Topicl0: Electromagnetism

MaPnetic fields due to currents

When viewed from the bottom:

lons straisht conductins wire Flat circular coil

Solenoid

Note that direction of B-field is always out of North and into South -exceptwithin a bar magnet /
solenoid. Within a bar magnet / solenoid, the direction ofthe B-field is from South to North!

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Force on a current-carrying conductor

Any current-carrying conductor which is placed in a magnetic field will experience a force as
long as the current direction is not parallel to the field dirCclion.
Examples:

r&

Direction of torce can be determined by Fleminq's Left Hand Rule

Magnitude offorce can be determined by equation:

Note: To determine 8"!, you have to resolve the B field into 2 components (tf djrection of B is
not already perpendicular to the conductor):
(1) along the conductor, and
12) perpendicularto the conductor-this is the 8,we want.

gcss!!-qab.!!e

To maintain the equilibrium of the wire frame, the P.inciples of Moments should be applied
to determine the unknown quantity.

Sum ofanticlockwise moments = Som of clockwise moments (about pivot at Xy)

F><\=n's:t2

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Force adine on a charge movinq in a masnetic field

Step 1: Determine the current due to the motion ofthe charge

. if charge is positive, current is ln direction of motion;
. if charge is negative, current is in direction opposite to that of motion

!!Cp.Z: Using Fleming's Left Hand Rule to determine the direction ofthe force acting on the
charge. {Maenitude ofthe force can be found using Fs : 6qu)

'.4.
.

Step 3: ll you are asked to sketch the subsequent movement of the charges, note that as long
as it remains within the uniform magnetic field, it will move in a circular oath.
Direction of circular path is between directions of FB and v.

Force between 2 current-carving conductors

Currents in same direction Currents in opoosite directions

. wires experience . wires experience repulsion

attraction towards from each other
each other
3lPase
lf the scenario is such that the B-fields or 2 or more current-carrving conductors act on another
current-carrying conductor, you willhave to:
(1) considerthe resultant B field at the site ofthe conductoryou are interested in;
(2) then use Fleming's Left Hand Rule-

Note: the B-field due to the conductor you're interested in should not be qq!5idered,

B-field due to Z
ExamBle

Resultant 8-field at X

B-fi€ld due toY

,' Resultant force on X

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Force by Z on X

Y& @

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