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Subscriber identity
The HLR can be implemented in the same network node as the MSC or as a stand-alone
database. If the capacity of a HLR is exceeded by the number of subscribers, additional
HLRs may be added.
Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC)-The MSC performs the telephony switching
functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems. It
also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel
signalling, and others.
Visitor Location Register (VLR) - The VLR database contains information about all the
mobile subscribers currently located in an MSC service area. Thus, there is one VLR for
each MSC in a network. The VLR temporarily stores subscription information so that the
MSC can service all the subscribers currently visiting that MSC service area. The VLR
can be regarded as a distributed HLR as it holds a copy of the HLR information stored
about the subscriber. When a subscriber roams into a new MSC service area, the VLR
connected to that MSC requests information about the subscriber from the subscribers
HLR. The HLR sends a copy of the information to the VLR and updates its own location
information. When the subscriber makes a call, the VLR will already have the
information required for call set-up.
Authentication Centre (AUC)-A unit called the AUC provides authentication and
encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each
call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's
cellular world. The AUC is a database connected to the HLR which provides it with the
authentication parameters and ciphering keys used to ensure network security.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-The EIR is a database that contains information
about the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or
defective mobile stations. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as
a combined AUC/EIR node.
BTS-The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio
equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A
group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.
A mobile terminal
Unlike other standards, in GSM the subscriber is separated from the mobile terminal.
Each subscribers information is stored as a "smart card" SIM. The SIM can be plugged
into any GSM mobile terminal. This brings the advantages of security and portability for
subscribers. For example, subscriber As mobile terminal may have been stolen. However,
subscriber As own SIM can be used in another persons mobile terminal and the calls
will be charged to subscriber A.
The following table defines the key terms used to describe GSM mobile traffic cases
(there are no traffic cases in detached mode):
which is stronger, then the MS retunes to this new control channel2. If the new control
channel belongs to a new LA, the MS will also inform the network of its new location.
Short Message Service which allows you to send and receive 126 character text
messages
More capacity, ensuring rapid call set-up. Handsets also smaller and more robust.
CLIP Allows you to see the telephone number of the incoming caller on the LCD
screen of the handset
CLIR allows you to bar anyone from seeing your number via CLIP
Emergency Calls - In the majority of countries, the global 112 emergency number
No-static connections
Capacity increases
Better security against fraud (through terminal validation and user authentication).
CHAPTER 2
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Communications using light occurred early in our development when human beings first
communicated by using hand signals This is obviously a form of optic communications,
because it does not work in darkness. During the day, the sun is the source of light for this
system. Hand motion modulates the light and the information is carried from the sender
to the receiver on the suns radiation. The eye is the message detecting device and brain
processes this message. Disadvantages for such a system are slow information transfer,
limited transmission distances, and more error chances. A later optic system, useful for
longer transmission distance, was the smoke signal. This system also have other
disadvantages.
The first telegraph devised by French Engineer Claude Chappe in the 1790s was an
optical telegraph. Operators in lowers relayed signals from one hilltop to the next by
moving semaphore arms. In the year 1870, British physicist John Tyndall demonstrated
that light can be guided along a curved stream of water in 1880. Alexander Graham Bell
invented a light communication system, the photo phone. That used sunlight reflected
from a thin voice-modulated mirror to carry conversation. At the receiver the modulated
sunlight fell on a photo conducting selenium cell, which converted the message to
electrical current.
The advent of lamps allowed the construction of simple optic communications system
such as automobile turn signals, traffic lights, blinker lights for ship-to-ship and ship-toshore links, etc. In fact, any type of indicator lamp is basically an optic communications
system All these systems have low information capacities.[3]
Invention of LASER in 1960 was a major breakthrough that led to high, capacity optic
communications. Unguided optic communications system (nonfibre) were developed
shortly after the discovery
of
through the atmosphere was easily accomplished. The disadvantages of these systems
include dependence on a clear atmosphere, the need for a line-of-sight path between
transmitter and receiver.
In the 1960s, the key element in a practical fibre system was missing, that is, an efficient
fibre. Although light could be guided by a glass fibre, those available glass fibres
attenuated light by far too large an amount. Glass produced by the ancient Egyptians was
opaque. The artisans of Venice fabricated glass of much greater purity in the middle ages.
Venetian glass was moderately transparent, but still not suitable for modern long
distance communications until 1970 when the first truly low-loss fibre was developed and
fibre optic communications became practical. A typical commercial glass fibre when
operated at wavelength around 0.82 nm will have attenuation of 4 dB/km. Now, fibres
with losses of only a fraction of a dB/km are available for use around 1.3 nm and 1.55
nm.