Size Effect in Punching of RC Slabs

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ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 147-160 IAEME
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ISSN 0976 6316(Online)
Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 147-160
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SIZE EFFECT IN PUNCHING OF RC SLABS

Rizgar A. Agha
Faculty of Engineering-University of Sulaimani,
Kurdistan Region of Iarq
ABSTRACT
There appears to have been no review made of existing test data in which the size effect in
punching has been given any special consideration and the proposed paper seeks to fill this gap. Its
objectives are to set out the current state of knowledge on size effects and the parameters that
influence them by considering of experimental results of 87 reinforced concrete flat slabs without
shear reinforcement. These tests are carefully selected to form a large database, including specimens
with a significant variation of effective depth. These experimental results are compared with design
codes of EUROCODE 2, FIB Model 2010 and to the Critical Shear Crack Theory (CSCT) by
Muttoni et al. The comparison show that both EC2 and CSCT have good prediction to test results
while MC90 is rather underestimate the punching shear strength of thinner slab compared to EC2
particularly for reinforcement ratio less than 0.1% and this is due to ignoring the limit on the factor
of size effect beyond of 2.0.
Keywords: Slab; Size Effect; Punching Shear Strength; Flexural Reinforcement; Slab Rotation:
Compressive Strength
INTRODUCTION
Punching shear strength in reinforced concrete flat slabs is not entirely understood despite of
many theoretical methods that have been developed by researchers since last century. Theses
approaches are aiming in considering different parameters or in modifying of the existing parameters
from previous researchers. The parameters were considered are geometric dimensions, compressive
strength of concrete, flexural reinforcement, size effect, shear reinforcement, slab rotation and finally
aggregate type and diameter. However the current design of punching in flat slabs is according to the
recommendations by codes of practice and researchers are not purely theoretical but are semiempirical. So the main differences in the estimation of punching shear strength between codes and
other methods are due to different calculation approaches in considering these parameters. The
147
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
existence of size effects in the resistance of reinforced concrete has been recognised increasingly in
recent years. The effects are greatest in members without shear reinforcement and thus in slabs rather
than beams. Where slabs are supported by beams or walls the shear stresses are generally quite low,
so the main areas of concern are punching in flat slab floors and foundations and shear in slab
bridges.
Sherif and Dilger [1] reviewed CSA A23.3-94 and compared its prediction with test results
from literature. They concluded that CSA is unsafe for slabs with low flexural reinforcement ( < 1%) ,
they observed the decrease in shear capacity with increasing of slab thickness and a size effect factor
is necessary in the code only where d > 300mm . They proposed an equation which includes
reinforcement ratio and size effect but not the steel stress.
1300 ( N and mm) ........ (1)
v = 0.7 3 100 f c .
1000 + d
Gardner and Shao [2] reviewed the provisions of the ACI [3] , BS8110 [4] and CEB-FIP 1990
Model Code [5] and compared their predictions with tests results from literature. The both BS8110
and CEB-FIP Model Code include the size effect and flexural reinforcement parameters but ACI
does not. He found that they predict closer results due to the influence from these two parameters on
the shear strength capacity rather than ACI which does not include them. They observed that the
punching shear strength is approximately proportional to the cube root of the concrete strength,
reinforcement ratio and yield stress. But they cautioned that beneficial from high percentage of
reinforcement causes a more brittle behaviour. So, they added further factors into the expression for
evaluating the shear strength capacity which are size effect, reinforcement ratio and steel stress
vu =
Vu
= 0.79 1 + (200 / d ). 3 f y .3 f cm
bo d
(d / bo ) .. (2) (N and mm)
Where f cm is the mean concrete strength in MPa and bo is the perimeter of the loaded area.
Muttoni et al. [6] described the relationship between the punching shear strength in slab and
its rotation at failure in a critical shear crack theory (CSCT). They assumed that the shear strength of
members without shear reinforcement is governed by the width and roughness of an inclined shear
crack develops through the inclined compression strut carrying shear.
Elstner and Hognestad [7]observed that the situation in footings having a thicker slab than
roof slab are different in regards of span-to-depth ratio which is lower in the footings and the
moment to shear ratio is higher in the roof slabs. Other researchers believe that the soil structure
interaction in footing has its influence in estimating the shear strength. However, the codes of
practice do not distinguish between the punching shear strength in flat slab and footing in their
expressions for design engineers.
Collins and Kuchma [8] studied the size effect factor in beams, slabs and footings and
concluded that the shear strength capacity decreases as the depth of the member increases and the
maximum size of the used aggregate decreases. Also, they observed that the members with higher
strength concrete showed a more significant size effect and believe that this factor should be
considered in shear strength capacity. They recommends for a special study about size effect in slabs
and footings as they are thick and lightly reinforced.
Mitchell, Cook and Dilger [9] studied the size effect factor influence on punching shear
resistance according to the codes of the existing expressions in the codes of practice. They analysed
148
test results for slabs with thickness varied between 100 to 600 mm and concluded that the size effect
is significant where the punching shear stress decreases as the thickness of the slabs increases even
for the thickness less than 200mm.
Guandalini et al. [10] conducted a series of tests to investigate the punching behaviour in
slabs with low reinforcement ratios and without transverse reinforcement. They also studied results
from literature to conclude that the punching shear strength decreases with increasing slab thickness.
They found that for thick slabs with low reinforcement ratios the prediction by EC2 [11] is more
closer to test results than those by ACI and they explained the ignoring of the role of reinforcement
ratio and size effect factor. They compare the strength and rotation capacity predictions by CSCT
and found a good agreement for both prediction and particularly for slab PG-3
(6000x6000x500mm, d = 456mm and = 0.33% ) but it is unsafe by EC2.
Sacramento et al. [12] studied the parameters that influence the punching shear resistance in
flat slab without shear reinforcement. They considered 74 experimental results of flat slabs without
transverse reinforcement where a few of thick slabs of 275mm were included. Although, the study
does not concentrate on the influence of size effect, once there is not much experimental evidence in
this topic, but it includes a separate consideration of this factor through tests by Li [13] and
Birkle [14] only, they were used as a reference for the analyses regarding size effect. However, these
tests were taken out from the study and the reason might be these slabs are relatively small in plan, if
compared to their thickness and possibly influencing the failure surface and thus the failure load.
They concluded that the prediction by ACI although it is safe but underestimate the punching shear
resistance in flat slab by 37% and shows a high coefficient of variation if compared to EC2 and
CSCT. They explained the reason is not taking into account the influence of parameters such as the
flexural reinforcement and size effect and relied only on the compressive strength of concrete. They
plot a large numbers of tests from literature in a comparison of experimental results with those
obtained using recommendation of EC2 and CSCT. The comparisons show for both codes no results
are below the design strength but EC2 shows about 11% of unsafe results and for CSCT about 11%
of results are below the nominal strength as shown in figs below.
Urban et al. [15] verified the EC2 treatment on the dependence of punching shear stress on
the slenderness of the slab. They carried out the comparison between the prediction from EC2 and
test results from their own research of 9 slabs with thickness varied between 150mm-350mm and
results from Hallgren et al. [16] They concluded that the shear slenderness is important for the shear
capacity. However, the problems in having short span of tests could require some allowance for the
spacings of the reactions in most of the tests.
CODES OF PRACTICE AND CSCT BY MUTTONI [6]
The first code of practice to make any allowance for a size effect seems to have been the British
CP110 of 1972 [17] , in which the design shear stresses for slabs reduced by 17% in the range of
effective depths from 150 to 250 mm .
In Europe the 1978 CEB Model Code [18] introduced a depth factor k = 1.6 d 1.0 , where
d was the effective depth in m . In the 1990 model code (3) it was replaced by k = 1 + 200 / d , with
d in mm , which is used in the Eurocode (4) of 2004 with an upper limit k 2.0 . In the United States
ACI 318-11 [3] still has no depth factor, although its commentary does note that "Further information
has indicated that shear strength decreases as the overall depth of the member increases".
According to EC2 [11] characteristic punching resistances are given by
149
.... (4)
V Rk ,c = v Rk ,c u1 d v Rk max, c u 0 d
1/ 3
where v Rk ,c = 0.18k (100 1 . f ck ) , k = 1 + 200 / d 2.0 , v Rk ,max = 0.24(1 f ck / 250 ) f ck , u1 is

the
length of a perimeter constructed to obtain the minimum length without coming closer to a column
than 2d from it, u1 = 2(c1 + c 2 ) + 4 d for rectangular columns with side lengths , c1 and c 2 and
u1 = (c + 4d ) for a circular column of diameter c , 1 is the ratio of flexural tension reinforcement
determined as 1x 1 y calculated for the orthogonal directions of the reinforcement and for widths
equal to those of the column plus 3 d to either side. 0.02 for calculation purposes, d is the mean
effective depth of the reinforcement = (d x + d y ) / 2 , f ck is the characteristic cylinder compression
strength of the concrete ( f ck 90MPa ) and u 0 is the length of the perimeter of the column. This
definition ignores a minimum value given for v Rk ,c , which is of no practical significance for normal
reinforced concrete slabs.
The depth factors cited above are applied to different basic expressions for concrete shear
resistance, but can be compared by applying them to a reference resistance for a particular effective
depth. Fig.1 shows the ratios of shear capacities for other effective depths to the capacity when d =
200 mm plotted against the effective depth. An obvious feature of the figure is the way in which the
maximum depths up to which size effects are considered has increased with time. Something else to
be noted is EC2's introduction of a lower limit (200 mm) on the effective depth at which the size
factor continues to increase. The reason for the lower limit, which is within the range of practical
construction and larger than the effective depths of numerous test slabs, is unclear. It could possibly
be a precautionary measure taking account of the greater relative variability of effective depths in
thinner slabs. If the unit strength does in fact continue to increase with decreasing effective depth,
below 200 mm, comparisons of results of tests on shallower slabs with EC2 and its limit are likely to
be misleading.
Fig. (1) Parametric shear strength predictions for different slab thickness by some codes of practice
The expressions by MC90 are the same as EC2 except there is no limit on k = 1 + 200 / d in
its prediction.
The approach to punching used in the new fib model code 2010 [19] is based on the Critical
Shear Crack Theory of Muttoni et al. and is considerably more complicated than the existing codes.
In this approach there is no explicit expression for shear resistance, which instead is obtained by the
simultaneous solution of equations relating the resistance to the rotation of the slab and the rotation
150
to the applied load. The equations from which the code is derived by Muttoni in a form suitable for
the analysis of typical punching rests. The size effect on punching shear strength is considered and
expressed via d / (16 + d 0 ) depends on and the ratio of the maximum load to the slab's flexural
capacity. Muttoni states that the factor for the reduction of strength for size effect is not a function of
the slab thickness, but rather of span which is represented by radius of the isolated slab element. This
approach introduces new factors into the size effect - the size and type of the aggregate and the
strength of the concrete. In view of [6] it might be better to consider aggregate types more widely, as
aggregates such as granite and gravel generally give shear resistances superior to those obtained with
for example limestone. The basic CSCT equations are given in as
V =
0.75b0 d f c
(5)
1 + 15 d / 16 + d g
dE
VR =
1.5rs f y
2/3
(6)
V flex
fy
in ( N and mm) and MPa units , b0 is the length
2 fc
where V flex = 2 mr rs / (rq rc ) and mR = f y d 2
of a control perimeter d/2 from the column, is the rotation of the slab outside the critical shear
crack(in radians), d g is the maximum size of the aggregate, taken as zero for both high strength and
lightweight aggregate concretes, E s
is the modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement, here taken as
200 MPa , f y is the yield or 0.2% proof stress of reinforcement, V flex is the yield- line flexural
capacity of the slab as given by Eqn.(6), m R is the plastic moment of resistance at a yield line (
averaged for the length of the line) and all the radii rc , rq and rs are shown in Fig.2 for a circular
slab on a circular column. For rectangular columns with c1 and c 2 3d , rc is taken as
rc = (c1 + c 2 ) / . If the length of a side of a rectangular column is greater than 3d , a value of 3d is
substituted for it in calculating b0 and presumably also V flex . The final influence of size, expressed
via d / (16 + d g ) depends on and the ratio of the maximum load to the slab's flexural capacity.
This approach introduces new factors into the size effect - the size and type of the aggregate
and the strength of the concrete. In view of (8) it might be better to consider aggregate types more
widely, as aggregates such as granite and gravel generally give shear resistances superior to those
obtained with for example limestone.
DATA COLLECTION
It is very difficult in finding slab tests designed for size effect, except few test by Li[13] ,
Birkle et al.[14] and Urban et al.[15]. However, any experimental programme do the size effect
consideration would faces problems when focuses on changing the thickness of the slab and keeping
the other parameters constant such as compressive strength and flexural reinforcement. The later one
should be satisfying the require reinforcement for the particular volume of the slab and this affect the
slenderness of the slab. To carry out a reliable investigation on the influence of size effect on the
punching shear strength, it is necessary to collect reasonable results from literature where the
conditions of the factors that influence the punching shear strength in flat slabs are met and failed in
151
punching shear. To avoid unnecessary complicating factors the tests which are included are restricted
to those made with concentric shear around square or circular internal loads or supports. They are not
including lightweight concrete slabs or slabs with shear reinforcement and the maximum size of used
aggregates are known. Eighty nine slabs are selected in this study where the depth are between 64619 mm which includes 24 slabs with d>200mm.
The selected tests are from Refs. [20,21,16,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,13,10 ,29and 30] respectively: Kinnunen
et al (3 tests), Tolf (8 tests),Hallgren(7 tests), Marzouk and Hussein(12 tests), Rizk and Marzouk(3
tests),Rizk et al (4 tests),Birkle(3 tests),Moe(8 tests),Regan (20 tests),Lips et al.(5 tests),Li (6 tests),
Guandalini et al.(6 tests), Heinzman( 1 test) and Tomaszewics et al (3 tests). Therefore, the
parameters as shown in table (1) are shape of slabs (circular and square), thickness of slabs (64-619
mm),concrete compressive strength (9.0 to 108.8 MPa) and steel yield strength (328 to 720 MPa),
aggregate size (5-38mm) and types of gravel, crushed quartzite sandstone, sandstone, granite,
reinforcement ratio percentage (0.33-2.37), in addition to column types (circular and square).
It would be useful to explain some aspects and reasons for some of omitted tests from the
same series of test programme by the authors above as followings:
-According to the paper by Marzouk and Hussien, there are some problems in reporting the data as
slabs NS2, HS5 and HS6 all had effective depths of 150mm, while their effective depths were 12.0,
95.0 and 12.0mm respectively. Slabs HS8, HS9 and HS10 are also described as having h=150mm
and d=12.0mm. Making the obvious assumption that d should be 120mm in place of 12mm, the
details of the second group all make reasonable sense, but for the first three they do not .Various
people have used the tests in comparisons with rather varied data as in table (1)
Table (1) Varied data of d and %of slabs by Marzouk et al.

Slab
no.
Bulletin 12( )
Sacrament et
al.( )
Hallgren( )
Table above
Marzouk
et al( )
NS2
120
0.5
120
0.94
120
0.94
HS5
125
0.5
125
0.64
120
0.64
HS6
120
0.5
120
0.94
120
0.94
HS8
120
1.0
120
1.11
120
1.00
120
1.11
1.11
HS9
120
1.5
120
1.61
120
1.50
120
1.61
1.61
HS10
120
2.1
120
2.33
120
2.10
120
2.33
2.33
(a)- Bulletin 12 is fib Bulletin 12, Punching of concrete slabs. It seems to think (wrongly) that M10
means 10 and M15 is 15 . - "Hallgren's Thesis"
(b)-Hallgren was one of the authors of Bulletin 12, which may account for his d values.
152
(c)- Sacrament et al ignored the data and results for NS2,HS5 and HS6 as in case of some
difference in d between HS and HS6 it would not be enough to make first 0.64% and then 0.94%
for exactly the same reinforcement. On this base the Bulletin 12 version is not help in these tests. So
there are ignored in this study as well.
The details and calculation of reinforcements are shown in table (2).
Table (2) Summary of % of slabs by Sacrament et al.
Slab no.
Reinforcement
both ways
Calculation of
d = 120 mm, dx = 126mm, dy = 114mm
NS2
M10@125
0.944
= 0.63 x 0.84 = 0.53%
HS5
M10@125
0.90
= 0.63 x 0.84 = 0.53%
HS6
M10@125
0.944
= 0.63 x0.84 = 0.53%
HS8
M15@150
1.111
HS9
M15@100
1.611
= 1.56 x1.79 =1.67%
HS10
M15@71.4
2.333
= 2.19 x 2.509 = 2.34%
d = 120mm, dx = 128mm, dy = 112mm
= 1.04 x1.09 =1.11%
The first three columns are direct from the paper. The fourth is a result of calculations from
the first three and the assumption that d =120mm.
Note that the Canadian bar sizes are M10 bars have and M15 bars have and there is no inbetween size.
There are some omitted tests in these selections for various reasons:
-Slabs by Moe (S2/60,S3/60,S4/60, S3/70,S4/70 and S4A/70) and Regan (I/1,I/3 and I/5) are omitted
as they are with banded reinforcement.
-Moe's slab R1 is omitted as it is the only one test having a rectangular column in the whole series.
-slabs by Li K.K.L which cover a good range of slab depths in spite of having a very short span
particularly for the thicker slabs. The reason is to account for such cases in pad foundation which
often are small in their dimensions compared to other flat span and mat foundations.
-one slab by Heinzman et al.
-Slabs by Guandalini et al, in which slabs in a very low ratios of flexural reinforcement of 0.33%.
-slabs by Tomaszewicz are more designed to investigate the influence of high strength concrete on
punching shear resistance, but extra information on size effects is rather limited. The programme
includes three different slab thicknesses; therefore one of each group thickness is selected.
The summary and details of the selected specimens are shown in Table (3)
153
Table(3) Summary of Slabs from literature

Author
No.
of
test
Effective
depth of
slab
(mm )
Kinnunen
101-619
Tolf
Hallgren
Marzouk
RIZK
RIZK &Huss
Birkle
Moe
Regan
Lips
Li
Guandalini
Heinzman
Tomaszewics
7
12
3
4
3
6
20
5
6
6
1
3
Gravel
size
(mm )
Slab size
and type
Col.size
and type
(mm )
fy
fc
2
mm
2
mm
23.7-30.6
16-38
700-5820S
120-800C
0.51-0.55
622-720
98-200
16-32
1270-2540C
125-250C
0.34-0.81
657-720
22.9-28.6
194-202
70-120
205-255
262.5-312.5
124-260
114
64-200
193-353
100-500
96-456
350
88-275
20
20
20
20
14-20
9.5-38
5-20
16
20
16
32
16
2540C
1700C
1900-2650S
2650S
1000-1900S
1830S
1500-2745S
3000S
925-1975
1500-6000s
4100S
1500-3000S
250C
150-300S
250-400S
400S
250-350S
152-305S
54-2745S
130-520S
200-300S
130-520
294C
100-200s
0.33-1.19
0.84-2.37
0.52-0.66
0.50-1.58
1.10-1.54
1.06-1.52
0.75-1.52
1.5-1.63
0.76-0.98
0.33-1.5
1.20
1.49-1.84
596-634
490
400
460
488-531
328-482
464-628
583-709
433-488
520-577
575
500
84.1-108.8
42-80
40-76
40-76
30.5-35.1
20.8-26.6
9.0-42.8
31.9-36.5
39.4
27.6-34.7
35.5
`64.3-85.1
The calculation of the predictions by EC2,MC90 and CSCT are shown in Table(5) and the
comparisons of test results with the predictions by them are plotted for three cases of d where all
tests together and for d 200mm and d > 200mm . The plotting are formed in respect of the
1/ 3
normalized ratio of tests shear stress and k (100 f ck ) against depth of slabs and shown in Fig.
(5a-c and 6a-f) for EC2 and MC90, while regarding to CSCT the ratio of the applied load to
punching shear strength on the order axis and the depth in a function of rotation capacity and
corrected to aggregate size on the abscissa are considered. The prediction by EC2 showed better than
MC90 for slabs with d<200mm and for all slabs with a mean of 1.15 and 1.02 respectively above the
test results and coefficient of variation of 0.15 and 0.10 respectively but they are 0.13 and 0.12for
slabs with d>200mm. For all tests, the prediction by CSCT obtains the mean value and c.o.v. of
1.09and 0.12 respectively which are better than those by EC2 and MC90 as shown in Table (6). The
case of all slabs in Fig.5 (a-c) shows that for EC2, MC90 prediction, there are 21% and 19% of
results are below the nominal strength and no results below the design strength. But for results
obtained according to CSCT there is no result below nominal strength. Fig(5.a) shows that slabs of
HSC9(Hallgren), 10( Birkle) V1 and (Regan) are very close to the nominal strength. Hallgren
reported that all slabs are failed by punching but note that the ultimate rotation of HSC9 was 0.035
radians, i.e. more than that of any of the other bars and this is shown on Fig.(5.c) where the abscissa
is 0.158 and enough above the normal strength. Fig. (5d-f) shows the comparison between the
predictions by EC2, MC90 and CSCT with respect to the flexural reinforcement ratio. It is noted that
most of the punching failure occurred in those slab having high reinforcement ratio ( > 0.5) and
thinner slab with d 200mm . Regarding of thinner slab d < 200mm with ( > 0.5) the predictions
by EC2 are safer than MC90, the later is obviously safe for those with ( > 1.0) . The influence of
reduction factor in EC2 to be 2.0 for d 200mm is clear in achieving a conservative prediction
while ignoring an upper limit by MC90 causes in overestimating some slabs. The prediction by
CSCT shows a very good agreement with the experimental loads even for slabs with low
reinforcement ratio.
154
Author
Table (4) Comparison of test results to predictions by CSCT, EC2 and MC90
VTest
VTest
VTest
rs
V Rk ,c
V Rk ,c
VCSCT
Test
VTest
VCSCT
VEC 2
VMC 90
EC2
MC90
d
Kinnunen
Tolf
Hallgren
Marzouk
RIZK
RIZK &Huss
Birkle
Birkle
Moe
Regan
B2
C2
S1
S1.1
S1.2
S2.1
S2.2
S1.3
S1.4
S2.3
S2.4
HSC 0
HSC 1
HSC 2
HSC 4
HSC 6
N/HSC
8
HSC 9
NS 1
HS 2
HS 7
HS 3
HS 4
HS 8
HS 9
HS 10
HS 12
HS 13
HS 14
HS 15
NS 4
HS 4
HS6
HSS 1
HSS 3
NSS 1
HSS 4
1
7
10
H1
S1/60
S1/70
S5/60
R2
M1A
I/2
I/4
I/6
I/7
5.94
4.98
4.70
6.30
6.36
6.35
6.38
6.43
6.36
6.35
6.45
6.35
6.35
6.55
6.35
6.32
6.41
185
573
5378
216
194
603
600
145
148
489
444
965
1021
889
1041
960
944
192
635
5470
195
175
677
658
133
131
487
477
920
921
867
1080
852
915
141
547
4607
168
154
637
620
120
119
487
471
987
991
927
1132
963
986
169
547
4602
203
187
637
620
146
144
487
473
987
991
934
1132
962
989
0.96
0.90
0.98
1.11
1.11
0.89
0.91
1.09
1.13
1.00
0.93
1.05
1.11
1.03
0.96
1.13
1.03
1.32
1.05
1.17
1.28
1.26
0.95
0.97
1.20
1.24
1.00
0.94
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.92
1.00
0.96
1.09
1.05
1.17
1.06
1.04
0.95
0.97
0.99
1.03
1.00
0.94
0.98
1.03
0.95
0.92
1.00
0.95
6.29
8.95
8.95
8.95
8.95
9.44
7.08
7.08
7.08
12.14
12.14
8.95
8.95
4.63
4.63
5.20
4.95
5.05
4.24
4.24
9.68
8.95
8.08
8.03
8.03
8.03
8.03
8.03
8.03
12.99
12.99
12.66
12.66
565
320
249
356
356
418
436
543
645
258
267
498
560
882
1023
1722
1722
2090
2234
2513
483
825
1046
371
389
392
378
311
433
176
194
165
186
601
268
254
298
317
333
420
490
567
200
213
380
445
777
888
1240
1392
2080
2250
2756
423
774
1190
368
351
362
319
248
417
156
155
132
149
731
243
238
272
286
285
386
447
493
180
191
335
385
780
915
1414
1492
2004
2299
2632
423
843
1318
312
292
297
267
261
344
146
149
127
145
729
297
292
334
350
355
442
512
565
243
257
410
472
780
915
1414
1495
1955
2225
2547
480
854
1316
362
340
345
310
303
400
191
195
165
188
0.94
1.19
0.98
1.19
1.12
1.26
1.04
1.11
1.14
1.29
1.25
1.31
1.26
1.14
1.15
1.39
1.24
1.00
0.99
0.91
1.14
1.07
0.88
1.01
1.11
1.08
1.18
1.26
1.04
1.13
1.25
1.25
1.25
0.77
1.32
1.05
1.31
1.25
1.47
1.13
1.21
1.31
1.43
1.40
1.49
1.46
1.13
1.12
1.22
1.15
1.04
0.97
0.95
1.14
0.98
0.79
1.19
1.33
1.32
1.42
1.19
1.26
1.20
1.30
1.30
1.28
0.78
1.08
0.85
1.07
1.02
1.18
0.99
1.06
1.14
1.06
1.04
1.21
1.19
1.13
1.12
1.22
1.15
1.07
1.00
0.99
1.01
0.97
0.79
1.02
1.15
1.13
1.22
1.03
1.08
0.92
1.00
1.00
0.99
155
Lips
Heinzman
Guandalini
Li
Tomaszewicz
II/1
II/2
II/3
II/4
II/5
II/6
III/1
III/2
III/3
III/4
III/5
III/6
V/1
V/2
V/3
V/4
PL1
PL2
PL3
PL4
PL5
S1
PG1
PG3
PG6
PG7
PG10
PG11
P100
P150
P200
P300
P400
P500
ND651-1
ND652-1
ND953-1
7.49
7.66
7.66
7.66
7.66
7.66
7.89
7.89
7.89
8.06
8.06
8.06
6.78
6.78
6.78
6.78
7.77
7.14
7.61
5.62
4.25
6.00
7.14
6.58
7.83
7.52
7.14
7.14
4.63
3.97
3.63
3.29
2.47
1.98
5.45
825
390
365
117
105
105
197
123
214
154
214
248
170
280
265
285
682
974
1324
1625
2491
1710
1023
2153
238
241
540
763
330
583
904
1381
2224
2681
2050
715
316
295
92
87
84
186
134
220
150
220
270
198
282
238
237
683
941
1184
1500
2286
2045
830
1720
227
193
452
673
358
624
872
1532
2610
3392
1740
770
310
313
78
78
80
150
93
176
113
185
220
142
253
229
246
746
1019
1249
1569
2501
2053
949
2345
222
189
550
746
250
476
762
1390
2373
3409
1783
770
349
353
107
108
110
183
136
216
142
229
272
178
291
264
283
802
1017
1254
1569
2501
2053
949
2345
272
228
579
786
302
512
762
1390
2373
3409
1783
1.15
1.23
1.24
1.27
1.21
1.25
1.06
0.92
0.97
1.03
0.97
0.92
0.86
0.99
1.11
1.20
1.00
1.04
1.12
1.08
1.09
0.84
1.23
1.25
1.05
1.25
1.19
1.13
0.92
0.93
1.04
0.90
0.85
0.79
1.18
1.07
1.26
1.16
1.51
1.34
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.21
1.36
1.15
1.13
1.20
1.11
1.15
1.16
0.91
0.96
1.06
1.04
1.00
0.83
1.08
0.92
1.07
1.27
0.98
1.02
1.32
1.23
1.19
0.99
0.94
0.79
1.15
1.07
1.12
1.04
1.09
0.97
0.95
1.07
0.90
0.99
1.08
0.94
0.91
0.96
0.96
1.00
1.01
0.85
0.96
1.06
1.04
1.00
0.83
1.08
0.92
0.88
1.05
0.93
0.97
1.09
1.14
1.19
0.99
0.94
0.79
1.15
6.50
1200
1035
1112
1112
1.16
1.08
1.08
8.52
330
291
257
322
1.13
1.29
1.03
Table (5) Summary of Comparison of test results to predictions by CSCT, EC2 and MC90
Test parameters
Tests with d<200mm
Tests with d>200mm
All tests
Tests with d>200mm without tests by Li
Statistical
values
VTest
VCSCT
VTest
VEC 2
VTest
VMC 90
Mean
STD
C.O.V
Mean
STD
C.O.V
Mean
STD
C.O.V
Mean
STD
C.O.V
1.10
0.12
0.11
1.05
0.16
0.15
1.09
0.13
0.12
1.08
0.14
0.13
1.19
0.16
0.14
1.00
0.13
0.13
1.15
0.17
0.15
1.01
0.12
0.12
1.03
0.08
0.08
1.00
0.12
0.12
1.02
0.10
0.10
1.02
0.12
0.12
156
0.36
0.36
0.30
0.30
v
1/ 3
k (100 f ck )
k (100 f ck )
1/ 3
0.24
0.18
0.12
0.24
0.18
0.12
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
100
200
300
400
d (mm )
d (mm )
(a) EC2
(b) MC90
1.75
500
700
0.40
-
0 .5
0 .5 < 1 .0
> 1 .0
1.50
0.30
1.25
Vtest / VCSCT
600
V
bo d f ck
1.00
0.75
0.50
.d
d go + d g
0.25
0.00
0.000
0.20
0.10
VEC 2
bo d f ck
0.00
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
d (mm )
(c) CSCT
(d) EC2
0.40
0.40
0.30
0 .5
0 .5 < 1 .0
- > 1 .0
-
0.30
0.20
0.20
V
bo d f ck
V
bo d f ck
0 .5
0 .5 < 1 .0
> 1 .0
0.10
VMC 90
bo d f ck
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
VCSCT
bo d f ck
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
.d
d go + d g
700
d (mm )
0.25
0.30
0.36
0.30
0.30
1/ 3
0.36
0.24
0.18
0.12
k (100 f ck )
k (100 f ck )
1/ 3
(f) CSCT
(e) MC90
Fig (2) Comparisons between the test results from literature and predictions by EC2, MC90 and
CSCT for all size and (d), (e) and (f) with respect of flexural reinforcement ratio
0.24
0.18
0.12
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.00
50
100
150
200
250
50
100
150
d (mm )
d (mm )
(a) EC2
(b) MC90
157
200
250
0.30
1.75
1.50
0.24
v
1/ 3
k (100 f ck )
Vtest / VCSCT
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
.d
d go + d g
0.25
0.00
0.000
0.18
0.12
0.06
0.00
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
d (mm )
(c) CSCT
(d) EC2
1.75
0.30
1.50
0.24
Vtest / VCSCT
v
1/ 3
k (100 f ck )
1.25
0.18
0.12
1.00
0.75
0.50
.d
d go + d g
0.06
0.25
0.00
0.000
0.00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
d (mm )
(f) CSCT
(e) MC90
Fig(3) Comparisons between the test results from literature and predictions by EC2, MC90 and
CSCT (a),(b) and (c) for d 200mm and (d) , (e) and (f) for d > 200mm
CONCLUSION
Analysis on the influence of size effect on punching shear slab strength has been carried out.
The available test results from literature are useful to consider most of the other parameters affecting
the shear strength. The predictions by EC2, MC90 and CSCT are evaluated on the base of test results
and the following conclusions are obtained:
1-The available tests showed the differences between the approaches by codes of practice of EC2
and MC90 and the critical shear crack theory by Muttoni. In respect to the influence of size effect
and their upper limits for depth below 200mm. The predictions by EC2 and CSCT showed the better
correlation than MC90 although CSCT showed better.
2-CSCT showed a good prediction for slabs with lower reinforcement ratio for thin and thick slabs,
while EC2 and MC90 predict overestimated shear strengths for thick slab except one case with
d=267.5mm.
3-Predictions by CSCT are all above the nominal shear strength, while for EC2 and MC90 there are
about21% and 19% respectively of results can not achieve the nominal shear strength. This
recommends for lowering the factor of 0.18 for 0.15 or 0.16.
4-The upper limit of size effect factor to be 2.0 in EC2 gives the code a better evaluation than
ignoring it by MC90 which overestimate the thinner slabs clearly.
5-It is understood that the main reason of the size effect on the shear capacity is increasing of the
width of the diagonal cracks as the aggregate interlock damaged. Further investigation is required to
show the influence from the aggregate size in enhancing the aggregate interlock.
158
6-It would be a good idea to include something about size effects on the shear resistance of one-way
spanning slabs and beams without shear reinforcement as there have been far more test series in this
area with much greater ranges of depths.
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SIZE EFFECT IN PUNCHING OF RC SLABS

(d / bo ) .. (2) (N and mm)

where v Rk ,c = 0.18k (100 1 . f ck ) , k = 1 + 200 / d 2.0 , v Rk ,max = 0.24(1 f ck / 250 ) f ck , u1 is

where V flex = 2 mr rs / (rq rc ) and mR = f y d 2

is the modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement, here taken as

Table (1) Varied data of d and %of slabs by Marzouk et al.

Table (2) Summary of % of slabs by Sacrament et al.

d = 120 mm, dx = 126mm, dy = 114mm

= 0.63 x 0.84 = 0.53%

= 0.63 x0.84 = 0.53%

= 1.56 x1.79 =1.67%

= 2.19 x 2.509 = 2.34%

d = 120mm, dx = 128mm, dy = 112mm

= 1.04 x1.09 =1.11%

Table(3) Summary of Slabs from literature

Tests with d>200mm

Tests with d>200mm without tests by Li

strength of rectangular slabs), Meddlande nr 137, Institutionen for Byggnadsstatik,KTH

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