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1. Nouns
1A. Nouns: count and non-count
Un noun denota una persona, cosa, lugar o idea:
Seventy men bought the newspaper. (contable)
Mary showed great courage.(incontable)
Los nombres pueden ser contables (delante de ellos se puede colocar un numeral y
pueden ser singular o plural): one car, two girls, three houses o incontables (no
pueden ir en plural y no pueden llevar numerales delante:
a. Nombres de ciencias y actividades humanas:
Linguistics
Billiards
Physics
Hunting
Mathematics
Cycling
Politics
Shooting
Athletics
Football
Tennis
Basketball
b. Nombres de solidos, lquidos y gases:
Wood
food
Sugar
toast
Bread
paper
Cheese
soap
meat
fish
wheat
corn
sand
iron
ink
beef
pork
wool
glass
cotton
dust
wine
silver
gold
mud
aluminium
c. Nombres abstractos:
Speed
Strength
Progress
Support
Anger
Heat
Cold
Friendship
Justice
Freedom
d. Otros:
Furniture
money
advice
luggage
beauty
courage
fun
leisure
knowledge
honesty
luck
happiness
business
weather
game (caza)
news
homework
Determiners:
Incontables
A great deal of
A little
Much
Very much
How much?
Contables
Many
Very many
A great many
A few
Several
How many?
Contables/Incontables
A lot of
Plenty of
such
What
All
A
A
A
A
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
committee is/are
audience is/are
government is/are
team is/are
administration is/are
staff is/are
class is/are
a savings account
the accounts department
the sales department
an antique(s) dealer (but an antique shop)
boy
beach
brother
bus
dress
driver
ear
edge
Heart
Hill
Horse
Hospital
3
mistake
model
month
motor
shop
sister
smile
son
adult
animal
answer
apartment
article
artist
baby
bag
ball
bank
battle
beach
bell
bill
bird
boat
book
bottle
box
country
crowd
cup
daughter
day
bush
camp
captain
car
card
case
castle
cat
chair
chapter
chest
child
cigarette
city
class
club
coat
college
computer
corner
desk
doctor
dog
door
dream
effect
egg
election
engine
eye
face
factory
farm
father
field
film
finger
foot
friend
game
garden
gate
girl
group
gun
hall
hand
handle
hat
head
Hotel
Hour
House
Husband
Idea
Island
Issue
Job
Journey
Judge
Key
King
Kitchen
Lady
Lake
Library
Line
List
Machine
Magazine
Man
Meal
Meeting
Member
Message
Method
Minute
mouth
nation
neck
newspaper
office
page
park
party
path
pciture
plan
plane
plant
problem
product
programme
project
ring
river
road
room
scheme
school
ship
shirt
spot
star
station
stream
street
student
table
task
teacher
tent
thought
tour
town
valley
village
walk
wall
week
window
woman
year
Count nouns with the same form for singular and plural:
bison
deer
greenfly
grouse
moose
reindeer
sheep
cod
fish
goldfish
halibut
mullet
salmon
shellfish
trout
Whitebait
Aircraft
Hovercraft
Spacecraft
Crossroads
Dice
fruit
gallows
grapefruit
insignia
mews
offspring
series
species
bourgeois
chassis
corps
patois
prcis
rendevouz
evil
existence
experience
failure
faith
fashion
fear
finance
fire
flesh
food
freedom
fun
ground
growth
happiness
health
help
loneliness
love
luck
magic
marriage
mercy
music
nature
paper
patience
peace
philosophy
pleasure
policy
poverty
power
pride
protection
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security
silence
sleep
strength
snow
spite
status
stuff
teaching
technology
time
trade
training
transport
travel
trust
truth
violence
depression
design
duty
earth
education
electricity
energy
environment
equipment
history
ice
independence
industry
insurance
intelligence
joy
justice
labour
purity
rain
reality
relief
religion
respect
safety
salt
sand
waste
water
wealth
weather
welfare
wind
work
worth
youth
hair
homework
information
knowledge
luggage
machinery
money
news
progress
research
spaghetti
traffic
jam
jelly
juice
lager
liqueur
lotion
meat
medicine
metal
milk
oil
ointment
ore
paint
perfume
pesticide
plastic
poison
preservative
ribbon
salad
sauce
sherry
soap
soil
soup
steel
sugar
tea
vodka
whisky
wine
wood
wool
yarn
yoghurt
deodorant
detergent
disinfectant
dye
fabric
fertilizer
fuel
fur
gin
glue
ink
insecticide
iron
classics
economics
electronics
genetics
linguistics
logistics
mathematics
mechanics
obstretics
physics
politics
statistics
thermodynamics
billiards
bowls
cards
darts
draughts
skittles
tiddlywinks
diabetes
measles
mumps
rabies
rickets
shingles
List of plural nouns that are most commonly used with the:
authorities
foundations
fruits
heavens
mains
odds
pictures
races
rains
sights
waters
wilds
List of plural nouns that are commonly used with a possessive determiner:
activities
attentions
feelings
likes
movements
reactions
terms
travels
troubles
wants
List of plural nouns that are most commonly used without a determiner:
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airs
appearances
events
expenses
figures
goods
matters
refreshments
riches
Solids
Talks
Vermin
greens
grounds
handcuffs
headquarters
interests
looks
means
morals
papers
particulars
people
police
poultry
premises
proceeds
rates
resources
specifics
spirits
supplies
talks
thanks
tracks
troops
values
List of plural nouns that are rarely used alone without a modifier or qualifier:
affairs
clothes
conditions
defences
demands
details
effects
forces
hopes
lines
manners
materials
matters
pressures
proportions
quarters
relations
remains
sands
services
thoughts
wastes
ways
words
works
writings
List of some plural nouns which refer to clothes and other things that people wear:
bermudas
braces
briefs
cords
corduroys
culottes
dungarees
flannels
flares
galoshes
glasses
jeans
johdpurs
knickerbokers
knickers
leggings
overalls
panties
pants
pyjamas
shorts
slacks
specs
spectacles
sunglasses
tights
trousers
trunks
underpants
List of plural nouns which refer to tools and other things that people use:
binoculars
clippers
compasses
dividers
field-glasses
nutcrackers
pincers
pliers
scales
scissors
secateurs
shears
tongs
tweeezers
A/An con nombres que indican oficio, sexo, religin, dignidad, condicin,
nacionalidad, afiliacin poltica: a lawyer/girl/woman/rascal/socialist
El plural de A/An puede ser Some o
THE
Se usa ante nombres especficos en singular y plural y ante nombres ya mencionados
anteriormente: The moon is very bright tonight/ I think the party was wonderful.
Se emplea con nombres propios de: personas (indicamos una familia por su apellido:
The Smiths), ros (The Nile), mares (The Black Sea), montaas (The Alps), islas (The
Canary Islands), desiertos (The Kalahari), algunos pases (The U.S., the Netherlands).
The + adjetivo = expresar una clase de gente o animales: the rich, the Americans, the
German Shepherd.
The + instrumentos musicales .Ojo! no con deportes.
Con palabras como chapel, church, prison, hospital, school, market no se pone el
artculo si se va a ellas con el fin para que se construyeron aunque si vamos de visita o
con otro fin, s que se pone: Students go to school but parents go to the school to meet
their children`s teachers.
Tambien con el superlativo: the best/worst/highest
The + pesos y medidas: Petrol is sold by the litre.
The + groups or classes of people: The young get impatient at school = Young
people
The + unique objects, points of the compass: The sun / moon / earth / world /
north / east / west/east .
The + past/present/future: in future (from now on)
time)
-al refusal
-cy privacy
-ian librarian
-ist violinist
-ism socialism
-ship friendship
-ster gangster
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-er/ar/or director,liar,player
-ee referee
-ment argument
-ster spinster
-ant inhabitant
-tion exploration
-sion conversion
-hood childhood
-er teenager
-dom freedom
-ery slavery
-ette starlette
-ful mouthful
1F. QUANTIFIERS
SOME, ANY, NO, NONE (OF) CON CONTABLES E INCONTABLES
Some/any se usan para hablar sobre nmeros y cantidades indefinidas: some con
oraciones afirmativas y any con negativas e interrogativas. Pero tambin hay casos
en que some se emplea en frases interrrogativas: Al hacer ofrecimientos y se espera
respuesta afirmativa: Would you like some tea? (ofrecimiento) / Can I have some
more tea? (peticin).
Any se emplea:
a. Cuando queremos expresar cualquiera: Take any magazine you want /
Any person can do it.
b. Despus de if: If there are any calls, take a message (si hay alguna llamada,
coge le mensaje)
Estas mismas reglas se aplican para los compuestos anybody, anyone, anything,
somewhere, anywhere,something, someone, somebody, etc.
Si el verbo va en forma afirmativa se pone no + nombre, nothing, nobody o noone. None no va seguido de nombre. None of va seguido de nombre plural o de
pronombre: I do not have any money = I have no money /How much money do you
have?. None / None of the pupils arrived on time.
MUCH/MANY, (A) FEW/ (A) LITTLE, A LOT OF/LOTS OF/PLENTY OF
Much / little / a little se usan con incontables. Little tiene significado negativo
(poco) y a little tiene sentido positivo (un poco).: She does not have much money /
She has little money /I have a little money left. Much se suele emplear con frases
negativas: She has not had much luck lately. Compuestos de much: very much
(muchsimo), so much (tanto), too much (demasiado), how much (cunto), far too
much (con exceso).
Many / few / a few con contables: Few tiene sentido negativo y a few positivo:
She has many friends (muchos) / They have few friends (pocos) / We have a few
books (no muchos pero algunos). Too much y too many expresan ms de lo
necesario: I have spent too much money on it / There are too many books on the
table. Compuestos de many: very many (muchsimos), so many (tantos), (far) too
many (demasiados), how many (cuntos), a good/great many (muchsimos), many
a (muchos) (slo es determinante).
A lot of/lots of/plenty of se pueden usar con incontables y contables en plural:
There is a lot/plenty of/lots of food; There are a lot/plenty of/lots of people
outside.
A great deal (of), a great amount (of) y a great quantity of =mucho-a. Pueden ser
determinantes y pronombres y se usa slo con incontables.
Most es tambin un adverbio y significa sumamente, muy: It is a most difficult
exercise. Most (of) con contables e incontables y pronombres: He drank most of it.
Several es determinante y pronombre y puede ir con of. Significa varios: Several
(of the) passengers panicked.
Several Some
A few
Varios
Algunos
Unos pocos
All se usa poco y en su lugar se prefiere everything: Give me everything/all of it.
All puede ir con contables e incontables y puede ir seguido de of + sust./pron. obj.
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No marcada
parent
child
child
monarch
fowl
spouse
horse
sheep
pig
femenino
mother
daughter
girl
queen
hen
wife
mare
ewe
sow
Para formar el plural se aade una s al segundo nombre (excepciones: a sports car, a
customs officer, a games rooms, the drinks table): Which youth hostels did you enjoy
most?
1I. PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Pronombres personales sujeto y objeto
Subject
Object
I
me
you
you
he
him
she
her
it
it
we
us
you
you
they
them
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES SUJETO:
El pronombre tiene la funcin de sustituir al nombre evitando su repeticin en el
discurso para dar variedad e impedir la monotona.
I siempre en mayscula.
YOU tambin tiene valor impersonal equivaliendo a one y a everybody (se traduce por
se, uno)
HE para masculino pero tambin se aplica a algunos animales domsticos y en poesa
al referirse a Time, Love, Death, etc. de carcter abstracto y a palabras concretas como
sun, mountain, river, etc. siempre que las personifiquemos.
SHE para femenino y animales domsticos hembras. Tambin se aplica a coches,
barcos, motores, pases, ciudades, the earth, the sea, the Church y al personificar
conceptos como Beauty, Peace, Liberty, Value, etc.
IT para cosas, animales no domsticos ( cuando no se especifica el sexo de estos), para
recin nacidos y como sujeto de muchas expresiones impersonales (Its
cold/raining/late/ early/Sunday/a shame).
WE
THEY
Tambin se puede incluir aqu la palabra there que aparece en posicin de sujeto como
es el caso de there to be (haber) o (there to exist/live/dwell/lie/stand)
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES OBJETO:
Se emplean en cualquier posicin de la oracin distinta a la de sujeto (complemento
directo, complemento indirecto o regido por una preposicin): They have invited me to
the party (OD), Id like to tell you the truth (OI), I am tired of it (con prep.)
Ojo! He is a better swimmer than I am/me
PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS
Possessive
Possessive
adjective
pronoun
My
mine
your
yours
his
his
her
hers
its
-*
our
ours
your
yours
their
theirs
*Apenas se usa el pronombre posesivo de 3 persona singular (its): A bull may often
use its horns but a cow almost never uses its y se prefiere ,en cambio: but a cow
almost never does/but cows almost never use theirs.
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Los pronombre posesivos van en lugar del nombre indicando posesin (I have a car.It
is mine=car) y los adjetivos posesivos acompaan al nombre indicando pertenencia (I
have a car. It is my car).
Frases como Una amiga ma se traducen de dos maneras: A friend of mine / One of my
friends y mi amiga: my friend.
Los adjetivos posesivos se emplean con prendas de vestir y partes del cuerpo: He
put his hat on /She broke her leg. Tambin se usan con gerundio: I like his swimming
(la forma en que nada) con el sentido de la forma en que, el modo en que, el hecho
de que, etc.
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
This (este,-a,-o)
That (ese,-a,-o, aquel,-lla,llo)
This (lo prximo) y That (lo alejado) y para una posicin ms alejada
(That/thoseover there).
This y that son determinantes y sus pronombre correspondientes son: this one y that
one. Tambin pueden ser pronombres neutros para frmulas de presentacin de
personas, anomales y cosas: Who is that? That`s Mrs Smith/This is Spain calling
Europe.
These y those son pronombres y determinantes.
Para frases como La de mi hermano (my brother`s o That of my brother) Los de
Picasso (Picassos o Those by Picasso)
PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
Se refieren a un antecedente anterior.
Whoever quien/Sea quien sea
Whoever comes, let me know.
Whatever Lo que
I never believe whatever he says
Whichever El que
Catch whichever one comes first
Estos mencionados son relativos independientes. (funcin de nexo concesivo).
Los relativos principales son: he/those who/the one/ones who (para
personas)/ Those.. whichthe one/ones which (animales y cosas). Si el antecedente es
una oracin se usa which. (Tambin whom/that/when/where/why)
PRONOMBRES INDEFINIDOS
somebody (alguien)
someone (alguien)
something (algo)
somewhere(adv.) (En alguna parte)
nobody (nadie)
no-one (nadie)
nothing (nada)
nowhere (adv.) (en ninguna parte)
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