Spelling Rules for ing Forms (infinitive form)

Verbs that end in e, drop the e and add ing.

take
taking
give
giving
hide
hiding
wake
waking
leave
leaving
Verbs that end in two consonants, add ing.
spend
spending
hurt
hurting
fall
falling
Verbs that end in two vowels and a consonant, add ing.
keep
keeping
wear
wearing
break
breaking
Verbs that end in a consonant 1 vowel consonant
combination, and that are only one syllable double the last
consonant and add ing.
swim
swimming
get
getting
dig
digging
cut
cutting
Verbs that end in a consonant 1 vowel consonant
combination, and that are two syllables, double the last
consonant and add ing when the stress is on the second
syllable.
upset
upsetting
begin
beginning
prefer
preferring
control
controlling

Connectors showing cause and result

Connectors or linkers are words or groups of words that help us
connect words, phrases or sentences. Thanks to them, we can express
relationships between ideas and improve our expression by making
longer, more complex sentences. For example, take these two
sentences:
Our teacher was ill. We had to put off the exam.
The first sentence is the cause of the second, and the second is the
result of the first. The idea would be understood more easily if we
could express the relation between both sentences. Thus, we could
say:
Our teacher was ill, therefore we had to put off the exam.
We had to put off the exam because our teacher was ill.
As you can see, these two examples sound better than the first two
sentences, thanks to the use of the
connectors therefore and because.
Connectors can be used to show contrast, purpose, sequence, etc. but
today we will be concentrating on the linking words that show cause or
result.
CAUSE
Conjunctions followed by a complete sentence:
Because: it usally follows the main clause: Everybody likes her
because she's very kind and friendly.
As and since are very similar. As is less formal than since. They
are used when the reason is well known. The clauses that start with
these words often begin the sentence:
As I was very tired, I went to bed early.
Since you are not interested, I won't tell you about it.
(As and since can also be used as time connectors).
For suggests that the reason is given as an afterthought. Forclauses never come at the beginning of the sentence. For is mainly
used in literary texts, therefore, it is very formal.
We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
Connectors followed by a noun, a noun phrase, a pronoun or a gerund:
Because of: They have had problems raising cash because of the
credit crunch.
Due to and owing to are considered by many speakers as exact
equivalents, but this is not so, because due to is adjectival (it
follows a noun or pronoun), whereas owing to is adverbial (it
complements a verb). Compare these examples:

The game was cancelled owing to torrential rain.

The cancellation of the game was due to torrential rain.
If you are doubtful as to which of these you can use, here's a trick:
try to substitute due to with caused by and see if it works. *The
game was cancelled caused by torrential rain.* doesn't sound
correct, so it's not possible to use due to in this case. On the other
hand, The cancellation of the game was caused by torrential rain,
sounds fine. Owing to is interchangeable with because of: The
game was cancelled because of torrential rain.
On account of: The nurse had to keep the baby in another room
on account of my illness.
Thanks to suggests that there is some cause for gratitude, though
it can be used sarcastically. She was given a scholarship thanks to
her excellent grades.

RESULT or CONSEQUENCE

Thus (very formal): He was the eldest son, and thus, heir to the
title.
Therefore (formal, used mainly in written English): She is only
seventeen and therefore not eligible to vote.
As a result: There has been a rise in the number of accidents. As a
result, the government has decided to lower the speed limit. As a
result of is followed by a noun, pronoun or gerund. Can you rewrite
the previous example using as a result of?
As a result of the rise in the number of accidents, the
government...
So (less formal): There was nothing on TV, so I decided to go to bed.
That's why: Cold temperatures kill mosquitoes. That's why you
won't see them in winter.
For this reason: The Colonel was confident that war was
impending, and for this reason he hurried his preparations to leave
the country.
Consequently (used especially in written English): This poses a
threat to the food chain, and consequently to human health.