Analog & Digital Electronics

Course No: PH-218

Lec-9: BJT Single Stage CE Amplifier
Course Instructors:

Dr. A. P. VAJPEYI

Department of Physics,
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India

Amplifier
An amplifier is a circuit which magnify (amplify) the input signal.
+
Vin
-

Rin

Amplifier

+
Vout
-

Rout

Characteristics of an amplifiers
1. Gain (A) = Vout / Vin
2. Input Resistance (Rin)
3. Output Resistance (Rout)
4. Bandwidth (Frequency response)

- Large
- Large
- Small
- Large

Families of amplifiers
BJT Mode

Input

Output

Common-Emitter

Base

Collector

Common-Base

Emitter

Collector

Common-Collector

Base

Emitter
2

Common emitter BJT Amplifier

The higher the freq., the lower the capacitor impedance.

1
XC =
2 fC

The coupling capacitor (CS and CC) is used to pass the ac input
signal and block the dc voltage from the preceding circuit.
This prevents dc in the circuitry on the left of the coupling capacitor
from affecting the bias.
 The emitter bypass capacitor (Cb) is used to bypass the RE and short
circuits the ac signal through Cb since voltage gain decreases because
3
of presence of RE

Common emitter BJT Amplifier

 Transistor is biased with a Q point near the middle of a dc load line.
 When ac source is coupled to the base. This produces fluctuations
in the base current and hence in the collector current of the same
shape and frequency.
 During positive half cycle, base current increase, causing the
collector current to increase. This produces a large voltage drop
across the collector resistor; therefore, the voltage output decreases
and negative half cycle of output voltage is obtained.
 Conversely, on the negative half cycle of input voltage less collector
current flows and the voltage drop across the collector resistor
decreases, and hence collector voltage increases we get the positive
half cycle of output voltage.

The ac output voltage is inverted with respect to the ac

input voltage, meaning it is 180o out of phase with input.
4

AC Load Line for Common emitter BJT Amplifier

DC Equivalent ckt
(-1/(Rc+RE))

AC Equivalent ckt

When considering the ac equivalent circuit, the

output impedance becomes RC || RL which is less
than (RC +RE). In the absence of ac signal, this
load line passes through Q point. Therefore ac
load line is a line of slope (-1 / ( RC || RL) ) passing
through Q point. Under this condition, Q-point is
not in the middle of load line, therefore Q-point is
selected slightly upward, means slightly shifted to
saturation side.
5

Performance Parameters of a CE BJT Amplifier

Input Impedance (Zin)

Output Impedance (Zout)

Zi = [ R1 \ \ R2 \ \( + 1)re ]

Z out = ( R C // ro )

Voltage Gain (Av)

Av =

ro R L

( + 1)re

Input port

ii

R C ro R L
re

output port

ib

ic
C

io
+

RS
vi

RB

(+1)re

ib

RC

ro

RL

vo

vS
-

Zi

Zo

Swamped CE BJT Amplifier

Swamped amplifier is an amplifier that uses a partially
bypassed emitter resistance to increase ac emitter resistance.
Also referred to as a gain-stabilized amplifier.
Av =

Rc
(rE + re' )

VT
r =
IE
'
e

rE provides negative
feedback
 Any change in r'e will change the voltage gain in CE amplifier.
 To make it stable, a resistance rE is inserted in series with the emitter and
7
therefore emitter is no longer ac grounded.

Vth = VCC

Calculate the voltage gain of the amplifier.

R2
4.7k
= 10V
R1 + R2
22.7k

= 2.070V
Rth = R1 R2 = 4.7k 18k

+10 V

= 3.727k
RC
1.5k

R1
18k

hFE = 30
hfe = 200
R2
4.7k

RE
1.2k

VCE = VCC I C RC I E RE

IB =
RL
5k

Vth VBE
2.070V 0.7V
=
Rth + (hFE + 1) RE 3.727k + 31 1.2k

= 33.49A

I C = hFE I B = 30 33.49A = 1.005mA

I E = ( hFE + 1) I B = 31 33.49A = 1.038mA
re =

25mV
25mV
=
= 24.08
IE
1.038mA

rC = RC RL = 1.5k 5k = 1.154k

= 10V 1.005mA 1.5k 1.038mA 1.2k Av

= 7.247V

( active )

rC
1.154k
=
= 47.91
re
24.08

The Effects of Loading

rC = RC RL = 2.4k

rC = RC RL = 2k

rC
Av = = 96
re

rC
Av = = 80
re

The lower the load resistance is, the lower the voltage gain.

rC
3k
=
= 120 (max. gain)
No load rC = RC = 3k Av =
re
25

Determine Av of the 1st stage. Assume that re for the 1st stage is 19.8 and re
for the 2nd stage is found to be 17.4 . For the 2nd stage, hfe is 200.

Z in (base ) = ( h fe + 1) re = 20117.4 = 3.497k

Z in = R5 R6 Z in (base ) = 1.329k

rC = R3 Z in = 5k 1.33k=1.05k

rC
1.05k
=
= 53.03
re
19.8

Av =

10