CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT DRAWING

General Learning Obtectives

1. Having general knowledge of the engineering drawing, the purposes and types
of drawing that are used in aeronautics engineering.
Specific Learning Objectives
1. To explain the purposes of engineering drawing and its current technology
2. To explain about the authority of engineering drawing and its organization
3. To have knowledge in types of drawing generally that is used in aeronautical
engineering discipline.

1.1 The Purposes of The Drawing

From the early days of aviation, development of aircraft, aircraft engines, and
other components relied heavily on aircraft drawings. For most of the 20th
century, drawings were created on a drawing board with pen or pencil and
paper. However, with the introduction and advancement of computers in the
later decades of the 20th century, the way drawings are created changed
dramatically. Computers were used not only to create drawings, but they were
being used to show items in virtual reality, from any possible viewing angle.
Further development saw computer software programs with the capability of
assembling separately created parts to check for proper fit and possible
interferences. Additionally, with nearly instantaneous information sharing
capability through computer networking and the Internet, it became much easier
for designers to share their work with other designers and manufacturers
virtually anytime, anywhere in the world. Using new computer controlled
manufacturing techniques, it literally became possible to design a part and have
it precisely manufactured without ever having it shown on paper. New terms and
acronyms became commonplace. The more common of these terms are:

Computer Graphics drawing with the use of a computer,

Computer Aided Design Drafting (CADD) where a computer is used

in the design and drafting process,

Computer Aided Design (CAD) where a computer is used in the

design of a product,

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) where a computer is used in

the manufacturing of a product, and

Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) where a computer is used in the

engineering of a product.
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As computer hardware and software continue to evolve, there continues to be a

greater amount of CAE done in less time at lower cost. In addition to product
design, some of the other uses of CAE are product analysis, assembly,
simulations and maintenance information. [Figure 1.1]

Figure 1.1

Computer graphics work station.

The purpose of an engineering drawing is to record and convey the designer's

requirements The drawing must therefore, include sufficient information to
enable production planning, manufacture, assembly, testing and inspection of
the particular component or assembly to be carried out. So that there can be no
misinterpretation of drawings, it is essential that both the person preparing the
drawing and the person using the drawing should have a knowledge of the
terms, symbols, abbreviations, and methods of presentation.
Drawings and prints are the link between the engineers who design an aircraft
and the workers who build, maintain, and repair it. A print may be a copy of a
working drawing for an aircraft part or group of parts, or for a design of a
system or group of systems. They are made by placing a tracing of the drawing
over a sheet of chemically treated paper and exposing it to a strong light for a
short period of time. When the exposed paper is developed, it turns blue where
the light has penetrated the transparent tracing. The inked lines of the tracing,
having blocked out the light, show as white lines on a blue background. Other
types of sensitized paper have been developed; prints may have a white
background with colored lines or a colored background with white lines.
Drawings created using computers may be viewed as they appear on the
computer monitor, or they may be printed out in hard copy by use of an ink jet
or laser printer. Larger drawings may be printed by use of a plotter or large
format printer. Large printers can print drawings up to 42 inches high with
widths up to 600 inches by use of continuous roll paper. [Figure 1.2]

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Figure 1.2

Large format printer.

This course gives general guidance on the various aspects of engineering

drawings and should be considered in conjunction with any special methods
used by the design office responsible for a particular drawing. This chapter is
not intended as a standard for drawing offices, but should be regarded as a
general guide to drawing procedures and interpretation.

1.2 The Authority of the Drawing

Civil aircraft manufactured in the United Kingdom are manufactured from parts
and components which have been manufactured to approved drawings. Design
drawings and associated documents are normally produced by an organisation
which has been approved by EASA or the Civil Aviation Authority, in
accordance with European Union Commission Regulation 170212003 or British
Civil Airworthiness Requirements (BCAR), as appropriate.
The requirements prescribe that all calculations on which the airworthiness of an
aircraft depends, must be independently checked. Thus the design drawing itself
is subject to a system of inspection, as are the parts produced to its requirements.
Drawings are used by Purchasing Departments, Production Engineers, Planners,
Inspectors, and personnel engaged on the manufacture and assembly of
components. A drawing must therefore, contain all the necessary dimensions,
limits of accuracy, classes of fit, material specifications and any other
information likely to be required by any of the departments concerned, so that
the user can carry out their respective responsibilities without reference back to
the Design Department.
Any deviation from the approved drawings or associated documents during
manufacture, must be approved by EASA or the CAA, as appropriate. During
overhaul, modification, maintenance and repair, the Approved Organisation, or
the appropriately licensed engineer, must ensure that all replacement parts, or
repairs carried out, are in accordance with the approved drawings and associated
documents.

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1.3 General Types of Drawing

Four types of drawings are recommended;

Single-part (unique parts or assemblies),

Collective (parts or assemblies of essentially similar shape, but of

different dimensions),

combined (a complete assembly including all individual parts on a single

drawing), and

constructional (an assembly drawing with sufficient dimensional and

other information to describe the component parts of a manufacture).

A complete set of drawings for an aircraft and any documents or specifications

referenced on the drawings, present a complete record of the information
required to manufacture and assemble that aircraft. They also form part of the
inspection records. The manner in which a set of aircraft drawings is arranged,
enables any particular component, dimension, procedure or operation, to be
traced.
A main 'general arrangement' drawing of the aircraft and 'general arrangement'
drawings of the main assemblies and systems are provided. These drawings
usually contain overall profile particulars only, with locations and references of
the associated main assembly and installation drawings; they also provide a
guide to the identification of drawing groups used by the particular design
organisation.
Main assembly drawings may also contain profile particulars only, but will
include the information required for the assembly of individual parts of subassemblies. The sequence of assembly is given where appropriate, but the
information contained in single part or subassembly drawings, is not repeated.
Parts as such are referenced, but in the case of subassemblies, only the subassembly will be referenced and not its individual parts.
Installation drawings are issued to clarify the details of extemal dimensions and
attitudes of components, locations, adjustments, clearances, settings,
connections, adaptors, and locking methods between components and
assemblies.
Sub-assembly drawings are issued to convey specific information on the
assembly of component parts. When the method of assembly entails welding, or
a similar process, the drawing will include details of any heat treatment or anticorrosive treatment that may be necessary. Sub-assembly drawings are
sometimes issued in connection with spares
provisioning and also in cases where assembly would be difficult without special
tools, jigs or techniques.
Drawings of individual parts contain all the information necessary to enable the
parts to be manufactured to design requirements. The material specification,
dimensions and tolerances, machining details and surface finish, and any
treatment required, will all be specified on the drawings

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1.3.1

Detail Drawing
A detail drawing is a description of a single part, describing by lines, notes, and
symbols the specifications for size, shape, material, and methods of manufacture
to be used in making the part. Detail drawings are usually rather simple; and,
when single parts are small, several detail drawings may be shown on the same
sheet or print. (See Figure 1.3)

Figure 1.3

1.3.2

Detail drawing

Assembly Drawing
An assembly drawing is a description of an object made up of two or more parts.
Examine the assembly drawing Figure 1.4. It describes the object by stating, in a
general way, size and shape. Its primary purpose is to show the relationship of
the various parts. An assembly drawing is usually more complex than a detail
drawing, and is often accompanied by detail drawings of various parts.

Figure 1.4

Assembly Drawing

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1.3.3

Installation Drawing
An installation drawing is one which includes all necessary information for a
part or an assembly in the final installed position in the aircraft. It shows the
dimensions necessary for the location of specific parts with relation to the other
parts and reference dimensions that are helpful in later work in the shop. (See
Figure 1.5)

Figure 1.5

Installation Drawing

1.4 Diagrams
A diagram may be defined as a graphic representation of an assembly or system,
indicating the various parts and expressing the methods or principles of
operation.
There are many types of diagrams; however, those with which the aviation
mechanic will be concerned during the performance of his or her job may be
grouped into four classes or types: (1) installation, (2) schematic, (3) block, (4)
wiring, and (5) Component location diagrams
1.4.1

Installation Diagram
Figure 1.6 is an example of an installation diagram. This is a diagram of the
installation of the flight guidance control components of an aircraft. It identifies
each of the components in the systems and shows their location in the aircraft.
Each number (1, 2, 3, and 4) on the detail shows the location of the individual
flight guidance system components within the cockpit of the aircraft. Installation
diagrams are used extensively in aircraft maintenance and repair manuals, and
are invaluable in identifying and locating components and understanding the
operation of various systems.

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Figure 1.6

1.4.2

Example of installation diagram (flight guidance

components).

Schematic Diagram
Schematic diagrams do not indicate the location of individual components in the
aircraft, but locate components with respect to each other within the system.
Figure 2-19 illustrates a schematic diagram of an aircraft hydraulic system. The
hydraulic pressure gauge is not necessarily located above the landing gear
selector valve in the aircraft. It is, however, connected to the pressure line that
leads to the selector valve.
Schematic diagrams of this type are used mainly in troubleshooting. Note that
each line is coded for ease of reading and tracing the flow. Each component is
identified by name, and its location within the system can be ascertained by
noting the lines that lead into and out of the unit.
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Schematic diagrams and installation diagrams are used extensively in aircraft

manuals.

Figure 1.7

Aircraft hydraulic system schematic.

Coloured diagrams generally are not used in maintenance manuals, but a system
of hatching and shading is normally used to indicate how the system functions.
Another typical schematic diagram (refer to Figure 1.8), is used to give an
overview of the complete aircraft system so that maintenance and diagnosis can
be initiated.

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Figure 1.8

1.4.3

A typical schematic diagram.

Block Diagram
Block diagrams [Figure 1.9] are used to show a simplified relationship of a more
complex system of components. Individual components are drawn as a rectangle
(block) with lines connecting it to other components (blocks) that it interfaces
with during operation.

Figure 1.9

1.4.4

Block Diagram

Wiring Diagram
Wiring diagrams [Figure 1.10] show the electrical wiring and circuitry, coded
for identification, of all the electrical appliances and devices used on aircraft.
These diagrams, even for relatively simple circuits, can be quite complicated.
For technicians involved with electrical repairs and installations, a thorough
knowledge of wiring diagrams and electrical schematics is essential.
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Figure 1.10

1.4.5

Wiring diagram.

Component Location Diagrams

In a Component Location Diagram (refer to Figure 1.11), components, within a
specific system, are shown as they actually appear, and not as symbols or as
"cut-aways".
This simplifies understanding of the overall system operation.

Figure 1.11

A typical component location diagram.

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1.5 Flowcharts
Flowcharts are used to illustrate a particular sequence, or flow of events.
1.5.1

Troubleshooting Flowchart
Troubleshooting flowcharts are frequently used for the detection of faulty
components. They often consist of a series of yes or no questions. If the answer
to a question is yes, one course of action is followed. If the answer is no, a
different course of action is followed. In this simple manner, a logical solution to
a particular problem may be achieved. Another type of flowchart, developed
specifically for analysis of digitally controlled components and systems, is the
logic flowchart.

Figure 1.12

1.5.2

A typical troubleshooting flowchart.

Logic Flowchart
A logic flowchart [Figure 1.13] uses standardized symbols to indicate specific
types of logic gates and their relationship to other digital devices in a system.
Since digital systems make use of binary mathematics consisting of 1s and 0s,
voltage or no voltage, a light pulse or no light pulse, and so forth, logic
flowcharts consist of individual components that take an input and provide an
output which is either the same as the input or opposite. By analyzing the input
or multiple inputs, it is possible to determine the digital output or outputs.

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Figure 1.13

Logic flowchart.

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