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Chemistry

board Answer paper: MARCH 2014

Chemistry
SECTION I
Q.1. Answer any ONE of the following:
i.

Boiling point:
The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapour pressure of
the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Boiling point is a characteristic property of liquids and is a criterion to check the purity of
liquids. It increases with increase in external pressure.
H and U at constant pressure are related as,
H = U + PV
For reactions involving solids and liquids, V is usually very small because solids and liquids
do not expand or contract significantly as pressure changes. For such reactions neglecting
P.V, H = U
However, for reactions involving gases, V cannot be neglected. The equation,
H = U + PV
= U + P (V2 V1)
= U + PV2 PV1
.. (1)
where, V1 is the volume of gas-phase reactants (initial state) and V2 is the volume of gasphase products (final-state).
If we assume that reactant and product gases are ideal, we can apply ideal gas equation, PV =
nRT. Suppose that n1 moles of gaseous reactants produce n2 moles of gaseous products. Then,
.. (2)
PV1 = n1RT and PV2 = n2RT
Substitution of equation (2) into equation (1) gives,
H = U + n2RT n1RT
H = U + RT (n2 n1)
H = U + RTn or H U = RTn
where, n is the difference between the number of moles of gaseous products and that of
gaseous reactants.

Side
tube

[1]

[1]

[1]

Glass tube

KCl
solution

Bent side
tube

Paste of
Hg + Hg2Cl2
Hg

Pt

Calomel Electrode

[2]

Glass
wool plug
1

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Model Answer Paper: March 2014

The resistance (R) = 1500

The conductivity (k) = 0.146 103 S cm1.
To find:
The cell constant (b)
Formula: Cell constant b = k R
Calculation: The cell constant (b) = k R
= 0.146 103 1500
= 0.219 cm1

Given:

[]
[]
[1]

Molecularity for the reaction 2NO(g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) is 3.

Calcination is a process in which the ore is heated to a high temperature below its melting
point in the absence of air or in a limited supply of air.
During calcination the organic matter, moisture, volatile impurities like carbon dioxide and
sulphur dioxide are expelled from the ore which makes the ore porous. It is carried out in a
reverberatory furnace. Carbonate ores are decomposed to give metal oxides and carbon
dioxide.
Calcination
eg. CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
2CuO + H2O + CO2

ii.

Malachite

a.
b.
c.

eg.

Roasting
In roasting, the ore is heated to a high
temperature in the presence of excess of air.

Heat
ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
ZnCO3(s)

2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)

It is used for sulphide ores.

In this, metal sulphides are oxidised to their
oxides or sulphates.

(Any two distinguishing points)

[1]

Cupric
oxide

Calcination
In calcination, the ore is heated in the
absence of air or in a limited supply of
air.
It is used for carbonates and oxide ores.
In this, metal carbonates decompose to
form their oxides and water of
hydration is removed from hydrated
oxides.

O
+

[1]

O
+

[ 2]

[1]

O
O

117

[1]

Resonance hybrid

Resonating Structures of Ozone

Given:

Order of reaction = 1
Initial concentration [N2O5]i = 1.24 102 mol L1
Final concentration [N2O5]f = 0.20 102 mol L1
Time interval t = 60 min
To find:
The rate constant (k) of the reaction at 320 K.
[N 2 O5 ]
Formulae: a. Average rate =
t
b. Rate = k [N2O5]
Calculation: Change in the concentration
[N2O5] = [N2O5]f [N2O5]i
= 0.20 102 mol L1 1.24 102 mol L1
= 1.04 102 mol L1

[]
[]

[]

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Chemistry

Average rate =
=

[N 2 O5 ]
t

( 1.04 102 mol L1 )

60 min
0.20 102 + 1.24 102
mol L1
2
= 7.2 103 mol L1

Average concentration [N2O5] =

[]

Rate = k[N2O5]

Rate constant k =

Rate
N
[ 2 O5 ]

1.04 102 mol L1

60 min
=
7.2 103 mol L1
= 2.41 102 min1

[1]

Q.2. Answer any THREE of the following:

i.
Given:
Change in volume (V) = 3 L
Pressure (P) = 3 atm
To find:
The work (W) done in L atmosphere, Joules and Calories
Formula: W = PV
Calculation: a. The work done W = PV
= 3 atm 3 L
= 9 L. atm

b.

1 L. atm = 101.33 J
9 L. atm = 9 101.33 J = 912 J

c.

1 cal = 4.184 J
1
cal
1J=
4.184

ii.

912 J = 912

[]
[]
[1]

1
cal = 218cal
4.184

[1]

i = 2.47, T = 300 K, V = 2.5 L , = 0.75 atm

Amount of CaCl2 dissolved
n
Formula: = i CRT = i RT
V
Calculation: From the formula,
V
n=
iR T
0.75 2.5
=
2.47 0.082 300
Given:
To find:

[1]

= 0.0308 mol
Molar mass of CaCl2 = 111 g mol1
Amount dissolved = 0.0308 111 = 3.42 g

[1]
[1]
3

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iii.

a.
b.
c.

Model Answer Paper: March 2014

Hydrogen bonding: Hydrogen bonding is present in compounds of fluorine such as

hydrides. It is due to small atomic size and high electronegativity of fluorine. Hydrogen
bonding is not present in compounds of other halogens.
Oxidation state: Due to highest electronegativity and absence of the vacant d-orbitals
in valence shell, fluorine shows only 1 oxidation state in all its compounds. Other
halogens show 1, +1, +3, +5 and +7 oxidation states.
Polyhalide ions: Due to absence of vacant d-orbitals in the valence shell, fluorine does
not form any polyhalide ion. Other halogens form polyhalide ions such as I3 , Br3

and Cl3 ions.

iv.

Density (d) = 8.966 g cm3.

Molar mass of Cu (M) = 63.5 g mol1
Avogadro number (NA) = 6.022 1023 mol1
To find:
The volume of the unit cell
Molar mass of Cu
Formulae: a. Mass of one atom =
Avogadro's number
Mass of unit cell
b. Density =
Volume of unit cell
Calculation: For fcc unit cell of Cu, the number of atoms per unit cell = 4
63.5g mol1
Molar mass of Cu
=
Mass of one atom =
Avogadro's number 6.022 1023 mol1
63.5
g
Mass of fcc unit cell of Cu = 4
6.022 1023
The formula for density is,
Mass of unit cell
Density =
Volumeof unit cell
Massof unit cell

Volume of unit cell =

Density
63.5
4
g
6.022 1023
=
8.966g.cm 3
= 4.70 1023 cm3
Given:

Nesslers
Reagent

b.

2Na
Sodium

[1]

[1]

Q.3. Answer any SIX of the following:

i.
a.
2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH H2N Hg O Hg I

ii.

[1]

(Iodide of Millons base)

+ 7KI + 2H2O

575 K
+ 2NH3
2NaNH2 + H2

Ammonia

[]
[]
[]

[]

[]
[]
[1]

[1]

Sodamide

Faradays First Law of Electrolysis:

It states that the amount of substance that undergoes oxidation or reduction at each
electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the amount of electricity that passes
through the cell.

[1]

Faradays Second Law:

Faradays second law states that, When the same quantity of electricity is passed through
different electrolytes arranged in series, then the masses of the substances liberated or
deposited at the respective electrodes are directly proportional to their chemical
equivalents.

[1]

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Chemistry

iii.

SO2 gas

steel

Hot blast
of air
Acidic (SiO2)/basic
(Mg2O) lining

Molten matte
Molten copper
Slag

iv.

Bessemer converter
For the first order reaction A products, the integrated rate law is given as follows:
[A]0
2.303
k=
log10
t
[A]t
where, [A]0 = initial concentration of the reactant at t = 0
[A]t = concentration of the reactant at time t.
[A]0
At t = t1/2, [A]t =
2
k=

v.

[]

2.303
2.303
log10 2 =
0.301
k
k
0.693
t1/2 =
k

t1/2 =

[]
[]

ZZX cC + dD
For the reaction, aA + bB YZZ
the reaction quotient is given by,
c

vi.

[]

[A]0
2.303
log10
t1/ 2
[A]0 / 2

[C] [ D] or Q =
Qc =
p
a
b
[ A ] [ B]

[2]

pcC p dD
paA p Bb

where, the values of concentrations or partial pressures are other than equilibrium values.
At equilibrium, Q = K called equilibrium constant and G = 0, because the reaction mixture
has no tendency to change in either direction. Therefore, equation G = G + RT ln Q
becomes:
0 = G + RT ln K
G = RT ln K
G = 2.303 RT log10 K
This equation gives the relationship between standard Gibbs energy of the reaction and its
equilibrium constant.
a.

b.

In a qualitative analysis, the presence of nitrate ion is detected by Brown ring test. It
depends on the ability of Fe2+ to reduce nitrates to nitric oxide, which reacts with Fe2+
to form a brown coloured complex. Concentrated sulphuric acid is added to an aqueous
solution of nitrate ions. The mixture is heated and then cooled. Then dilute ferrous
sulphate solution is added carefully along the sides of the test tube.
A brown ring formed at the interface between the solution and sulphuric acid layers
confirms the presence of nitrate ion in the solution.
NO3 + 3Fe2+ + 4H+ NO + 3Fe3+ + 2H2O
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + NO [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]2+ + H2O
(Brown Complex)

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

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vii.

Model Answer Paper: March 2014

During day time in summer, the solubility of oxygen in the upper layer of the water bodies is
minimum, owing to the relatively higher temperature at the surface of the water. On the other
hand, the lower layer of the water bodies contains higher amount of the dissolved oxygen due
to its relatively lower temperature. This explains why aquatic animals like fish prefer staying
at the lower layer during hot summers.

[2]

viii.

Property
Shape

Crystalline solids
They have definite characteristic
geometrical shape due to the
orderly regular long range
arrangement
of
constituent
particles.
They
have
sharp
and
characteristic melting point.

Amorphous solids
a.
They have irregular shape and lack
characteristic geometrical shape
due to the short range orderly
arrangement
of
constituent
particles.
b. Melting
They do not have sharp melting
point
point. They gradually soften over a
range of temperature.
c. Cleavage
When cut with a sharp edged When cut with a sharp edged tool,
tool, they split into two pieces they cut into two pieces with
property
and the newly generated surfaces irregular surfaces.
are plain and smooth.
d. Heat
of They have a definite and They do not have definite heat of
fusion
characteristic heat of fusion.
fusion.
e. Anisotropy
They are anisotropic, i.e. have They are isotropic, i.e. have same
different physical properties in physical
properties
in
all
different direction.
directions.
f. Nature
They are true solids.
They are pseudo solids or super
cooled liquids.
g. Order in
They have long range order.
They have only short range order.
arrangement
of constituent
particles
Copper, silver, iron, zinc Glass, rubber, plastics, etc.
eg.
sulphide,
common
salt,
potassium nitrate, etc.
(Any four distinguishing points)

[ 4]

Q.4. Select and write the most appropriate answer from the alternatives given below each
sub-question:
i.
(D) 5

[2]

[1]

ii.

(C)

12

[1]

iii.

(C)

H2S2O7

[1]

iv.

(A)

Hoope process

[1]

v.

(C)

2B + C 3A

[1]

vi.

(A) + 380 J
System absorbs heat = + 640 J
Work is done by the system = 260 J
Change in internal energy = + 640 260 = + 380 J

[1]

(A)

[1]

vii.
6

Vapour pressure

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Chemistry

SECTION II
Q.5. Answer any ONE:
i.
There are three possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula C3H8O. They are
as follows:
CH3 O C2H5
[1]

Methoxyethane

CH3CH2CH2OH
[1]

Propan-1-ol

CH3 CH CH3
OH
[1]

Propan-2-ol

Phenol is used,
1.
in the preparation of dyes.
2.
in the preparation of resins like phenol-formaldehyde resin (bakelite) and ion exchange
resins.
3.
in the preparation of picric acid which is used as an explosive.
4.
in the preparation of phenolphthalein which is used as an indicator.
5.
for preparing dettol which is used as an antiseptic.
6.
as a starting material for preparation of drugs like aspirin, salol, etc.
7.
in the preparation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid which is used as a selective weed
killer.
[ 2]
(Any two uses)
COOH

CHO
a.

Bromine water
(CHOH)4 + [O]

CH2OH

Glucose

Gluconic acid

(CHOH)4

COOH

COOH
dil HNO

[1]

(CHOH)4

CH2OH

CHO
b.

[1]

(CHOH)4

dil HNO

[1]

(CHOH)4

CH2OH

COOH

CH2OH

Glucose

Saccharic acid

Gluconic acid

CN
CHO
c.

(CHOH)4
CH2OH
Glucose

CHOH
HCN

[1]

(CHOH)4
CH2OH
Glucose cyanohydrin

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Model Answer Paper: March 2014

Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)

Molecular formula: C15H24O
Structural formula:
OH

ii.

(CH3)3C

[]

C(CH3)3

CH3
Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)

Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA)

Molecular formula: C11H16O2
Structural formula:
OH

[]
[]

C(CH3)3

OCH3

Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA)

Thermoplastic polymers are the linear or slightly branched long chain molecules capable of
softening on heating and hardening on cooling.
These polymers are intermediate between elastomers and fibres. They can be remoulded and
recycled.
eg. Polythene, polystyrene, PVC, etc.

Aldol condensation (Self/Auto condensation):

a.
The carbon atom attached to the carbonyl carbon is called -carbon atom and the
hydrogen atom attached to -carbon is called -hydrogen.
b.
Two molecules of an aldehyde or ketone (containing -H-atom) in the presence of
dilute basic solution of NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2, K2CO3 or Na2CO3 or dil.HCl undergo
addition reaction to give corresponding -hydroxyl aldehyde (aldol) or -hydroxyl
ketone (ketol). The reaction is called aldol condensation/self oxidation.
c.
This is a nucleophilic addition of aldehydes (or ketones) in which -carbon of the first
molecule gets attached to carbonyl carbon of second molecule forming a new CC
bond.
d.
The reaction is reversible but the equilibrium is established between reactants and
products. Due to steric factors, yield of ketol is very poor as compared to that of aldol.
e.
On heating, the aldol or ketol rapidly undergoes dehydration (in the presence of acid or
base) to yield corresponding -unsaturated aldehyde or ketone. This product is obtained
due to stabilization of newly formed CC double bond via conjugation with carbonyl
group.
eg.
1.
Aldehydes:
When acetaldehyde is warmed with dil NaOH or Na2CO3 or K2CO3 or dil. HCl, it gives
acetaldol, (3-Hydroxybutanal), which on heating with acid or base, loses a water
molecule and gives crotonaldehyde.
8

[]
[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

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H
|
CH3 C
||
O

H H
H H H
|
| |
| |
293 303K, dil.Na 2 CO3
ZZZZZZZZZZZ
X
H C C = O YZZZZZZZZZZ
CH

C
=O
3
Z
|
| |
H
OH H
B

Acetaldehyde
(First molecule)

2.

Chemistry

-Hydroxybutyraldehyde (acetaldol)

Acetaldehyde
(Second molecule)

Ketones:
Acetone when warmed with Ba(OH)2 gives diacetone alcohol (-hydroxyl ketone),
which on heating with acid, loses a water molecule to give mesityl oxide.

H CH3
CH3
|
| |
CH3 C + H C C = O
||
|
O
H
B

CH3 H CH3
|
|
|

Ba (OH) 2
ZZZZZX
Z
CH

C
=O
3
YZZZZZ
Z
|
|
OH H

Acetone (2 moles)

Diacetone alcohol
(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one)
(-Hydroxy ketone)

CH3 H CH3
CH3 H CH3
|
| |
|
| |

H+ /
ZZZZZZX
CH3 C C C = O + H2O YZZZZZ
Z CH3 C = C C = O
dehydration
|
|
OH H
Diacetone alcohol

H2O

Mesityl oxide (4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one)

(, unsaturated ketone)

(Any one example)

[1]

Q.6. Answer any THREE:

i.
a.
Reaction of aniline with bromine water at room temperature results in the formation of
white precipitate of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline.
NH2

NH2
Br

Br

+ 3Br2(aq)
Aniline

3HBr

[1]

Br
2,4,6-Tribromoaniline

b.

When aniline is heated with acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine, acetanilide is
obtained as the product.
C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O

CH3COOH

C6H5 NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH

or Pyridine

[1]

(Acetylation )

Aniline

c.

Acetic anhydride

Acetanilide

Aniline on reation with concentrated sulphuric acid gives anilinium hydrogensulphate

which on heating with sulphuric acid at 453473K produces p-aminobenzene sulphonic
acid (commonly known as sulphanilic acid) as the major product.
9

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Model Answer Paper: March 2014

+

Conc.H 2SO 4

453K 473K

Conc.H 2SO 4

Cold

Aniline

ii.

NH2

NH 3 HSO 4

NH2

NH3
ZZX
YZZ

SO3H

Anilinium hydrogen
sulphate

Sulphanilic acid
(p-Aminobenzene
sulphonic acid)

[1]
SO3
Zwitter ion

Optical Activity in Lactic Acid:

Lactic acid is 2-hydroxy propanoic acid.
H
|
Its structural formula is CH3 C* COOH
|
OH
The optical activity can be discussed as:
a.

b.

Presence of asymmetrical carbon atom:

1.
Lactic acid contains one asymmetrical carbon atom.
2.
According to vant Hoffs rule a = 2n, where, a is the number of isomers and n is
the number of asymmetric carbon atom.
3.
Thus, two isomers of lactic acid are possible.

[]

[]

Non-superimposable mirror image structures:

COOH
|
H C* OH
|
CH3

COOH
|
HO C* H
|
CH3

d or (+) lactic acid

[1]

Mirror l or () lactic acid

Hence, lactic acid can exist as d-form and l-form which are non-superimposable mirror
of each other.

c.

iii.

a.

(dl) Racemic mixture and its optical inactivity:

A mixture containing equal moles of the d and l forms of lactic acid is a racemic
mixture which is optically inactive i.e., dl or () form. This inactivity arises due to
external compensation.

[1]

Heating solid KMnO4 in a current of H2 results in formation of MnO, KOH and water
vapours.

2KOH + 2MnO
+ 4H2O
2KMnO4 + 5H2

[1]

Potassium
permanganate

b.

Potassium
hydroxide

Manganese
oxide

Water

Action of warm conc.H2SO4 on KMnO4 results in conversion to MnSO4 with the

evolution of O2 gas.
4KMnO4 + 6H2SO4
2K2SO4 + 4MnSO4 + 6H2O + 5O2
Potassium
permanganate

10

Hydrogen

Conc.Sulphuric
acid (warm)

Potassium
sulphate

Manganese
sulphate

Water

Oxygen

[1]

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iv.

Chemistry

Oxidation states of Mn:

+2, +3, +4, +5, +6 and +7.
Electronic configuration of Mn:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3d5 4s2
Due to the presence of half filled d orbital, the +2 oxidation state of Manganese is more
stable.

[1]

Effective atomic number (EAN) is the total number of electrons around the central metal ion
present in a complex. It is the sum of the electrons of metal ion and the electrons donated by
the ligands.
EAN = Z X + Y
where, Z = Atomic number of the metal
X = Number of electrons lost during oxidation of metal to metal ion
Y = Number of electrons donated by the ligands.

[1]

Atomic
number of
metal atom
(Z)
27
30

Complex

[Co(NH3)6]+3
[Zn(NH3)4]SO4

Number of
electrons lost
by metal
(X)
3
2

Number of
electrons from
ligands
(Y)
6 2 = 12
42=8

EAN
(Z X + Y)

27 3 + 12 = 36
30 2 + 8 = 36

[2]

Q.7. Answer any SIX:

i.
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids which contain more than 12 carbon
atoms. Potassium soaps are softer than sodium soaps.
Soaps are prepared in two different ways:
a.
By hydrolysis of fat using sodium or potassium hydroxide solution
(saponification).
When oils and fats are heated with solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium
hydroxide, they are hydrolysed to glycerol and sodium (or potassium) salt of fatty acid
(known as soap). This process is called saponification.

[1]

O
CH2 O C R
O
CH O C R
O

CH2OH
+

3NaOH

CHOH + 3RC ONa

CH2OH

CH2 O C R

O
Soap

Glycerol

Fat/oil

After saponification, common salt (NaCl) is added to the aqueous solution. This
decreases the solubility of soap due to which it precipitates. Soap being lighter, floats
on the surface of water and can be separated.
Water soluble glycerol is recovered from aqueous solution. It is used in drugs,
cosmetics, explosives and paints.
b.

Direct neutralization of fatty acids:

Soaps are prepared by direct neutralization of fatty acids by using sodium hydroxide or
sodium carbonate.
O
O
+

RCOH + NaOH RC ONa + H2O

Higher fatty acid

Soap

(Any one method)

[1]
11

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ii.

423 600 K
Sn /conc.HCl
CH3 CH3 + HNO3
C2H5NO2
C2H5NH2
H2O
2H 2 O

Ethane

iii.

Model Answer Paper: March 2014

(conc.)

Nitroethane
(A)

[2]

Ethanamine
(B)

Self oxidation and reduction (disproportionation) of aldehydes (which do not possess an

hydrogen atom) in the presence of concentrated alkali (aqueous or alcoholic) is known as
Cannizzaro reaction. The reaction products are alcohol and salt of carboxylic acid.
In this reaction, alcohol is obtained due to reduction of one molecule of aldehyde and
carboxylic acid is obtained due to oxidation of another molecule of an aldehyde. The
carboxylic acid forms a salt with alkali.
eg.
H
H
H
O
a.

H C = O + H C = O + NaOH H C OH + H C ONa
(50%)
Formaldehyde

H
Methyl alcohol

b.

Sodium formate

C=O
+

C=O
+ KOH
(50%)

Benzaldehyde

CH2OH
+
Benzyl alcohol

C OK

Potassium benzoate

(Any one example)

iv.

[1]

Buna S:
CH2 = CH CH = CH2

[1]
[1]

1,3-Butadiene

and
CH = CH2

[1]

styrene

v.

12

Complex lipids:
The esters of long chain fatty acids which can be easily hydrolyzed are complex lipids
Functions of lipids:
a.
Oils and fats can supply food energy in plants and animals.
b.
Glycolipids are present in bacterial cell wall.
c.
In plants, the principal lipid constituents of chloroplasts are glycolipids.
d.
Cerebrosides are present in plasma membranes of neural tissues. They are animal
glycolipids. They are abundant in myelin sheath of neurons.
e.
In water, phospholipids form membrane like structure.
f.
The major components of cell membranes are phospholipids and sterols such as
cholesterol.
g.
Waxes are water repelling solids. They provide waterproofing for body surfaces. They
form protective coatings on leaves, fruits, berries, animal fur and feather of birds.
h.
Adrenal hormones, sex hormones and bile acids are steroids. Lipoproteins are the
combination of lipids with proteins. They are found in cell membranes.
i.
Bile acids (such as cholic acid) aid digestion of fat in intestine.
j.
Prostaglandins have a wide range of biological effects.

[1]

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k.

Chemistry

Vitamin A, E, K and phytol are terpenes. They are present in essential oils such as
menthol and camphor. The glands of certain aromatic plants secrete essential oils
which contains terpenes as the main constituents.
eg. Myrcene (oil of bayberry), Limonene (oil of lemon), -pinene (oil of turpentine),
geraniol (oil of roses), menthol (peppermint), zingiberene (oil of ginger),
caryophyllene (oil of cloves) and squalene (shark liver oil).
[ 2]
(Any two functions)

vi.
No.
Factor
a.
Kinetics
b. Molecularity
c. Number of steps
d. Bond making and
bond breaking

e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

SN2

2nd order
Bimolecular
One step
Simultaneous

SN1

1st order
Unimolecular
Two step
First the bond in the reactant
breaks and then a new bond in
product is formed
Transition state
One step, one transition Two steps, two transition
state
states
Direction of attack of Only back side attack
Back side attack and front side
nucleophile
attack
Stereochemistry
Inversion of configuration Racemisation (If substrate is
(If substrate is optically optically active)
active)
Type of substrate
Mainly 3 substrates
Mainly 1 substrates
Polarity of solvent
Non-polar
solvent Polar solvent favourable
favourable
Nucleophile
Strong
nucleophile Weak nucleophile favourable
favourable
Intermediate
No intermediate
Intermediate involved
(Any four distinguishing points)

vii.

[1]

[ 4]

The series involving the filling of 4f-orbitals following lanthanum La (Z = 57) is called
lanthanoid series. The elements present in this series are called lanthanoids.
There are fourteen elements in this series starting with cerium, Ce(Z = 58) and ending with
Lutetium, Lu(Z = 71). These elements are represented by the general symbol Ln. The name
lanthanoid has been derived from lanthanum which is the prototype of lanthanoid.
Position of actinoids in the periodic table:
a.
Actinoids belongs to the third group of periodic table in the seventh period.
b.
In the periodic table, as we move from one element to another, either from left to right
or from top to bottom, the properties exhibit a gradual change. But these fifteen
elements are so similar to one another, that they cannot be placed one after the other or
one below the other.
c.
As the fourteen elements i.e. Th(90) to Lr(103) are closely similar to Ac(89), the best
place for them is along with actinium(89) i.e., third group (3rd column) and seventh
period in the periodic table.
d.
In case these elements are give different positions in order of their increasing atomic
numbers, the symmetry of the periodic table would be disrupted. Due to this reason, the
actinoids are placed at the bottom of the periodic table with a reference to the third
group in the seventh period i.e., the position of actinium.
13

[2]

[1]

[1]

Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Model Answer Paper: March 2014

viii. Methoxyethane from alkyl halide:

When methyl iodide is heated with alcoholic sodium ethoxide, it gives methoxyethane.
C2H5 O Na +
Sodium ethoxide

C2H5 O CH3 + NaI

I CH3
Methyl iodide

[1]

Methoxyethane

Methoxyethane from diazomethane:

When ethyl alcohol is treated with diazomethane in the presence of fluoroboric acid,
methoxyethane is formed.

C2H5 OH +
Ethyl alcohol

CH2N2

HBF4

C2H5 O CH3

Diazomethane

+ N2

[1]

Methoxyethane

Q.8. Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each
sub-question:
i.
(D) potassium hexacyanoferrate

[1]

ii.

(C)

[1]

iii.

(C)

10

[1]

iv.

(D)

4-aminobenzoic acid

[1]

v.

(C)

Formaldehyde and phenol

[1]

vi.

(A)

Methanal

[1]

vii.

(D)

Ta and Re

[1]

14