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Course outline (1/4)

The OSI architecture
Network addressing fundamentals

OSI and TCP/IP models and relationship

IP address format
IP address classes
Public vs Private addresses

IP subnetting
Transport layer protocols

TCP and UDP basics

Understanding port numbers
Socket based communication
TCP connection establishment and termination
TCP Bulk data flow
TCP Interactive data flow
UDP

Course outline (2/4)

Routing protocols
Why routing?
Routing in wired networks
Using static routing
Dynamic routing using RIP
Distance vector vs link state routing

Routing in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs)

Proactive routing protocols

Reactive routing protocols
Hierarchal routing protocols
Location based routing protocols

Network performance and role of routing protocols

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Course outline (3/4)

Data Link layer

ARP protocol
RARP protocol
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
The IEEE 802.11 family of standards specification for Medium Access
Control (MAC) and the Physical (PHY) layer for WLANs
Basic MAC architecture
Coordination Functions
The Distributed Coordination Function
Point Coordination Function
Hybrid Coordination Function

Quality of Service parameters at MAC sub-layer

Power Management Policies

Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), IEEE 802.15

Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs), IEEE 802.16
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Course outline (4/4)

Special topics
Research methodologies
Presentations on special topics (student may
choose from a wide range of topics Individual
basis) 12 to 16th December 2011

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Laboratory exercises
The laboratory exercises will require the use of a network simulation
software, OPNET, and a Cisco IOS emulator called NetSim.
Introduction to Cisco IOS
Switches: introduction, configuration, and security.
VLANs, introduction, configuration.
Router configuration, exercises for implementing static, dynamic
routing in wired networks.
Subnetting exercises using the IOS and different network architectures
Variable length subnet masks
Access lists, introduction, configuration.
Lab exercises using OPNET*.
* If we are successful in getting a license.

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List of Laboratory Exercises

Introduction to Network Simulators

Network traffic patterns and generation parameters
Network traffic generation using Application and Profile configuration
IPv4 header fields manipulation the Traceroute application
Analysis of the State Transition Diagram of the Transmission Control Protocol using Wireshark
packet analyzer
Modelling and Analysis of an Ethernet-LAN using OPNET
Working with the operating system of Switches and Routers Spanning Tree Protocol
Wide Area Network Modelling
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) Basic Service Set setup and basic configuration
WLANs Station mobility configuration and performance analysis
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) performance analysis
Routing Protocols for MANETs Reactive routing protocols AdHoc On-Demand Distance
Vector (AODV) exercise
Routing Protocols for MANETs Proactive routing protocols Destination Sequence Distance
Vector (DSDV) exercises
Process Modelling - Basics
Process Modelling Advance exercises
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Books/Reference material
Data and Computer Communications (William Stallings)
Computer Networking A top-down approach featuring
the Internet (James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross)
TCP/IP Illustrated Volume -1 (Richard Stevens)
IEEE 802.11 Standard specifications
OPNET documentation available at www.opnet.com

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Grading Policy
The following grading policy will be used
Quizzes
Assignments
Midterm
Final

15%
10%
25%
50%

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Some precautions

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Lecture-1

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Some of the graphics used in this lecture are courtesy of Wendell Odom

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Layered architecture (OSI and TCP/IP)

When we communicate on networks, there is a multitude of tasks that have to be

performed: for instance:
Representing the data (voice, video, text) in the required format, presentable
over the networks
Creating rules of engagement with other entities
Ensuring reliable delivery to the other end
Finding the right entity on a network of millions of entities
Reaching the right entity thousands of miles away within given delay
constraints
Network access heterogeneity
End to end security - data encryption
Access security authentication rules

There are separate rules in place for performing these tasks (in the form of
network protocols).
These set of rules change when either the access network, the backbone
network or the form of application data changes.
So do we have to change everything altogether to accommodate an
update/change?
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Consider the simple process of requesting a home-page from a web server:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

HTTP
HTML, SQL scripts, PHP
TCP connection
IP address from domain name (DNS)
Routing from source to destination

6. Mapping IP to MAC address (ARP and then RARP at

the other end)
7. Forming MAC/Data Link frames, specific to access
network and then ripping them apart
8. Physical transmission
9. Authentication at various levels, security of
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transmission, etc, etc.

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Simplifying the mess

The idea of grouping the long list of tasks into different layers was
coined for:
Simplicity
Layer to layer abstraction
Providing independence to developers at various layers (Modular
engineering)
So, now we can group the tasks into independent layers:
Network application design, data representation and formatting
End to end delivery of data between peers
Addressing, finding end to end peers
Local (first hop) dealing, addressing, error detection, framing/grouping
Physical transmission
However, grouping tasks into layers without a standard was not a viable
option and the result is:
Vendor interoperability issues
Conflicts in developments
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The Open Systems Interconnections

(OSI)networking model
The International Standardization Organization (ISO)
developed the OSI model to standardize the protocol
development.
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6
5
4
3
2
1
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OSI layers and their functions

Application Layer: serves as an interface between the rest of the protocol
stack and network applications.
Presentation Layer: defines and negotiates presentation format of data
exchanged over the network, e.g. HTML. Compression and encryption is
also defined by the OSI as a presentation layer service.
Session Layer: Its job is to facilitate in starting, controlling and ending
communication sessions over a network.
Transport Layer: provides several significant services mainly related with
end to end transport to data across a network, error recovery and flow
control.
Network Layer: defines three main features: (1) Logical addressing of
nodes in a network, routing (forwarding function) and route discovery.
Logical (Internet Protocol IP) address identifies a device in an IP based
network, route discovery function selects best routes out of multiple
available routes which is used by a forwarding function.
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OSI layers and their functions

Data link Layer: serves for controlling, monitoring the exchange of data
(frames) over a medium. Error detection, framing (dividing into right sized
chunks) and medium access regulation are some of the key functions
assigned to protocols that reside at this layer.
Physical Layer: defines the characteristics that a transmitter and receiver
should have to communicate on a physical/wireless medium. Modulation
schemes, connectors, multiplexing etc, are dealt at this layer.

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OSI encapsulation concepts

As we will see that TCP/IP gives a separate name to data according to the
level (layer) for instance it is called segment, packet and frame at
Transport, Network and Data link layers respectively.
OSI naming is different, rather more generic; called protocol data unit
(PDU).
A layer x PDU consists of encapsulated data, header and trailer attached
at layer x.
For instance, an MSDU received at MAC sublayer of IEEE 802.11, becomes
a MAC PDU (MPDU) after MAC headers are attached and later on
becomes a PHY PDU (PPDU) at the PHY.

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TCP/IP Networking model a touch of

history
Like many successful projects, the roots of TCP/IP networking
model trace back to U.S. DoD project.
It was backed by a number of researchers (free lance) from a
number of universities.
Around the late 80s there were several proprietary
networking models, the OSI and TCP/IP to compete.
The slow standardization process of OSI, idealistic approaches
slowed down its success compared to the very prolific TCP/IP
model.
OSI is used a reference model, TCP/IP as a practical model.

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TCP/IP Networking model

Segment
Packet
Frame

The protocols in the TCP/IP suite are defined in documents called Requests
for Comments (RFCs).
By implementing a protocol x defined in a certain RFC, a network-station
can confidently communicate with a peer on a network without considering
interoperability issues.
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