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ME4212
Aircraft Structures
(formerly Mechanics of Thin-Walled
Structures)
5/26/2009
5/26/2009
Aircraft
Structural
Analysis
Fracture Mechanics
Linear Elastic Fracture
Elasto-Plastic Fracture
Damage Tolerance
Fatigue
Delamination
Mechanics of Composite
Materials
Stress-Strain Relations of FiberReinforced Composites
Laminate Design and Architecture
Hygrothermal Effects
Durability and Failure of
Composites
Course Overview:
Torsion
Bending
Idealized Beams
T.E. Tay
Professor
Room EA-7-17
6516-2887
6516 2887
mpetayte@nus.edu.sg
S.L.
S L Toh
Associate Professor
5/26/2009
Torsion
Non-Circular Shafts
Thin-Walled Open Sections
Thin-Walled Closed Sections
Warping of Unrestrained Sections
B di
Bending
Unsymmetric Bars
Thin-Walled Open Sections
Thin-Walled Closed Sections
The Shear Center
Idealized
dea ed Beams
ea s Bending
e d g & Torsion
oso
Multi-cell Sections Bending & Torsion
Tapered Beams & Beams with Varying Moments of Area
Books:
Mechanics of Materials, A.C. Ugural, McGraw-Hill,
1991
Ch 6.8,
6 8 6.9:
6 9: Torsion,
Torsion Torsion of Thin-Walled
Thin Walled Shafts
Ch 7: Bending of Beams
Ch 8.6, 8.8: Unsymmetric Bending, Shear Center
5/26/2009
Books (advanced):
Mechanics of Elastic Structures, J.T. Oden and E.A.
Ripperger, McGraw-Hill, 1981
Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, T.H.G.
Megson, Edward Arnold, 1990 (2nd Edition)
Analysis of Aircraft Structures, B.K. Donaldson,
McGraw-Hill, 1993
Aircraft Structures & Systems, R. Wilkinson,
Addison-Wesley Longman, 1996
Torsion
=
x
r
x
= G
= lim Gr
x 0
= Gr
d
dx
= Gr
d
dx
T =
r ( dA )
A
dF
=G
r
A
d
dx
= GJ
dA
d
dx
T = GJ
(1)
= Gr
=
Tr
J
(2)
Note: There is no
change in shape.
Hence
yz = 0
yz = 0
v = xz
w = xy
Horizontal displacement of A.
(3a)
(3b)
v = z
where is the
rate of twist.
We further assume that
the axial displacements
are given in this form:
u = ( y , z )
Vertical displacement of A.
w = y
A
(3c)
where ( y , z ) is the
warping function, yet
to be determined.
( y, z )
z
Our objective is to
determine u, v and w,
the complete
displacement field.
w
u
v
, y = , z =
,
z
x
y
u v
v w
u w
+
=
+ , yz = +
, xz =
y x
z y
z x
x =
xy
x = y = z = yz = 0
(4a)
z
xy =
y
(4b)
+ y
(4c)
xz =
yz = 0 implies cross-section
does not distort in its own plane
(i.e. all points are simply rotated
as in rigid-body rotation).
x xy xz
+
+
=0
x
y
z
with
xy = G xy , xz = G xz , x = 0
and Eqns (4) yields
2 2
+
=0
y 2 z 2
or
2 = 0
(5)
dx
xy
dz
xy dzdx xz dydx = 0
z
(6)
dy
xz
xy dz = xz dy
x
In general, it may be
necessary to solve the
Laplace Equation
numerically.
xz =
y
xy =
(7a)
(7b)
Substituting (7) into (4b) and (4c), differentiating (4b) with respect
to z, and (4c) with respect to y,
= G
z z
z y
(8a)
+ y
= G
y y
y z
(8b)
Ludwig Prandtl
Father of Modern Fluid Mechanics
(1875-1953)
2 2
+
= 2G
y 2 z 2
(9)
or
2 = 2G
dz
dy = 0
z
y
or
d = 0
(10)
z
The torque about the x-axis due to the
shear stresses is given by
xz dA
T = ( xz y xy z )dA
(11)
xy dA
Area dA
z
y
T =
y+
z dydz
z
y
=
ydydz
zdydz
y
z
(12)
z dz dy
y dy dz
=
A z
C y
(Integration by parts)
= ( B z B A z A ) dz dy ( D y D C yC ) dy dz
(13)
A B C D
are values at boundary points, which
we have chosen to set to zero. Hence
the equation reduces to
T = 2 dydz
(14)
A
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
T = GJ
(15)
J=
2
G
dydz
(16)
10
(17)
Pressure p
Tension TM
w
z (into plane)
2 2
+
= 2G
y 2 z 2
(9)
2w 2w
p
+
=
y 2 z 2
TM
(17)
p
is analogous to 2G
TM
w is analogous to
Furthermore, according to Eqn (14), the volume
under the membrane is proportional to the torsion T.
T = 2 dydz
(14)
11
z
z
xz =
y
y
xy =
Local slope
w
y
w
z (into plane)
y
Similarly for
w
z
d = 0 at both inner
and outer boundaries.
z
y
= constant
w
=0
y
=0
z (into plane)
12
z
y
x
Profile of w or
in x-z plane
= 0 over much of y
y
= 0
z
only at the
centerline of
the section
(at z = 0).
y
Profile of w or in x-y plane
2
= 2G
z 2
2 2
+
= 2G
y 2 z 2
(9)
(18)
= G z 2 + C1z + C 2
(19)
t2
= G z 2
4
(20)
13
= 2G z
z
=
=0
y
xy =
(21a)
xz
(21b)
J =
2
G
dydz
b/2
b / 2
J =
t/2
t / 2
2 t2
2 z dzdy
2
bt 3
3
(22)
2T
z
J
(23)
xy = 2 G z =
xy MAX =
Tt
J
(24)
14
xy
across thickness:
z
y
xy = G
z
y
(25a)
2z =
z
y
+ y
z
xz = G
(25b)
= y
z
= z
y
Upon integration,
= yz + C 1 ( y )
Upon integration,
= yz + C 2 ( z )
Clearly, C1(y) = C2(z) = 0 and
= yz
(26)
15
u = yz
(27)
A hyperbolic-paraboloid surface
z
y
x
s=0
J =
z
y
Bt 3
3
s=B
Linear distribution of
shear stress xy
across thickness
16
b2
t2
For a section
consisting of
n elements,
J =
b1
1 n
bi ti3
3 i =1
t1
b4
t3
t4
b3
(28)
iMAX =
Ti tiMAX
Ji
t5
(29)
J
Ti = i T
J
b5
(30)
b6
J =
t6
b1t13 b 2 t 23 b 3 t 33 b 4 t 43 b 5 t 53 b 6 t 63
+
+
+
+
+
3
3
3
3
3
3
Local slope
z (into plane)
w
almost constant
y
17
Closed Sections
z
y
Constant distribution of
shear stress xy
across thickness
1t1 = 2t2
(31)
1 t1 x 1
t1
t2
2t2 x
y
x
q = t
(32)
q1 = q 2 = constant
18
T = rqds = q rds
(33)
O
r
qds
s=0
Moment about an
arbitrary point O is
therefore qrds,
where r is the
perpendicular
distance.
Force due to
shear flow on
a small
element of
wall is qds.
1
( s1 ) =
2
s = s1
rds
(34)
s =0
qds
r
s=0
19
1
( s1 ) =
2
s = s1
rds
s =0
s=0
The total area enclosed by the
centerline of the wall is
1
2
rds
(35)
T = 2 q
(36)
The section does not distort under torsion. Points on the wall
experience a rotation = x about the center of twist.
x
Center
of twist O
= r x
(37)
20
y
x
Displacement in the s
direction is
21
u
Displacement in the x
direction is u
u
+
s x
u
=
+ r
s
xs =
(38)
22
u xs
=
r
s
G
(39)
ds
2
t
q
ds
=
2 G t
0=
q
G
(41)
T
4 2G
ds
t
(42)
J =
4 2
ds
t
(43)
J =
4 2 t
S
(44)
23
Hybrid Sections
J=
4 2 1 n
+
bi ti3
ds 3
i =1
t
(45)
Example 1
The round tube shown has an average radius R and a wall thickness t. Compare the
torsional strength and rigidity of this tube with that of a similar tube which is slit
along its entire length. Assume R/t = 20.
R
t
Closed tube
Open section
24
Open section
Closed tube
4 2
ds
t
4 2 R 3t
=
= 2R 3t
2
bt 3
3
2Rt 3
=
3
J Closed =
Torsional constant
J Open =
J Closed
R
= 3
J Open
t
= 1200
For a given angle
of twist, the closed
section resists 1200
times the torsion of
the open section.
Open section
Closed tube
Maximum shear
stress
Tt
J
3T
=
2Rt 2
Open MAX =
T
2 t
T
=
2R 2 t
Closed =
Open
R
= 3
Closed
t
= 60
For a given torque,
the shear stress in
the open section is
60 times as high as
in the closed tube.
If the allowable
shear stresses are
equal, the closed
tube is 60 times as
strong as the open
section.
25
Example 2
A torque of T = 6000 Nmm is applied to the section shown. Determine the rate of
twist and maximum shear stress. Assume shear modulus G = 80 GPa.
15
2
19
1
2
1
Dimensions in mm
20
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
= 20 19 = 380 mm 2
ds 20 19 20 19
=
+
+
+
= 58 .5
t
1
1
2
2
4 2 1 3
+ bt
ds 3
t
2
4(380 ) 1
3
=
+ (15 )(2 ) = 9.913 10 3 mm 4
58 .5
3
J =
6000
9 .913 10 3 80 10 3
)(
= 7 .57 10 6 rad/mm
26
4 (380 )
= 9 .873 10 3 mm 4
58 .5
1
3
= (15 )(2 ) = 40 mm 4
3
2
J Closed Part =
J Fin
Compare !
9 .873
6000 = 5976 Nmm
9 .913
40
=
6000 = 24 .2 Nmm
9913
TClosed Part =
TFin
TClosed Part
2 t MIN
5976
= 7 .86 MPa
2 (380 )(1)
If the section is slit longitudinally at A as shown, what are the rate of twist and
maximum shear stress?
15
2
A
19
1
2
1
Dimensions in mm
20
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
27
J =
1
(19 )(1)3 + (20 )(1)3 + (19 )(2 )3 + (35 )(2 )3 = 157 mm 4
3
and
MAX =
u xs
=
r
s
G
Multiplying both sides by ds and integrating from s = 0 to
some other point on the wall,
u u0 =
1
xs ds rds
G
(46)
28
1
2
1
(47)
u u 0 = xs ds 2 ( s )
G
where r is measured from an arbitrary point O (called the pole).
r ds
O
r
s=0
The equation, valid for both open
and closed sections, can be
rewritten as
1
G
u = u u0
u=
xs ds 2( s)
u=
q ds
2
G t
(48)
u =0
s=0
29
xs
ds 0
(49)
u = 2
(50)
Example 3
The closed box section shown is subjected to a torque T. Determine the warping
displacements.
tb
Rate of twist:
T
ds
2
4 G t
2
3
4
1
T ds
ds
ds
ds
= 2 2 + + +
4b h G 1 tb 2 th 3 tb 4 t h
T 2h 2b
= 2 2 +
4b h G th tb
=
th
T
th
tb
T h b
+
2b 2 h 2G t h tb
30
q ds
2
G t
u=
O
u1 =
q ds
2 I 1
G I t h
We find that q =
3
T
T
and
=
2 2bh
b h
2 2
Also, 2I 1 = =
Therefore, u1 =
bh
4
T h b
8bhG th tb
ds
t
I
h
2th
Interestingly, there
will be no warping if
h b
=
t h tb
bh bh
+
4 2
3bh
=
4
2I 2 =
Now,
1
and
O
u2 =
=
ds
ds
ds
=
+
t I th 1 tb
h b
+
2th tb
h b 3bh
T h
b
T
+ 2 2 +
2bhG 2t h tb 2b h G t h tb 4
T b h
+
8bhG tb t h
u 2 = u1
Similarly, u3 = u1 , u4 = u1
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
31
2
1
I
3
4
Example 4
What would the warping displacements be if the section is slit longitudinally along
its entire length at point I ?
1
Torsional constant: J =
Rate of twist: =
2 3
hth + btb3
3
T
3T
=
GJ 2G hth3 + btb3
32
From I to 1, u1 =
bh
3T
3bhT
=
4 2G hth3 + btb3
8G hth3 + btb3
From I to 2, u2 =
9bhT
= 3u1
8G hth3 + btb3
From I to 3, u3 = 5u1
5bh
2I 3 =
From I to 4, u4 = 7u1
7bh
2I 4 =
8bh
2I 3 =
2
1
Longitudinal slit
I
3
4
33
Example 5
Let us return to the closed section. What will happen if we select
another point O as pole?
2
From I to 1, 2I 1 =
1
and
u1 =
bh
2
ds h
=
t 2th
h b bh
T h
T
2 2 +
2bhG 2t h 2b h G t h tb 2
T b
4bhG tb
From I to 2, 2I 2 = bh
2
and
2
ds h b
=
+
t 2th tb
h b
T h
b
T
+ bh
+
2bhG 2t h tb 2b 2 h 2G t h tb
T h
=
4bhG t h
u2 =
O
u3 = u2 , u4 = u1
Try it yourself !
34
T
h
b
= 1.0
= 30, = 10 and
2bhG
th
tb
From Example 3:
2
I
3
3
4
Hence changing the pole does not alter the problem (i.e.
the stresses are also unaffected), but merely changes the
reference plane from which the axial displacements are
measured.
In this example, the new reference plane is rotated about
the OI axis.
35
Bending
Bending of Bars
Bars of Non-Circular Sections subjected to pure bending
Bending
Moment
M
Pure bending occurs only when the force F acts through the
Shear Center E.
Built-in
end
Vz
Centroid O
Vy
Shear
Centre
Mz
z
My
Centroid O
Contribution of Vz
to bending moment
Hence
Vz
dM
Vz =
= V z dx
M y
x
(51a)
dx
z
+ dMy
E
x
y (into page)
Contribution of Vy
to bending moment
Hence
Vy
dM z + V y dx = 0
Vy =
M z
x
(51b)
dx
y
+ dMz
x
z (out of page)
Area dA = t ds
dA = 0
(52a)
dx
y
x
ds
Area dA = t ds
dx
ds
My
x
z
M y = x z dA
(52b)
(Tensile on positive z)
x
dx
z
+ dMy
x
y (into page)
Consider applied
moment about the
z-axis
x
dx
ds
Mz
t
y
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
M z = x y dA
(52c)
(Compressive on positive y)
x
dx
y
+ dMz
x
z (out of page)
Cross-section
Let x = C1 + C 2 y + C 3 z
and substituting this into Eqns (52) and solving for
the constants C1, C2, C3, we have C1 = 0 and
M z I yy + M y I yz
M I + M z I yz
y + y zz
2
I I I2
yy zz
yz
I yy I zz I yz
x =
(53)
x =
M z y M yz
+
I zz
I yy
M I
M z + y yz
I yy
Mz =
I2
1 yz
I yy I zz
M I
M y + z yz
I zz
My =
2
I
1 yz
I yy I zz
z
y
tan =
z M z I yy + M y I yz
=
y M y I zz + M z I yz
(54)
General distribution of
normal bending stress x
Compression
z
Neutral axis
y
Tension
If the section is symmetric about either the y- and zaxes, Iyz = 0 and Eqn (53) reduces to
x =
M zy M yz
+
I zz
I yy
(55)
x =
z
M zy M yz
+
I zz
I yy
Applied Moment My
Positive into page
x
y (into page)
y
Applied Moment Mz
Positive out of page
x
z (out of page)
10
Example 6
The simply-supported beam has an unsymmetrical cross-section. Locate the
neutral axis and determine the largest tensile and compressive stresses in terms
of load Q and where they occur. (Assume Q acts through the shear center.)
Q
z
20
1000
1500
80
20
60
Cross-section
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
Mz = 0.
1000
1500
0.6 Q
0.4 Q
My
Free-body diagram:
1000
0.6 Q
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
11
First, locate the centroid C, as the equations are related to centroidal axes.
Q
A
20
D
15
C
Therefore,
60
0
1
1
ydA
20
y
dy
100
=
+
20ydy = 5 mm
A
A 0
y=
80
and
1
zdA = 15 mm
A
z=
60
20
( 20 )(100 ) 3
+ ( 2000 )(15 ) 2
12
( 60 )( 20 ) 3
+
+ (1200 )( 25 ) 2
12
= 2.907 10 6 mm 4
I yy =
20
15
C
y
80
I zz = 1 .627 10 6 mm 4
I yz = ( 2000 )( 15 )( 15 ) + (1200 )( 25 )( 25 )
20
60
= 1 .2 10 6 mm 4
12
Neutral axis:
tan =
z
Compression
A (-25,35)
=
36.4
C
Tension
B (-5,-65)
M y I yz + M z I yy
M y I zz + M z I yz
I yz
I zz
1 .2
1 . 627
since Mz = 0.
= 36 . 4
( x )A
( x )B
= 0 . 0158 Q MPa
= 0 . 0182 Q MPa
13
x
q
dx tds qdx + q +
ds dx = 0
x tds + x +
x
s
q
x
= t
(56)
s
x
dx q
y
q+
x +
ds
q
ds
x s
x
dx
x
x V y I yy V z I yz
=
I I I2
x
yz
yy zz
V I + V y I yz
y + z zz
I I I2
yz
yy zz
(57)
xs =
where
(V y I yy V z I yz )Q z + (V z I zz V y I yz )Q y
q
=
t
I yy I zz I yz2 t
Q z = y dA = Ay
(59a)
Q y = z dA = Az
(59b)
(58)
( y and z are
coordinates of
the centroid)
14
V yQz VzQ y
q =
+
I
I yy
zz
V I
V y z yz
I yy
Vy =
I2
1 yz
I yy I zz
V I
V z y yz
I zz
Vz =
I2
1 yz
I yy I zz
If the section is symmetric about either the y- and zaxes, Iyz = 0 and Eqn (58) reduces to
V yQz VzQ y
+
q =
I
I yy
zz
(60)
15
General distribution of
bending shear flow q
for open sections
q is a function
of s and may
even change
direction,
depending
upon loading
q=0
y
x
q=0
q
= t x
We already know that s
x . This gives the
same solution for the shear flow distribution as in
the open section case. But qm is not zero because
the section is closed. However, qm can be found by
equating to zero the sum of moments about x-axis,
since no torque is applied.
Vz
Centroid O
Vy
qm
q
qm + ds
s
Select an arbitrary point
m on the wall for s = 0
m s
x +
x
dx
x
16
Example 7
Determine the shear flow distribution in the z-section of uniform thickness t,
due to a shear load Vz applied through the shear center of the section.
h/2
z
h/2
Vz
O
y
t
h/2
th 3 th 3
ht h
=
I yy = 2 +
12
3
2 2
3
th 3
t h
I zz = 2 =
12
3 2
3
ht
h
h
ht h h th
I yz = + =
8
2 2 4 2 2 4
h/2
Hence
V z I yz
I zz
Vy =
= 0 . 86 V z
I yz2
1
I yy I zz
Vz =
Vz
I yz2
1
I yy I zz
= 2 . 28 V z
Vy s
Vz
q =
ytds
ztds
+
I
I yy 0
zz 0
s
0 . 86 s
2 . 28
ytds
ztds
= V z 3
th / 3 0
th / 12 0
s
s
V
= 3z 10 . 3 yds 6 . 85 zds
h
0
0
17
q 12 =
h/2
h/2
h/2
s1
s1
10 . 3 s1 h ds 1 6 . 85 h ds 1
0 2
0 2
Vz
5 . 15 s12 1 . 72 hs 1 + c
h3
s1
Vz
h3
q 12 =
Vz
5 . 15 s12 1 . 72 hs 1
h3
2
h/2
q 12 =
Vz
5 . 15 s12 1 . 72 hs 1
h3
s1
1
0.334h
18
q 23 =
s2
1
Vz
h3
s2
(3 . 43 h 6 . 85 s )ds
2
+ q2
q 23 =
Vz
0 . 43 h 2 + 3 . 43 hs 2 3 . 43 s 22
h3
2.
3.
4.
19
Example 8
Determine the position of the
shear center of the section.
b
h/2
tf
O
Vz
ye
h/2
Section properties:
tw
2
2
twh3
t h 3 t f bh
h
+ 2bt f = w +
12
12
2
2
=0
because section is symmetric.
I yy =
I yz
tf
Vy = 0
q =
Vz
tz ds
I yy 0
z
tf
O
h/2
Vz = Vz ,
s
s1
h/2
Hence
Vz
y
ye
q s1 =
tw
=
tf
Vz
tf
I yy
Vz t f h
2 I yy
s1
2 ds
s1
At s1 = 0, q s1 = 0. (free edge).
20
V z y e = h q s1 ds1
s1
q s1 ds1
s2
=
Vz 1
2 I yy 2 0
h/2
tf
O
Vz
ye
h/2
h 2t f
ye =
tw
A
tf
b 2 h 2t f
4 I yy
Vz
b 2 h 2t f
4 I yy
(ht
3b 2 t f
w
+ 6bt f
Example 9
Determine the position of the
shear center of the semi-circular
section.
z
r
Vz
y
ye
I yy =
r 3 t
I yz = 0
2
because section is symmetric.
21
Define coordinate s.
s
q=
Vz
ye
=
=
Vz
tz ds
I yy 0
Vz t 2
r cos d
I yy 0
where
z = r cos , ds = rd.
V z tr
sin
I yy
V z y e = r q ds
0
= r 2 q d
z
r
Vz
y
ye
ye =
t
V z tr 4
[ cos ]0
I yy
4r
Vz
4r
= 1.27 r
The shear center is to the left
of the section.
22
Example 10
Determine the position of the
shear center of the closed
section and the distribution of
shear flow.
Assume the shear center E exists and is located
distance ye from vertical web, as shown.
150
t1
t1
Vz
250
ye
Section properties:
I yy = 25 .78 10 6 mm 4
I yz = 0
t1 = 3 mm , t 2 = 6 mm .
t2
t1
A
s1
D
t1
t1
y
s3
t2
t1
s2
From A to B,
s1 = z + 125
From B to C,
z = 125
From C to D,
s3 = z + 125
From D to A,
z = 125
23
q AB = q m
qm
A
s1
s4
D
t1
t1
zt ds
1
(10 6 )(3)
(125 s1 ) ds1
25 .78 10 6
= q m 0.116 125 s1 0.5 s12
= qm
At B, qAB = qm
y
s3
t1
q BC = q m
Vz
I yy
zt ds
1
= q m 0.116 ( 125 ) ds 2
t2
B
Vz
I yy
= q m + 14 .5 s 2
s2
At C, qBC = 2175 + qm
qCD = q m
qm
A
s1
s4
D
t1
t1
zt ds
2
(10 6 )( 6)
(s3 125 ) ds3
25 .78 10 6
= q m 0.233 0.5 s32 125 s3 + 2175
= qm
At D, qCD = qm + 2175
y
s3
t1
s2
q DA = q m
Vz
I yy
zt ds
1
= q m 0.116 (125 ) ds 4
t2
B
Vz
I yy
= q m 14 .5 s4 + 2175
24
1 q
d
=
ds = 0
dx 2 G t
q
q
q
q
AB ds1 + BC ds 2 + CD ds 3 + DA ds 4 = 0
t
t
t
t
AB 1
BC 1
AB 2
AB 1
which simplifies to
675 q m + 598125 = 0
q m = 886 .1
qm = - 886.1
A
q = 1288.9
D
Therefore,
B
qm = - 886.1
C
q = 1288.9
25
150
150
V z y e = 250 ( 886 .1 + 14 .5 s 2 ) ds 2
Vz
O
ye
250
250
+ 150
(1288 .9 0.116 s
2
3
+ 29 s3 ds 3
= 75525 + 93646250
y e = 93 .7 mm
Combined
Bending and
Torsion
26
P
General Case: Superposition of
Bending and Torsion
+
Pure Bending through shear center
Pure Torsion T = Pd
P
d
Linear distribution of
shear stress xy
across thickness
27
Constant distribution of
shear stress xs
across the thickness
Shear flow q is
constant anywhere in
the section, but shear
stress xs is NOT
constant because of
varying wall thickness
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
E
Distribution of shear flow q in
walls due to bending such that
nett contribution of q must be due
to P, applied force.
Bending stress x
exists in walls
28
29
Idealized Beams
y
Centroid O
Vz
x
tn
Shear
Centre
An
Vy zn
yn
Vz =
M y
x
M y = Vz x
(61a)
M z
x
M z = V y x
(61b)
and
Vy =
n =1
An = 0
(62a)
y
Centroid O
My =
=
n =1
N
n =1
M
n
yn
An z n
(62b)
An
y
Centroid O
zn
Myn
yn
M yn = n An zn
(Tensile on positive z)
n
dx
z
zn
+ Myn
x
y (into page)
Mz =
M
n =1
zn
= n An y n
n =1
(62c)
An
y
Centroid O
zn
Mzn
yn
M zn = n An yn
(Compressive on positive y)
n
dx
y
yn
dMzn
x
z (out of page)
M z I yy + M y I yz
M I + M z I yz
y n + y zz
2
I I I2
yy zz
yz
I yy I zz I yz
n =
zn
(63)
I yy = An z n2
(64a)
n =1
N
I zz = An y n2
(64b)
n =1
N
I yz = An y n z n
(64c)
n =1
n =
M z yn M y zn
+
I zz
I yy
M I
M z + y yz
I yy
Mz =
I2
1 yz
I yy I zz
M I
M y + z yz
I zz
My =
2
I
1 yz
I yy I zz
General distribution of
normal bending stress n
z
Tension
y
Neutral axis
Compression
An n
qn
y
dx
x
qn+1
An n + n dx
x
n An + n + n dx An qndx+ qn+1dx = 0
x
qn+1 = n An + qn
(65)
x
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
Substituting Eqn (63) into Eqn (65) and using Eqns (61),
I
I
I
yy
zz
yz
(66)
This equation relates the shear flow of the (n + 1)th sheet to the
shear flow of the adjacent nth sheet.
If the section is open, starting from one free edge, the shear flows
in successive sheets may be easily found.
Note that the shear flow does not vary with s within each sheet or
web.
V y yn Vz zn
q n +1 =
+
I zz
I yy
An + q n
V z I yz
V y
I yy
Vy =
I yz2
1
I yy I zz
V y I yz
Vz
I zz
Vz =
I yz2
1
I yy I zz
q5 + q0
q0
q4 + q0
q1
+ q0
q3 + q0
q2 + q0
10
Example 11
Determine the shear flow distribution in the idealized channel section
produced by a vertical load of 48 kN acting through its shear center. Assume
the skin is effective only in resisting shear stresses, while the stringers, each of
area 300 mm2, resist all the direct stresses.
2
1
z
48 kN
2000
4
i =1
2000
3
4
2000
Dimensions in mm
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
q12 =
2
6 N/mm
2000
q 23
48000
( 300 )( 2000 ) 6 = 12 N/mm
4 . 8 10 9
V
= z A3 z 3 + q 23
I yy
=
y
2000
6 N/mm
3
48000
( 300 )( 2000 ) = 6 N/mm
4 . 8 10 9
V
= z A2 z 2 + q12
I yy
=
z
12 N/mm
Vz
A1 z1 + 0
I yy
q 34
48000
( 300 )( 2000 ) 12 = 6 N/mm
4 . 8 10 9
2000
Dimensions in mm
11
Example 12
Find the shear flows in the webs of the unsymmetrical closed beam section.
300 mm2
A
B 100 mm
z V
z
y
D
100 mm2
200 mm
Vy
100 mm
C
300 mm2
Vy = 4 kN
Vz = 10 kN
2 .0 = 1 .86 67 1 0 4
Vy =
2
( 2 .0 )
1
( 2 .0 )(8 .0 )
2 .0
10 0 00 4 00 0
8 .0 = 1.4 66 7 10 4
Vz =
( 2.0 ) 2
1
( 2 .0)(8 .0 )
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
12
V y yn Vz zn
q n +1 =
+
An + q n
I zz
I yy
1.8667 y n 1.4667 z n
An + q n
=
+
2
2.0 10 2
8.0 10
= ( 2.33 y n 7.33 z n ) 10 3 An + q n
q0
D(-100,-50)
100 mm2
C
60 + q0
13
Consider stringer C:
B
q0
100 + q0
C(100,-50)
60 + q0
300 mm2
Consider stringer B:
40 + q0
A
100 mm2
B(100,50)
q0
100 + q0
C
60 + q0
14
40 + q0
q0
100 + q0
60 + q0
qAD = - 50 N/mm
qDC = 10 N/mm
qCB = 50 N/mm
qBA = - 10 N/mm
Example 13
I yy = Ai z i2 = 2 Ar 2
i =1
q=
z
Vz
y
ye
V z z n An
V
= z
I yy
2r
V z y e = r q ds
0
= r 2 q d
Area of each stringer = A mm2
= r 2 q
rV z
=
2
ye =
r
2
15
Example 14
Find the shear center.
120
B (80,40)
C (-40,40)
120 mm2
45
40
F
z
O
60
y
60 mm2
D (-40,-50)
120 mm2
All dimensions in mm
60 mm2
40
A (80,-20)
y=
1 4
2(60)(120)
Ai yi = 360 = 40
A i =1
z=
1 4
(60)(60) + (120)(90)
Ai zi =
= 40
A i =1
360
measured from C
measured from C
Section properties:
4
+ (120 )( 40 )( 50 ) = 0.144 10 6 mm 4
16
C
ze
z
Assume an arbitrary
shear force Vy applied
to the shear center.
A
Hence
Vy
I zz
= 0.894 106 Vy
Vz
= 0.210 106 Vy
I yy
qBC
z
qCD
qAB
y
A
Vy y A Vz z A
+
q AB =
AA + 0
I zz
I yy
17
Vy
qBC
C
ze
qCD
z
qAB
D
Taking moments about a convenient point F,
measured from O.
z
O
Assume an arbitrary
shear force Vz applied
to the shear center.
y
ye
A
Now,
Vy
I zz
= 0.2110 6 V y
Vz
= 1.68 10 6 V y
I yy
18
Vz
E
q AB = 3.024 10 3Vz
z
qCD
qAB
qBC = 0
qCD = 7.056 10 3Vz
ye
A
40
D
Taking moments about F,
Example 15
The idealized tube is loaded by a vertical shear force of 10 kN acting in
the plane of the section. Assuming the direct stresses are carried by the
stringers while the webs are effective only in carrying the shear stresses,
calculate the distribution of shear flow around the section.
10 kN
2
3
z
A1 = A8 = 200 mm2
A2 = A7 = 250 mm2
A3 = A6 = 400 mm2
A4 = A5 = 100 mm2
1
4
200 100
y
5
60
6
120
7
240
240
All dimensions in mm
T. E. Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
19
Section properties:
i =1
= 13 .86 10 6 mm 4
I yz = 0
Select the shear flow in web 2-3 to be the unknown shear flow, q23.
V z
q34 = z 3 A3 + q23
I
yy
(10 103 )(100)
=
(400) + q23
13.86 106
= 28.9 + q23
10 kN
3
q23 28.9
z
q23
A1 = A8 = 200 mm2
A2 = A7 = 250 mm2
A3 = A6 = 400 mm2
A4 = A5 = 100 mm2
1
4
200 100
y
5
60
6
120
7
240
240
20
V z
q45 = z 4 A4 + q34
I
yy
(10 103 )(50)
=
(100) 28.9 + q23
13.86 106
= 32.5 + q23
Due to symmetry,
10 kN
q23 28.9
z
200 100
q23
A1 = A8 = 200 mm2
A2 = A7 = 250 mm2
A3 = A6 = 400 mm2
A4 = A5 = 100 mm2
1
4
q23 32.5
y
5
60
6
q23 28.9
q23
240
120
7
240
q78 =
Due to symmetry,
q12 = q 78 = 18 .1 + q 23
A1 = A8 = 200 mm2
A2 = A7 = 250 mm2
A3 = A6 = 400 mm2
A4 = A5 = 100 mm2
10 kN
q23 28.9
z
200 100
q23
q23 + 18.1
1
4
q23 32.5
y
5
60
6
q23 28.9
120
7
q23
240
q23 + 22.4
q23 + 18.1
240
21
Take moments about the point of intersection of the line of action of the
shear load and the horizontal axis of symmetry.
10 kN
z
200 100
4
q45
O
q23
q34
q12
1
60
120
q81
240
240
Take moments about the point of intersection of the line of action of the
shear load and the horizontal axis of symmetry.
10 kN
120q34
z
200 100
4
50q45
O
240q23
60
6
120
30q81
1
240q12
50q34
y
7
240
240
22
10 kN
34.3
5.4
4
37.9
17.0
5
7
12.7
34.3
5.4
Question to ponder:
How do we determine the separate proportions of
these shear flows due to bending and torsion?
10 kN
34.3
5.4
12.7
1
4
37.9
17.0
5
34.3
7
12.7
5.4
23
Example 15
Determine the position of the shear center.
(Let the thickness of each web = 1 mm.)
3
z
A1 = A8 = 200 mm2
A2 = A7 = 250 mm2
A3 = A6 = 400 mm2
A4 = A5 = 100 mm2
1
4
200 100
y
5
60
6
120
240
240
All dimensions in mm
Take moments about the point of intersection of the line of action of the
shear load and the horizontal axis of symmetry.
z
200 100
4
50q45
O
240q23
50q34
y
A
6
120
30q81
1
240q12
10 kN
ye
60
8
7
240
240
24
d
1 q
ds = 0
=
dx 2G t
q
q
q
q
q
2 12 ds12 + 2 23 ds 23 + 2 34 ds34 + 45 ds 45 + 81 ds81 = 0
t
t
t
t
t
1 2 12
2 3 23
3 4 34
4 5 45
8 1 81
3
4
O
y
5
A
6
25
(q
2 3
23
32 .5) ds 45 +
4 5
(22.4 + q
3 4
23
) ds81 = 0
8 1
ye = 544.9 mm
26
5/26/2009
1
d
=
j
dx
2
G
j
where j is the area enclosed by cell j.
q ds q ds q ds
i
k
j s t
t
t
s ji
s jk
j
(1)
j
1
qi
qj
qk
k
i
The first integral is evaluated over the entire cell parameter sj, the second integral over the web
between cell i and cell j (i.e. sji), and the third integral over the web between cell j and cell k (i.e. sjk).
1
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
Although cross-sections warp, they do not distort in their own plane. This means that
the entire cross-section and each cell rotate at the same rate of twist d . Thus
dx
d d d
d
d
= = = ... = = ... =
dx dx 1 dx 2
dx j
dx n
(2)
d
1
ds m
ds
q j qr
=
dx 2G j s j t r =1
t
s jr
(3)
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
5/26/2009
However, the number of unknowns involved is (n+1), i.e. q1, q2, q3, , qj, , qn
and d . The additional equation required is the moment equilibrium equation, i.e.
dx
n
T = 2 qi i
(4)
i =1
ith
cell.
The foregoing procedure can also be used for multicell thin-walled tubes loaded by
ttransverse
a sve se forces,
o ces, in w
which
c case tthee moments
o e ts induced
duced by the
t e transverse
t a sve se forces
o ces
should be taken into account in the moment equilibrium equation, and the shear
flow expressions for bending should be used.
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
Example 1:
The section shown has constant thickness t throughout. It is subjected to a constant
torque T. Determine the rate of twist.
2a
a
q1
q2
Consider cell 1:
Consider cell 2:
4a
a
d
1
ds1
ds
=
q2 12
q
2 1
dx 2Ga 0 t
t
0
1
(4q1 q2 )
=
2tGa
d
1
=
dx 4Ga 2
(1)
a
6 a ds
d 2
d
ds
q1 12
q2
t
t
0
0
1
(6q2 q1 )
4tGa
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
(2)
5/26/2009
Moment equilibrium:
2
T = 2 qi i
i =1
= 2q11 + 2q2 2
= 2a 2 (q1 + 2q2 )
(3)
q1 =
16
d
aGt
23
dx
T=
andd
q2 =
d 23 T
=
dx 104 Gta 3
18
d
aGt
23
dx
104 3 d
a Gt
23
dx
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
Example 2. Calculate the shear stress distribution in the walls of the three-cell wing
section shown when it is subjected to an anticlockwise torque of 11.3kNm.
G (N/mm2)
Thickness (mm)
Wall
Length (mm)
12o
1650
1.22
24200
AI = 258000
12i
508
2 03
2.03
27600
AII = 355000
AIII = 161000
13, 24
775
1.22
24200
34
380
1.63
27600
35, 46
508
0.92
20700
56
254
0.92
20700
Note: The superscript symbols o and i are used to distinguish between outer and inner walls connecting the same
points.
11300Nm
3
III
II
I
2
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
5/26/2009
G
t
Gref
Hence
24.2
1.22 = 1.07
27.6
t13 = t24
= 1.07
t12 o =
ds12o
ds12i
12 o
12
t35
= t46
= t56
= 0.69
12 o
t12 i
=
=
1650
= 1542
1.07
508
= 250
2.03
ds13
ds
= 24 = 725
t
t
13 13
24 24
ds34
= 233
t
34 34
ds35
ds
= 46 = 736
t
t
46 46
35 35
ds56
= 368
t
56 56
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
For cell I,
ds12o
ds i
ds i
1
d
qI
=
+ qI 12 qII 12
dx 2Gref (258000 ) 12o t12 o
i t i
i t i
12 12
12 12
=
1
(qI (1542 + 250) 250qII )
2Gref (258000 )
d
1
=
( 250qI + (250 + 725 + 233 + 725)qII 233qIII )
dx 2Gref (355000 )
d
1
=
( 233qII + (736 + 736 + 233 + 368)qIII )
dx 2Gref (161000 )
II
qI
qII
III
4
qIII
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
5/26/2009
8.9
1
7.1
4.2
1.8
4.7
2
8.9
4.2
6
4.2
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
II
qI
qII
If the cells were separated, we see that d d and this violates the constant
dx I dx II
rate of twist condition.
II
I
qI
qII
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
10
5/26/2009
d
d
= G = 1, then
dx I
dx II
If we arbitrarily let G
For cell I,
q ds
d
G = II = 1
dx II 2 II t II
qII II
=1
2 II
2
q ds
d
G = I = 1
dx I 2 I t I
qI I
=1
2 I
2
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
11
Considering the separated cell I, we see that at the wall shared with cell II, the shear
flow must be corrected for the shear flow due to cell II.
qII
qI
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
12
5/26/2009
The contribution of qII to the rate of twist is represented by an equivalent shear flow qI
over the perimeter of cell I.
ds
ds
qI = qII
t I
t I , II
qII
qI
13
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
Or,
qI = qII
where
I , II
I
I , II =
ds
for the wall common to cells I and II
t
C II , I =
I , II
I
qI = qII C II , I
qI
I
qI
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
14
5/26/2009
Since the correction carry-over factor is less than unity, if the procedure is repeated,
the correction become successively smaller until they are finally negligible. The
number of iterations depends on the accuracy required.
(qI )Final = qI + qI + qI + qI + K
where
qI = qII C II , I
qI = qII C II , I
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
15
C I , II =
I , II
II
qI
II
qII
qII = qI C I , II
qII
II
qII
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
16
5/26/2009
Example 3:
Let us solve the problem of the previous
example using the method of successive
approximations.
ds
t
ds12o
I =
=
12
12
ds12i
t12 i
= 1933
III
II
t12 o
= 1542 + 250
= 1792
11300Nm
1
= 2073
I , II = 250
II , III = 233
17
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
I , II 250
=
= 0.129
II 1933
250
= I , II =
= 0.140
I 1792
C I , II =
C II , I
233
= 0.112
2073
233
=
= 0.121
1933
qI =
qII =
qIII =
2 II
2 III
II
III
2(258000)
= 287.9
1792
2 I
III
II
C II , III =
C II , III
2(355000)
= 367.3
1933
2(161000 )
= 155.3
2073
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
18
5/26/2009
Cell I
Cell II
CI,II = 0.129
CII,I = 0.140
Cell III
CII,III = 0.112
CIII,II = 0.121
A
Assumed
dq
287 9
287.9
367 3
367.3
155 3
155.3
(0.140)(367.3)=51.4
(0.129)(287.9)=37.14
(0.121)(155.3)=18.8
(0.112)(367.3)=41.1
(0.140)(37.14)=5.2
(0.129)(51.4)=6.63
(0.121)(41.1)=4.97
(0.112)(18.8)=2.10
0.93
0.67
0.25
0.56
0.09
0.12
0.07
0.03
Final q
345 5
345.5
435 9
435.9
199 1
199.1
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
19
We still need the torque equilibrium equation to arrive at the correct solution.
From the torque equilibrium equation,
Cell I
Cell II
Cell III
Final q
345.5
435.9
199.1
Scaled q
7.07
8.92
4.1
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
20
10
5/26/2009
VZ
II
III
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
21
If each cell were cut, the open-section shear flow would be given by
qb =
=
(I
yz
Qz I zz Q y ) Vz
I yy I zz I yz2
(I yt ds I zt ds ) V
yz
zz
I yy I zz I
2
yz
Distribution of qb:
II
III
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
22
11
5/26/2009
If we now close the cells, the constant shear flows qI, qII and qIII must be superposed
onto the shear flow qb in the respective cells:
qb
qI
qII
qIII
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
23
Considering each cell separately, we now have to correct for the shear flows in the
shared walls. Consider, for example, cell II, where qI acts on the left wall, and qIII on the
right wall:
qII
qI
qIII
qb
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
24
12
5/26/2009
ds
q = 0
t II
or
ds
ds
ds
=0
qb + q II q I q III
t II
t II
t I , II
t II , III
ds
ds
ds
=0
qb + qI qII qIII
t I
t I
t II , I
t I , III
and
ds
ds
ds
ds
qI
=0
qb + q III qII
t III
t III
t II , III
t I , III
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
25
1 ds
d
G =
q = 0
t II
dx II 2 II
or
d
ds
q = 0
t II
Hence, from the figure, taking positive torque anti-clockwise, for cell II,
ds
ds
ds
ds
=0
qb + q II q I q III
t II
t II
t I , II
t II , III
qb
ds
qb + q II II q I I , II q III II , III = 0
t II
Rearranging,
qII =
ds
qb
t II
II
+ q I I , II + qIII II , III
II
II
qI
qII
qIII
26
13
5/26/2009
q II = qII =
ds
qb
t II
II
q I = qI
q III = qIII
Subsequently,
q II = qII + C I , II qI + C III , II qIII
= qII + qII
etc.
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
27
Example 4. Determine the shear flow distribution in the single symmetrical three-cell
wing section below when it carries a shear load of 100 kN applied through its shear centre
and hence find the distance of the shear centre from the spar web 34. Assume all direct
stresses are resisted by the stringers while the skin is effective only in shear. The shear
modulus G is constant throughout.
Stringer areas: B1 = B6 = 2500 mm2, B2 = B5 = 3800 mm2, B3 = B4 = 3200 mm2
C ll areas: AI = 265000 mm2, AII = 580000 mm2, AIII = 410000 mm2
Cell
Wall
12, 56
23, 45
34o
16
25
34i
Length (mm)
1025
1275
2200
330
450
400
Thickness (mm)
1.25
1.65
2.25
1.65
2.65
2.65
100kN
s
1270mm
II
III
6
1020mm
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
28
14
5/26/2009
I = 1128.7
II = 1870.0
III = 2013.6
I , II 150.9
=
= 0.081
1870
II
150.9
= I , II =
= 0.134
I 1128.7
C I , II =
C II , I
I , II = 150.9
C II , III = 0.086
II , III = 173.6
C III , II = 0.093
29
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
qbi =
Vz
Ai zi
I yy
100 103
(3200)( 200) = 80.6 N/mm
7.94 108
0
= 110.1 N/mm
qb 43 =
qb 52
qb 61 = 52.0 N/mm
Also,
80.6
52.0
110.1
0 1
ds
q = 6218.9 N/mm
t III
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
30
15
5/26/2009
4.4
11.4
2.7
54.7
III
II
103.0
73.6
4.4
2.7
s = 946.8 mm
Cell I
Cell II
Cell III
1128.7
1870.0
2013.6
-12166.0
-6945.7
6218.9
qb ds
t
CI,II=0.08
q ds
q = b
t
q
CII,I=0.134
-10.78
10.78
CII,III=0.086
CIII,II=0.093
-3.71
3.71
(0.134)(-3.71) =-0.50
3.09
(0.08)(-10.78)=-0.86
(0.093)(3.09)=0.29
(0.086)(-3.71)=-0.32
(0.134)(-0.86)=-0.115
(0.08)(-0.50)=-0.04
(0.093)(0.32)=-0.03
(0.086)(0.29)=0.02
(0.134)(-0.04)=-0.005
(0.08)(-0.115)=-0.01
(0.093)(0.02)=0
(0.086)(-0.03)=0
Final q
-11.4
-4.36
2.7
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
31
Tapered Beams
Beams in aerospace vehicle structures are often tapered in order to achieve maximum
structural efficiency with minimum weight.
The simple beam shown consists of two stringers of equal areas, joined by a vertical web
that does not carry bending stresses.
x
x0
h1
h0
h2
Vz
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
32
16
5/26/2009
(1)
P tan1
V f = P (tan 1 + tan 2 )
h h
= P 1 + 2
x x
Ph
=
x
P
q
VW
(2)
P tan2
P
33
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
Vz b
x
(3)
from (2)
Vz
(4)
h
P
b
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
34
17
5/26/2009
Vz = V f + Vw
(5)
Vw = Vz (1 b x ) = Vz x0 x
from (3)
(6)
(7)
so that
Vw = Vz h0 h
(8)
and
V f = Vz (h h0 ) h
(9)
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
35
Vw
I yy
Az
i i
Vw
(Ah 2)
2
Ah
2
= Vw h
(10)
h0
h2
(11)
q = Vz
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
36
18
5/26/2009
Let us now seek a more general analysis of the bending and twisting of tapered
idealized beams. Consider the section of an idealized tapered multicell tube subjected to
shear loads Vy and Vz , acting through an arbitrary point. The reference axis passes
through the centroid of the section. Pn is the force in the nth stringer, and is in general
composed
p
of three components
p
in the x,, y and z directions. Let these components
p
be
denoted Pxn, Pyn and Pzn, respectively.
Pn
z
Vz
Vy
37
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
Pxn = xn An
Pxn
We see that
Pxn x
=
Pzn z n
z
Pzn = n Pxn
x
Pyn
Pzn
Pzn
(13)
Pyn
zn
yn
z n
y
y
Pyn = n Pzn = n Pxn
z n
x
zn
x
L t us isolate
i l t stringer
ti
id forces
f
i the
th yz
Let
n andd consider
in
and xz planes.
Also,
Pzn
(12)
y n
(14)
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
y
38
19
5/26/2009
Now consider moment equilibrium about some convenient point C. Let the horizontal
and vertical distances from stringer n to the point C be n and n, respectively. Also let
the corresponding distances of the point of application of the shear loads Vy and Vz to
the point C be 0 and 0. The total number of stringers is N and the total number of
sheets is M.
Pzn
Pyn
Vz
Vy
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
39
n =1
n =1
Vz 0 V y 0 = Pzn n Pyn n + ri qi
i =1 i
ds
ti
(15)
V y = Pyn + V yw
(16)
n =1
and
Vz = Pzn + Vzw
(17)
n =1
Here Vyw and Vzw are resultants of the shear forces carried by the webs.
webs These values
should be used in the calculation of shear flows in the webs. The solution procedure is
similar to that for multicell boxes, except that the modified moment equilibrium
equation (i.e. Eqn 15) should be used.
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
40
20
5/26/2009
Example 1: A tapered two-cell tube with symmetrical cross-sections 1.2m apart has the
dimensions shown. The tube supports load which produce a bending moment My =-1.65
kNm and a shear force Vz =10 kN in the plane of the internal spar web at the larger
cross-section. The shear modulus G is constant throughout. Determine the forces in the
stringers and the shear flow distribution at this cross-section.
Stringer areas: A1 = A3 = A4 = A6 = 600 mm2 , A2 = A5 = 900 mm2
Vz =10 kN
150mm
100mm
0.8mm
0.8mm
I
1.0mm
1.0mm
II
0.8mm
80
mm 180mm
1.0mm
0.8mm
200mm
400mm
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
41
Hence
Pxn =
e.g.
Px1 =
I yy
M y zn
I yy
An
(1600)(90)(600)(103 ) = 2620 N
34 10 6
and
z
= 0.042
x
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
42
21
5/26/2009
n and n are measured from the midpoint of the internal web 2-5.
Stringer
Pxn
zn/x
Pzn
y n / x
Pyn
Pznn
Pynn
1
2
3
4
5
6
-2620
-3930
-2620
2620
3930
2620
-0.042
-0.042
-0.042
0.042
0 042
0.042
0.042
110
165
110
110
165
110
0
0.083
0.125
0.125
0 083
0.083
0
0
-326
-328
328
326
0
44000
0
-22000
-22000
0
44000
0
29340
29520
29520
29340
0
Note:
Pzn =
z n
Pxn
x
Therefore,
P
n =1
zn n
yn n
zn
P
n =1
= 117720 Nmm
n =1
6
n =1
= 44000 Nmm
y n
Pxn
x
n =1
Pyn =
and
yn
= 770 N
n =1
=0
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
43
II
Stringer 1,
V z A
q25 + q23 = zw 2 2 + q12
I yy
= 22 + q12
V zA
q12 = zw 1 1 + q61
I yy
= 14.7 + q61
Stringer 3,
q34 =
Vzw z3 A3
+ q23
I yy
= 14.7 + q23
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
44
22
5/26/2009
Rate of twist,
Consider cell I:
1
d
2(200 )q23 180q23 (14.7 )(180 ) 180q25
=
+
1.0
1.0
dx 2G (200 )(180 ) 0.8
1
(860q23 180q12 + 1314)
=
72000G
d
1
( 180q23 + 1360q12 1314)
=
dx 72000G
(1)
(2)
(3)
E
Equating
i (1) andd (2),
(2) andd solving
l i with
i h (3),
(3) one obtains
b i
q23 = -4.4 N/mm
and
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
45
y
Pi+Pi x
Section A
Section B
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
46
23
5/26/2009
(18)
Now, the direction of Pi shown here produces a positive moment My. Thus Pi
produces a change in the bending moment from sections A to B.
Pi
Pi =
M y zi Ai
qi +1 =
qi+1
(19)
I yy
qi
M y zi Ai
I yy d
+ qi
(20)
Pi+Pi
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
47
Example 2: The single cell box beam is loaded by a transverse force of 1.0 kN.
Between points B and C, the beam has constant stringer section as shown in section
B-B. Between points B and D, two stringers taper uniformly, with the stringer areas at
point A as indicated in section A-A. Calculate the shear flow at section A-A.
Area of stringers: A1=100 mm2
A2=300 mm2
1.0 kN
A2
A1
A1
100
Section A-A
B
D
A2
A1
50
C
A1
50
A1
A1
A1
100
Section B-B
A1
A1
50
50
A1
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
48
24
5/26/2009
2B
1B
I yy = An z n2
2A
1A
I yy = An z n2
= 6(100)(50 )
= 1.5 106 mm 4
4B
5B
= 2.5 106 mm 4
6B
4A
5A
6A
M yz
b =
I yy
(300)(1000)(50)
=
M yz
I yy
(500)(1000)(50)
=
2.5 106
= 10 MPa
1.5 106
= 10 MPa
49
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
P 1 = P 3 = P 6 = P 6 = 0 N
but P2 = P5 = 2000 N
3
2
1
2000 N
A-A
5
2000 N
B-B
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
50
25
5/26/2009
and
q12 = 5 N/mm
5 N/mm
P2
2000
+ q23 =
+ q23
d
200
5 N/mm
q23 = 5 10 = 5 N/mm
5 N/mm
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
Vz zi Ai
+ qi we would have obtained,
I yy
q61 =
51
(1000)(50)(100) + q
1.5 10 6
= 3.33 + q12
12
q61 =
(1000)(50)(100) + q
2.5 10 6
= 3.33 + q12
12
q12 = 7 N/mm
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
52
26
5/26/2009
T.E.Tay,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, NationalUniversityofSingapore
53
27
Bfl
r r
A 8
E C
z?
6
K K
A h
Mr
z
e long, as in scene
th as in thin
MU
ET
v
P P
Z ~,fimI
s
T T
Yu
*+
Zeta
Nu
Nu
8
0
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Htl
Q 0
1
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
X X ./
P #
Q W
Xi
Omicron
Pi
Rho
. Sigma
Tau
Uhilon
P~
Chi
Psi
Omega
b
g hard, as in begin'
d
e short, as in met
k
1
m
a
X
o shmt, as in lot
r
se
t
U
ph
ch hard, as in lock
PS
o long, as in throne
250
6
10
12
6
Fig. 1
60o
B
3
2
D
2
C
R100
150
4
C
(a)
(b)
B
3
All dimensions in mm
2
60o
A
(c)
Ans:
C
120
Fig. 2
(a) AC = 10.04 MPa, AB = 6.70 MPa; 0.31 (using exact dimensions)
ME4212 Mechanics of Thin-Walled Structures
T.E.Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NUS
1
3. The thin-walled closed section beam shown in Fig.3 is subjected to a torque of 4500 Nm.
The section is constrained to twist about O, the centre of the semi-circular arc 512. For
the curved wall 512, the thickness is 2 mm and the shear modulus is 22 GPa. For the
plane walls 23, 34 and 45, the thickness is 1.6 mm and the shear modulus is 27.5 GPa.
Determine the warping displacements of points 2, 3, 4 and 5.
1.6 mm
5
1.6 mm
100 mm
R 50 mm
2.0 mm
3
1.6 mm
200 mm
Fig. 3
Ans: u 2 = u 5 = 0.053 mm, u 3 = u 4 = 0.187 mm.
b) If a longitudinal slit is cut through the wall of the section at Point A, determine the
magnitude and location of the maximum shear stress when a torque of 6000 Nmm is
applied.
Ans: 2.89 MPa, 77412 mm4, 11.96 MPa.
10
2
3
30o
30o
60o
60o
5
20
6
20
30
Fig. 4
1.
A beam 250 mm wide by 300 mm deep by 4.2 m long is used as a simply-supported beam on
a span of 4 m. It is subjected to a concentrated load P at the midsection of the span. The
plane of the loads makes an angle = - 4/9 with the horizontal y-axis. The beam is made of
material with a yield stress 25.0 MPa. If the beam has been designed with a factor of safety
2.50 against initiation of yielding, determine the magnitude of P and orientation of the neutral
axis.
Ans:
2.
In Fig. 1 let b = 300 mm, h = 300 mm, t = 25.0 mm, L = 2.50 m, and P = 16.0 kN. Calculate
the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the beam, and determine the orientation of
the neural axis.
Ans:
60 mm
10 mm
10 mm
10 mm
30 mm
t
70 mm
P
10 mm
70 mm
t
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
3.
An extruded bar of aluminium alloy has the cross section shown in Fig. 2. A 2.10 m length
of this bar is used as a simple beam on a span of 2.00 m. A concentrated load P = 5.0 kN is
applied at mid-length of the span and makes an angle of = 4.54 rad with the y-axis.
Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the beam.
Ans: 80.93 MPa, - 75.3 MPa
4.
A cantilever beam 1.6 m long has the section shown in Fig. 3. It carries a load P = 2.5 kN in
the z direction at the free end. Find the magnitude and location of the maximum tensile
flexural stress. (All dimensions in mm.)
Ans: 184.1 MPa, at y = 55, z = 70
z
10
70
y
10
70
100
10
D
55
C
42
55
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
5. A column has the I-section shown in Fig. 4. A compressive force P parallel to the axis of the
column is applied at the corner A. Find the axial stresses in terms of P at the remaining three
corners B, C and D. (All dimensions in mm.)
I yy = 1.105 10 6 mm 4
I zz = 4.94 10 4 mm 4
A = 680 mm 2
6. A uniform thin-walled beam has the open cross-section shown in Fig. 5. The wall thickness is
constant. Determine the position of the neutral axis and the maximum direct stress for a
bending moment of My = 3.5 kNmm. Take r = 5 mm and t = 0.64 mm.
Ans: -51.67, 100 MPa
t
z
r
y
Fig. 5
2
7. The cross-section of a beam is shown in Fig. 6. The beam is subjected to a bending moment
about the y-axis of 6000 Nmm. Determine the bending stresses at A, B, C and D. All
dimensions in mm. (All dimensions in mm.)
Ans: 0.206 MPa, -0.411 MPa, 0.411 MPa, -0.206 MPa.
z
50
D
C
5
50
y
5
50
5
A
B
50
Fig. 6
8. The closed two-cell cross-section of a fuselage shown in Fig. 7 is subjected to a bending
moment My = 5000 kNm.
a) Derive an expression for the position of the centroid in terms of r, tw and tf.
b) Hence determine the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses in the crosssection, if r = 1500 mm, tw = 5 mm and tf = 8 mm.
Ans:
rt f
9 19
10 10t w + 9t f
tw
r
O
tf
9r/5
Fig. 7
3
a
t
D
C
a
Fig. 1
Ans: (a)
a
4 2
2. Find the shear centers of the following open thin-walled beam sections (Fig.2):
z
z
t
y
r
Fig. 2 (a)
Fig. 2 (b)
z
z
60
y
2c
y h
60
t
b
Fig. 2 (d)
Fig. 2 (c)
Ans: (a) -2r (b) -2r (c) -0.577c (d) 3b2/(h+3b)
3. Find the shear center if the thickness of the web tw is small compared with the
thickness of the flanges tf (Fig. 3).
z
c
y
O
tf
tw
b
Fig. 3
Ans: - b/2
4. A thin-walled beam has the cross-section shown in Fig. 4. The thickness of each
flange varies linearly from t1 at the tip to t2 at the junction with the web. The web
itself has a constant thickness t3. Calculate the position of the shear center from the
web.
t2
t1
h
t3
Fig. 4
Ans:
(2t1 + t 2 )d 2
3d (t1 + t 2 ) + ht 3
5. The thin-walled open tube (Fig. 5) of constant thickness t has a narrow longitudinal
slit at the corner 1-5. Calculate and sketch the shear flow distribution due to a vertical
shear force V acting through the shear center E, and note the values at points 2, 3 and
l
4. Hence show that the distance ye is
.
2(1 + a / b )
4
ye
5
h
E
1
a
b
2
l
Fig. 5
ME4212 Mechanics of Thin-Walled Structures
T.E.Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NUS
2
6. Determine the positions of the shear centers of the following thin-walled sections:
t
20
20
t
t
t
50 mm
Fig. 6 (b)
Fig. 6 (a)
45 45 r
t
O
t
Fig. 6 (d)
Fig. 6 (c)
1. Find the shear centers of the following idealized thin-walled beam sections (Fig.1)
(All dimensions in mm):
A
E
1.5
10
40
1.5
40
20
1.5
40
F
D
10
70
Fig. 1 (a)
1.5
1.5
E
F
20
Area of each stringer is 25 mm2.
Fig. 1 (b)
B
z
60
2
y
E
60
2
D
C
60
80
Fig. 1 (c)
Ans: (a) -21.7 to the left of BC (b) 3.33 to the right of CD (c) 40 to the left of E.
1
2
4
5
1200
1140
5
960
768
565
336
144
8
8
9
38
Fig. 2
Ans (selected): x1 = 35.6 MPa, x2 = 32.3 MPa, x6 = -11.0 MPa, x8 = -27.0 MPa,
q21 = -11.82 N/mm, q32 = -31.24 N/mm, q54 = -52.21 N/mm, q76 = -46.01 N/mm.
3. Find the stresses in the stringers and the shear flow in the webs of the 1.2 m-long
beam shown in Fig. 3. The area of each stringer is A mm2.
1.4 kN
t
t
100 mm
45
30
t
Fig. 3
Ans: 12246/A, 21286/A, -33522.5/A, 0 N/mm, -10.28 N/mm, 17.81 N/mm.
4. The single cell cross-section of a thin-walled tube (Fig. 4) is symmetric about the
horizontal axis. The normal stresses are carried by the stringers 1 to 4, while the webs
are effective only in carrying shear stresses. Calculate the shear stresses in each web.
Cell area = 135000 mm2.
Stringer areas: A1 = A4 = 450 mm2; A2 = A3 = 550 mm2.
Web
Length (mm)
Thickness (mm)
12, 34
23
500
580
0.8
1.0
41
200
1.2
1.0 kN
1
100
100
500
Fig. 4
2a
D a
a
2a
a
3a
Figure 1
Ans:
0.0867
2. The two cell thin-walled section is fres to warp, and is subjected to a load of 10 kN as
shown in Figure 2. Determine the rate of twist.
R = 50 mm
z
t1 = 2 mm
t2 = 2 mm
t1
G = 20 GPa
Vz=10 kN
R
y
2R
t2
t1
t1
2R
Figure 2
Ans:
3.86
10 rad/mm
ME4212 Aircraft Structures
T.E.Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NUS
1
3. Use the method of successive approximations to find the position of the shear centre
of the idealized thin-walled section shown in Figure 3. Each stringer has an area A and
each web has a thickness t. Assume all direct bending loads are carried by the
stringers and the webs carry only shear loads.
5
a
a
3
a
Figure 3
Ans: ye = 0.025a =
to the right of 15
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
6
0.5
100
150
5
0.5
200
200
Figure 4
Ans: q23=+43.56 N/mm, q34=+34.135 N/mm, q12=+42.59 N/mm, q72=+30.96 N/mm,
q63=+20.58 N/mm, q45=+4.14 N/mm.
1. A uniformly tapered thin-walled beam consisting of four sheets and four stringers is
shown in Figure 1. The thickness of each sheet is 2 mm and the area of each stringer
is 200 mm2. The distance between the larger and smaller corss-sections is 800 mm. A
vertical load of 2 kN us applied at stringer 2 in the plane of the smaller cross-section.
Calculate the forces in the stringers and shear flow distribution at the larger crosssection.
(All dimension in mm)
2 kN
2
120
100
4
100
180
Figure 1
Ans: q31=4.63 N/mm, q12=-2.31 N/mm, q43=-2.31 N/mm, q24=-9.26 N/mm.
2. Figure 2 shows a uniformly tapered thin-walled beam consisting of four sheets and
four stringers. The thickness of each sheet is 2 mm and the cross-sectional area of
each stringer is 200 mm2. The distance between the larger and smaller cross-sections
is 800 mm. A vertical load of 3 kN is applied to stringer 4 in the plane of the smaller
cross-section. Assuming that the sheets carry only shear stresses and the stringers
carry only normal stresses, determine the shear flow distributions in the sheets at the
larger cross-section.
120
30
40
1 z
100
60
40
3 kN
Figure 2
Ans: q31=3.5 N/mm, q12=12.5 N/mm, q43=12.5 N/mm, q24=21.5 N/mm.
3. The tapered thin-walled beam shown in Figure 3 has the cross-section 600 mm apart
and is made of six stringers and six webs. The webs have a thickness of 2 mm each. A
vertical load of 2 kN is applied to stringer 1 in the plane of the smaller cross section.
Assuming that the webs carry only sehar stresses and the stringers carry normal
stresses, determine the shear flow distributions in the webs ant the larger crosssection.
Shear modulus of the web material G = 40 GPa.
The areas of the stringers:
A1 = A3 = A4 = A6 = 500 mm2
A2 = A5 = 300 mm2
2 kN
3
2
2
y
200
100
100
5
150
100
150
Figure 3
Ans: q12= q54=3.91 N/mm, q23= q65=2.756 N/mm, q36=0.8333 N/mm, q41=5.83 N/mm.
4. The cantilever box beam of length 2000 mm shown in Figure 4 consists of six sheets
and six stringers. It is built-in at one end and loaded by a vertical force of 800 N at the
other end. Stringers 2 and 5 have constant cross-sectional areas throughout the length
of the beam. Stringers 1, 3, 4 and 6 have uniformly varying cross-sectional areas.
Determine the shear flows in the sheets at a distance 600 mm away from the loaded
end. Assume that the sheets carry only shear and the stringers carry only normal
stresses.
800 N
B
B
600
2000
Figure 4
(All dimension in mm)
1
800 N
120
4
120
5
120
120
Section B-B
Loaded end
Areas of stringers:
A1 = A3 = A4 = A6 = 150 mm2
A2 = A5 = 50 mm2
Areas of stringers:
A1 = A2 = A3 = A4 = A5 = A6 =
50 mm2
5. The box beam shown in Figure 5 is loaded by a vertical force of 800 N. Stringers 1, 3
and 5 have uniformly tapered areas, while stringers 2, 4 and 6 have constant areas
along the span of the beam. Determine the shear stresses in the webs at section A-A, a
distance of 540 mm from the loaded end.
(All dimension in mm)
800 N
A
540
2000
Figure 5
100
1
90
3
4
800 N
100
90
Section A-A
Loaded end
Areas of stringers:
A1 = A3 = A5 = 120 mm2
A2 = A4 = A6 = 80 mm2
Areas of stringers:
A1 = A2 = A3 = 80 mm2
A4 = A5 = A6 = 80 mm2
z, = 4
Hence
226400
tI
18.87 MPa
0.0 12
0.006
Z3
226400
0.01
22.64 MPa
6.87~10-' radlm.
j-
4 ds
2 G 6 =R t
Using
.r
2nt
~ B I I
ZA(
2000
2 x 4 9 . 7 8 3 ~lo-' x 2 x lo-'
10.04 MPa
AH
TC,/I
2000
2 x 49.783 x lo-' x 3 x 1 o
6.696 MPa
Angle of twist,
-~
T L
4n2G
= ---
0.005376391 rad
tan 30'
= 97/x
168
97
sin 30' = -3 AB = 194
AB
rB(.
r~~
Z~~
~ U I=
Angle of twist,
2000
= 8.05 MPa
2 x 3 1 . 0 6 8 ~ 1 0 -x~4 x 1 0 - ~
2000
= 5.36 MPa
2 x 3 1 . 0 6 8 ~lo-; x 6 x 1 0 - ~
2 x lo-; 2
4 x 28x lo9 x ( 3 1 . 0 6 8 ~ 1 0 - ~ ) ~
+ --4
1
(120) (103.92) = 6.235 x lo-; m2
2
T
From
r = 2Qt
2000
' , 4 ~
=
= 40.09 MPa
2xRx4x10-~
Q
Z,K
2000
2 x R~ 2 x lo-'
rB(,
2000
= 53.46 MPa
2 x a x3 10-3
Angle of twist,
'=
80.19 MPa
4
=
2
A
120
2000 x 2
4~28xl0~~(6.235~10~)~
120 cos 30
103.92 mm
Fr&,Locate
A
m A =
0
'
rads
2 80.2'
I n 9 0
Mere
(I- )
I
-- 06+60l
=
as173
119
cirtulw
,
- IYY, +
6
c~*r&)6205*55)~
= 5.5X~dowm+
3T
as2m s ,ts
%at3
tb* Jop-l3b t 3 = 3
OP
p
uLb
c & _-&
7r
t-r
w
'dosed
'-
'
ia~t
.a.
-'.
Iy45
-- + x b
N&
12
Tyy= fLz[a
5 +b) .
f4w
8 d
s.tavte8
e ws
%
,, ly
ibt
Lr*=O.
-tb web
walyci+i
%$H. Tf
lroea d 1 2 ,%,>
be m'Geu6bGseie
%--&~3,
I = rcor (608)
= r(cosw0ctm + ~ i ~ r tsine)
50
srCoSC3
ds, = rde
sa=z+r
r't
Question 1.
A
a
a
2a
q1
q2
D a
2a
q3
3a
Cell ABED:
1
2
1
2
1
2
Cell BCFE:
1
2 2
1
4
1
4
6
6
2
2
Cell DEFHG:
1
3
2
1
Moment equilibrium:
From 1 4
1a
From 2
2a
From 3
3a
2a
1a
3a
2a
5a
9
10
23
8
4a
18
10
15.8
1.253
19.8
1.202
4a
5a
6a
1.11
Substitute into
4 ,
2
1.11
2 1.253
14.44
3 1.202
0.0692
0.0867
Question 2.
Define the coordinates and points as shown. q1T and q2T are constant shear flows due
to torsion, to be superposed with the shear flow due to bending.
s1
q2T
q1T
E
s3
A
s2
cos
sin
27.62 sin
1
2
0.017
1
2
2
50
55.2
onAB
0.55
cos onDEA
0.552
onBC
AtB,
onCDandatC,
55.2
ME4212 Aircraft Structures
T.E.Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NUS
3
1
2
1
2
0.011
50
2
2
2
3
2
2
4
3
2
4
0.03273
0.005
0.01273
0.01833
0.2345and
0.4604
2.921
25.914
Here,
2
14
3
2
3
1
3
1.81
10 mm
which reduces to
8
4
3
10
7853.98
828729.3
3.86
10
10 rad/mm
Question 3.
2 2
0.3927
3
2 2
3
4
0.433
2
4
3
2.571
1
3
2
1
1
4
0.389
0
0
2
2
2
2
ME4212 Aircraft Structures
T.E.Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NUS
6
Cell I
Cell II
4
2.571
1
4
0.389
0.195
2
1
3
1
4
0.167
0.0487
0.042
0.019
0.014
0.005
0.214
Final q
2
C
Cell III
0.0035
0.1
0
0.181
0.386
0.581
0.181
0.1
0.214
0.181
0.581
0.386
0.181
0.1
0.1 2
0.181 2
2
cos 60
0.581
0.181 2
sin 60
0.025
40
totherightof15.
Question 4.
13.5 kN
0.5
0.5
0.5
200 mm
200 mm
4
z
0.4
0.5
1
I
0.5
II
150 mm
III
0.4
125 mm
7
0.5
0.5
But
0
400 75
13.5
2
10 mm
13500 75 400
13.5 10
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
For cell I,
1
50 150
1
7500
1
7500
125
0.5
500
375
875
375
150
0.4
30
11250 _____ i
150
0.4
150 200
1
30000
200
0.5
375
30
375
150
0.4
800
30
1
375
30000
1550
375
_____ ii
150 200
1
30000
1
30000
800
200
0.5
150
0.5
300
30
1475
2250
375
150
0.4
375
30
_____ iii
13500 100
200 75
2
13500
13500
150
150
150
200 75
750
4500
300
600
150
450
22500
54000
150 300
450
300
600
150 500
0
300
300
450
13500
750
0_____ iv
1550
375
375
1925
1850
1475
2250
2250
375
0_____ v
875
375
11250
375
1550
375
3500
1500
45000
375
1550
3875
3050
375
45000
0_____ vi
375
From iv ,
360
Substituteinto v ,137250
Substituteinto vi ,
From vii ,
4
3425
1350000
9.786
350
18550
0_____ vii
15875
0_____ viii
392.143
18550
15875 9.786
392.143
7575270.125
43.56N/mm
34.135N/mm
42.59N/mm
30.96N/mm
20.58N/mm
4.14N/mm
Question 1.
Atthelargercrosssection,
4 200 60
2.88
2000 800 60
2.88 10
Bendingstresses
200
800mm
10 mm
33.33
33.33MPa
6.67kN
Stringer no.
Pz
Py
Px
-20
+80
+166.75
-667.0
-6670
-20
+166.75
-6670
+80
+667.0
+6670
+6670
333.5
6.67
800
10
2000
333.5
1666.5N
2
z
6.94
120 mm
180 mm
3
6.94
13.89
166.75
120
666.7
180
166.75 180
667 120
0
2.315
4.63N/mm
2.31N/mm
2.31N/mm
9.26N/mm
1666.8N
Question 2.
4 200 50
Atlargercrosssection,
2
10 mm
10 mm
3000 800 50
2.88 10
Bendingstresses
60MPa
12000N
800mm
and
Stringer no.
Pz
Py
-30
+40
-450
+600
-30
-40
-450
-600
+10
+40
-150
-600
+10
-40
-150
+600
1200 N
1200
1800
18
120 100
600 100
450 120
600 100
150 120
3000 40
16
2
3.5N/mm
12.5N/mm
12.5N/mm
21.5N/mm
ME4212 Aircraft Structures
T.E.Tay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NUS
3
Question 3.
Atlargercrosssection,
26
Bendingstresses
10 mm
4.615MPa
Pzn
Pxn
x
x
Pzn
Pyn
z
y
Stringer no.
Pxn
Pzn
Pyn
-2307.5
-50
100
192.3
-384.58
-1384.5
-50
50
115.375
-115.375
-2307.5
-50
192.3
2307.5
50
100
192.3
384.58
1384.5
50
50
115.375
115.375
2307.5
50
192.3
Pzn=1000
Pyn=0
1.154
1.154
3.077
1.154
_23
moments about 4 = 0
150 200
150 200
200 300
115.375 200
115.375 150
115.375 150
192.3 300
384.58 200
192.3 300
0
8.332
1.154
2 3.077
4
8.332
15.64
3.91N/mm
2.756N/mm
0.833N/mm
5.83N/mm
Question 4.
AtsectionBB:
4 150 60
Forcesinstreingers:
600 800 60
2.52 10
1714.3N
571.43N
26
10 mm
Topbendingstress
2 50 60
11.43MPa
1714.3N
571.43N
3
Vertical equilibrium:
2
120
800N
1
3 N/mm
3
1714.3
3.33
600
1714.3
3.33
600
0.473 N/mm
0.473N/mm
0.473N/mm
0.473 N/mm
3.33 N/mm
3.33 N/mm
4
0.473 N/mm
5 0.473 N/mm
Question 5.
At section A-A:
3 80
120
600mm
2
1
90 80
600
+
C
1.21
48
42 mm
42
240
80
48
120
160
10 mm
1.2096
10 mm
Forcesinstringers:
800 540 42
1.2096 10
Top,
1800
1371.44
2
17.143
2057.16
3
15
1800
1200
800 540 48
1.2096 10
Bottom,
120
3
42
80
1371.44
Vertical equilibrium:
2
90
800
4.444
5
1800
540
1.111 N/mm
4.444
1.111 N/mm
1.111N/mm
1371.44
540
4.444 N/mm
4.444
4.444 N/mm
1.905N/mm
4
1.905 N/mm 5
1.905 N/mm