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Christine Dharryl F. Leal, Carl Nicanor V. Lontoc, Kristine Anne A. Mabansag, Janick Briand E.
Mallare, Justin Shaquille C. Manipon
Group 6 2F Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory
ABSTRACT
Hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene, and toluene were classified by observing their solubility,
flammability, active unsaturation, aromaticity, and oxidation to their specific tests. The physical properties of the
compounds were in clear liquid form, colorless, and varied in odor. The compounds were flammable and the alkanes
produced a yellow flame when subjected to the H 2SO4 and ignition test respectively. Decolorization from violet to
brown was seen only in cyclohexene in the reaction with 2% KMnO4 solution in the Baeyer's test. As for the Bromine
test composed of the reaction with 0.5% Br2 in CCl4 reagent, there was no change in benzene and toluene, while
immediate decolorization occurred in cyclohexene. Benzene and toluene appeared to be aromatic in the aromaticity
nitration test because both produced a yellow oily layer. The test for basic oxidation composed of the reaction with 2%
KMnO4 and 10% NaOH showed that cyclohexene changed from violet to brown, making it oxidized. The other
compounds did not undergo any change.
INTRODUCTION
Hydrocarbons are carbon compounds that can
be assigned as aliphatic hydrocarbons or as
aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons
which are saturated are alkanes, and closedchain hydrocarbons are named as a cycloalkanes.
If unsaturated, they can be an alkene or
cycloalkene,
alkyne
or
cycloalkyne.
[3]
Hydrocarbons may be saturated when carbon is
bonded to four other atoms through single
covalent bonds, therefore creating the maximum
number of hydrogens in a compound due to the
absence of any substituent. Hydrogen atoms
usually occupy all available bonding positions
after the carbons have bonded to each other.
While, unsaturated hydrocarbons contain either
double or triple bonds. Alkenes as unsaturated
compounds are also called olefins and they form
oily liquids on reaction with halides like bromine
gas. [2] Hydrocarbons may also be aromatic
compounds. They follow Huckels Rule, their
structure is stabilized by resonance, and are all
cyclic. They undergo electrophilic substitution
reactions and nucleophilic aromatic substitutions.
[5]
In this experiment, different hydrocarbons
were to be tested according to their solubility,
flammability, active unsaturation, aromaticity,
and basic oxidation. Another objective was to
identify the different physical and chemical
properties of hydrocarbon compounds.
EXPERIMENTAL
A. Sample Used
Hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, cyclohexene,
benzene, and toluene were the hydrocarbon
compounds used in the experiment.
B. Procedure
1. Physical State, Color, Odor
The physical state and color of the compounds
were observed, and the odor was also sensed by
wafting or fanning the hands over the mouth of
the test tube.
3. Ignition Test
3 drops of the liquid sample was placed in a
small evaporating dish and lighted with a match.
The sample was observed if it was flammable or
not. The color of the flame was also observed.
6. Basic Oxidation
2% KMnO4 solution and 10% NaOH solution
with 8 and 3 drops respectively, were combined
to 4 drops of each hydrocarbon compound. The
mixture was warmed by a water bath for 2 mins.
Inference
D. Baeyers
Test
Bromine
Test
Inference
E. Test for
Aromatici
ty
Nitration
Inference
Condensed
Structural
Formula
A. Physical
state at
RT
Color
Odor
B. Solubility
in
concentr
ated
H2SO4
Heptane
CH3CH2CH2
CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2C
H2CH2CH
2CH2CH3
Clear liquid
Clear
liquid
Inference
C. Ignition
Test
Cyclohex
ane
Clear
liquid
Colorless
Colorless
Plastic
balloon
Chlorinelike
Alcohollike
Immiscible
Immiscib
le
Immiscibl
e
Flammable
No soot
saturate
d
saturated
Flammab
le
No soot
Flammabl
e
With soot
No
decoloriz
ation
No
decoloriza
tion
Positiveslow
Positiveslow
negative
Not
actively
unsaturate
d
Not
actively
unsatura
ted
Not
actively
unsaturat
ed
Clear oily
layer
Clear oily
layer
Clear oily
layer
Not
aromatic
Not
aromatic
Not
aromatic
No
decolorizat
ion
No
decoloriz
ation
Actively
saturate
d
No
decoloriza
tion
Cyclohex
e
Benzene
Toluene
Clear
liquid
Clear
liquid
Clear
liquid
Colorless
Colorless
Colorless
Gas-like
Gas-like
Rugby-like
Miscible
redbrown
mixture
immiscibl
e
immiscible
unsaturat
ed
unsaturat
ed
unsaturat
ed
Flammabl
e
Flammabl
e
Flammabl
e
With soot
With soot
With soot
Immediat
e
decoloriza
No
decoloriza
tion
No
decoloriza
tion
Actively
saturated
Actively
saturated
Condensed
Structural
Formula
A. Physical
state at
RT
Color
Colorless
saturated
Inference
of
Compounds Studied
Hexane
F. Basic
Oxidation
No
decolorizat
ion
Odor
B. Solubility
in
concentr
ated
H2SO4
Inference
C. Ignition
Test
Inference
D. Baeyers
Test
Bromine
Test
Inference
E. Test for
Aromatici
ty
Nitration
Inference
F. Basic
Oxidation
Inference
tion from
violet to
brown
Immediat
e
decoloriza
tion from
reddish
brown to
colorless
No
decoloriza
tion
No
decoloriza
tion
Actively
Unsaturat
ed
Not
Actively
Unsaturat
ed
Not
Actively
Unsaturat
ed
No color
change
Yellow
oily layer
Yellow oily
layer
Not
aromatic
Decoloriz
ation
from
violet to
brown
Actively
unsaturat
ed
R
C
HO
+ 2KMnO
+ 2CH
OH
4
3
C
R
(purple)
OH
C
R
R
+ 2MnO
+ 2KOCH
2
3
aromatic
aromatic
(brown)
No
decoloriza
tion
No
decoloriza
tion
Actively
saturated
Actively
saturated
3. Ignition Test
All of the compounds tested were flammable.
Thus, it can be inferred that all hydrocarbons are
combustible. The only difference seen was the
production of soot during the process. Only
hexane and heptanes did not have soot.
R
C
UV light
+
Br2
Br
R
R
C
(reddish brown)
R
Br
(colorless)
Figure
4.
Chemical
reaction
aromatic compounds in nitration
of
6. Basic Oxidation
This test was done by using an inorganic
chemical compound, KMnO4 which is a strong
oxidizing reagent. An oxidation reaction occurred
in this test. Furthermore, NaOH had been used to
test if precipitate was to be formed. From the
results, only cyclohexene produced a change
wherein it decolorized from violet to brown. That
occurrence perceived that it is the only oxidized
compound.
REFERENCES
[1]http://chemtech.org/cn/cn1105/experiments/
hydrocarbons.pdf
[2] http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchem
book/500hy drocarbons.html
[3] http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/aromatic
_com pound.aspx#0-1E1:aromatic-full
[4] http://homepages.ius.edu/dspurloc/c122/hy
d.htm
[5] http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/
organic/hydrocarbon.html
[6] http://sciencephoto.com/media/4388/enla
rge