, Diagonalsh,
Discospinster, Solitude, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Kenwarren, Dbachmann, Goochelaar, Bender235, JoeSmack, Goodtimetribe, CanisRufus, Zenohockey, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, Susvolans, Cacophony, Jpgordon, Thuresson, Bobo192, Wood Thrush, Che fox, Cmdrjameson, Vegalabs, Kaganer, Nk, Slambo, Joshhan, Thedarkestclear, Merope, HasharBot, Ranveig, Alansohn, V2Blast, Walter Grlitz, Arthena,
Jeltz, M7, JoaoRicardo, Jpenix, Giano, Dark Shikari, Spangineer, WikiParker, Hu, Snowolf, Binabik80, Immanuel Giel, Bsadowski1, Ianblair23, Versageek, Ghirlandajo, HunterAmor, Stephen, Feezo, Woohookitty, Scriberius, Etacar11, Camw, PoccilScript, Pol098, MONGO,
Kelisi, Bkwillwm, Xiong Chiamiov, Prashanthns, Dysepsion, Mandarax, Graham87, Magister Mathematicae, Buxtehude, Jalada, Kbdank71, Mendaliv, Zbxgscqf, Missmarple, Afterwriting, TBHecht, TheGWO, Ev, FlaBot, HochauerW, Pumeleon, RachelBrown, Mark83,
RexNL, Pcj, Wars, DannyDaWriter, Malencontreux, Chobot, Volunteer Marek, Antiuser, Kummi, YurikBot, FrenchIsAwesome, Briaboru,
Splash, Quintusdecimus, Jenks1987, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, TheGrappler, NawlinWiki, Insouciance, Wiki alf, Erielhonan, Welsh, Irishguy, Renata3, Banes, Larry laptop, Moe Epsilon, Misza13, Zwobot, DeadEyeArrow, Jeremy Visser, Rhmoore, CLW,
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speller, SauliH, Gaiacarra, Persian Poet Gal, Kleinzach, Blacksheepmails, Darth Panda, CARAVAGGISTI, Kavonjon, Can't sleep, clown
will eat me, DiePerfekteWelle, OrphanBot, Mr.Reeves, Raynethackery, Spacedunce-5, Rrburke, KerathFreeman, Addshore, Nitrogenetic,
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Mr Stephen, Optakeover, Neddyseagoon, MTSbot, Zyborg, Norm mit, Megawattbulbman, Dekaels, Shoeofdeath, Schizmatic, Shmget,
Ewulp, Courcelles, Tawkerbot2, Dlohcierekim, SkyWalker, JForget, Denaar, Sleeping123, CmdrObot, Deon, Ale jrb, Fsouza, KyraVixen,
El Paulio, Nilfanion, Cydebot, Ryan, P0LARIS, Gogo Dodo, Travelbird, JFreeman, Amandajm, BBBDBV, Kiske, Codetiger, DumbBOT,
Starionwolf, Yuhiufai88, SuperGerbil, GangstaEB, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, N5iln, Garcilaso, Marek69, Rmontcal, A3RO, Nezzadar, Eleuther,
AntiVandalBot, Majorly, Gioto, Luna Santin, Seaphoto, Turlo Lomon, Dr. Blofeld, Mdotley, Modernist, PloniAlmoni, LibLord, J-Bones,
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Mondegreen, Black Stripe, MartinBot, Michalws, Mschel, CommonsDelinker, Lilac Soul, LedgendGamer, EdBever, Erockrph, Tgeairn,
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Grantri, Thingg, Mattissa, Burner0718, Shutcheson, Goodvac, Yiri, Bridies, Pichpich, Crazybrat, Bobbob007, Rror, Toonieven, WikHead,
SilvonenBot, PL290, Alexius08, Mr.alfman, Addbot, Freepenguin, Proofreader77, Cxz111, Blanche of Kings Lynn, TheDestitutionOfOrganizedReligion, Some jerk on the Internet, M88averick, Captain-tucker, Azoiensis, Gul e, Older and ... well older, Scientus, CanadianLinuxUser, Jpoelma13, Cst17, Nirajdoshi, Assdog, Glane23, AndersBot, Favonian, Tyw7, Last5, CaptainNicodemus, Fablealbion,
Numbo3-bot, Pladyx, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Pietrow, Avono, MuZemike, Jarble, Ettrig, Bermicourt, Megaman en m, Puppenbenutzer, Ale66, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Hulek, ArchonMagnus, Taxisfolder, KamikazeBot, Carolynorth, 1oddbins1, AnomieBOT, Killiondude, Jim1138,
Rejedef, Kingpin13, Giants27, Materialscientist, Bob Burkhardt, Colorsontrial, Lqstuart, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, Rythemrider, Rnpham10,
Crookesmoor, Ryomaandres, 4twenty42o, Jmundo, NFD9001, Almabot, GrouchoBot, KaplanDK, MeDrake, RibotBOT, Amaury, Shadowjams, A.amitkumar, Zwfcbfxghn, Zack4444GTM, Tobby72, Seank888, Finalius, Citation bot 1, WQUlrich, Pinethicket, I dream of
horses, Eagles247, Bennny123, RedBot, Btilm, Fumitol, Helddeven, Robo Cop, Kryssolis, Windlake, SkyMachine, Gerda Arendt, FoxBot,
TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Lotje, Vrenator, Citycale, Begoon, Raidon Kane, Aoidh, Jerd10, Stevengregory, MegaSloth, Leeky94,
Keegscee, Tjks10, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Umnecessary?, Yaya22dd, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot,
, EmausBot, Look2See1, HiMyNameIsFrancesca, Jrstrehlow, Junatom, Thetohmi, Solarra, Slightsmile, Wikipelli, Darkght, Thecheesykid, Werieth, Daisy Cutter 2, Doctorpedia, F, Shuipzv3, TMZ 1111, QEDK, Wayne Slam, Tolly4bolly, Erianna, TyA, Brandmeister, Philafrenzy, Donner60, DASHBotAV, Spicemix, Wilson5000, Special Cases, Xxmaster27xx, Saverin45, ClueBot NG, Gareth Grith-Jones, MelbourneStar, This lousy
T-shirt, Frietjes, O.Koslowski, Jurium, Widr, Maxterplaxter, Bstephens393, Tarfume, Helpful Pixie Bot, Stormy summer night, Axonix,
CDOG118, Vaselli, Lowercase sigmabot, Murry1975, Krenair, JiminLee, Gonhin, Tigsisawesome, Bondaruk85, Dan653, V zav, Altar,
Boleeva, Daedalus&Ikaros, Smmmaniruzzaman, Snow Blizzard, Db900, Worldiswatching, Patfalk, Anbu121, Vvven, BattyBot, Mdann52,
Nayhorrorn, Kobainz, JAMESPRATLEY, ChrisGualtieri, Dexbot, Hmainsbot1, Webclient101, HelicopterLlama, Honerpolisher, Frosty,
Graphium, Erlisitz, Cor Ferrum, Epicgenius, Ruby Murray, Harharhardyharhar, NobelTyrop, Lfdder, 1canuckbuck, Barocchista, Cpsmatthewho4970, Ugog Nizdast, Oliszydlowski, Mjlphd, Kind Tennis Fan, Luckynutter, Lewishogarth, Palindromicon, KaleKAN6, MahyAttar, Wplmage, Helen.hills, TerryAlex, Hella Dead and Anonymous: 959

15.2

15.2

Images

11

Images

File:1710-15_de_Matteis_Triumph_of_the_Immaculate_anagoria.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/

27/1710-15_de_Matteis_Triumph_of_the_Immaculate_anagoria.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: anagoria Original artist: Paolo
de Matteis (1662-1728)
File:Aeneas{}_Flight_from_Troy_by_Federico_Barocci.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Aeneas%
27_Flight_from_Troy_by_Federico_Barocci.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art, Uploaded to en.wikipedia
03:45 28 Jul 2004 by en:User:Wetman. Original artist: Federico Barocci
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Estasi_di_Santa_Teresa.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Estasi_di_Santa_Teresa.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: [1]
File:German_-_Brooch_of_an_African_-_Walters_57887_-_Back.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/
1c/German_-_Brooch_of_an_African_-_Walters_57887_-_Back.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Walters Art Museum:
<a href='http://thewalters.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Nuvola lesystems folder home.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg/20px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.
svg/30px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_
filesystems_folder_home.svg/40px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png
2x'
data-le-width='128'
data-le-height='128'
/></a> Home page <a href='http://art.thewalters.org/detail/31558' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information icon.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='620'
data-le-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Anonymous (Germany)
File:Haendel.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Haendel.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Uploaded to nl.wikipedia 21 apr 2004 01:13 by nl:Gebruiker:Robbot. Original artist: Balthasar Denner
File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.jsbach.net/bass/elements/bach-hausmann.jpg Original artist: Elias Gottlob Haussmann
File:JosefaObidos4.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/JosefaObidos4.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.ci.uc.pt/artes/6spp/josefa_de_obidos.html Original artist: Josefa de bidos
File:Michelangelo_Merisi,_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_
-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: yAGZLO5MaPVjfQ at Google Cultural Institute, zoom level maximum
Original artist: Caravaggio
File:Pierre_Le_Gros_(II)_-_The_Death_of_St_Stanislas_Kostka_-_WGA12562.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/4/40/Pierre_Le_Gros_%28II%29_-_The_Death_of_St_Stanislas_Kostka_-_WGA12562.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: <a href='http://www.wga.hu/art/l/le_gros/kostka.jpg' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img
alt='Inkscape.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/20px-Inkscape.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/30px-Inkscape.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png
2x'
data-le-width='60'
data-leheight='60' /></a> Image <a href='http://www.wga.hu/html/l/le_gros/kostka.html' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information icon.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='620'
data-le-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Pierre Le Gros the Younger
File:Pietro_Domenico_Oliviero_-_The_Royal_Theater_in_Turin.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/
1f/Pietro_Domenico_Oliviero_-_The_Royal_Theater_in_Turin.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Italia, Turin, Palazzo Madama
- Museo civico d'arte antica Original artist: Giovanni Michele Graneri (Torino, 1708-1762)
File:Prager_Burg_-_Nikolauskirche_Kuppel.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Prager_Burg_-_
Nikolauskirche_Kuppel.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wolfgang Sauber
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Sant'Andrea.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Sant%27Andrea.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Anthony M. from Rome, Italy
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

15.3

Content license

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