Академический Документы
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Zainab Nururrohmah, ST
Master student at the Department of City and Regional Planning, School of Architecture Planning
and Policy Development. Institut Teknologi Bandung INDONESIA;
zainab.nururrohmah@students.itb.ac.id
ABSTRACT
As the part of Europe Union, Slovenia became a strategic country that developed to
create Competitive and sustainable Central European capital city in an enlarged
Europe. Slovenias capital city, Ljubljana, is one of the best sustainable cities in the
world. Ljubljana achieved European Green Capital 2016 for its impressive
transformation to be sustainable city over the last 10-15 years, especially in land use
planning and implementation. Moreover, in 2025, Ljubljana targeted to be ideal city. On
the planning process, Slovenia referred to Spatial Planning Act. Government is
responsible to establish the spatial planning by involving citizen participation in
conferences, exhibitions, and debates. This planning was applied into The Environmental
Protection Act assessment of the principles of sustainable development, integrity, and
prevention an integrated Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The implementation
was accomplished by involving participation of communities, private sectors, and NGOs
on local, regional, and national levels. This involvement indirectly gave successful result
of planning. Ljubljana has the comprehensive management in infrastructure system. In
the transportation sector, the planning developed to get sustainable mobility by turning
the priority use of transport from personal vehicles into public transportation. The
strategic actions are promoting the use of public transport, walking, and cycling,
reducing car use, and providing Urbana City Card. Meanwhile, Ljubljana has developed
easy and user-friendly system of waste management and also modern concept of energy
supply and use since 2011. It was adopted based on Sustainable Energy Action Plan
(SEAP) to 2020. The other important concern is providing open green space by
preserving and protecting nature, biodiversity and green urban areas to reach three to
forth in all citys territories. On the competitiveness area, the main factors are
developing health and education. While on the hinterland management, Ljubljanas
concern is developing Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) areas especially as
tourism destination.
Keywords: European Green Capital, sustainable city, sustainable mobility, ideal city,
citizen participation, Central European, Europe Union, Slovenia, Ljubljana, Spatial
Planning Act, The Environmental Protection Act, Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA), comprehensive management, Urbana City Card, Sustainable Energy Action Plan
(SEAP), Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).
Henriko Mei ERIKSON, Norma KEMPER, Zainab NURURROHMAH
INTRODUCTION
Republic of Slovenia
Slovenia is located in Middle East Europe and belongs to the Slavic States. Slovenia
covers 20,273 square kilometers and is a relatively small country, especially compared to
Indonesia. The population is about 2 million inhabitants. Compared to Bandung the
whole county includes just a half of all inhabitants living in the City of Bandung.
The capital is Ljubljana and the official language is Slovene. The type of government is a
unitary parliamentary constitutional republic. Officially, Slovenia is subdivided into 211
municipalities, eleven of them have the status of urban municipalities. Each municipality
is headed by a mayor, elected every four years by popular vote, and a municipal council.
The municipalities are the only body of local autonomy in Slovenia.
Slovenia is a good developed country and is per capita the richest of the Slavic states. In
the term from 2004 to 2006, the economy grew on average nearly 5% a year and
expanded in 2007 by almost 7%. Almost two-thirds of people are employed in service
sector and over one-third in industry and construction. Slovenia benefits from a welleducated workforce, well-developed infrastructure, and its location at the crossroads of
major trade routes.
All those facts, mentioned above, are results of a really impressive performance of such a
young country. Just on 25th June 1991, Slovenia did the declaration of independence from
Yugoslavia. Since 1st May 2004 Slovenia is a member of the European Union (EU).
(Republic of Slovenia, 2012)
Case of Study
Ljubljana Urban Region (LUR)
Ljubljana is the political, economic and cultural center of Slovenia. It is subdivided into
26 municipalities with a population of more than 500.000 inhabitants. LUR is located at
the intersection of European transport corridors V and X. Being connected with the port
of Koper and Ljubljana International Airport, LUR represents a metropolitan growth area
of European significance.
One of the four Slovenian universities is placed in Ljubljana City. The University of
Ljubljana has 22 different faculties and more than 64.000 students, including 20.000
international students. Therefor it is the biggest university of Slovenia and also counts to
the biggest universities of Europe. (www.ljubljana.si)
PLANNING PROCESS
Spatial planning documents in Slovenia can administratively be categorized into national,
municipal and joint spatial planning documents. Spatial planning documents at national
level consists of the Spatial Development Strategy, the Spatial Order, and the Detailed
Plans of National Importance. Meanwhile at municipal level are the Municipal Spatial
Development Strategy with the Conception of Urban Development and the Conception of
Landscape Development and Protection, the Municipal Spatial Order, and the Local
Detailed Plans. For the spatial arrangement of common interests, state and municipalities
collaborate to make Regional Conception of Spatial Development under the guidance
from Minister of Environment who lays down in detail the contents, form, and the
manner of preparing the spatial planning documents.
The first thing to do in the preparation of spatial plan documents is to make the proposal
of spatial planning based on the preparation programme of spatial planning. That
preparation program contains:
1. The assessment of the reasons and the legal basis for preparing the spatial planning
documents;
2. The subject and program of the spatial planning documents;
3. The skeleton planning zone of the spatial planning document if the program concerns
the preparation of the Regional Conception of Spatial Development, a detailed plan,
or a supplement to the Municipal Spatial Order with detailed terms and conditions;
4. The identity of the spatial planning stakeholders who provide the guidelines and
opinions, and other participants who will participate in the preparation of the spatial
planning document;
5. A list of the expert research necessary for planning the envisaged spatial arrangement;
6. The manner of obtaining expert solutions;
7. Reference to and the manner of obtaining the geodetic bases;
8. The deadline for preparing the spatial planning document or its individual phases, and
the deadline for planning guidelines, if longer than 30 days; and
9. Obligations in connection with the financing of the spatial planning document.
Public Participation
The matter of public participation in spatial planning process is guaranteed by Spatial
Planning Act. Article 10 of that act said that people have right to be informed about the
process of spatial planning, to participate by giving initiatives or opinions, and to access
to information about spatial planning and its management.
Conference
The body who is responsible to prepare the documents must hold a conference in order to
obtain and coordinate the recommendations, policies, and legitimate interests of local
communities, the enterprise sector, interested groups and the organized public regarding
the preparation of the spatial planning document or the planned spatial arrangement. The
date and place of conference shall be announced publicly by the producers in at least two
mass media. After the conference, the producers shall compile and and attach all of the
recommendations into the spatial planning documents.
Within eight days after the conference, the spatial planning document including the
recommendation from the conference should be adopted by the responsible party
published in the national or municipal official gazette.
spatial planning program, thus the amended spatial planning document must be exhibited
and debated again. The repeated public debate and exhibition are only permitted no more
than twice, otherwise the producer must repeat the whole process from the beginning.
Following the public exhibition, the producers shall call upon the competent spatial
planning stakeholders and expose the amended spatial planning document in order to get
their opinions on that document. After the revision, the state or municipality shall issue a
decree concerning the spatial plan as a legal basis for its implementation.
Approval of Substance
In preparation process, the mayor of Ljubljana is the responsible party to carry on the task
of arrangements Spatial Development Strategy and Spatial Order. Along the process,
Ljubljana shall be supported by the various ministries after their competence in terms of
data, proposals, and other materials necessary for the preparation. The neighborhood
municipalities are also individually informed about the preparation so that during the
process they can give proposals and opinions related the spatial arrangements which can
affect their region.
The implementation of spatial planning documents is legal after those documents are
approved and decreed by Minister of Environment. The mayor must sent the application
of Spatial Development Strategy and Spatial Order to Minister of Environment who is
within 15 days after receiving those documents shall establish whether the application is
complete and check whether any violation against laws and other regulations, including
the compliance of Ljubljana Spatial Order to Ljubljana Spatial Development Strategy. If
the Minister shall not find any violations or incompliances then the Minister shall make
an approval to the spatial planning documents and issue the decree.
COMPETITIVENESS
The capability to compete globally will be explained with Global Competitiveness Index
(GCI) issued by World Economic Forum, an index covers almost every countries in the
world. To measure the capability are there three subindexes and twelve pillars cover
from economic, social, and technological aspects. The subindexes and their pillars are as
follow:
Henriko Mei ERIKSON, Norma KEMPER, Zainab NURURROHMAH
1. Subindex of basic requirements as the key for factor-driver, consists of four pillars:
- Institutions
- Infrastructure
- Macroeconomic environment
- Health and primary education
2. Subindex of efficiency enhancers as the key for efficiency-driven consists of six
pillars:
- Higher education and training
- Goods market efficiency
- Labor market efficiency
- Financial market development
- Technological readiness
- Market size
3. Subindex of innovation and sophistication factors as the key for innovation-driven
consists of two pillars:
- Business sophistication
- Innovation
According to Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) issued by World Economic Forum, the
rank of Slovenia shows a declining trend in 2012-2014 periods. In 2012 the competitive
ability of Slovenia got rank 56 out of 144 countries, fall to 62 out of 148 in 2013, and in
2014 fall again to 70 out of 144. From these figures we can conclude that the socio
economic development in Slovenia is in medium scale.
If we categorize the 2014 figures into its subindex, the subindex of basic requirement got
rank 49 out of 144 countries, subindex of efficiency enhancers got rank 64, and subindex
innovation got rank 50. If we go deep down into each subindex we can see that education
is the most excellence factors in Slovenia.
Of the basic requirement subindex, the pillar of health and primary education got an
excellence rank among countries i.e. rank 12. It means that the progress of development
of health and primary education in Slovenia is very excellent compared to other
developing countries. Meanwhile of the subindex of efficiency enhancers, the pillar of
higher education and training got the highest score among other pillars and got rank 25.
The very well performance in education aspect tell us that Slovenia government is very
aware concerning human capital. For the innovation subindex, the pillars belonging into
this subindex have medium performance. The business sophistication and innovation
pillars only got rank 59 and 42 respectively and this figure tell us that these two factors
are not developed very well yet.
As the main power of Slovenia, educational aspect becomes the main focused to advance
the competitiveness of Slovenia. As stated in National Programme of Higher Education
(NPHE) 2011-2020, higher education and related scientific research is at the core in the
development of Slovenia.
Higher education becomes a priority for the Republic of Slovenia, especially in the
current challenging global economic crisis. The involvement of typical generation in
higher education is high and is equal to developed countries. However, in comparison
with other European countries, a high percentage of students either do not finish or take
longer to complete their studies. The number of highly educated people In Slovenia has
increased and the ratio between the number of teachers and students has recently
improved, but the education of the Slovenian population at a tertiary level is insufficient
compared to OECD.
Academic Year
1991/92
2005/06
2009/10
2012/2013
2013/2014
2014/2015
In conclusion, for three years from 2012 to 2014 health and primary education pillar has
become the main source of Slovenias competitiveness and its performance has been
equal to developed or advance countries, whereas labor market efficiency and market size
have been the two pillars weakened most for Slovenia competitiveness. The development
of pillars such as macroeconomic environment, technological readiness and higher
education and training have been in the right pathways and will become the potential
pillars to enhance the future competitiveness because their recent performance are quite
good comparable to advance countries.
Along with the development of educational and health facilities, Municipality of
Ljubljana improves also the urban space and infrastructure to increase the scale of
economic activities and environment. The concept of mixed use development providing
commercial, residential, retail, hotel and sports and leisure facilities and supported by
railway and busway will be applied mainly for central district.
The park is Ljubljanas new recreational space, a generator of new urban spaces. It is an
artificial landscape which connects with the natural landscape. It retains the flatness of
the space along the path, and thus also the spatial proportions between the large landscape
features now merged with the hall and stadium. The grassy plane, as the central
landscaping feature of the wider area, protrudes into the park from the side and rises on
the roof of the stadium, where the stadium becomes a part of the park, in the visual and
program sense. In the atriums in the middle of the park it sinks into the shopping center
and it reaches to the parking level.
The competences in the area of spatial planning in the Republic of Slovenia are divided
into the State and Municipalities area. Nevertheless, the regions have not yet been
established in Slovenia, but there are regional spatial documents, which are basically a
special type of inter-municipal plans. The inter-municipal cooperation was included into
spatial planning in interim period, and finally implemented on 2011.
The spatial planning documents are provided in national, municipal, and inter-municipal
level. The contents are the national strategic master plan, the detailed national master
plan, the municipal master plan, the detailed local master plan, and the regional (intermunicipal) master plans.
The Spatial Planning Act derived from the basic principles: the principle of sustainable
spatial development, the principle of publicity, the principle of guided urban
development, the principle of overriding public interest, the principle of preservation of
the distinctive spatial features, the principle of the integration of cultural and urban
heritage protection and the principle of proficiency.
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The City Supervisory Boards responsibility is to supervise the use of budget funds.
While the Local City Council (LCC), Mayor, and user authorities are giving the
recommendations and providing implementation reports. The Mayor proposes the budget,
ordinances, and other related acts under the authorities of LCC that it represents. Mayor
also proposes the working area of administration, the organization, and defines the jobs
layout in the administration. There are 106 public institutions and companies who are
cooperate in projects, cooperate in designing strategies, inform to the public, and cofinance the companies operation.
On the lower level, there are City Electoral Commissions and committees who are
responsible on discuss and propose measures. Meanwhile, the District Authority Councils
are participate in the preparation of development programs, the budget, and other
materials adopted by the LCC, and also propose environmental projects.
Related to the spatial planning, there are the Public Space Council and the Deputy
Mayors Collegium for Public Space and Traffic who are concern on the policy of green
and open spaces, urban sprawl, and regional cooperation in Ljubljana. The Public Space
Council plays a primarily advisory role and links professionals in various fields, while the
Deputy Mayors Collegium plays an operative role. The operative role are includes being
representatives of various departments of the municipal administration, discusses the
planning, coordinate between individual actors, and promote the information, knowledge,
and experience exchange. Besides that, the strategic action of the Deputy Mayors
Collegium are responsible on public utilities and contractors; maintenance; and renewal
of green and open areas in the city.
These documents were the result of cooperative dialog with local, regional, and national
stakeholders (citizens, city districts, NGO, private individuals, industry, professional
circles, state, university, education (eco schools), sports (clubs are obligated to contribute
to sustainable development), environmental protection, welfare (social entrepreneurship),
etc. in some workshops, presentations, round tables, exhibitions, public debates and the
public gathering of proposals. The citizen participation on the process of drafting
documents indirectly increase the possibility of realization, for better quality policies,
minimize the conflicts, yields additional information from the market, and etc.
Besides those, there are some innovations to increase participation of citizen. The aim of
the participatory is for raising sustainable awareness based on two-way interactive
communication, by websites, social networks and mobile applications (more than 40)
such as 3D Urban Planning, and Ljubljana is you!. Based on Ljubljana presentation and
publication document for European Green Capital achievement, there are some other
instruments to achieve it (Republic of Slovenia, 2014):
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The amendments of Slovenias basis law were a comprehensive process from the
amelioration of citizen involvement into the making of plans. The process of citizen
participatory approach simply can be divided into five steps. The first one is preliminary
preparation by the mayor and city council, which are responsible to the whole of process.
Then it continues on public participation, by announcing process publicity, asking helps
of professional facilitator to get some important opinions, providing citizens feedback by
making survey, and involving participations of any stakeholders like NGO, city
administrators, and etc. This process held within 30 days. The next process is making the
draft of planning by analyzing situations, planning the vision and principles, deciding the
priorities, planning the measures, and making the corrections from preliminary research.
The forth process is public discussion and adaption. In this step, the forum agenda was
heard opinion of any stakeholders and discussing about the special citizen requirements
like the low-income people, difabel, weak or old people, and young people. Then the
result presented by inviting the delegation of any stakeholders that involved before. The
last process are implementation that supervised by monitoring and evaluating the plan.
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Financial Matters
The budget funds were came from some sources. In the development sectors, funds
acquired from the European communities or other funds from organizations of
transnational whether it is in national, regional, or local levels. Based on the Vision 2025,
all Slovenias city projects are carried out by tenders and also by cooperating with the
private sector (RCERO Ljubljana, Bicike (LJ), Sustainable Mobility Plan, and etc.). The
projects main financial instruments are divided into Cohesion Fund, Structural Fund,
national and municipal budgets.
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Past Performance
Beside the improvement of the public transport system, the city of Ljubljana also
upgraded and renovated a large amount of public open spaces to promote walking and
cycling. One of the projects was to refurbish the embankments along the Ljubljanica
River and renovating or building new bridges which connect key points in the city center.
The implementation of this project was awarded with the European Prize for Urban
Public Space in 2012. Belongings to this topic will be explained in the chapter about
Urban Space and Hinterland Management. (MMP COL, 2010)
In 2007 an ecological zone in the city center was created which is closed to all motorvehicles. In this area, there were also measures to renovate the city center to make it more
attractive and greener.
As you can see on the picture above, the streets along the river at the city center are
closed for motor-vehicles and can just be entered by pedestrians or cyclists. The red
marked area is only for pedestrians and the yellow marked area is pedestrian area with
limited access for local traffic. All over in the city, traffic calming zones were established,
where the limit of speed is by 30km/h and especially in the vicinity of schools and
kindergartens the speed limit is by 10km/h. There was also a system of one-way streets
provided for safer bicycling. (ESPON TANGO, 2013)
For the public transport system, new bus routes were established so that the use of it can
reach more areas in the city is and makes the use more sensible. All the buses and bus
stops were equipped with modern technology, which allow bus priority at intersections,
information on vehicle accessibility for people with reduced mobility and real-time
information on bus arrivals. There is also transport on demand available in the pedestrian
area for people with disabilities. Therefor electric vehicles get deployed and their use is
for free. (www.ljubljana.si/en/green-capital)
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Present Situation
Nowadays, the present situation in Ljubljana is, that 23% of trips are made on foot, 7%
by bicycle, 57% by a car and 13% by public transport.
Ljubljana has a well-developed route network, managed by the public company
Ljubljanski potniki promet. The public transport system comprises 209 urban
transport vehicles and 63 interurban transport vehicles. The Integration of public
transport routes is one of the ways, how Ljubljana increases the number of public
transport passengers. This number rose by 4.6% in 2011 and 14.8% in 2012. The
proportion of inhabitants who live less than 500 meters from the nearest public transport
stop is 96%, while 92% live within a radius of 300 m. (www.ljubljana.si/en/green-capital)
Figure 8. Modern technology of bus and bus stops for public transportation
Source: http://www.hecktictravels.com/tour-de-ljubljana
Bicycling
To increase the use of Bicycles 190 km of cycling paths were created or renovated
connected to the projects of Urban Green Space Management. The city of Ljubljana is
offering a self-service bike-sharing system since 2011. 33 Stations for using the bikesharing system are spread over the city and provide 308 bicycles. The first hour of using
the bicycles is free. (www.ljubljana.si/en/green-capital)
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Figure 10. Process of the Targets, Change of Using Car, Public Transport and Bicycle or Walking
Source: http://www.ljubljana.si/en/green-capital/green-aims/
To reach these goals, there are several strategies to promote walking, cycling and the use
of public transport.
Promoting Walking
To make it more attractive to walk for the inhabitants in the inner city of Ljubljana, the
network of routes where pedestrians have priority has to become extend. The plan is to
create a footpath network between all important public institutions to be connected and
reachable by waking. In the residential areas new squares and parks will be created and
the access roads will be rearranged according to the shared space principle. (RDA LUR,
2010)
Promoting Cycling
Because of the rearrangements of the streets and the one-way streets, cycling in Ljubljana
Urban Region become more safe and according to the Urban Land Management
Strategies, which provide a higher attractiveness of cycling path combined with nature
experiences, it makes more sense.
The sustainable mobility plan expects an increase of using bicycle to go to work by 40%
and among the students to go to university and for normal daily use by 50%. (MMP COL,
2010)
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highest GDP among the statistical regions with EUR 12,541 per capita in 2003, it
exceeded the Slovenian average by 3.4 indexed points.
South Primorska is coastal region in Slovenia which is divided into three parts: the
coastal part or the Slovenian Istra, Kras and Brkini. They are included as hinterland of
Slovenia. The areas cover is 1,524 km2, which is 7.5% of the Slovenian while the
population is 119,475 (30 June 2005), which is 5.97% of the total population in Slovenia.
It has the only and most prestigious International port in Slovenia and one of the largest
in the Adriatic Sea, that is Port of Koper. Koper has grown to an important international
port in Central Europe in the last fifty years.
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20% improvement in energy efficiency and the reduction of the greenhouse gas
emissions by 20%.
The City of Ljubljana installed underground collection points, where everyone can
dispose waste at urban public space. Its easier and more user-friendly system.
The planning of Slovenias hinterland is prioritized in coastal area. Its elaborated into
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) which is defined in the project of
Coastal Area Management Program (CAMP). The basis is the Promotion of Balanced
Regional Development Act (Official Gazette of the RS, No. 83/2003).
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Identify the requirements for special people especially the weaker ones (low-income
people, difabel, old and young people).
Monitor and evaluate the implementation of plan periodically.
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