MGI CCNA BCast Dubai Nov2014 Book1 v01

Dubai, 16th 20th November 2014
Course Code: MGI-TA-001
Cisco Networking Bootcamp

for Broadcast Engineers
Slides Book #1
Jim White | jim.white@mgi.tv | www.mgi.tv
Getting on the Wifi
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SSID MGI Training

Password training2014
Connect Phone/Laptop
Put both on silent
Answer work mails during breaks
Take Calls outside
Basic Housekeeping
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Exits / Safety
Parking
Mobile Phones
Attendance
Access to Building
What to bring each day
If unable to attend
Questions / Discussion
Class Shared Area
Bootcamp Daily Routine
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Before 9:00am
9:00am to 11:00am
11:00am
11:30am 12:30pm
12:30pm 1:30pm
1:30pm 4:00pm
4:00pm after
Get organized/Check Mails etc

Concentration Zone / Learning
Short Break
Theory Wrapup / Demo
Lunch Break / Check Mails
Discussions / Practical Exercises
Your Life / Check Mails
Daily Design
Discussions
Broadcast Networking Daily Discussions

Patching Schedule & IP Schema Tips
Creating Configuration Templates
IP Contribution Networking Considerations
Studios/Production Networking
Networking for Post Production, MAM, High End Storage
Networking Transmission/Playout & Headends
Monitoring and Control Networks
Networking Considerations for OTT Services
Daily Product
Discussions
Online walkthrough of Cisco Products

Catalyst 29XX Series
Catalyst 3560/3650/3750-X/3850 Series
Catalyst 4900M/4500-X/4948 Series
Catalyst 4500 Series
Catalyst 6500 Series
Cisco Nexus
Cisco ISR Routers
Cisco ASA Firewalling
Networking Tips for building up your knowledge

Master the basics and the rest is much easier
Hands on practice is best way to learn
Study theory in bite sized chunks (e.g. today CDP)
When your mind starts to bring the technologies together
then you will find enjoyment in the topic.
You dont need books. All you need is a blueprint of what
to learn (available) and an interest.
Routers for a home/work lab are very affordable (consider
shipping in Middle East). ISR 1841 would be a good
purchase for routing.
Lots of free information out there. The biggest expense is
time to learn.
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Some general tips when learning about networking

Always ask yourself what is the problem we are trying
to fix when approaching a networking technology..
Dont try to remember everything, but know where to
find it!
Yes we still use the OSI 7 Layer Model to help us
understand things.
Try to group technologies. Sometimes there are
different technologies to solve a similar problem (e.g.
HSRP/VRRP/GLBP all do a similar thing, you would not
implement all 3!).
If you lose interest, stop and go back over the bits that
did interest you. Then go back another day and tackle
the new stuff!
First, learn about something on its own, afterwards in
the context of a real network alongside everything else..
Order kit early on projects for hands on time.
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A typical qualified CCNA
Learning about networking
Living in a world of
acronyms! Easy to sink!
Career Path = Sales
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Get your foundations right and you

can build on top of that.
Career Path = Engineer
The good old days when I lived in Cork!
http://cisco.cit.ie/ccna_old2/
This is where I keep all the old CCNA learning resources. There's loads of stuff
here so dont overwhelm yourself, choose a topic you would like to revise.
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Wanna spend money?
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Wanna spend money?
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Know what to study for CCNA!

New in ICND1 Exam
New in ICND2 Exam
Introducing Basic IPv6
Troubleshooting VLAN Connectivity
Understanding IPv6
Understand Spanning Tree Protocol
Configuring IPv6 Routing
Understand and configure Etherchannel
Implementing VLANs and Trunks
Understand Layer 3 Redundancy Protocols
Routing Between VLANs
Troubleshooting IPv4 Network Connectivity
Implementing single area OSPF
Troubleshooting IPv6 Network Connectivity
Managing Traffic Using Access Control Lists (ACLs)
Implementing EIGRP
Implementing Variable-Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
Troubleshooting EIGRP
Scaling the Network with Network Address Translation

(NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT)
Implementing EIGRP for IPv6

Multi-area OSPF IPv4 Implementation
Understanding and configuring OSPFv3
Understanding and configuring clients for
SNMP, Syslog, and Netflow
Managing Cisco devices

Understanding and verifying Cisco licensing
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CCNA Exam Blue Print!
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Best books to get
CCNA Routing and Switching Study Guide:

Exams 100-101, 200-101, and 200-120 Paperback October 7, 2013
by Todd Lammle (Author)
ISBN-13: 978-1118749616 ISBN-10: 1118749618 Edition: 1st
CCNA Routing and Switching 200-120 Official Cert Guide Library

Hardcover
June 2, 2013 by Wendell Odom (Author)
ISBN-13: 978-1587143878 ISBN-10: 1587143879 Edition: 1st
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The maze of Cisco Certifications
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Day 1
Networking Fundamentals
OSI Model
IP ARP, MAC Address Flooding & Learning
IP Addressing & Subnetting
TCP/IP Model Recap
Introduction to Cisco IOS & Nexus NXOS
Reference Models
Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models
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Protocol Suites
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication
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Data Encapsulation
Protocol Data Units (PDUs)
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame
Bits
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Moving Data in the Network
Accessing Local Resources
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Purpose of the Physical Layer
The Physical Layer
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Physical Layer Media
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Physical Layer Standards

Standard
Organization
ISO 8877: Officially adopted the RJ connectors (e.g., RJ-11, RJ-45)

ISO 11801: Network cabling standard similar to EIA/TIA 568.
TIA-568-C: Telecommunications cabling standards, used by nearly all voice,

video and data networks.
TIA-569-B: Commercial Building Standards for Telecommunications Pathways
and Spaces
TIA-598-C: Fiber optic color coding
TIA-942: Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers
ANSI
568-C: RJ-45 pinouts. Co-developed with EIA/TIA
ITU-T
G.992: ADSL
IEEE
802.3: Ethernet
802.11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification)
802.15: Bluetooth
ISO
EIA/TIA
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Networking Standards
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Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Physical Layer Fundamental Principles

Media
Frame Encoding Technique
Signalling Method
UTP
Coaxial
Connectors
NICs
Ports
Interfaces
Manchester Encoding
Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
techniques
4B/5B codes are used with
Multi-Level Transition Level 3
(MLT-3) signaling
8B/10B
PAM5
Changes in the
electromagnetic field
Intensity of the
electromagnetic field
Phase of the
electromagnetic wave
Single-mode Fiber
Multimode Fiber
Connectors
NICs
Interfaces
Lasers and LEDs
Photoreceptors
Pulses of light
Wavelength multiplexing using
different colors
A pulse equals 1.
No pulse is 0.
Fiber Optic
Cable
Wireless
Media
Access Points
NICs
Radio
Antennae
DSSS (direct-sequence spreadspectrum)

OFDM (orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing)
Radio waves
Copper Cable
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Physical
Components
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Day 1
OSI Model
TCP & UDP
ARP
ARP Role in Remote Communication

If the destination IPv4 host is on the local network, the frame will use the
MAC address of this device as the destination MAC address.
If the destination IPv4 host is not on the local network, the source uses
the ARP process to determine a MAC address for the router interface
serving as the gateway.
In the event that the gateway entry is not in the table, an ARP request is
used to retrieve the MAC address associated with the IP address of the
router interface.
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ARP
ARP Tables on Networking Devices
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ARP
ARP Operation
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ARP
Removing Entries from an ARP Table
The ARP cache

timer removes
ARP entries that
have not been
used for a
specified period of
time.
Commands may
also be used to
manually remove
all or some of the
entries in the ARP
table.
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ARP Issues
How ARP Can Create Problems
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ARP Issues
Mitigating ARP Problems
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Accessing Local Resources
Communicating with Device / Same Network
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Accessing Remote Resources
Default Gateway
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Accessing Remote Resources
Communicating Device / Remote Network
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Frame Forwarding
Dynamically Populating a Switch MAC Address Table

A switch must first learn which devices exist on each port
before it can transmit a frame
It builds a table called a MAC address, or content
addressable memory (CAM) table
The mapping device <-> port is stored in the CAM table
The information in the MAC address table I used to send
frames
When a switch receives an incoming frame with a MAC
address that is not found in the CAM table, it floods it to all
ports but the one that received the frame.
Examines Source MAC to learn who is where.
Uses Destination MAC to switch frame to it target.
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Ethernet Frame Attributes
Introduction to the Ethernet Frame
Preamble and Start

Frame Delimiter Fields
Used for
synchronization
between the sending
and receiving devices.
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Length/Type Field
Defines the exact
length of the frame's
data field; describes
which protocol is
implemented.
Data and Pad

Fields
Contains the
encapsulated
data from a
higher layer, an
IPv4 packet.
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Introduction to the Ethernet Frame (cont.)
Frame Check Sequence Field

Used to detect errors in a frame with cyclic redundancy check (4
bytes); if calculations match at source and receiver, no error
occurred.
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Ethernet MAC
MAC Addresses and Hexadecimal
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Ethernet MAC
MAC Address Representations
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Ethernet MAC
Unicast MAC Address
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Ethernet MAC
Broadcast MAC Address
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Ethernet MAC
Multicast MAC Address
Multicast MAC address is a special

value that begins with 01-00-5E in
hexadecimal
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Range of IPV4 multicast addresses

is 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
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MAC and IP
MAC and IP
MAC Address
This address does not change

Similar to the name of a person
Known as physical address because physically assigned to the host NIC
IP Address
Similar to the address of a person
Based on where the host is actually located
Known as a logical address because assigned logically
Assigned to each host by a network administrator
Both the physical MAC and logical IP addresses are required for a computer
to communicate just like both the name and address of a person are
required to send a letter.
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Ethernet MAC
End-to-End Connectivity, MAC, and IP
IP Packet Encapsulated in an Ethernet Frame
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Switching
Switch MAC Address Table
1. The switch receives a broadcast frame from PC 1 on Port 1.

2. The switch enters the source MAC address and the switch port that received
the frame into the address table.
3. Because the destination address is a broadcast, the switch floods the frame to
all ports, except the port on which it received the frame.
4. The destination device replies to the broadcast with a unicast frame addressed
to PC 1.
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Switching
Switch MAC Address Table (cont.)
5. The switch enters the source MAC address of PC 2 and the port number of
the switch port that received the frame into the address table. The
destination address of the frame and its associated port is found in the
MAC address table.
6. The switch can now forward frames between source and destination
devices without flooding, because it has entries in the address table that
identify the associated ports.
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Day 1
OSI Model
TCP & UDP
IPv4 Address Structure
Converting a Binary Address to Decimal
Practice
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Practice
Answer = 176
Answer = 255
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Converting from Decimal to Binary
168 = ? binary
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Converting from Decimal to Binary (Cont.)
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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

To define the network and host portions of an address, a devices use a
separate 32-bit pattern called a subnet mask
The subnet mask does not actually contain the network or host portion
of an IPv4 address, it just says where to look for these portions in a
given IPv4 address
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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Examining the Prefix Length
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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Examining the Prefix Length
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IPv4 Subnet Mask
IPv4 Network, Host, and Broadcast Address
10.1.1.0/24
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IPv4 Subnet Mask
First Host and Last Host Addresses
10.1.1.0/24
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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Bitwise AND Operation

1 AND 1 = 1
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1 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
0 AND 0 = 0
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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Assigning a Static IPv4 Address to a Host

LAN Interface Properties
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Configuring a Static IPv4 Address
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Assigning a Dynamic IPv4 Address to a Host
Verification
DHCP The preferred method of assigning IPv4 addresses to hosts on

large networks because it reduces the burden on network support staff
and virtually eliminates entry errors.
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Unicast Transmission
In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of three different ways:
Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
#1 Unicast the process
of sending a packet from
one host to an individual
host.
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Broadcast Transmission
Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast.
#2 Broadcast the
process of sending a
packet from one host to
all hosts in the network.
NOTE: Routers do
not forward a
limited broadcast!
Directed broadcast
Destination
172.16.4.255
Hosts within the
172.16.4.0/24 network
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Multicast Transmission
Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast.
#3 Multicast The process of sending a packet from one host to a selected
group of hosts, possibly in different networks.
Reduces traffic
Reserved for addressing multicast groups 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
Link local 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 (Example: routing information
exchanged by routing protocols)
Globally scoped addresses 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255 (Example:
224.0.1.1 has been reserved for Network Time Protocol)
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Types of IPv4 Address
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses

Private address blocks are:
Hosts that do not require access to the Internet can use private addresses
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)
Shared address space addresses:
Not globally routable
Intended only for use in service provider networks
Address block is 100.64.0.0/10
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Special Use IPv4 Addresses

Network and Broadcast addresses within each network the first and last
addresses cannot be assigned to hosts
Loopback address 127.0.0.1 a special address that hosts use to direct
traffic to themselves (addresses 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 are reserved)
Link-Local address 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 (169.254.0.0/16)
addresses can be automatically assigned to the local host
TEST-NET addresses 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0/24) set aside for
teaching and learning purposes, used in documentation and network
examples
Experimental addresses 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254 are listed as
reserved
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Legacy Classful Addressing
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Network Segmentation
Reasons for Subnetting

Subnetting is the process of segmenting a network into multiple smaller
network spaces called subnetworks or subnets.
Large networks must be segmented into smaller subnetworks, creating
smaller groups of devices and services to:
Control traffic by containing broadcast traffic within each subnetwork.
Reduce overall network traffic and improve network performance.
Communication Between Subnets
A router is necessary for devices on different networks and subnets to
communicate.
Each router interface must have an IPv4 host address that belongs to the
network or subnet that the router interface is connected.
Devices on a network and subnet use the router interface attached to
their LAN as their default gateway.
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Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Basic Subnetting
Borrowing Bits to Create Subnets

Borrowing 1 bit 21 = 2 subnets
Borrowing 1 Bit from the host portion creates 2 subnets with the same subnet mask
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Subnet 0
Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25
Network 192.168.1.128-255/25
Mask: 255.255.255.128
Mask: 255.255.255.128
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Subnets in Use
Subnets in Use
Subnet 0
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25
Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.128-255/25
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Subnetting Formulas
Calculate number
of subnets
Calculate number
of hosts
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Creating 4 Subnets
Borrowing 2 bits to create 4 subnets. 22 = 4 subnets
Creating 4 Subnets
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Creating Eight Subnets

Borrowing 3 bits to Create 8 Subnets. 23 = 8 subnets
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Creating Eight Subnets (Cont.)
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Creating Eight Subnets (Cont.)
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Classful Addressing
Classful Network Addressing
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Classful Addressing
Classful Subnet Masks

Class A
Class B
Class C
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Classful Addressing
Classful Addressing Waste
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CIDR
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
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CIDR
CIDR and Route Summarization
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VLSM
Fixed Length Subnet Masking
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VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Masking
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Day 1
OSI Model
TCP & UDP
Introducing TCP and UDP
TCP and UDP Port Addressing
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TCP and UDP Port Addressing (Cont.)
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TCP and UDP Port Addressing (Cont.)

Netstat is used to examine TCP connections that are open
and running on a networked host.
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TCP and UDP Segmentation

The transport layer divides the data into pieces and adds a
header for delivery over the network
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TCP Communication
TCP Server Processes
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TCP Communication
TCP Server Processes (Cont.)
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TCP Communication
TCP Connection, Establishment and Termination
Three-Way Handshake
Establishes that the destination device is present on the network
Verifies that the destination device has an active service and is
accepting requests on the destination port number that the initiating
client intends to use for the session
Informs the destination device that the source client intends to
establish a communication session on that port number
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TCP Communication
TCP Three-Way Handshake Step 1

Step 1: The initiating client requests a client-to-server communication
session with the server
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TCP Communication

Step 2: The server acknowledges the client-to-server communication
session and requests a server-to-client communication session.
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TCP Communication

Step 3: The initiating client acknowledges the server-to-client
communication session.
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TCP Communication
TCP Session Termination
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Reliability and Flow Control
TCP Reliability Ordered Delivery

Sequence numbers are used to reassemble segments into their original
order.
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Acknowledgement and Window Size

The sequence number and acknowledgement number are used together
to confirm receipt.
The window size is the amount of data that a source can transmit
before an acknowledgement must be received.
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Window Size and Acknowledgements
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TCP Flow Control Congestion Avoidance
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TCP Reliability - Acknowledgements
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UDP Communication
UDP Low Overhead vs. Reliability

UDP
Simple protocol that provides the basic transport layer function
Used by applications that can tolerate small loss of data
Used by applications that cannot tolerate delay
Used by
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DNS
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
IP telephony or VoIP
Online games
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UDP Communication
Datagram Reassembly
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UDP Communication
UDP Server and Client Processes

UDP-based
server
applications are
assigned wellknown or
registered port
numbers.
UDP client
process
randomly
selects port
number from
range of
dynamic port
numbers as the
source port.
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TCP or UDP
Applications That Use UDP
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Day 1
OSI Model
TCP & UDP
Cisco Network Operating Systems..
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Cisco IOS
Location of the Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS stored in Flash
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Non-volatile storage, not lost when power is lost

Can be changed or overwritten as needed
Can be used to store multiple versions of IOS
IOS copied from flash to volatile RAM
Quantity of flash and RAM memory determines
IOS that can be used
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Accessing a Cisco IOS Device
Console Access Method
Most common methods to access the CLI:

Console (At the start and when you are beside the box or TS)
Telnet or SSH (SSH is best)
AUX port (Routers Only Normally)
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Accessing a Cisco IOS Device
Terminal Emulation Programs
Software available for

connecting to a networking
device:
PuTTY
Tera Term
SecureCRT
HyperTerminal
OS X Terminal
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Navigating the IOS
Cisco IOS Modes of Operation
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Navigating the IOS
Primary Modes
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Navigating the IOS
Global Configuration Mode and Submodes
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Navigating the IOS
Global Configuration Mode and Submodes
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The Command Structure
Context-Sensitive Help
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Command Syntax Check
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Hot Keys and Shortcuts

Tab Completes the remainder of a partially typed command or
keyword.
Ctrl-R Redisplays a line.
Ctrl-A Moves to the beginning of the line.
Ctrl-Z Exits the configuration mode and returns to user EXEC.
Down Arrow Allows the user to scroll forward through former
commands.
Up Arrow Allows the user to scroll backward through former
commands.
Ctrl-shift-6 Allows the user to interrupt an IOS process such as ping
or traceroute.
Ctrl-C Exits the current configuration or aborts the current command.
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IOS Examination Commands
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The show version Command
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Class Demo
Some basic tasks on Cisco IOS
Lets focus on:
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Creating a network connected via a switch

Setting a name for the switch
Limiting access to the device configuration
Configuring banner messages
Saving the configuration
118
Configuring a Network Operating System
Summary of Cisco IOS Modes
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What is Nexus?
Quiet possibly the most overused product word ever

Ciscos family of DC switching/unified fabric products..
Came to market in 2008.
Has been very successful to date.
Expensive! Big Nexus = Small Irish House in recession.
Lots of new New products introduced in 2014.
Broadcasters tend to focus just on a handful of models.
Nexus
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Nexus Productline
Nexus 9000 Series (ACI, new, SDN spin-in)

Nexus 7000 Series (v popular), 7700 (new)
Nexus 5000 Series (v popular, often under 7K in design, unified ToR)
Nexus 6000 Series (launched in 2013, niche use cases)
Nexus 4000 Series (niche, IBM bladecentre)
Nexus 3000 Series (ultra low latency HFT, HPC)
Nexus 2000 Series (Linecard to parent 5k, now 7k)
Nexus 1000v (hypervisor, ESX, HyperV)
Lots of new Cloud Products (e.g. CSR, 1000v)
Also look at Cisco UCS / V-Blocks
Nexus is a brother of Cisco MDS Storage Switches
Lots of other products in Cisco DC Catalogue (e.g. ASA-CX)
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Some really nice things on the Nexus..

NXOS is a very nice CLI (nice new nifty things)
The ISSU feature

The power of the line cards!
Stateful process restart
Out of band management (MGMT, Console, CMP)
Automation Capabilities (XML etc)

Virtual Device Contexts (VDC) (Carve up box)
Virtual Port Channel (vPC) (Build Multi-Chassis Bundles)
Data Center Bridging (e.g. FCoE)
Field upgradeable
Overlay Transport Virtualization (OTV)
Fabricpath / TRILL
Fabric Extender (FEX) Technology is pretty decent
TwinAx cables can save us lots of money!

The way the products all come together is neat
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Some things to watch out for..
No mixing of
F2/M1 line cards
within VDCs? I
dont believe it!
Interesting adaptation of Cisco Logo
Well you need to purchase this license for that feature $$$
Thats not possibly right now but its on the roadmap alright
You cant mix and match line cards with that technology
You need NXOS version Z for that, and that release only works on
Supervisor 2
but they are great front doors for $1500 in all fairness
Make sure you do your research and know what's possible
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Nexus 7000/7700 Series

Models (7)
Cisco Nexus 7700 18-Slot Switch
Are ideal for data center access, aggregation, and core deployments
Provide high 1,10, 40, and 100 GE scalability
First switches were 7010/7018, the 7700 are the latest addition
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Cisco Nexus 7010 Chassis
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Cisco Nexus 7009 Chassis (6500 Sizing)
Supervisor
slots (1-2)
Optional front
doors
Locking
ejector levers
Summary
LEDs
Side-to-side
airflow
Crossbar
Fabric
Modules
I/O Slots
(3-9)
Integrated Cable
24.5H x 17.3 W x 24D (14RU)
Management
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Power Supplies
Fan Tray
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Internet Grazing (10mins)
These guys are a bit bizarre The video is good if you can survive them..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUObH7r8ppo
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The Nexus 7000 Supervisor Engine!!
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Fabric Modules for Backplane Performance
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Nexus 7000 Product Evolution example
M2-XL Series Modules

10G/40G/100G modules
M1 Series XL Modules
8 port 10G-XL (80G/slot)
48 port 1G RJ45-XL (46G/slot)
M1 Series Modules
32 port 10G (80G/slot)
48 port 1G RJ45 (46G/slot)
48 port 1G (46G/slot)
F1 Series I/O Modules

32 port 10G SFP+ (230G/slot)
F2 Series I/O Modules
48 port 10G SFP+ w/L3 (480G/slot)
40 port 10G 10G-T w/L3 (400G/slot)
2009
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2010
2011
2012
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Nexus 7000 I/O Module Examples/Families
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Nexus 7000 Choosing a Module
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Cisco Network Operating Systems..
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Where NXOS has come from..
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Cisco NXOS Highlights
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NXOS Architecture
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NXOS Kickstart & System Image
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Cisco Nexus Licensing Example
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NXOS CLI Intro
Exec mode
Read access for show, clear, etc. commands
Configuration mode
i.e. global config
Write access for making configuration changes
Sub-configuration modes
E.g. interface configuration mode
No user mode
No need to enable like in IOS
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NX-OS CLI Tab Completion & Help
Similar to IOS, NX-OS has both tab command completion context sensitive
help
Tab completion with tab key or Ctrl-i
Non-ambiguous commands are completed
Ambiguous commands list partial matches
Context sensitive help with ?
Like IOS, Ctrl-V to escape ? to use as a literal character
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NX-OS Keyboard Shortcuts

Ctrl-A go to beginning of line
Ctrl-E go to end of line
Ctrl-U delete all characters before cursor
Ctrl-K delete all characters after cursor
Ctrl-W delete previous word
Ctrl-X H display recent command history
Ctrl-O clear terminal screen
Full list in NX-OS Fundamentals Configuration Guide
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PWC and Push/POP
Present Working Context (PWC) is your current place in the CLI hierarchy.
(e.g. interface e1/12 mode)
PWC can be verified with where & where detail commands
where helps to prevent misconfigurations
e.g. I meant to make a change on E3/2 but I accidentally made it on
E2/3
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PWC and Push/POP
push and pop commands save and recall your PWC

Useful when you need to change to another config mode and then back
e.g. Im under interface port-channel27, I need to go to router ospf 1,
and then back to po27
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Configuration Files
Like IOS, NX-OS has two configuration files

Running-configuration
Startup-configuration
Like ASA, all config can be verified as show run all
Useful for showing defaults of QoS, CoPP, etc.
Admin of the default VDC can verify or save all configs at the same time
as
show run vdc-all
copy run start vdc-all
Unlike IOS, NX-OS has no write memory command
cli alias name wr copy running-config startup-config
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NXOS Checkpoints & Rollbacks

NX-OS allows creation of config snapshots called checkpoints that can be
re-applied at a later time
e.g. save my well known working config before my maintenance
window starts
Two types of checkpoints in NX-OS System and User
System checkpoints
Created automatically when features or protocols are disabled
e.g. no feature vpc or no router bgp 1
User checkpoints
Created manually with checkpoint name description
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Verifying checkpoints
show checkpoint [summary]
Comparing checkpoints and current running config
show diff rollback-patch running-config checkpoint name
Deleting checkpoints
clear checkpoint database
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Rollback is the re-application of a checkpoint

rollback running-config checkpoint name type
Type of rollback determines what to do if there is an error
Atomic rollback only if there are no errors
Best-effort rollback ignoring errors
Stop-at-first-failure abort if an error occurs
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NXOS CLI Intro
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NXOS CLI Intro
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Day 2
LAN Switching Essentials

Ethernet Basics Recap
Switching Basics Recap
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
VLANs, VLAN Trunking & VTP
Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP)
Working with Etherchannels
First Hop Redundancy Protocols
Copper Cabling
UTP Cable
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UTP Cabling
Types of UTP Cable
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber Media Cable Design
http://www.thefoa.org/tech/ref/termination/fusion.html
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Types of Fiber Media
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Network Fiber Connectors
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Testing Fiber Cables
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber versus Copper
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Implementation Issues
Copper Media
Fibre Optic
Bandwidth Supported
10 Mbps 10 Gbps
10 Mbps 100 Gbps
Distance
Relatively short
(1 100 meters)
Relatively High
(1 100,000 meters)
Immunity To EMI And RFI
Low
High
(Completely immune)
Immunity To Electrical Hazards
Low
High
(Completely immune)
Media And Connector Costs
Lowest
Highest
Installation Skills Required
Lowest
Highest
Safety Precautions
Lowest
Highest
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Data Link Frame
Layer 2 Address
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Data Link Frame
Ethernet Frame
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Ethernet Operation
LLC and MAC Sublayers

Ethernet
One of the most widely used LAN technologies
Operates in the data link layer and the physical layer
Family of networking technologies that are defined in the IEEE 802.2
and 802.3 standards
Supports data bandwidths of 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 40,000, and
100,000 Mbps (100 Gbps)
Ethernet Standards
Define Layer 2 protocols and Layer 1 technologies
Two separate sub layers of the data link layer to operate Logical link
control (LLC) and the MAC sublayers
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Ethernet Operation
LLC and MAC Sublayers (cont.)
LLC
Handles communication between upper and lower layers.
Takes the network protocol data and adds control information to help deliver the packet to
the destination.
MAC
Constitutes the lower sublayer of the data link layer.
Implemented by hardware, typically in the computer NIC.
Two primary responsibilities:
Data encapsulation
Media access control
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Ethernet Operation
MAC Sublayer
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Ethernet Operation
MAC Sublayer (cont.)

Data encapsulation
Frame assembly before transmission and frame disassembly upon
reception of a frame.
MAC layer adds a header and trailer to the network layer PDU.
Provides three primary functions:
Frame delimiting Identifies a group of bits that make up a frame,

synchronization between the transmitting and receiving nodes.
Addressing Each Ethernet header added in the frame contains the
physical address (MAC address) that enables a frame to be delivered to a
destination node.
Error detection Each Ethernet frame contains a trailer with a cyclic
redundancy check (CRC) of the frame contents.
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Ethernet Operation
MAC Sublayer (cont.)
MAC
Responsible for the placement of frames on the media and the removal of
frames from the media
Communicates directly with the physical layer
If multiple devices on a single medium attempt to forward data
simultaneously, the data will collide resulting in corrupted, unusable data
Ethernet provides a method for controlling how the nodes share access
through the use a Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) technology
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Ethernet Operation
MAC Address: Ethernet Identity

Layer 2 Ethernet MAC address
is a 48-bit binary value
expressed as 12 hexadecimal
digits.
IEEE requires a vendor to
follow these rules:
Must use that vendor's
assigned OUI as the first
3 bytes.
All MAC addresses with
the same OUI must be
assigned a unique value
in the last 3 bytes.
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Ethernet Operation
Frame Processing
MAC addresses assigned to workstations, servers, printers, switches, and
routers.
Example MACs:
00-05-9A-3C-78-00
00:05:9A:3C:78:00
0005.9A3C.7800.
When a device is forwarding a message to an Ethernet network, attaches

header information to the packet, contains the source and destination MAC
address.
Each NIC views information to see if the destination MAC address in the
frame matches the devices physical MAC address stored in RAM.
No match, the device discards the frame.
Matches the destination MAC of the frame, the NIC passes the frame up
the OSI layers, where the de-encapsulation process takes place.
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Ethernet Encapsulation
Early versions of Ethernet

were slow at 10 Mb/s.
Comparison of 802.3 and Ethernet II Frame Structures and Field Size
Now operate at 10 Gb/s

per second and faster.
Ethernet frame structure
adds headers and trailers
around the Layer 3 PDU to
encapsulate the message
being sent.
Ethernet II is the Ethernet
frame format used in
TCP/IP networks.
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Ethernet Frame Size

Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 standards define the minimum frame size as
64 bytes and the maximum as 1518 bytes
Less than 64 bytes in length is considered a "collision fragment" or "runt
frame
If size of a transmitted frame is less than the minimum or greater than

the maximum, the receiving device drops the frame
At the physical layer, different versions of Ethernet vary in their method
for detecting and placing data on the media
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802.1q Ethernet Frame
The figure displays the fields contained in the 802.1Q VLAN tag
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Ethernet Encapsulation
Early versions of Ethernet

were slow at 10 Mb/s.
Comparison of 802.3 and Ethernet II Frame Structures and Field Size
Now operate at 10 Gb/s

per second and faster.
Ethernet frame structure
adds headers and trailers
around the Layer 3 PDU to
encapsulate the message
being sent.
Ethernet II is the Ethernet
frame format used in
TCP/IP networks.
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Ethernet Frame Size
Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 standards define the minimum frame size as
64 bytes and the maximum as 1518 bytes
Less than 64 bytes in length is considered a "collision fragment" or "runt
frame
If size of a transmitted frame is less than the minimum or greater than
the maximum, the receiving device drops the frame
At the physical layer, different versions of Ethernet vary in their method
for detecting and placing data on the media
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Day 2

Switching
Switch MAC Address Table
1. The switch receives a broadcast frame from PC 1 on Port 1.
2. The switch enters the source MAC address and the switch port that received the frame into the
address table.
3. Because the destination address is a broadcast, the switch floods the frame to all ports, except
the port on which it received the frame.
4. The destination device replies to the broadcast with a unicast frame addressed to PC 1.
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Switching
Switch MAC Address Table (cont.)
5. The switch enters the source MAC address of PC 2 and the port number of the switch port
that received the frame into the address table. The destination address of the frame and its
associated port is found in the MAC address table.
6. The switch can now forward frames between source and destination devices without
flooding, because it has entries in the address table that identify the associated ports.
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Layer 3 Switching
Layer 2 versus Layer 3 Switching
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Layer 3 Switching
Cisco Express Forwarding

Cisco devices which support Layer 3 switching utilize Cisco Express
Forwarding (CEF). Two main components of CEF operation are the:
Forwarding Information Base (FIB)
Conceptually it is similar to a routing table.
A networking device uses this lookup table to make destinationbased switching decisions during Cisco Express Forwarding
operation.
Updated when changes occur in the network and contains all routes
known at the time.
Adjacency Tables
Maintain layer 2 next-hop addresses for all FIB entries.
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Layer 3 Switching
Types of Layer 3 Interfaces
The major types of Layer 3 interfaces are:

Switch Virtual Interface (SVI) Logical interface on a switch associated
with a virtual local-area network (VLAN).
Routed Port Physical port on a Layer 3 switch configured to act as a
router port. Configure routed ports by putting the interface into Layer 3
mode with the no switchport interface configuration command.
Layer 3 EtherChannel Logical interface on a Cisco device associated
with a bundle of routed ports.
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Layer 3 Switching
Configuring a Routed Port on a Layer 3 Switch
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Considerations when selecting a switch

Cost - The cost of a switch will depend on the number and speed of the interfaces,
supported features, and expansion capability.
Port Density - Network switches must support the appropriate number of devices on
the network.
Power - It is now common to power access points, IP phones, and even compact
switches using Power over Ethernet (PoE). In addition to PoE considerations, some
chassis-based switches support redundant power supplies.
Reliability - The switch should provide continuous access to the network
Port Speed - The speed of the network connection is of primary concern to end users.
Frame Buffers - The ability of the switch to store frames is important in a network where
there may be congested ports to servers or other areas of the network.
Scalability - The number of users on a network typically grows over time; therefore, the
switch should provide the opportunity for growth.
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Layer 3 Switching
Types of Layer 3 Interfaces
The major types of Layer 3 interfaces are:

Switch Virtual Interface (SVI) Logical interface on a switch associated
with a virtual local-area network (VLAN).
Routed Port Physical port on a Layer 3 switch configured to act as a
router port. Configure routed ports by putting the interface into Layer 3
mode with the no switchport interface configuration command.
Layer 3 EtherChannel Logical interface on a Cisco device associated
with a bundle of routed ports.
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Day 2

CDP and Router Boot Up
When a Cisco device boots up, CDP starts up automatically and

allows the device to detect neighbor devices that use CDP.
CDP allows two systems to learn about each other, even if they
use different network layer protocols.
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CDP Messages
CDP Messages contain:
Device Identifiers - e.g. the
routers configured host
name and domain name (if
any)
Port Identifier - e.g. Ethernet
0, Ethernet 1, and Serial 0
Capabilities List - e.g. if the
device acts as a source route
bridge as well as a router
Version - information such
as that provided by the local
command show version
Platform - the devices
hardware platform, e.g.
Cisco 1700
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Show cdp neighbors
Default values for timers set the frequency for CDP updates and for aging
CDP entries.
These timers are set automatically at 60 seconds and 180 seconds,

respectively.
If the device receives a more recent update or if this hold-time value
expires, the device must discard the CDP entry.
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Disabling CDP
In global configuration mode, use the no cdp run
command to disable CDP.
Router(config)# no cdp run
For a specific interface, use the no cdp enable command.

Router(config-if)# no cdp enable
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show cdp
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Day 2

Overview of VLANs
VLAN Definitions
A VLAN is a logical partition of a Layer 2 network.
Multiple partitions can be created, allowing for multiple VLANs to coexist.
Each VLAN is a broadcast domain, usually with its own IP network.
VLANs are mutually isolated and packets can only pass between them
via a router.
The partitioning of the Layer 2 network takes place inside a Layer 2
device, usually via a switch.
The hosts grouped within a VLAN are unaware of the VLANs
existence.
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Overview of VLANs
VLAN Definitions (cont.)
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Overview of VLANs
Benefits of VLANs
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Security
Cost reduction
Better performance
Shrink broadcast domains
Improved IT staff efficiency
Simpler project and application management
191
Overview of VLANs
Types of VLANs
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Data VLAN
Default VLAN
Native VLAN
Management VLAN
192
Overview of VLANs
Types of VLANs (cont.)
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VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment
VLAN Trunks
A VLAN trunk carries more than one VLAN.

A VLAN trunk is usually established between switches so same-VLAN
devices can communicate, even if physically connected to different
switches.
A VLAN trunk is not associated to any VLANs; neither is the trunk ports
used to establish the trunk link.
Cisco IOS supports IEEE802.1q, a popular VLAN trunk protocol.
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VLAN Trunks (cont.)
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Controlling Broadcast Domains with VLANs

VLANs can be used to limit the reach of broadcast frames.
A VLAN is a broadcast domain of its own.
A broadcast frame sent by a device in a specific VLAN is forwarded
within that VLAN only.
VLANs help control the reach of broadcast frames and their impact in
the network.
Unicast and multicast frames are forwarded within the originating VLAN.
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Tagging Ethernet Frames for VLAN Identification

Frame tagging is the process of adding a VLAN identification header to
the frame.
It is used to properly transmit multiple VLAN frames through a trunk
link.
Switches tag frames to identify the VLAN to that they belong. Different
tagging protocols exist; IEEE 802.1Q is a vey popular example.
The protocol defines the structure of the tagging header added to the
frame.
Switches add VLAN tags to the frames before placing them into trunk
links and remove the tags before forwarding frames through nontrunk
ports.
When properly tagged, the frames can transverse any number of
switches via trunk links and still be forwarded within the correct VLAN at
the destination.
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Tagging Ethernet Frames for VLAN Identification
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Native VLANs and 802.1Q Tagging

Frames that belong to the native VLAN are not tagged.
Frames received untagged remain untagged and are placed in the
native VLAN when forwarded.
If there are no ports associated to the native VLAN and no other trunk
links, an untagged frame is dropped.
In Cisco switches, the native VLAN is VLAN 1, by default.
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VLAN Assignment
Assigning Ports to VLANs (cont.)
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VLAN Assignment
Changing VLAN Port Membership (cont.)
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VLAN Assignment
Deleting VLANs
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VLAN Assignment
Verifying VLAN Information
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VLAN Assignment
Configuring IEEE 802.1q Trunk Links
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VLAN Assignment
Verifying Trunk Configuration
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Day 2

STP Operation
Spanning Tree Algorithm: Introduction
STP ensures that there is only one logical path between all destinations
on the network by intentionally blocking redundant paths that could
cause a loop.
A port is considered blocked when user data is prevented from
entering or leaving that port. This does not include bridge protocol
data unit (BPDU) frames that are used by STP to prevent loops.
The physical paths still exist to provide redundancy, but these paths
are disabled to prevent the loops from occurring.
If the path is ever needed to compensate for a network cable or switch
failure, STP recalculates the paths and unblocks the necessary ports to
allow the redundant path to become active.
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STP Operation
Spanning Tree Algorithm: Port Roles
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STP Operation
Spanning Tree Algorithm: Root Bridge
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STP Operation
Spanning Tree Algorithm: Path Cost
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STP Operation
802.1D BPDU Frame Format
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STP Operation
BPDU Propagation and Process
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STP Operation
BPDU Propagation and Process
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STP Operation
Extended System ID
STP was enhanced to include support for VLANs, requiring the VLAN
ID to be included in the BPDU frame through the use of the extended
system ID
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STP Operation
Extended System ID
In the example, the priority of all the switches is 32769. The value is
based on the 32768 default priority and the VLAN 1 assignment
associated with each switch (32768+1).
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Overview
List of Spanning Tree Protocols
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STP or IEEE 802.1D-1998

PVST+
IEEE 802.1D-2004
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) or IEEE 802.1w
Rapid PVST+
Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) or IEEE 802.1s
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PVST+
Overview of PVST+
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PVST+
Port States and PVST+ Operation

STP introduces the five port states:
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PVST+
Extended System ID and PVST+ Operation

In a PVST+ environment, the extended switch ID ensures each switch
has a unique BID for each VLAN.
For example, the VLAN 2 default BID would be 32770; priority 32768,
plus the extended system ID of 2.
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Rapid PVST+
Overview of Rapid PVST+

RSTP is the preferred protocol for preventing Layer 2 loops in a
switched network environment.
With Rapid PVST+, an independent instance of RSTP runs for each
VLAN.
RSTP supports a new port type: an alternate port in discarding state.
There are no blocking ports. RSTP defines port states as discarding,
learning, or forwarding.
RSTP (802.1w) supersedes STP (802.1D) while retaining backward
compatibility
RSTP keeps the same BPDU format as IEEE 802.1D, except that the
version field is set to 2 to indicate RSTP, and the flags field uses all 8
bits.
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Rapid PVST+
Overview of Rapid PVST+
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Rapid PVST+
RSTP BPDU
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Rapid PVST+
Edge Ports
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Rapid PVST+
Link Types
The link type can determine whether the port can immediately
transition to forwarding state. Edge port connections and point-topoint connections are candidates for rapid transition to forwarding
state.
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PVST+ Configuration
Catalyst 2960 Default Configuration
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PVST+ Configuration
Configuring and Verifying the Bridge ID
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PVST+ Configuration
Configuring and Verifying the Bridge ID
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PVST+ Configuration
PortFast and BPDU Guard

When a switch port is
configured with PortFast
that port transitions from
blocking to forwarding
state immediately.
BPDU guard puts the port

in an error-disabled state
on receipt of a BPDU.
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PVST+ Configuration
PVST+ Load Balancing
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PVST+ Configuration
PVST+ Load Balancing

Another method to specify the root bridge is to set the spanning tree
priority on each switch to the lowest value so that the switch is
selected as the primary bridge for its associated VLAN.
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Rapid PVST+ Configuration
Spanning Tree Mode

Rapid PVST+ is the Cisco
implementation of RSTP. It
supports RSTP on a per-VLAN
basis.
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STP Configuration Issues
Analyzing the STP Topology
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Day 2

Spanning-tree operation
With two redundant links spanning-tree will block on one port

to prevent loops
EtherChannel allows spanning-tree to treat the two physical

links as one logical port and thus both ports can operate in full
forwarding mode
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Etherchannel Operation
If a physical link in the group goes down the EtherChannel only

loses the bandwidth that link supplied. If the physical link comes
back up it is dynamically added back into the EtherChannel.
Spanning-tree treats the EtherChannel bundle as a single
logical switchport and adjusts the spanning-tree cost to reflect
the increased bandwidth.
The EtherChannel may or may not be configured to trunk
depending on the needed design
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EtherChannel Technology
We aggregate multiple physical Ethernet ports together using a

channel-group command. A single logical interface is created
called a port-channel.
On the Cisco Catalyst switches we can aggregate up to eight
10/100 ports together creating a port-channel with 800 Mbps
bandwidth (literature may indicate 1600 Mbps as the bundle
has full-duplex operation).
If available we can aggregate up to eight gigabit ports
All ports in a bundle must have identical operational status and
configuration.
An important concept is that Ethernet frames are not
fragmented or split apart on EtherChannel an Ethernet frame
is sent out one selected port and traverses the link intact.
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EtherChannel Load Balancing
EtherChannel loads shares (load balances) across all the

physical ports in the EtherChannel group.
The default method of load sharing uses the source MAC in
frames. Frames from different sources are sent out different
ports but all frames from one source will be sent out the same
port.
We can change the default load-balancing via a global command
port-channel load-balance [dst-ip | dst-mac | src-dst-ip | src-dstmac | src-ip | src-mac]
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Channeling Protocols
Catalyst switches can leverage a protocol to dynamically
establish and maintain the EtherChannel bundle.
The channel-group mode command allows you to decide if the
EtherChannel group uses Port aggregation Protocol (PAgP),
Link Aggregation Protocol (LACP), or to simply force the
interface to channel without PAgP or LACP.
Forcing interfaces to channel may create problems if any
interfaces have dissimilar configurations.
Other local link protocols such as DTP, VTP, CDP, and STP still
transmit and receive frames over a port-channel.
STP only sends frames out the first interface in the port-channel
and views the port-channel as a single physical port
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Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP)

PAgP allows the switches to learn the capabilities of each
interface assigned to an EtherChannel bundle and reliably
activates interfaces of similar configuration to form a portchannel.
PAgP transmits and receives messages on all interfaces in the
EtherChannel bundle and restricts the PAgP traffic to the native
VLAN if the ports are in trunking mode.
LACP is similar in operation to PAgP and standards based while
PAgP is Cisco proprietary.
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Spanning-Tree Costs
Spanning-tree reflects the increased bandwidth provided by
EtherChannel.
The default cost for a 100 Mbps link is 19 and if a port-channel
is created that has only two 100 Mbps links the spanning-tree
cost will be 9.
A port-channel with six or more 100 Mbps physical ports will
have an STP cost of 5.
STP costs for port-channels vary according to how many ports
are assigned to the bundle, not how many are active within the
bundle.
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EtherChannel Configuration
Switch(config)# interface range fa0/1 4 {we can use the range or single interface}
Switch(config-if)# channel-group [1 6] mode [auto | desirable | on | active | passive]
The number of channel groups is platform dependent.
Auto and desirable modes activate PAgP.
Active and passive activate LACP.
Mode on forces the interface to channel without PAgP or LACP.
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EtherChannel Verification
If we wish to view the operation we use the term etherchannel.

Switch# show interface etherchannel
Switch# show etherchannel [summary | load balance | port-channel]
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Day 2

Concept of First-Hop Redundancy Protocols
Default Gateway Limitations

If the default gateway
cannot be reached, the
local device is unable to
send packets off the
local network segment.
Even if a redundant
router exists that could
serve as a default
gateway for that
segment, there is no
dynamic method by
which these devices can
determine the address
of a new default
gateway.
www.mgi.tv
244
Router Redundancy
Multiple routers are

configured to work
together to present
the illusion of a
single router to the
hosts on the LAN.
The ability of a
network to
dynamically recover
from the failure of a
device acting as a
default gateway is
known as first-hop
redundancy.
www.mgi.tv
245
Steps for Router Failover
www.mgi.tv
246
Varieties of First-Hop Redundancy Protocols
First-Hop Redundancy Protocols
www.mgi.tv
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)

HSRP for IPv6
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol version 2 (VRRPv2)
VRRPv3
Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP)
GLBP for IPv6
ICMP Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP)
247
Varieties of First-Hop Redundancy Protocols
First-Hop Redundancy Protocols
www.mgi.tv
248
FHRP Verification
HSRP Verification
www.mgi.tv
249
FHRP Verification
GLBP Verification
Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP) is a Cisco proprietary solution
to allow automatic selection and simultaneous use of multiple available
gateways in addition to automatic failover between those gateways.
www.mgi.tv
250

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Dubai, 16th 20th November 2014

Course Code: MGI-TA-001

Cisco Networking Bootcamp

Jim White | jim.white@mgi.tv | www.mgi.tv

Getting on the Wifi

SSID MGI Training

Bootcamp Daily Routine

Get organized/Check Mails etc

Broadcast Networking Daily Discussions

Online walkthrough of Cisco Products

Networking Tips for building up your knowledge

Some general tips when learning about networking

A typical qualified CCNA

Learning about networking

Get your foundations right and you

The good old days when I lived in Cork!

Wanna spend money?

Wanna spend money?

Know what to study for CCNA!

New in ICND2 Exam

Introducing Basic IPv6

Troubleshooting VLAN Connectivity

Understand Spanning Tree Protocol

Configuring IPv6 Routing

Understand and configure Etherchannel

Implementing VLANs and Trunks

Understand Layer 3 Redundancy Protocols

Routing Between VLANs

Troubleshooting IPv4 Network Connectivity

Implementing single area OSPF

Troubleshooting IPv6 Network Connectivity

Managing Traffic Using Access Control Lists (ACLs)

Implementing Variable-Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)

Scaling the Network with Network Address Translation

Implementing EIGRP for IPv6

Managing Cisco devices

CCNA Exam Blue Print!

Best books to get

CCNA Routing and Switching Study Guide:

ISBN-13: 978-1118749616 ISBN-10: 1118749618 Edition: 1st

CCNA Routing and Switching 200-120 Official Cert Guide Library

The maze of Cisco Certifications

Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models

TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication

Protocol Data Units (PDUs)

Moving Data in the Network

Accessing Local Resources

Purpose of the Physical Layer

The Physical Layer

Purpose of the Physical Layer

Physical Layer Media

Purpose of the Physical Layer

Physical Layer Standards

ISO 8877: Officially adopted the RJ connectors (e.g., RJ-11, RJ-45)

TIA-568-C: Telecommunications cabling standards, used by nearly all voice,

568-C: RJ-45 pinouts. Co-developed with EIA/TIA

Fundamental Principles of Layer 1

Physical Layer Fundamental Principles

Frame Encoding Technique

DSSS (direct-sequence spreadspectrum)

ARP Role in Remote Communication

ARP Tables on Networking Devices

Removing Entries from an ARP Table