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Shale Volume
Overview
Shale Volume accounts for shale so that you can more accurately
determine effective porosity and water saturation. Often, any single
indicator tends to overestimate the volume of shale present, and shale
affects each indicator differently; therefore the minimum of all the
available indicators provides a more realistic answer. Usually
(depending upon lithology) the best indicator is the gamma ray (GR)
curve, followed by the SP curve.
Shale Volume computes a minimum shale volume from single curve
shale indicators, from arithmetic and geometric mean, and from
crossplot shale indicators. You may use up to 12 shale indicators plus
one previously computed pass through shale indicator to calculate
minimum shale volume.
The shale indicators are
GR Linear
GR Power Law (Curved)
GR Larionov Tertiary rocks
GR Larionov old rocks
GR Steiber
GR Clavier
SP
Resistivity
Neutron Porosity
Neutron-Density Crossplot
Neutron-Sonic Crossplot
Density-Sonic Crossplot
You have the option of selecting the shale indicators for each zone. The
final shale volume (Vsh min) is the minimum shale volume from the
user-selected shale indicators. The Shale Flag indicates which shale
indicator was used for the final value. You have the option of placing
clean lines on the crossplots (two-point method) or using selected
matrix porosities for crossplots (slope method).
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Shale Volume input curves and output curves along with alternative
notation are listed below.
Input Curves (aka)
Discriminator 1
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Determining Shale
In order to more accurately determine effective porosity and water
saturation, shale volume must be accounted for. Shale Volume provides
different ways to estimate shale volume. Often any single indicator
tends to overestimate the volume of shale present, and shale affects
each indicator differently; therefore the minimum of all the indicators
provides a more realistic answer. Usually (depending upon lithology)
the best indicator is the Gamma Ray curve, followed by the SP curve.
Shale Volume formulas produce clipped curves.
All the Shale Volume formulas produce curves that are clipped so that values are
greater than zero and less than 1.
Gamma Ray
10 API
100
70 API
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Workflow
Shale Volume works in tandem with Wellbore Parameter Editor. The
general workflow is
1. Select wells, depth units, depth range, sample interval, and
processing direction in the Shale Volume window.
2. Invoke Wellbore Parameter Editor from the Shale Volume window.
3. Select parameters and curves.
4. Save your WPE session.
5. Return to Shale Volume to process the data.
6. Check the results using Tabular List or graphically view the output
curves with Single Well Viewer or LogEdit.
General
Interpretive
Application
Workflow
Interp App
WPE
logs
tab list
xplot
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Shale Indicators
Rock Properties
Crossplot Parameters
Crossplot Discriminators
Final VShale
Input Curves
Output Curves
Shale Indicators
You can select multiple shale determination methods. A curve will be
output for each method selected. In addition, a curve will be generated
that reflects the minimum of all methods selected. All shale indicators
are initially set to yes. Set to no any indicators you do not want to
use in calculating minimum shale volume. On the basis of your shale
indicator selections, the application automatically desensitizes any
input curves and other parameters that are not needed for the
calculations. See the table below for a list of available methods,
required input curves, and the curves each method generates.
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See the table below for required input curves and the output curves
each method generates.
Shale Determination Methods
Methods
Input Curves
Output Curves
GR Linear Response
Gamma Ray
Gamma Ray
Gamma Ray
Gamma Ray
GR Steiber
Gamma Ray
GR Clavier
Gamma Ray
SP
Spontaneous Potential
Shale Volume SP
Resistivity
True Resistivity
Neutron Porosity
Neutron Porosity
Neutron-Density Crossplot
Neutron-Density Crossplot
Neutron-Sonic Crossplot
Neutron-Sonic Crossplot
Density-Sonic Crossplot
Density Porosity
Sonic Porosity
Density-Sonic Crossplot
Rock Properties
Review the default values provided for rock properties and change any
as necessary.
Crossplot Parameters
If you selected any crossplot shale indicators (Neutron-Density,
Neutron-Sonic, Density-Sonic), you must select a method for
determining shale volume.
You may select either
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Two-Point
Slope
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In the Two-Point Method (also known as the clean line method), the
density is in grams per cubic centimeter and the sonic is in nanoseconds
per foot. The clean line is specified by the two points, which are user
input. Lines of equal shale volume fall parallel to the clean line, and the
line where Vsh = 1.0 passes through the shale point, which is user input.
In the Slope Method (also known as the matrix method), the neutron,
density, and sonic must already be converted to porosity. The clean line
is specified by the point (0,0) and a slope, which is user input. Lines of
equal shale volume fall parallel to the clean line, and the line where Vsh
= 1.0 passes through the shale point, which is user input.
Crossplot Discriminators
When using crossplot techniques, you have the option of including one
or two discriminators, which can be either values or curves. If you use
discriminators, set the minimum and maximum values or curves. Go to
Input Curves to determine the curves you want as minimum or
maximum boundaries, as well as the discriminator curve.
Final VShale
The appropriate parameters are automatically set to yes on the basis
of your Shale Indicator selections. If you do not want to use particular
shale volume output curves in the calculation of the final shale volume,
set those cells to no.
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are generated as inputs to other calculations; you may not wish to save
these to the database. In these cases, be sure that the Write Flag is set to
no.
Shale Flag output curve numbers are automatically generated and
record which shale volume algorithm was used to calculate the
minimum shale volume.
Shale Flag
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Shale Indicator
21
GR Linear
22
23
24
25
GR Steiber
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GR Clavier
SP
Resistivity
Neutron Porosity
Pass-through
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(1)
GR log GR clean
V sh GR = --------------------------------------GR sh GR clean
where
V sh GR = temporary holder
GR log = Gamma Ray
GR clean = Gamma Ray Clean
GR sh = Gamma Ray Shale
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V sh GR Linear = V sh GR
This equation compares Vsh to the radioactive index and is the most
commonly used
V sh GR Linear 0.55
0.55 < V sh GR Linear 0.73
V sh GR Linear > 0.73
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1.00
.90
.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
0
0
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
1.00
Vsh GR Linear
Power Law (Curved) GR Response
3.7V sh GR Linear
1.0 )
2.0V sh GR Linear
1.0 )
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GR Steiber
V sh GR Linear
V sh GR Steiber = --------------------------------------------------3.0 2.0V sh GR Linear
GR Clavier
The Larionov, Steiber, and Clavier formulae are from Bassiouni, Zaki,
1994, Theory, Measurement, and Interpretation of Well Logs, SPE
Textbook Series vol. 4, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson,
TX.
(2)
SP log SP clean
V sh SP = -----------------------------------SP sh SP clean
where
V sh SP = Shale Volume SP
SP log = Spontaneous Potential
SP clean = Spontaneous Potential Clean
SP sh = Spontaneous Potential Shale
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(3)
R sh R limit R t
X = -------- --------------------------R t R limit R sh
V sh R = X
R t 2R sh
V sh R = 0.5 ( 2 X ) 0.67 ( X + 1 )
R t > 2R sh
where
X = temporary holder
R sh = Shale Volume Resistivity
R t = True Resistivity
R limit = True Resistivity Shale limit
V sh R = Shale Volume Resistivity
Note that Rlimit is the maximum resistivity where the shale volume is
zero. The following plot demonstrates the basic relationship between Rt
and Vsh R.
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1.00
.90
Rsh = 2
Rlimit = 1000
.80
.70
Vsh R
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
0
.2
10
100
1000
2000
Rt
Plot of Rt vs. Vsh R
(4)
V sh N
N N min 0.5
N
----------------------------------------------
=
N sh N sh N min
where
V sh N = Shale Volume Neutron
N = Neutron Porosity
N min = Neutron Porosity Clean
N sh = Neutron Porosity Shale
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Note: N min is the neutron value where shale volume is zero. This can
be helpful in gas zones or very low porosity carbonates. When N min
is set to zero, the response becomes linear. The following plot
demonstrates the relationship between N and Vsh N.
1.00
.90
.80
.70
N sh = 0.30
Vsh N
.60
.50
.40
N min = 0
N min = 0.03
.30
.20
.10
0
0
.05
.10
.15
.20
.25
.30
.35
.40
N
Plot of N vs. Vsh N
(5)
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Two-Point Method
This option is used primarily in mixed or unknown lithologies. The
user defines where the clean line is placed on the crossplot and what the
shale values are for the neutron and density. The following plot
demonstrates this technique.
0
.20
B
.40
.60
Density
.80
1.00
clean line
Shale Volume
Shale Point
(N sh, Densitysh)
A
Neutron
0.20
Slope Method
This method is used primarily in known and consistent lithologies. The
D/N input is normally 1.0 (see figure below, top) but can be adjusted
in the presence of gas (see figure below, bottom). The following plots
demonstrate the technique:
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.
1.00
D/N
No Gas
0
.20
.40
.60
.80
1.00
clean line
Shale Volume
Shale Point
(N sh, D sh)
0
0
1.00
1.00
0
.20
D/N
Set in
Gas Zone
.40
.60
.80
1.00
Gas Zone
D
Shale Volume
clean line
Shale Point
(N sh, D sh)
0
1.00
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(6)
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Two-Point Method
The user defines the clean line with the sonic values at N = 0 and
N = 0.20. The technique is the same as shown in Shale Volume from
the Neutron-Density Crossplot: Two-Point Method above.
Slope Method
The technique is the same as demonstrated in Shale Volume from the
Neutron-Density Crossplot: Slope Method above except the value
S/N is entered by the user in gas zones.
The discriminators work as in Shale Volume from the Neutron-Density
Crossplot above.
(7)
Two-Point Method
The clean line is defined by the sonic values at Density = 2.20 and
Density = 2.70. The technique works as demonstrated in Shale Volume
from the Neutron-Density Crossplot: Two-Point Option above.
Slope Method
The technique is the same as in Shale Volume from the NeutronDensity Crossplot: Slope Method above except there is no user input to
account for gas because of the very small effect of gas on the density
and sonic.
The discriminators work as in Shale Method from the Neutron-Density
Crossplot above.
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