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Course Title : Soil Mechanics
Course Code: CA3687
Course Aims: The course introduces basic concepts in soil
mechanics, encompassing physical and mechanical
properties of different types of soil. The course forms a
foundation for students to take advanced geotechnical
courses.
Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs)
Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs)
Assessment Tasks/Activities
No.
1
CILOs
No. TLAs
Hands-on experience during laboratory sessions
1
Hours
18
10
Lectures
Experimental based demonstrations during lectures
Examples and exercises during lectures
12
Lectures
Examples and exercises during lectures
12
3
4
Laboratory reports
Assignments and quiz
Final examination
Assignments and quiz
Final examination
Assignments and quiz
Final examination
Course Organisation
Lecturers:
Lectures:
Laboratory
Session:
*Begin in week 4
Tuesday (L01), Thursday (L02, L03)
Soil Mechanics and Geology Laboratory
(FYW 2330, via Lift 11)
Coursework:
Course Overview
Topic 1 Basic soil properties
Topic 2 Stresses in soil
Topic 3 Soil hydraulics
Topic 4 Soil compression and Consolidation
Topic 5 Shear strength
Topic 6 Stress paths
Topic 7 Critical state theory
Topic 8 Soil models
Textbook:
Craig R.F. (2004). Craigs soil mechanics. 7th edition, Spon Press
Available at CityU Bookstore
6th edition, available online through CityU library
(TA710 .C685 1997eb World Wide Web)
Liquefaction
Construction
Management
Shanghai 06/2009
Course Overview
Topic 1 Basic soil properties
Topic 2 Stresses in soil
Topic 3 Soil hydraulics
Topic 4 Soil compression and Consolidation
Topic 5 Shear strength
Topic 6 Stress paths
Topic 7 Critical state theory
Topic 8 Soil models
Textbook:
Craig R.F. (2004). Craigs soil mechanics. 7th edition, Spon Press
Available at CityU Bookstore
6th edition, available online through CityU library
(TA710 .C685 1997eb World Wide Web)
+, -, ,,
log, ln
d/dx,
Vectors
Basic physics:
1. F = ma
2. displacement, velocity and acceleration
What if the above looks unfamiliar to you?
Topic 1
Basic Soil Properties
TLAs
Lectures
Introduction in each laboratory session
Hands-on experience during laboratory sessions
Question and answer mode of learning during laboratory
sessions
Examples and exercises during lectures
Asses
sment
Laboratory reports
Assignments and quiz
Final Examination
What is Soil ?
In civil engineering and construction
industry, soil is any uncemented or
weakly cemented accumulation of mineral
particles formed by the weathering of
rocks, the void space between the
particles containing water and/or air.
Origin of Soil
All soils originates, directly or indirectly, from solid rocks.
Igneous Rock:
Sedimentary Rock:
Metamorphic Rock:
Weathering
Grade I fresh
Grade II slightly weathered
Grade III moderately weathered
Grade IV highly weathered
Grade V completed weathered
Grade VI residual soil
Soil Mineralogy
11 oxides account for 99% by weight of the rocks in the Earths crust.
For example: Silicon oxide 59.1%
Aluminium oxide 15.2%
Common minerals:
Mineral
Quartz
100
0.02
Kaolinite
0.3-2
20
Illite
0.2-2
80
Montmorillonite 0.01-1
800
Soil Composition
Demonstration
Coarse particles
Fine particles
Water
Air
Philosophy of Life
Career (?)
Family (?)
Fun (beer?)
Phase Diagram
Masses
Volumes
Ma=0
Mt
This course:
Ma=0
Mt=Ms
Va
Air
Vv
Mw
Water
Vw
Ms
Soil Particles
Vs
Vt
Air
Soil Particles
Dry soil
Vw=Vv
Va=Vv
Mw
Vs
Ms Soil Particles Vs
Water
Saturated soil
Fundamental Definitions
1. Void ratio (e)
= Volume of voids Volume of solids = Vv/Vs
2. Specific volume (v)
= Total volume Volume of solids = (Vs+Vv)/Vs = 1+e
3. Porosity (n)
= Volume of voids Total volume = Vv/(Vs+Vv) = e/(1+e) = (v-1)/v
4. Degree of saturation (Sr)
= Volume of water Volume of voids = Vw/Vv
5. Water content (w)
= Mass of water Mass of solid = Mw/Ms
Phase Relationships
= (1 + w) d
wGs
Sr =
e
G s w (1 + w)
=
1+ e
Gs 1
'=
w
1+ e
Gs
d =
w
1+ e
= (1 + w) d
Ms + Mw
V s + V w + Va
Ms
Mw
=
+
V s + V w + Va V s + V w + Va
Mw
= d +
V s + V w + Va
= d +
wM s
Vs + Vw + Va
= d + w d
= (1 + w) d
Example 1
1. A sample of soil is taken using a thin walled sampling tube into a soil
deposit. After the soil is extruded from the sampling tube a sample of
diameter 50 mm and length 80 mm is cut and is found to have a mass of
290 g. Soil trimmings created during the cutting process are weighed and
found to have a mass of 55 g. These trimmings are then oven dried and
found to have a mass of 45 g. Determine the phase distributions, void
ratio, degree of saturation and relevant unit weights. Given that Gs = 2.65.
Example 2
2. A sample of saturated clay was placed in a container and weighed. The
weight was 6N. The clay in its container was placed in an oven for 24
hours at 105C. The weight reduced to a constant value of 5N. The
weight of the container is 1N. If Gs=2.7, determine the (a) water content; (b)
void ratio; (c) bulk unit weight; (d) dry unit weight; and (e) effective unit
weight.
Soil Description
Based on particle size:
Particle size (mm)
0.002 0.006
0.02
0.06
0.2
0.6
20
60
Clay
Silt
Fine-grained soils
Sand
Gravel
Coarse-grained soils
Cobbles
Gravels
Borehole Records
MARINE DEPOSIT
Sandy silty CLAY
Grade V CDG
Sandy clayey SILT
200
63.0
75.0
19.0
26.5
37.5
4.75
6.70
9.50
13.2
2.36
1.18mm
150
212
300
425
600
75 m
90
90
Well-graded90
10
80
80
80
20
70
70
70
30
60
60
60
40
50
50
50
50
40
60
40
Gap-graded
40
30
30
30
70
20
20
20
80
10
10
10
Uniform
90
100
FINE
0.0001
0.001
SAND FRACTION
SILT FRACTION
CLAY FRACTION
0.002
MEDIUM
0.006
0.01
COARSE
0.02
0.06
GRAVEL FRACTION
COBBLES
FINE
0.1
MEDIUM
0.2
COARSE
0.6
1.0
FINE
2
MEDIUM
6
10
COARSE
20
60
100
200
PARTICLE SIZE - mm
MONASH UNIVERSITY Department of Civil Engineering - Geomechanics Laboratory
PERCENTAGE RETAINED
PERCENTAGE PASSAGE
100
100
Uniformity coefficient, CU
d 60
CU =
d10
60
Coefficient of curvature, CZ
30
CZ
10
0
(
d 30 )
=
d10
d30
d10 d 60
d60
2mm
10%
1.18mm
15%
0.6mm
15%
0.03mm
15%
0.15mm
15%
0.063mm
15%
90%
10%
100
50
50
3.35mm
?
100
0
Grain size (mm)
Stokes law
s w 2
d
v =
18
d = particle diameter
s = unit weight of soil particle
w = unit weight of the suspension fluid
= viscosity of the suspension fluid
Soil Plasticity
Fine-grained (<63m) soils tend to be more compressible. Volume
change is associated with the amount of voids in the soil (i.e. void
ratio or water content). It is therefore important to characterise the
water storage capacity of fine-grained soil.
Plasticity Index: Ip
Atterberg Limits:
Water
Content
W SL
W PL
Ip
W LL
Soil Plasticity
Total volume of soil
I P = wLL wPL
Activity (A):
Brittle soil
Plastic soil
wPL
Liquid
wLL
IP
A=
CC
Clay content (CC) = percentage by weight with
a particle size of < 2 m
( w wPL )
IL =
( wLL wPL )
Soil
Classification
What does CL
mean?
Soil Compaction
The characteristics of a soil under compaction is
reflected by Proctor compaction test.
By compacting a soil at different water
contents with a constant compaction
effort (input energy), the relationship
between soil density and water content
can be found.
Compaction Curve
Key information:
(i) Maximum dry density
(dmax)
(ii) Optimum moisture content
(wopt)
Relative Compaction (Rc):
d
Rc =
100%
d max
What if the hammer is made heavier?
Example 3
3. Cores of soil sample are extracted from the ground at a depth of about
2 m. The bulk density of the soil () is 2050 kg/m3, at an in-situ water
content of 19%. The average specific gravity (Gs) of the soil particles is
found to be 2.65. When the soil is used to carry out a standard Proctor
compaction test, the following results are obtained.
Water content, w (%)
12
15
18
21
24
(a) Find the in-situ void ratio (e) and degree of saturation (Sr) of the soil.
(b) Plot the compaction curve and deduce the optimum water content
(wopt) and the corresponding dry density (d)
(c) If the soil is used to construct an embankment at its natural water
content of 19%, discuss the characteristics of the soil in terms of
stiffness and the vulnerability to wetting collapse as compared to its
optimum state?
Reading assignment
Chapter 1 in textbook
1.1 The nature of soils
1.2 Particle size distribution
1.3 Plasticity of fine soils
1.4 Soil description and classification
1.5 Phase relationship
1.6 Soil compaction