Герберт Шилдт - c# 4.0. Полное Руководство - 2011

# 4.
The
Complete
Reference
C# 4.0
HERBERT SCHILDT
Learn more.
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MHPROFESSIONAL.COM
C# 4.0

2011
32.973.26-018.2.75
57
681.3.07
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info@williamspublishing.com, http://www.williamspublishing.com
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C# 4.0: .: . . .: ".. ", 2011.
1056 .: . . . .
ISBN 978-5-8459-1684-6 (.)
32.973.26-018.2.75

.

, ,
,
McGrow-Hill Higher Ed.
Authorized translation from the English language edition published by McGraw-Hill Companies,
Copyright 2010
All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
the prior written permission of publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored,
and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with R&I
Enterprises International, Copyright 2011
C# 4.0:
..
..
..
..
17.09.2010. 70x100/16.
Times. .
. . . 85,14. .-. . 51,55.
1500 . 24007.
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ISBN 978-5-8459-1684-6 (.)
ISBN 0-07-174116- (.)
"", 2011
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010
23
25
I. #
29
1. C#
31
2. C#
41
3. ,
67
4.
97
5.
121
6. ,
147
7.
177
8.
209
9.
269
10.
303
11.
329
12. ,
375
13.
403
14. -
431
15. , -
473
16. ,
513
17. ,
537
18.
575
19. LINQ
637
20. , ,
II. C#
681
717
21. System
719
22.
783
23. . :
833
24. . : TPL
885
25. ,
26.
.

923
1011
1039
1044
22
22
23
25
27
27
27
27
28
28
I. C#
29
1. C#
C#

C++
Java
C#
C#
# .NET Framework
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CLR

31
32
32
33
33
34
36
37
37
38
38
39
2. C#
-

csc.exe
Visual Studio

41
41
42
43
44
44
45
46
50
53
54
54

C#
.NET Framework
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C#

4.

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57
58
58
60
61
63
64
65
66
67
67
68
69
71
73
74
75
76
79
80
80
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86
89
90
91
93
95
97
97
98
101
104
106
107
107
108
114
9
117
117
119
119
5.
if
if
if-else-if switch
switch
for
for
while
do-while
foreach
break
continue
return
goto
121
121
122
124
125
129
129
131
137
138
139
139
142
143
143
6. ,

Building

Building

Building
new
new
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this
147
147
148
149
153
154
155
156
158
159
162
164
166
166
168
169
170
170
171
172
174
7.
177
177
10

Length
Length

foreach

switch
8.

ref out
ref
out
ref out

this

Main()
Main()
178
182
182
183
184
185
187
189
191
192
194
198
198
199
203
205
206
209
209
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218
220
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223
224
227
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231
234
235
241
245
246
247
249
250
251
252
254
254

Main()
static

11
255
257
260
265
266
9.

C#

true false

269
270
270
273
277
281
283
286
286
10.
303
303
304
307
310
311
313
318
319
320
320
324
11.

base

329
329
333
336
337
339
343
344
346
349
351
288
292
297
298
12

sealed
object

object
355
359
360
363
367
368
370
372
12. ,

.NET Framework
375
375
377
381
383
385
387
388
388
391
391
391
395
397
399
399
399
13.
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try catch

""

catch

try

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403
404
404
404
405
407
408
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
418
420

checked unchecked
13
422
426
428
14. -
- C#

Stream

-

-

ReadKey()

FileStream -

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FileStream
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StreamWriter
StreamReader

BinaryWriter
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MemoryStream
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431
431
432
432
432
432
434
434
436
436
436
438
440
441
441
444
446
448
449
449
451
452
454
454
455
457
461
463
465
467
467
468
469
15. , -
473
473
476
477
478
481
14
System.Delegate

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483
483
483
484
484
485
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488
488
489
492
494
496
497
500
504
504
506
509
513
513
514
516
518
520
521
523
524
524
528
529
529
531
533
533
534
534
534
534
535

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15
536
17. ,

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537
537
538
539
540
541
541
543
544
548
550
555
560
562
563
566
570
570
571
572
18.

new()

575
576
576
580
580
583
585
585
586
594
598
599
602
603
604
606
607
609
610
610
16
612
615
620
620
622
623
625
636
19. LINQ
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626
626
630
633
635
636
637
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639
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657
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17
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681
682
684
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686
688
688
690
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693
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695
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766
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22.
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783
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784
784
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810
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23. . :

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19
835
836
838
839
841
844
846
847
849
853
855
855
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860
860
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878
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20

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Parallel
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899
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906
906
909
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918
919
920
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922
923
924
925
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988
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994
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26.
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21
1006
1008
1009
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1017
1018
1018
1021
1021
1022
1022
1022
1024
1025
1026
1027
1029
1030
1034
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XML-

XML
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// .
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int x; //
int ; //
= 100; // 100
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*/
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class Example3 {
int ivar; //
double dvar; //
ivar = 100; // ivar 100
dvar = 100.0; // dvar 100.0
Console.WriteLine(" ivar: " + ivar);
Console.WriteLine(" dvar: " + dvar);
Console.WriteLine(); //
// 3.
ivar = ivar / 3;
dvar = dvar / 3.0;
Console.WriteLine(" ivar : " + ivar);
Console.WriteLine(" dvar : " + dvar);
}
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58
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double radius;
double area;
radius = 10.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.1416;
Console.WriteLine(" " + area);
}
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int a, b, c;
a = 2;
b = 3;
if(a < b) Console.WriteLine(" b");
// He .
if(a == b) Console.WriteLine(" ");
c = a - b; // -1
60
I. #
Console.WriteLine(" -1");
if( >= 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
if( < 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
= b - ; // 1
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if( >= 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
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}
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2. C#
61

int count;
for(count = 0; count < 5; count = count+1)
Console.WriteLine(" : " + count);
Console.WriteLine("!");
}
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class BlockDemo {
int i, j, d;
i = 5 ;
j = 10;
// if .
if(i != 0) {
Console.WriteLine("i ");
d = j / i;
Console.WriteLine("j / i " + d);
}
}
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2. C#
63
class ProdSum {
int prod;
int sum;
int i;
sum = 0;
prod = 1;
for(i=1; i <= 10; i++) {
sum = sum + i;
prod = prod * i;
}
Console.WriteLine(" " + sum);
Console.WriteLine(" " + prod);
}
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int @if; // if
66
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//
for(@if = 0; @if < 10; @if++)
Console.WriteLine("@if " + @if);
}
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70
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class Inches {
long inches;
long miles;
miles = 93000000; // 93 000 000
// 5 280 , 12 ,
inches = miles * 5280 * 12;
Console.WriteLine(" : " +
inches + " .");
}
}
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3. ,
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sum = sum + ;
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class FindRadius {
Double r;
Double area;
area = 10.0;
r = Math.Sqrt(area / 3.1416);
Console.WriteLine(" " + r);
}
}
72
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// .
using System;
class Trigonometry {
Double theta; //
for(theta = 0.1; theta <= 1.0;
theta = theta +0.1) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + theta +
" " + Math.Sin(theta));
" " + Math.Cos(theta));
" " + Math.Tan(theta));
}
}
}
.
0.1 0.0998334166468282
0.1 0.995004165278026
0.1 0.100334672085451
0.2 0.198669330795061
0.2 0.980066577841242
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0.3 0.29552020666134
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class UseDecimal {
decimal price;
decimal discount;
decimal discounted_price;
// .
price = 19.95m;
discount = 0.15m; // 15%
discounted_price = price - ( price * discount);
Console.WriteLine(" : $" + discounted_price);
}
}
.
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decimal
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74
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using System;
class FutVal {
decimal amount;
decimal rate_of_return;
int years, i;
amount = 1000.0M;
rate_of_return = 0.07M;
years = 10;
Console.WriteLine(" : $" + amount);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + rate_of_return);
Console.WriteLine(" " + years + " ");
for(i = 0; i < years; i++)
amount = amount + (amount * rate_of_return);
Console.WriteLine(" $" + amount);
}
}
.
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: 0.07
10
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using System;
class BoolDemo {
bool b;
b = false;
Console.WriteLine("b " + b);
b = true;
Console.WriteLine("b " + b);
// if.
if(b) Console.WriteLine(".");
b = false;
if (b) Console.WriteLine("He .");
76
I. C#
//
// .
Console.WriteLine("10 > 9 " + (10 > 9));
}
}
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78
I. C#
// .
using System;
class DisplayOptions {
int i;
Console.WriteLine("\t\t");
for(i = 1; i < 10; i++)
Console.WriteLine("{0}\t{1}\t{2}", i, i*i, i*i*i);
}
}
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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decimal balance;
balance = 12323.09m;
Console.WriteLine(" {0:}" , balance);
,
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,

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//
// .
using System;
class UseDecimal {
decimal price;
decimal discount;
decimal discounted_price;
// ,
price = 19.95m;
discount = 0.15m; // 15%
discounted_price = price - ( price * discount);
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:}", discounted_price);
}
}
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82
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Console.WriteLine(" \n \n ");
// .
Console.WriteLine("\"3?\", .");
}
}
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class Verbatim {
Console.WriteLine(@"
,
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");
Console.WriteLine(@" :
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
");
Console.WriteLine(@" : "" #.""");
}
}
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char ch = ' X ' ; // ch X.
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int , b = 8 , = 19, d; // b
b .

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,
.
.
// .
using System;
class DynInit {
// ,
double s1 = 4.0;
double s2 = 5.0;
// hypot ,
double hypot = Math.Sqrt( (s1 * s1) + (s2 * s2) );
Console.Write(" " +
s1 + " " + s2 + " ");
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.###}.", hypot);
}
}
.
4 5 6.403
: s1, s2 hypot.
(s1 s2) , (hypot)
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var = 2.7183F;
float.

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using System;
class ImplicitlyTypedVar {
// .
// double,
// double.
var s1 = 4.0;
var s2 = 5.0;
// , hypot
// double, ,
// Sqrt(), double.
var hypot = Math.Sqrt( (s1 * s1) + (s2 * s2) );
Console.Write(" " +
s1 + " by " + s2 + " ");
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.###}.", hypot);
// ,
86
I. #
// s1 double
// .
// s1 = 12.2; // !
}
}
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// .
using System;
class ScopeDemo {
int x; // Main().
= 10;
if(x == 10){
//
int = 20; // .
// , .
Console.WriteLine(" : " + + " " + );
= * 2;
}
// = 100; // ! .
// - .
}
}
,
Main(),
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,
. line = 100;,
, .
(//), ,
.
if, ,
88
I. C#
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
. , , ,
, .
,
, .
.
// .
using System;
class VarInitDemo {
int x;
for(x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
int = -1; // .
Console.WriteLine(" : " + ); // -1
= 100;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + );
}
}
}
.
-1
: 100
-1
: 100
-1
: 100
,
-1 for. ,
100, .
C# :
, ,
,
.
,
.
/*

,
, .
3. ,
89
*** . ***
*/
using System;
class NestVar {
int count;
for (count = 0; count < 10; count = count+1) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + count);
int count; // !!!
for(count = 0; count < 2; count++)
Console.WriteLine(" !");
}
}
}
C++,
, ,
, . ,
C++ count ,
for, , . C++
.
C# ,
, .

. ,
int float.
int i;
float f;
i = 10;
f = i; // float
,

, .
i float,
f.
# , ,
. , bool int .
, -
. , ,
. ,
.
90
I. #

,
:
;
, .
, .
, int ,
byte, , , int byte,
, .
, , ,
. ,
, long
double .
// long double.
using System;
class LtoD {
long L;
double D;
L = 100123285L;
D = L;
Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D);
}
}
long double ,
double long ,
. ,
.
// *** . ***
using System;
class LtoD {
long L;
double D;
D = 100123285.0;
L = D; // !!!
Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D);
}
}
,
decimal float double, char
bool. , char bool .
3. ,
91

,
,
.
.
.
. .
(_)
_ ,
. .
double , ;
/ int,
.
(int) ( / )
double,
/ int .
/ ,
int ,
. ,
double int .
,
. , long int
, long
int,
.
, . ,
1,23 ,
(1), (0,23) .
,
. ,
.
// .
using System;
class CastDemo {
static void Main()
double x, y;
byte b;
int i;
char ch;
uint u;
short s;
long 1;
x = 10.0;
92
I. C#
= 3.0;
// double int, .
i = (int) ( / );
Console.WriteLine(" / : " + i);
// int byte ,
i = 255;
b = (byte) i;
Console.WriteLine("b 255: " + b +
" -- .");
// int byte ,
i = 257;
b = (byte) i;
Console.WriteLine("b 257: " + b +
" -- .");
// uint short .
u = 32000;
s = (short) u;
Console.WriteLine("s 32000: " +
s + " -- .");
// uint short ,
u = 64000;
s = (short) u;
Console.WriteLine("s 64000: " +
s + " -- .");
// long uint .
l = 64000;
u = (uint) l;
Console.WriteLine ("u 64000: " + u +
" -- .");
// long uint .
l = -12;
u = (uint) l;
Console.WriteLine(" -12: " + u +
" -- .");
// int char,
b = 88; // ASCII X
ch = (char) b;
Console.WriteLine("ch 88: " + ch);
}
}
.
/ : 3
b 255: 255 -- .
3. ,
93
b 257: 1 -- .
s 32000: 32000 -- .
s 64000: -1536 -- .
u 64000: 64000 -- .
u -12: 4294967284 -- .
ch 88: X

. /
int , , .
b 255, ,
byte.
b 257, ,
byte.
, int
byte .
s short 32 000
uint, ,
short.
64 000,
short, .
, uint short .
u 64 000 l long.
, 64 000
uint. u
-12, ,
uint.
, long uint .
, char byte,
, .

,
. ,
. ,
short long, .
,
.
C#
. ,
.
decimal,
decimal ( float double,
).
94
I. C#
double,
double.
float,
float.
ulong,
ulong ( sbyte, short, int long,
).
long,
long.
uint, sbyte, short int,
long.
uint,
uint.
int.

. -, . ,
float double decimal , , ,
ulong .
.
-, .
: ,
int. , char, sbyte, byte, ushort
short int .
. ,
int.
,
, . ,
byte int ,
- byte.
.
. ,
, byte,
. byte int.
, int. ,
, byte, int.
, .
.
// !
using System;
class PromDemo {
byte b;
b = 10;
3. ,
95
b = (byte) (b * b); // !!
Console.WriteLine("b: "+ b);
}
}
, b*b
b, byte!
, b*b b int
byte .
,
, , , .

. ,
char, ch1 ch2 int.
char ch1 = 'a', ch2 = 'b';
ch1 = (char) (ch1 + ch2);
ch1 ch2
int, char.
,
. , int(byte,
sbyte, short ushort), .. ,
int. char. ,
uint,
long.

.

. ,
1 10
. ,
, Math.Sqrt(), int.
// .
using System;
class CastExpr {
double n;
for(n = 1.0; n <= 10; n++) {
Console.WriteLine(" {0} {1}",
n, Math.Sqrt(n));
Console.WriteLine(" : (0)",
(int) Math.Sqrt(n));
Console.WriteLine(" :(0)",
Math.Sqrt(n) - (int) Math.Sqrt(n) );
96
I. C#
}
}
}
.
1 1
: 1
: 0
2 1.4142135623731
: 1
: 0.414213562373095
3 1.73205080756888
: 1
: 0.732050807568877
4 2
: 2
: 0
5 2.23606797749979
: 2
: 0.23606797749979
6 2.44948974278318
: 2
: 0.449489742783178
7 2.64575131106459
: 2
: 0.645751311064591
8 2.82842712474619
: 2
: 0.82842712474619
9 3
: 3
: 0
10 3.16227766016838
: 3
: 0.16227766016838
, , Math.Sqrt(),
int . ,
Math.Sqrt(n) - (int) Math.Sqrt(n)
int ,
, . ,
double. int ,
Math.Sqrt().
C# ,

. #
: , ,
.
. , C#
,
,
-.

, .

,
#, .
+
*
/
%
++
98
I. C#
+, -, * / , .
.
,
. , ,
/ , ; ,
10/3 3.
(%),
. .
, 10 % 3 1. C# %
, . 10.0 % 3.0 1.
C# C++,
.
.
// %.
using System;
class ModDemo {
int iresult, irem;
double dresult, drem;
iresult = 10 / 3;
irem = 10 % 3;
dresult = 10.0 / 3.0;
drem = 10.0 % 3.0;
Console.WriteLine("
iresult + "
Console.WriteLine("
dresult + "
"
"
10/3: " +
+ irem);
10.0 / 3.0: " +
+ drem);
}
}
.
10 / 3: 3 1
10.0 / 3.0: 3.33333333333333 1
, , % ,
, 1.

(++) (--) 2.
, .
.
1,
1. ,
++;
4.
99

= x + 1;

--;

= - 1;
, , ,
, .
.
(
) ( ). ,
= + 1;
:
++; //
:
++; //
( )
.
, .
,
.
,
.
.
= 10;
= ++;
11,
1,
.
= 10;
= ++;
10,
, 1.
11. ,
11:
.

. ,
.
//
// (++).
100
I. #
using System;
class PrePostDemo {
int x, y;
int i;
x = 1;
= 0;
Console.WriteLine(" , " +
" = + ++;");
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
= + ++; // ++
Console.WriteLine( + " ");
}
x = 1;
= 0;
" = + ++;");
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
= + ++; // ++
Console.WriteLine( + " ");
}
}
}
.
, = + ++
1
3
6
10
15
14
21
28
36
45
55
, = + ++;
2
5
9
14
20
4.
101
27
35
44
54
65
,
= + ++;
,
.
1.
= + ++;
1,
,
. ,
++ ++
.
:
, :
+ ++x

, .
,
1 .

, ,
"" "".
,
.
.
.
==
!=
>
<
>=
<=
, .
102
I. #
&
|
^
&&
||
!

bool.
, ,
== !=. <, >, <= >=
, .
, .
bool ,
(true) (false) . ,
true > false C# .
bool,
bool.
&, |, ^ ! , ,
.
p
false
true
false
true
q
false
false
true
true
p & q
false
false
false
true
p | q
false
true
true
true
p ^ q
false
true
true
false
!P
true
false
true
false
,
(true),
true.
,
.
//
// .
using System;
class RelLogOps {
int i, j;
bool b1, b2;
i = 10;
j = 11;
if(i < j) Console.WriteLine("i < j");
if(i <= j) Console.WriteLine("i <= j");
if(i != j) Console.WriteLine("i != j");
4.
103
if(i == j) Console.WriteLine(" ");

if(i >= j) Console.WriteLine(" ");
if(i > j) Console.WriteLine(" ");
b1 = truer
b2 = false;
if(b1 & b2) Console.WriteLine(" ");
if(!(b1 & b2)) Console.WriteLine("!(b1 & b2) true");
if(b1 | b2) Console.WriteLine("b1 | b2 - true");
if(b1 ^ b2) Console.WriteLine("bl ^ b2 true");
}
}
.
i < j
i <= j
i != j
!(b1 & b2) true
b1 | b2 true
b1 ^ b2 true
C#
. ,
.
, #. , C#
,
, .
, ,
, . (
: .)
.
p
true
true
false
false
q
true
false
false
true
p q
true
false
true
true

! |, .
! | q

.
// #.
using System;
class Implication {
bool p=false, q=false;
104
I. C#
int i, j;
for(i = 0; i
for(j = 0;
if(i==0)
if(i==1)
if(j==0)
if(j==1)
<
j
p
p
q
q
2; i++) {
< 2; j++) {
= true;
= false;
= true;
= false;
Console.WriteLine("p " + p + ", q " + q);

if(!p | q)
Console.WriteLine(" " + p +
" " + q + " " + true);
}
}
}
}
.
True, q True
True True True
True, q False
False, q False
False True True
False, q False
False False True

C# , ,
, .
.
(false),
.
(true),
.
,
.
&&,
||.
& |.
,
.

.
: d
n . n/d , n d .
4.
105
,
.
// .
using System;
class SCops {
int n, d;
n = 10;
d = 2;
if (d ! = 0 && (n % d) == 0)
Console.WriteLine(n + " " + d);
d = 0; // d
// d ,
if (d != 0 && (n % d) == 0)
//
// , - .
if (d != 0 & (n % d) == 0)
}
}
- if
: d. ,
,
. ,
d 2, .
, ,
, . ,
, .
, .
,
.
? ,
- .
.
// .
using System;
class SideEffects {
int i;
bool someCondition = false;
i = 0;
106
I. C#
// i ,
// , if .
if(someCondition & (++i < 100))
Console.WriteLine("He ");
Console.WriteLine(" if : " + i); // 1
// i ,
// .
if(someCondition && (++i < 100))
Console.WriteLine(" if : " + i); // - 1 !!
}
}
, someCondition bool
false. if.
, if
i , someCondition
false. &,
if,
. if
. i
, ( someCondition) false,
, .
:
,
, #.
:
,
.

(=). #
,
. .
_ =
_ .
,
: .
, , .
int , , z;
= = z = 100; // 100 , z
100
, z .
z, , , .
" "
.
4.
107

C# ,
.
.
= + 10;
, .
+= 10;
+= ,
, 10.
.
= - 100;

x -= 100;
.
, 100.
, .. ,
, .
;
_ =
,
.

.
+=
%=
-=
&=
*=
|=
/=
^=
,
.
.
. , , "" . -,
,
.
, #.

C# , ,
#.
() .
, bool, float
double.
108
I. C#
, ,
, .

, , ,
. C# . 4.1.
4.1.
&

1 ( )
|
^
>>
<<
~
, ,
, ,
: &, |, ^ ~. , ,
. ,
.
.
0
1
0
1
q
0
0
1
1
& q
0
0
0
1
| q
0
1
1
1
^ q
0
1
1
0
~
1
0
1
0

.
, - 0,
0. :
&
1101 0011
1010 1010
__________
1000 0010

& .
. , 9
: 0000 1001. ,
8, 0000 1000.
// , .
using System;
4.
109
class MakeEven {
ushort num;
ushort i;
for(i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
num = i;
Console.WriteLine("num: " + num);
num = (ushort) (num & 0xFFFE);
Console.WriteLine("num : "
+ num + "\n");
}
}
}
.
num: 1
num : 0
num: 2
num : 2
num: 3
num : 2
num: 4
num : 4
num: 5
num : 4
num: 6
num : 6
num: 7
num : 6
num: 8
num : 8
num: 9
num : 8
num: 10
num : 10
0xFFFE,
, : 1111 1111 1111 1110. ,

num, , .
110 I. #
, 1
.

.
, .
// , ,
// .
using System;
class IsOdd {
ushort num;
num = 10;
if((num & 1) == 1)
Console.WriteLine("He .");
num = 11;
if((num & 1) == 1)
Console.WriteLine(num + " .");
}
}
.
11 .
if
num 1.
num , ..
1, num & 1 1.
. if
, .

& ,
byte
. .
// , .
using System;
class ShowBits {
int t;
byte val;
val = 123;
for (t=l28; t > 0; t = t/2) {
4.
111
if((val & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");

if((val & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 ");
}
}
}
.
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
for
val , ,
. , 1, ,
0.

. 1 -
, 1 . :
1101 0011
1010 1010
| __________
1111 1011
,
, ,
, .
// , .
using System;
class MakeOdd {
ushort num;
ushort i;
for(i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
num = i;
Console.WriteLine("num: " + num);
num = (ushort) (num | 1);
Console.WriteLine("num : " +
num + "\n");
}
}
}
.
num: 1
num : 1
num: 2
112
I. #
num : 3
num: 3
num : 3
num: 4
num : 5
num: 5
num : 5
num: 6
num : 7
num: 7
num : 7
num: 8
num : 9
num: 9
num : 9
num: 10
num : 11

num 1, 1
, .
1 ,
. ,
, .

,
, .
0111 1111
1011 1001
__________
1100 0110
,
. ,
X
Y, Y,
X. ,

R1 = X ^ Y;
R2 = R1 ^ Y;
R2 , X.
,
4.
113
, ,
.
,

.

, .
, ,
.

, .
// .
using System;
class Encode {
char ch1 = 'H';
char ch2 = 'i';
char ch3 = '!';
int key = 88;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + ch1 + ch2 + ch3);
// .
ch1 = (char)(ch1 ^ key);
// .
}
}
.
: Hi!
: 1y
: Hi!
,
. (
, , ,
, .)
( 1)
. ,
1001 0110,
~ 0110 1001.
114
I. C#

1 .
// .
using System;
class NotDemo {
sbyte b = -34;
for(int t=128; t > 0; t = t/2)
{
if((b & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");
if((b & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 ");
}
//
b = (sbyte) ~b;
for(int t=128; t > 0; t = t/2) {
if((b & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");
if((b & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 ");
}
}
}
.
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

C# ,
, . C#
.
<<
>>
<< _
>> _
_ ,
.

, .
.
, .
, .
,
1. , ,
4.
115
1.
,
.
.
,
.
,
. ,
1. , .
.
. ,
1 , ,
128, .
// .
using System;
class ShiftDemo {
int val = 1;
for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
for(int t=128; t > 0; t = t/2) {
}
val = val << 1; //
}
val = 128;
for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
for(int t=128; t > 0; t = t/2) {
}
val = val >> 1; //
}
}
}
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
116
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
I. C#
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2,

2. , ,
. , ,
.
.
// 2.
using System;
class MultDiv {
int n;
n = 10;
Console.WriteLine(" n: " + n);
// 2.
n = n << 1;
Console.WriteLine(" n " +
" n = n * 2: " + n);
// 4.
n = n << 2;
" n = n * 4: " + n);
// 2.
n = n >> 1;
" n = n / 2: " + n);
// 4.
n = n >> 2;
" n = n / 4: " + n);
// n .
n = 10;
Console.WriteLine(" n: " + n);
4.
117
// 2 .
n = n << 30; //
" 30 : " + n);
}
}
.
n: 10
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
=
=
=
=
n
n
n
n
*
*
/
/
2:
4:
2:
4:
20
80
40
10
n: 10
n 30 : -2147483648
.
10 , ,
int.
"" ,
, ,
, 1, ,
. ,
2
. ( . 3.)

. ,

127.
= ^ 127;
^= 127;
?
? #.

if-then-else. ? ,
. .
! ? 2 : 3;
1 bool, 2 3
.
?.
? .
1. , 2,
? . 1
118
I. C#
, 3,
?. , absval
val.
absval = val < 0 ? -val : val; // val
absval val,
. val ,
absval ,
.
?.
, .
// , ?.
using System;
class NoZeroDiv {
int result;
for(int i = -5; i < 6; i++) {
result = i != 0 ? 100 / i : 0;
if (i ! = 0)
Console.WriteLine("100 / " + i + " " + result);
}
}
}
.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
-5 -20
-4 -25
-3 -33
-2 -50
-1 -100
1 100
2 50
3 33
4 25
5 20
.
result = i != 0 ? 100 / i : 0;
result 100
i. ,
i . , result
, .
?
. , , ?,
. ? bool,

4.
119
if.
100 , .
// , .
using System;
class NoZeroDiv2 {
for(int i = -5; i < 6; i++)
if(i != 0 ? (i%2 == 0) : false)
Console.WriteLine("100 / " + i + " " + 100 / i);
}
}
if .
i , if .
i , if ,
i , , .
.
,
.

C# ,
. ,
, , , .
=10/*(127+);
= 10 / * (127 + );
, ,
, .

. ,
,
, . ,
?
= /3-34*temp+127;
= (/3) - (34*temp) + 127;

. 4.2 #:
. ,
.
,
#.
:
, if switch,
,
for, while, do-while foreach,
: break, continue, goto, return throw.
throw,
C#
, 13,
.
if
if 2,
.
:
if() ;
else ;
, a e if else. else
. ,
if else, .
if,
.
if()
{

}
122
I. C#
else
{

}
,
if. else,
. . ,
if, bool.
, if else
, ,
.
// ,
.
using System;
class PosNeg {
int i;
for(i=-5; i <= 5; i++) {
Console.Write(" " + i + ");
if(i < 0) Console.WriteLine(" );
else Console.WriteLine(" ");
}
}
}
.
-5:
-4:
-3:
-2:
-1:
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
i ,
if.
else, .
if
if,
if else. if
. #,
, else if, ..
5.
123
if, , else,
else. .
if (i ==
if(j <
if(k >
else a
}
else a =
10) {
20) a = b;
100) = d;
= ; // else if(k > 100)
d; // else if(i == 10)
,
else if(j < 20),
, ,
if else. ,
else if(i == 10). else
if(k > 100),
if .

if.
. ,
, , .
, ,
.
// ,
// , .
using System;
class PosNegZero {
int i;
for(i=-5; i <= 5; i++)
{
Console.Write(" " + i + ": ");
if(i < 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
else if(i == 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
else Console.WriteLine (" ");
}
}
}
.
-5:
-4:
-3:
-2:
-1:
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
124
I. C#
if-else-if
if-elseif, if. .
if()
;
else if ()
;
else if ()
;
.
.
.
else
;
.
, ,
.
,
else, ,
. else ,
, .

if-else-if.
, .
//
// , .
using System;
class Ladder {
int num;
for(num = 2; num < 12; num++) {
if((num % 2) == 0)
Console.WriteLine("
else if((num % 3) == 0)
Console.WriteLine("
else if((num % 5) == 0)
Console.WriteLine("
else if((num % 7) == 0)
Console.WriteLine("
else
Console.WriteLine(num + " 2, 3, 5
}
" + num + " 2.");

" + num + " 3.");
" + num + " 5.");
" + num + " 7.");
7.");
}
}
.
2 2
3 3
5.
125
4 2
5 5
6 2
7 7
8 2
9 3
10 2
11 2, 3, 5 7.
, else ,
.
switch
C# switch,
. ,

.
if,
switch.
.
.
, ,
. switch.
switch() {
case 1:

break;
case 2:

break;
case 3:

break;
default:

break;
}
switch (char,
byte, short int), . (
string .)
, , switch .
, switch, .
, , .
switch
.
126
I. C#
default ,
. default
.
, .
, ,
, break.
,
switch.
// switch.
using System;
class SwitchDemo {
int i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
switch(i) {
case 0:
Console.WriteLine("i
break;
case 1:
break;
case 2:
break;
case 3:
break;
case 4:
break;
default:
break;
}
");
");
");
");
");
");
}
}
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
, ,
, .
5.
127
i ,
, , default.
switch i
int. , switch
, char.
char switch.
// char switch.
using System;
class SwitchDemo2 {
char ch;
for(ch='A'; ch<= 'E'; ch++)
switch(ch) {
case 'A':
Console.WriteLine("ch
break;
case '':
break;
case '':
break;
case 'D':
break;
case 'E':
break;
}
A");
");
");
D");
E");
}
}
.
ch
ch
ch
ch
ch
default
switch. , default . ,
.
, case,
case , #
""
. case
switch break. ( "",
goto,
, break.)
128
I. C#
case break,
, switch,
,
switch. default
"", , , break.
"" #,
, C++ Java.
case (.. "") .
C# case . -,

case . ,
case . -,
case
, case .
""
case , case
,
.
// "" case.
using System;
class EmptyCasesCanFall {
int i;
for(i=1; i < 5; i++)
switch(i) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3: Console.WriteLine("i 1, 2 3");
break;
case 4: Console.WriteLine("i 4");
break;
}
}
}
.
i
i
i
i
1, 2 3
1, 2 3
1, 2 3
4
i 1, 2 3,
, WriteLine().
case "";
.
case
, .
.
5.
129
switch
switch
, switch. switch .
switch
, . ,
.
switch(ch1) {
case 'A': Console.WriteLine(" " +
" switch.");
switch(ch2){
case 'A':
Console.WriteLine(" A " +
" switch");
break;
case '': // ...
} // switch
break;
case '': // ...
for
for 2,
. .
, for.
for
.
for(; ; ) ;
:
for(; ; )
{
;
}
, , ,
,
; ,
; , ,
, , .
, for
. for
, .
, ,
, for.
for ,
, .

100 -100 5.
130
I. C#
// for .
using System;
class DecrFor {
int x;
for(x = 100; x > -100; x -= 5)
Console.WriteLine(x);
}
}
for ,
. ,
, .
.
for(count=10; count < 5; count++)
x += count; //
,
count, , 5.
, count < 5 , ..
.
for
. for
2 20.
, .
// , .
// , .
using System;
class FindPrimes {
int num;
int i;
int factor;
bool isprime;
for(num = 2; num < 20; num++) {
isprime = true;
factor = 0;
// , num .
for(i=2; i <= num/2; i++) {
if((num % i) == 0) {
// num .
// , .
isprime = false;
factor = i;
}
5.
131
}
if(isprime)
Console.WriteLine(num + " .");
else
Console.WriteLine(" " + num +
" " + factor);
}
}
}
.
2
3

5

7

11

13

17

19 -
4 2
6 3
8 4
9 3
10 5
12 6
14 7
15 5
16 8
18 9
for
for #,
.
for .

for
.
. .
// for.
using System;
class Comma {
int i, j;
for(i=0, j=10; i < j; i++, j--)
Console.WriteLine("i j: " + i + " " + j);
}
}
132
I. C#
.
i
i
i
i
i
j:
j:
j:
j:
j:
0
1
2
3
4
10
9
8
7
6

. ,
, i j. , , i ,
j .
, .
for
, ,
.

for.
for
( 100).
.
.
// for
// .
using System;
class Comma {
static void Main() (
int i, j;
int smallest, largest;
int num;
num = 100;
smallest = largest = 1;
for(i=2, j=num/2; (i <= num/2) & (j >= 2); i++, j--) {
if((smallest == 1) & ((num % i) == 0))
smallest = i;
if((largest == 1) & ((num % j) == 0))
largest = j;
}
Console.WriteLine(" : " + largest);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + smallest);
}
}
.
5.
133
: 50
: 2

for. ,
i .
2 ,
num. j
.
num ,
2. , ,
i j, .
.

, for,
, bool.
.
for done.
// bool.
using System;
class forDemo {
int i, j;
bool done = false;
for(i=0, j=100; !done; i++, j--) {
if(i*i >= j) done = true;
Console.WriteLine("i, j: " + i + " " + j);
}
}
}
.
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
i,
j:
j:
j:
j:
j:
j:
j:
j:
j:
j:
j:
0 100
1 99
2 98
3 97
4 96
5 95
6 94
7 93
8 92
9 91
10 90
for ,
done (true). done
, i
j.
134
I. C#

for ,
. C#
, for.
.
// for .
using System;
class Empty {
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; ){
Console.WriteLine(" " + i);
i++; //
}
}
}
for
, .. . i,
, . , ,
, i 10,
. i
, ,
.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
for
.
// for.
using System;
class Empty2 {
int i;
i = 0; //
for(; i < 10; ) {
5.
135
i++; //
}
}
}
i ,
for. ,
for.
,
, for.

for,
, .. , .
, #
.
for(;;) // ,
{
//...
}
.
,
,
""
. ( "
break " .)

C# for ,

. . ,
1 5.
// .
using System;
class Empty3 {
int i;
int sum = 0;
// 1 5
for(i = 1; i <= 5; sum += i++);
}
}
.
15
136
I. C#
,
for, .
.
sum += i++
.
, #, ,
. :
sum
sum i, i. ,
.
sum = sum + i;
i++;
for
, for,
.
for.
, 1 5,
i, for, .
// for.
using System;
class ForVar {
int sum = 0;
int fact = 1;
// 1 5
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
sum += i; // i .
fact *= i;
}
// i .
Console.WriteLine(" " + fact);
}
}
for, ,
for. ,
. ,
i for.
-
, for.
,
for.
.
5.
137
while
C# while.
:
while () ;
,

. , .
, ,
.
, while
.
// .
using System;
class WhileDemo {
int num;
int mag;
num = 435679;
mag = 0;
Console.WriteLine(": " + num);
while(num > 0) {
mag++;
num = num / 10;
};
Console.WriteLine(" : " + mag);
}
}
.
: 435679
: 6
while .
num. , mag,
, , num
10. , num
. , ,
mag .
for, while ,
. ,
,
. while
, 2 0 9.
138
I. C#
// 2.
using System;
class Power {
int e;
int result;
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
result = 1;
e = i;
while (e > 0) {
result *= 2;
e--;
}
Console.WriteLine("2 " + i + " " + result);
}
}
}
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
, while ,
. ,
for, while .
do-while
C# do-while.
for while, ,
do-while .
, do-while .
do-while.
do {
;
} while ();

. ,
5.
139
do-while while.
do-while , .
do-while
.
// .
using System;
class DoWhileDemo {
int num;
int nextdigit;
num = 198;
Console.Write(" : ");
do {
nextdigit = num % 10;
Console.Write(nextdigit);
num = num / 10;
} while(num > 0);
}
}
.
: 198
: 891
.

( num) 10. .
num 10. ,
. ,
num .
foreach
foreach
, . C#
, . foreach
7, .
break
break
, ,
140
I. #
. break, ,
, .
.
// break .
using System;
class BreakDemo {
// break .
for(int i=-10; i <= 10; i++) {
if(i > 0) break; // ,
// i
Console.Write(i + " ");
}
}
}
.
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 !
, for -10 10, ,
, break , i
.
break , #.
,
do-while.
// break do-while.
using System;
class BreakDemo2 {
int i;
i = -10;
do {
if(i > 0) break;
i++;
} while(i <= 10);
}
}
break.
.
// .
using System;
5.
141
class FindSmallestFactor {
int factor = 1;
int num = -1000;
for (int i=2; i <= num/i;' i++) {
if((num%i) == 0) {
factor = i;
break; // ,
//
}
}
Console.WriteLine(" " + factor);
}
}
.
2
break for,
. break

, , .
break ,
.
.
// break .
using System;
class BreakNested {
for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + i);
int t = 0;
while(t < 100) {
if(t == 10) break; // , t 10
Console.Write(t + " ");
t++;
}
}
Console.WriteLine(" .");
}
}
.
: 0
: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
: 1
142
I. C#
: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9
: 2
: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9

, break
, .
break . , break,
, break
. -,
break, switch,
, .
continue
continue
.
continue ,
, . , continue
break.
continue
0 100.
// continue.
using System;
class ContDemo {
// 0 100.
for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
if((i%2) != 0) continue; //
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
}
}
,

WriteLine().
while do-while continue
,
. for ,
, .
continue , , ,
C# ,
. ,
, continue
.
5.
143
return
return .
. 6.
goto
C# goto
. goto,
, . "
" , "
" . goto
.
goto . ,
, , ,
.
,
. goto
. goto
,
. goto , , ,
.
goto #
. ,
goto, .
1 100
goto .
= 1;
loop1:
++;
if(x < 100) goto loop1;
, goto
case default switch. case default
switch .
goto. goto
switch. ,
switch.
goto switch.
// goto switch.
using System;
class SwitchGoto {
for(int i=1; i < 5; i++) {
switch(i) {
case 1:
144
I. C#
Console.WriteLine("
goto case 3;
case 2 :
Console.WriteLine("
goto case 1;
case 3:
Console.WriteLine("
goto default;
default:
Console.WriteLine("
break;
case 1");
case 2");
case 3");
default");
}
}
// goto case 1; // ! switch .
}
}
.
case 1
case 3
default
case 2
case 1
case 3
default
case 3
default
default
, goto switch
case default.
, case break.
goto case ,
"" ,
, break .
, goto
switch. ,
:
// goto case 1; // ! switch .
. ,
goto switch, ,
,
.
goto
.
5.
145
// goto.
using System;
class Use_goto {
int i=0, j=0, k=0;
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) {
for(j=0; j < 10; j++ ) {
for(k=0; k < 10; k++) {
Console.WriteLine("i, j, k: " + i + " " + j +
" " + k);
if(k == 3) goto stop;
}
}
}
stop:
Console.WriteLine("! i, j, k: " + i +
", " + j + " " + k);
}
}
.
i, j, k: 0 0
i, j, k: 0 0
i, j, k: 0 0
i, j, k: 0 0
!
0
1
2
3
i, j, k: 0, 0 3
goto,
if break,
. goto .
goto,
,
.
: ,
, .
.
#,
. ,
- ().
.

#,
.
.

. ,
,
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
. #
,
. , ,
,
.
, .

,
.
148
I. C#

, , ,
.
, .
, , ,
-. , C#
-. , ,
, ,
- , , , , ,
.
: .
.
.
class.
, .
class _ {
// .
1;
2;
//...
N;
// .
_ 1() {
//
}
_ 2() {
//
}
// ...
_ () {
//
}
}
,
. , public,
. 2,
(private) , (public), .e.
. .
, ,
.
. ,
, , Main(),
(public). ,
, .
8.
6. ,
149
,
. .
#,

. , , ... ,
, ,
, .
,
.
, .
, ,
: Main().
Main() .
, .

,
, , ,
, .. ( Building)
: ,
.
Building.
: Floors, Area Occupants. , Building
. ,
. ( .)
class Building {
public int Floors;
//
public int Area;
//
public int Occupants; //
}
, Building,
.
:
_;
; , _ , . ,
, ,
. Building
public. ,
Building.
class .
Building.
150
I. C#
Building. , , , class
, . ,
Building .
Building,
.
Building house = new Building(); // Building
house
Building, .. "" .
.
, , ,
,
. , Building
Floors, Area Occupants.
, . - .
-.
.
, . ,
2 Floors house
.
house.Floors = 2;
, -
. ,
Building.
// , Building.
using System;
class Building {
public int Floors; //
public int Area; //
}
// Building.
class BuildingDemo {
Building house = new Building(); // Building
int areaPP; //
// house.
house.Occupants = 4;
house.Area = 2500;
house.Floors = 2;
// .
areaPP = house.Area / house.Occupants;
6. ,
151
Console.WriteLine(" :\n " +

house.Floors + " \n " +
house.Occupants + " \n " +
house.Area +
" . , \n " +
+ " ");
}
}
: Building BuildingDemo.
BuildingDemo house Building
Main(), Main()
house
. , Building BuildingDemo
. ,
. , ,
, BuildingDemo Building,
(public).
public,
Building, , BuildingDemo.
,
UseBuilding.cs. UseBuilding.exe.
, Building BuildingDemo,
.
.
:
2
4
2500 . ,
625
Building BuildingDemo
. ,
Building.cs BuildingDemo.cs, C# ,
. ,
,
.
csc Building.cs BuildingDemo.cs
Visual Studio,
.
,
: ,
. ,
.
, ,
. , Building,
Floors, Area Occupants,
. .
152
I. #
// Building.
using System;
class Building {
public int Area;
//
}
// Building.
Building house = new Building();
Building office = new Building();
int areaPP; //
// house.
house.Area = 2500;
house.Floors = 2;
// office.
office.Occupants = 25;
office.Area = 4200;
office.Floors = 3;
// .
areaPP = house.Area / house.Occupants;
Console.WriteLine(" \n " +
house.Area +
" . , \n " +
areaPP + " ");
// .
areaPP = office.Area / office.Occupants;
office.Floors + " \n " +
office.Occupants + " \n " +
office.Area +
" . , \n " +
areaPP + " ");
}
}
.
:
2
4
2500 . ,
625
6. ,
153
:
3
25
4200 . ,
168
, house ,
office. . 6.1.
house
office
Floors
Area
2500
Occupants
Floors
Area
4200
Occupants
25
. 6.1.

Building
.
Building house = new Building!);
. -,
house, Building.
, , . -,
, , .
new. , house .
, house
Building.
new (.. )
, .
, C# .
, house
, , .
Building house; //
house = new Building(); // Building
house
Building. , house ,
, .
Building, house.
house .
154
I. C#
, , ,
.
, .
, . ,

int ;
= 10;
10, int,
.
house , .

,
, int.
, . ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
, , ,
. .

.
.
Building house1 = new Building();
Building house2 = house1;
, house1 house2
, . house1 house2, ,
. house1
house2, house2
, house1. ,
house1 house2. ,
house1.Area = 2600;
WriteLine()
Console.WriteLine(house1.Area);
Console.WriteLine(house2.Area);
: 2600.
, house1 house2,
, . ,
,
house2.
6. ,
Building
Building
Building
house2 =
155
house1 = new Building();

house2 = house1;
house3 = new Building();
house3; // , house2 house3,
// .

house2 , house3.
house1 .
,
. Building,
, , . ,
, , .
, ,
, .
, .
.
C# .
, . ,
. , , ,
Main() ,
. , #.
,
#. , .
, GetVal,
: GetVal().
.
:
_ (_) {
//
}
, ,
. ,
. , (private)
, .
(public), .
_ , .
, .
, void.
, .
,
. , _ ,
.
, ,
. , .
156
I. C#
Building
, , ,
. ,
Main()
.
,
.
Building, ,
. Area Occupants,
Building. ,
Building. ,
Building,
, Building,
. .
, Building , ,
- ,
, , Building.
Building,
.
Building, AreaPerPerson(),
, .
// Building.
using System;
class Building {
public int Floors;
//
public int Area;
//
// ,
public void AreaPerPerson(){
Console.WriteLine(" " + Area / Occupants +
" ");
}
}
// AreaPerPerson().
// house.
house.Area = 2500;
house.Floors = 2;
// office.
6. ,
157
office.Area = 4200;
office.Floors = 3;
Console.WriteLine(" :\n" +
house.Area +
". , ");
house.AreaPerPerson();
office.Area +
" . , ");
office.AreaPerPerson();
}
}
, .
:
2
4
2500 . ,
625
:
3
25
4200 . ,
168
,
AreaPerPerson(). .
public void AreaPerPerson() {

, AreaPerPerson
. public, ,
. AreaPerPerson()
void, .. .
, .
AreaPerPerson() .
Console.WriteLine(" " + Area / Occupants +
" ");
,
( Area)
( Occupants).
Building Area Occupants,
AreaPerPerson() ,
.
158 I. C#
AreaPerPerson() .
, .
Main().
house.AreaPerPerson();
AreaPerPerson() house.
, AreaPerPerson() ,
house, -.
AreaPerPerson() , .
,
, .
house.AreaPerPerson()
, house. ,
office.AreaPerPerson()
, office. ,
AreaPerPerson() .
AreaPerPerson()
: Area Occupants
, .. -.
, , ,
-. ,
.
. , .
. ,
Area Occupants AreaPerPerson()
, AreaPerPerson().
Occupants
AreaPerPerson() ( ,
). Occupants ,
- . 13,
, , C# ,
.

, . -,
, ,
AreaPerPerson() . -,
return. return:
void, .. , , ,
. ,
, .
void
return.
return;
6. ,
159
,
, .
.
public void MyMeth() {
int i;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) {
if(i == 5) return; // 5
}
}
5 for,
5 i .
return,
. :
//...
if(done) return;
// ...
if(error) return;
}
:
.
. -
.
, : void
:
return.

void ,
, .
.
3 Math.Sqrt(),
.

. , Math.Sqrt(),
,
,
.
#.

return:
return ;
.
160
I. C#
,
AreaPerPerson().
, .

.

AreaPerPerson(),
, .
// AreaPerPerson().
using System;
class Building {
public int Floors;
//
public int Area;
//
// ,
public int AreaPerPerson() {
return Area / Occupants;
}
}
// , AreaPerPerson!).
int areaPP; //
// house.
house.Area = 2500;
house.Floors = 2;
// office.
office.Area = 4200;
office.Floors = 3;
// .
areaPP = house.AreaPerPerson();
house.Area +
" . , \n " +
areaPP + " ");
6. ,
161
// .
areaPP = office.AreaPerPerson();
office.Area +
" . , \n " +
areaPP + " ");
}
}
, .
:
AreaPerPerson() ,
. ,
, AreaPerPerson(). ,

areaPP = house.AreaPerPerson();
areaPP
( house).
, AreaPerPerson()
int. ,
. , , ,
, ,
, . , double,
double.
, , ,
. ,
areaPP, AreaPerPerson() ,
WriteLine(), .
house.Area +
" . , \n " +
house.AreaPerPerson() +
" ");
,
WriteLine(), house.AreaPerPerson(),
WriteLine(). ,
AreaPerPerson() ,
Building. ,

.
if(b1.AreaPerPerson() > b2.AreaPerPerson())
Console.WriteLine(" b1 ");
162
I. C#

. ,
, . , ,
, .
. ,
. .
, ,
.
,
. ChkNum IsPrime(),
true, , .
false. ,
IsPrime() bool.
// .
using System;
class ChkNum {
// true,
// .
public bool IsPrime(int x) {
if (x <= 1) return false;.
for (int i=2; i <= x/i; i++)
if((x %i) == 0) return false;
return true;
}
}
class ParmDemo {
ChkNum ob = new ChkNum();
for (int i=2; i < 10; i++)
if(ob.IsPrime(i)) Console.WriteLine(i + " .");
else Console.WriteLine(i + " .");
}
}
.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
IsPrime() ,
. .
6. ,
163
, IsPrime().
. IsPrime() ,
2. , IsPrime() ,
2.
3, 4 .. , ,
IsPrime() ,
, .
, .
, .
ChkNum, LeastComFactor(),
.
, ,
.
// , .
using System;
class ChkNum {
// true,
// .
public bool IsPrime(int x) {
if(x <= 1) return false;
for(int i=2; i <= x/i; i++)
if((x %i) == 0) return false;
return true;
}
// .
public int LeastComFactor(int a, int b) {
int max;
if(IsPrime(a)|| IsPrime(b)) return 1;
max = a < b ? a : b;
for(int i=2; i <= max/2; i++)
if(((a%i) == 0) && ((b%i) == 0)) return i;
return 1;
}
}
class ParmDemo {
ChkNum ob = new ChkNum();
int a, b;
for(int i=2; i < 10; i++)
if(ob.IsPrime(i)) Console.WriteLine(i + " .");
else Console.WriteLine(i + " .");
164
I. C#
= 7;
b = 8;
+ " " + b + " " +
ob.LeastComFactor(, b));
= 100;
b = 8;
+ " " + b + " " +
= 100;
b = 75;
+ " " + b + " " +
}
}
: LeastComFactor(),
.
.
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
7 8 1
100 8 2
100 75 5
,
, . ,
.
int MyMeth(int a, double b, float ) {
// ...
Building
Building
, ,
.
MaxOccupant().
// , ,
// .
public int MaxOccupant(int minArea) {
return Area / minArea;
}
6. ,
165
MaxOccupant(), minArea
.
,
.
Building, MaxOccupant().
/*
,
,
,
.
*/
using System;
class Building {
public int Floors;
//
public int Area;
//
// .
}
// , ,
// .
}
}
// MaxOccupant().
// house.
house.Area = 2500;
house.Floors = 2;
// office.
office.Area = 4200;
office.Floors = 3;
Console.WriteLine(" , \n" +
" " +
300 + " . : " +
house.MaxOccupant(300));
166
I. C#
" , \n" +
" " +
300 + " . : " +
office.MaxOccupant(300));
}
}
.
,
300 . : 8
,
300 . : 14

,
.
C# . , ,
.
.
char a, b;
// ...
if(a==b) {
Console.WriteLine("");
return;
} else {
Console.WriteLine(" ");
return;
}
}
MyMeth()
, WriteLine().
, .
, ,
.

Building , , ,
.
house.Area = 2500;
house.Floors = 2;
6. ,
167
#.
, (
). , :
.
.
, , .
, .
.
_(_) {
//
}
,
, ,
,
. ,
public, . _ ,
.
, ,
, C# ,

.
, bool false, .
,
.
.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
public int x;
public MyClass() {
x = 10;
}
}
class ConsDemo {
MyClass t1 = new MyClass();
Console.WriteLine(t1.x + " " + t2.x);
}
}
MyClass .
168
I. C#
public MyClass() {
x = 10;
}
, public.
, , .
MyClass
10. new . ,
:
MyClass() t1,
t1. 10. t2.
t2. 10. ,
.
10 10

.
, ,
. ,
. .
MyClass.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
public int x;
public MyClass(int i) {
x = i;
}
}
class ParmConsDemo {
MyClass t1 = new MyClass(10);
Console.WriteLine(t1.x + " " + t2.x);
}
}
.
10 88
MyClass() i,
.
:
i , .
6. ,
169
Building
Building , ,
Floors, Area Occupants .
, Building.
// Building.
using System;
class Building {
public int Area; //
// Building.
public Building(int f, int a, int o) {
Floors = f;
Area = a;
Occupants = o;
}
// .
}
// , ,
// .
}
}
// Building.
Building house = new Building(2, 2500, 4);
Building office = new Building(3, 4200, 25);
Console.WriteLine(" , \n" +
" " +
300 ,+ " . : " +
house.MaxOccupant(300));
" , \n" +
" " +
300 + " . : " +
office.MaxOccupant (300));
}
}
,
.
170
I. C#
, house office, Building()

, .
,
Building house = new Building(2, 2500, 4);
Building() 2, 2500 4
. , Floors, Area Occupants
house 2, 2500 4 .
new
, ,
new, .
new :
new _(_)
_ , .
_ .
, new
, C# . , new
, .
, ,
new -
.
( 13).
, , ,
, ,
, , .
new
: new
, int float?
C# .
.
, new
. ,
,
.
, int char,
, .
,
.
.
, new
, .
int i = new int();
6. ,
171
int ,
i .
.
// new .
using System;
class newValue {
int i = new int(); // i
Console.WriteLine(" i : " + i);
}
}
.
i : 0
, i
. , new,
i .
, WriteLine(),
.
, new
, .
. ,
new .

, new

. , ,
.
new -
.

,
.
. , C++
delete. C# , : "
".
" " C#
, .
" " .
, ,
.
.
172
I. #
" "
. , ,
. ,
, " ".
C# ,
"
".
, . ,

, . , ,
, ,
, . , , .
#.
:
~_() {
//
}
_ . ,
, ,
"" (~). ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
, .
, , ,
" ". , , , ,
,
. ( C# C++,
,
.) , ,
. , , "
", , .
,
. . -
" "
.
// .
using System;
class Destruct {
public int x;
public Destruct(int i) {
6. ,
173
= i;
}
// .
~Destruct() {
}
// .
public void Generator(int i) {
Destruct = new Destruct(i);
}
}
class DestructDemo {
int count;
Destruct ob = new Destruct(0);
/* .
- " ".
:
" ", ,
. */
for(count=1; count < 100000; count++)
ob.Generator(count);
Console.WriteLine( "!");
}
}
.
.
. ,
. Generator(),
Destruct. DestructDemo
ob Destruct,
100 . . "
". ,
,
.. - ,
. , ..
, "!",
, for.
: WriteLine()
~Destruct() .
, ,
.
,
,
174
I. #
.
" ", II
#. " "
,
. , " "
" " ,
, .
this
, this.
,
, .. , .
this. , this
, .
this,
, Rect,
Area(),
.
using System;
class Rect {
public int Width;
public int Height;
public Rect(int w, int h) {
Width = w;
Height = h;
}
public int Area() {
return Width * Height;
}
}
class UseRect
static void
Rect r1 =
Rect r2 =
{
Main() (
new Rect(4, 5);
new Rect(7, 9);
Console.WriteLine(" r1: " + r1.Area());

}
}
,
.
6. ,
175
Area() , Width Height,

, , .
.
return this.Width * this.Height;
this ,
Area(). , this.Width
Width , this.Height
Height . , Area()
, this
. this
.
this .
, . ,
Rect()
Width = w;
Height = h;
.
this.Width = w;
this.Height = h;
, .
Rect,
this.
using System;
class Rect {
public int Width;
public int Height;
this.Width = w;
this.Height = h;
}
public int Area() {
return this.Width * this.Height;
}
}
class UseRect
static void
Rect r1 =
Rect r2 =
{
Main() {
new Rect(4, 5);
new Rect(7, 9);

}
}
176
I. C#
this
#, ,
.
this . , C#
,
.
.
this. ,
C# Rect().
public Rect(int Width, int Height) {
this.Width = Width;
this.Height = Height;
}
Rect()
, , . "
" this.
#.
string,
foreach.

.
C# ,
, .
,

. ,
,
,
.

, .
, , ,
, ,
,
.
,
, .
C#
, .
:
.
,
178
I. C#
. ,

" ".

.
. ,

.
,
, C# . -,
, . -,
, new. ,
:
[] _ = new [];
.
, .
, . ,
. .
C++,
, #. ,
, .
.
int,
, sample.
int[] sample = new int[10];
sample ,
new. ,
int.
,
. :
int[] sample;
sample = new int[10];
sample -
, .
.
:
. C#
. , sample 10
0 9.
7.
179
. , sample
sample [0], sample[9].
, 10 sample.
// .
using System;
class ArrayDemo {
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i+1)
sample[i] = i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i+1)
Console.WriteLine("sample[" + i + "]: " + sample[i]);
}
}
.
sample[0]:
sample[1]:
sample[2]:
sample[3]:
sample[4]:
sample[5]:
sample[6]:
sample[7]:
sample[8]:
sample[9]:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
sample .
,
. ,
,
nums,
for.
// .
using System;
class Average {
180
I. C#
int[] nums = new int[10];
int avg = 0;
nums[0]
nums[1]
nums[2]
nums[3]
nums[4]
nums[5]
nums[6]
nums[7]
nums[8]
nums[9]
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
99;
10;
100;
18;
78;
23;
63;
9;
87;
49;
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)

avg = avg + nums[i];
avg = avg / 10;
Console.WriteLine(": " + avg);
}
}
.
: 53

nums . ,
,
. , .
:
[] _ = {vall, val2, val3, ..., valN};
val1-valN ,
, .
C# .
new .
,
.
// .
using System;
class Average {
int[] nums = { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78, 23,
63, 9, 87, 49 };
int avg = 0;
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
7.
181
avg = avg + nums[i];

avg = avg / 10;
Console.WriteLine(": " + avg);
}
}
,
new, . ,
, nums
.
int[] nums = new int[] { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78, 23,
63, 9, 87, 49 };
, new
,
. :
int[] nums;
nums = new int[] { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78, 23,
63, 9, 87, 49 };
nums
.
:
, .
nums.
int[] nums = new int[10] { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78, 23,
63, 9, 87, 49 );
nums 10 .

C# .
, .
, ,
.
// .
using System;
class ArrayErr {
int i;
// .
for(i = 0; i < 100; i = i+1)
sample[i] = i;
}
}
182
I. C#
i 10,
IndexOutOfRangeException,
, . (
13.)

,
. ,
,
.

.
.
, ,
.
integer
1020.
int[,] table = new int[10, 20];
. ,
.
[,]
, .
new,
.
int[10, 20]
1020,
.
,
. , table
(3,5) 10.
table[3, 5] = 10;
,
1 12,
.
// .
using System;
class TwoD {
int t, i;
7.
183
int[,] table = new int[3, 4];

for(t=0; t < 3; ++t) {
for(i=0; i < 4; ++i) {
table[t,i] = (t*4)+i+1;
Console.Write(table[t,i] + " ");
}
}
}
}
table[0,0] 1,
table[0,1] 2, table[0,2] 3 ..
table[2,3] 12. . 7.1
.
. 7.1. table,
TwoD
, C++ Java,
, #.

, C# .

C# .
.
[,...,] _ = new [1, 2, ... N];
,
4103.
int[,,] multidim = new int[4, 10, 3];
multidim
(2,4,1) 100.
multidim[2, 4, 1] = 100;
184
I. C#
,
, 333,
.
// 333.
using System;
class ThreeDMatrix {
int[,,] m = new int[3, 3, 3];
int sum = 0;
int n = 1;
for(int x=0; x < 3; x++)
for(int y=0; < 3; y++)
for(int z=0;z < 3; z++)
m[x, y, z]= n++;
sum = m[0, 0, 0]+ m[1, 1,1] + m[2, 2, 2];
Console.WriteLine(" : " + sum);
}
}
.
: 42

.
:
[,] _ = {
{val, val, val, ..., val},
{val, val, val, ..., val},
{val, val, val, ..., val}

};
val ,
.
, .. ,
,
.
, sqrs
1 10 .
// .
using System;
7.
185
class Squares {
int[,] sqrs = {
{ 1, 1 },
{ 2, 4 },
{ 3, 9 },
{ 4, 16 },
{ 5, 25 },
{ 6, 36 },
{ 7, 49 },
{ 8, 64 },
{ 9, 81 },
{ 10, 100 }
};
int i, j;
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) {
for(j=0; j < 2; j++)
Console.Write(sqrs[i,j] + " ");
}
}
}
.
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100

, ,
.
,
. C# ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
. ,
:
[][] _ = new [][];
186
I. C#
.
, . ,
jagged.
,
.
int[][] jagged = new int[3][];
jagged[0] = new int[4];
jagged ,
.
jagged [0][0]
jagged [0][1]
jagged [0][2]
jagged [1][0]
jagged [1][1]
jagged [1][2]
jagged [2][0]
jagged [2][1]
jagged [2][2]
jagged [0][3]
jagged [2][3]
jagged [2][4]
, !
,
. ,
jagged, (2,1),
10.
jagged[2][1] = 10;

.

.
// .
using System;
class Jagged {
int[][] jagged = new int[3][];
int i;
// .
for(i=0; i < 4; i++)
jagged[0] [i] = i;
// .
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
jagged[1][i] = i;
7.
187
// .
for(i=0; i < 5; i++)
jagged[2][i] = i;
// .
for(i=0; i < 4; i++)
Console.Write(jagged[0][i] + " ");
// .
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
Console.Write(jagged[1][i] + " ");
// .
for(i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console. Write (jagged [2 ] [i ] + " ") ;
}
}
.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2
0 1 2 3 4
,
. , ,
, .. , ,
, .
:
, .
, .
int[][,] jagged = new int[3][,];
jagged[0]
42.
jagged[0] = new int[4, 2];
jagged[0][1,0]
i.
jagged[0][1,0] = i;

, , , ,
188
I. C#
.
,
. .
// .
using System;
class AssignARef {
int i;
int[] nums1 = new int[10];
int[] nums2 = new int [10];
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) nums1[i] = i;
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) nums2[i] = -i;
Console.Write(" nums1: ");
for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
Console.Write(nums1[i] + " ");
for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
nums2 = nums1; // nums2 nums1
Console.Write(" nums2\n" + " : ");
for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
// nums1
// nums2.
nums2[3] = 99;
Console.Write(" nums1 \n" +
" nums2: ");
for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
Console.Write(numsl[i] + " ");
}
}

nums1: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nums2: 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
nums2
: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nums1
nums2: 0 1 2 99 4 5 6 7 8 9
7.
189
, nums2 nums1
.
Length
C# .
, Length,
, . ,
, .
, .
// Length .
using System;
class LengthDemo {
Console.WriteLine(" nums " + nums.Length);
// Length nums.
for (int i=0; i < nums.Length; i++)
nums[i] = i * i;
// Length
// nums.
Console.Write(" nums: ");
for(int i=0; i < nums.Length; i++)
Console.Write(nums[i] + " ");
}
}
.
nums 10
nums: 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
, LengthDemo nums.Length
for .
,
. , , ,
Length ,
. Length ,
.
,
, , .
// Length .
using System;
190
I. C#
class LengthDemo3D {
int[,,] nums = new int[10, 5, 6];
Console.WriteLine(" nums " + nums.Length);
}
}
.
nums 300
, Length
, ( 300 (1056)
). Length
.
Length
, , .
Length
,
.
// .
using System;
class RevCopy {
int i, j ;
for(i=0; i < nums1.Length; i++) nums1[i] = i;
for(i=0; i < nums2.Length; i++)
// nums1 nums2 .
if(nums2.Length >= nums1.Length) // ,

// nums2
for(i=0, j=nums1.Length-1; i < nums1.Length; i++, j--)
nums2[j] = nums1[i];
for(i=0; i < nums2.Length; i++)
}
}
7.
191
.
: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Length . , ,
. -,
for,
. ,
Length,
, .
Length
Length
.
, .
,
() , .
// Length
// .
using System;
class Jagged {
int[][] network_nodes = new int[4][];
network_nodes[0] = new int[3];
int i, j;
// .
for(i=0; i < network_nodes.Length; i++)
for(j=0; j < network_nodes[i].Length; j++)
network_nodes[i][j] = i * j + 70;
network_nodes.Length + "\n");
for(i=0; i < network_nodes.Length; i++)
for(j=0; j < network_nodes[i].Length;
Console.Write("
" " + j + ": ") ;
Console.Write(network_nodes[i][j] +
}
}
}
}
{
j++) {
" + i +
"% ");
192
I. #
.
: 4
0 0: 70%
0 1: 70%
0 2: 70%
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
70%
71%
72%
73%
74%
75%
76%
2 0: 70%
2 1: 72%
3
3
3
3
3
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
70%
73%
76%
79%
82%
, Length
network_nodes. ,
. ,
network_nodes.Length
, network_nodes (
). ,
, .
n.etwork_nodes[0].Length
.

3, C# 3.0
var. ,
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
,
LINQ, 19.
"" .
#.
var,
[]. ,
7.
193
,
.
.
.
var vals = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int, .
vals. ,
int , .
,
[]. ,
, . .
,
double.
var vals = new[,] { {1.1, 2.2}, {3.3, 4.4},{ 5.5, 6.6} };
vals 23.
.
.
// .
using System;
class Jagged {
var jagged = new[] {
new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
new[] { 9, 8, 7 ),
new[] { 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 }
};
for(int j = 0; j < jagged.Length; j++) {
for(int i=0; i < jagged[j].Length; i++)
Console.Write(jagged[j][i] + " ");
}
}
}
.
1 2 3 4
9 8 7
11 12 13 14 15
jagged.
var jagged = new[] {
new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
new[] { 9, 8, 7 },
new[] { 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 }
};
194
I. C#
, new[] .
-, . -,
, .
,
. ,
,
.
,
LINQ- .
.
foreach
5, C# foreach,
. .
foreach ,
. C#
, .
foreach.
foreach ( __ in ) ;
__
,
foreach.
, . ,
. ,
var.
, .
, .
, , .
foreach . ,
.
,
. ,
. , foreach
.
, , , foreach
. , , ,
.
foreach.

, , .
// foreach.
using System;
class ForeachDemo {
7.
195
int sum = 0;
// nums.
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
nums[i] = i;
// foreach
// .
foreach(int in nums) {
sum += ;
}
}
}
.

: 45
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
, foreach
.
foreach ,
, ,
break. ,
nums.
// break
foreach.
using System;
class ForeachDemo {
int sum = 0;
// nums.
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
nums[i] = i;
// foreach
// .
196
I. C#
foreach(int x in nums) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + x);
sum += x;
if(x == 4) break; // , 4
}
Console.WriteLine(" 5 : " + sum);
}
}
.
: 0
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
5 : 10
, foreach
.
foreach
.
,
.
// foreach .
using System;
class ForeachDemo2 {
int sum = 0;
int[,] nums = new int[3,5];
// nums.
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
for(int j=0; j < 5; j++)
nums[i,j] = (i+1)*(j+1);
// foreach
// .
sum += ;
}
}
}
.
:
:
:
:
1
2
3
4
7.

: 90
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
197
5
2
4
6
8
10
3
6
9
12
15
foreach
: , ,
, . .
, ,
. ,
foreach .
, .
// foreach.
using System;
class Search {
int val;
bool found = false;
// nums.
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
nums[i] = i;
val = 5;
// foreach
// nums.
if(x == val)(
found = true;
break;
}
}
if(found)
}
}
.
!
198
I. C#
foreach ,
.
foreach ,
,
.. , foreach
.
string
#.
.
. C# . , string
. string C# ,
,
.
string ,
2, ,
.
. , :
Console.WriteLine(" C# .");
" C# ."
#. ,
string .
, .

. ,
str .
string str = " C# .";
str
" C# .".
string char. :
char[] charray = {'t', '', 's', 't'};
string str = new string(charray);
string , ,
, .
, string
WriteLine().
// .
using System;
7.
199
class StringDemo {
char[] charray = {'', 't', 'o', ' ', '', 't', 'p', 'o', '', 'a',
string strl = new string(charray);
string str2 = " .";
Console.WriteLine(strl);
Console.WriteLine(str2);
}
}
.
.
.

string .
. 7.1. ,
StringComparison.
, ,
. ( 12,
StringComparison .)
,
. , ,
. .
, ,
. .
( .)
, .
Compare(), Equals(), IndexOf()
LastIndexOf(),
,
, ,
.
.
,
(.. )
StringComparison.CurrentCulture.
,
StringComparison.Ordinal,
: StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase
StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase. ,
( 22).
, Compare() . 7.1 static.
static 8,
, : Compare()
200
I. C#
, . , Compare()
:
= string.Compare(str1, str2, );
.
,
, 22,
.
ToUpper() ToLower(),
. ,
. 7.1, CultureInf, ,
, .
, ,
(.. ).
CultureInfo.CurrentCulture. CultureInfo
System.Globalization. ,
,
,
CultureInfo.CurrentCulture .
string Length, .
7.1.
static int Compare(string

strA, string strB,
StringComparison
comparisonType)
bool Equals(string
value, StringComparison
comparisonType)
true,
,
value.
comparisonType

,
value. .

-1,
int IndexOf(char value)
int IndexOf(string
comparisonType)
,
strA strB;
, strA str; ,
.
comparisonType

,
value.
-1,
.
comparisonType
7.
201
. 7.1
int LastIndexOf(char value)

,
value.
.
-1,
int LastIndexOf(string
comparisonType)

,
value.
-1,
.
comparisonType
string ToLower(CultureInfo.
CurrentCulture culture)

.
culture
string ToUpper(CultureInfo.
CurrentCulture culture)

.
culture
,
.
string str = "";
Console.WriteLine(str[0]);
"",
"". , . , ,
,
. .
==. ,
== , ,
. string.
== ,
. !=.
.
Equals(),
StringComparison.CurrentCulture. ,
Compare() ,
.
, Equals()
.

.
// .
using System;
using System.Globalization;
202
I. C#
class StrOps {
string str1 = " .NET #.";
string str2 = " .NET #.";
string str3 = " C# .";
string strUp, strLow;
int result, idx;
Console.WriteLine("str1: " + str1);
Console.WriteLine(" str1: " + str1.Length);
// str1,
// .
strLow = str1.ToLower(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);
strUp = str1.ToUpper(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);
Console.WriteLine(" str1, " +
" :\n " + strLow);
Console.WriteLine(" str1, " +
" :\n " + strUp);
// str1 .
Console.WriteLine(" str1 .");
for (int i=0; i < str1.Length; i++)
Console.Write(str1[i]);
Console.WriteLine("\n");
// .
if(str1 == str2)
Console.WriteLine("str1 == str2");
else
Console.WriteLine("str1 != str2");
if(str1 == str3)
Console.WriteLine("str1 == str3");
else
Console.WriteLine("str1 != str3");
// .
result = string.Compare(str3, str1, StringComparison.CurrentCulture);
if(result == 0)
Console.WriteLine(" str1 str3 ");
else if (result < 0)
Console.WriteLine(" str1 str3");
else
Console.WriteLine(" str1 str3");
// str2.
str2 = " ";
// .
idx = str2.IndexOf("", StringComparison.Ordinal);
Console.WriteLine(" <>: " + idx);
7.
203
idx = str2.LastIndexOf("", StringComparison.Ordinal);

Console.WriteLine(" <>: " +
idx);
}
}
.
str1: .NET #.
str1: 41
str1, :
.net c#.
str1, :
.net c#.
str1 .
.NET #.
str1 == str2
str1 != str3
str1 str3
<>: 0
<>: 13
, , Compare()
.
result = string.Compare(str1, str3, StringComparison.CurrentCulture);
, Compare() static,
, .
+ (.. ) .
, :
string
string
string
string
str1
str2
str3
str4
=
=
=
=
"";
"";
"";
str1 + str2 + str3;
str4 "".
: string
System.String, .NET Framework,
.. . ,
, string,
System.String, .
System.String II .

,
. .
// .
using System;
204
I. C#
class StringArrays {
string[] str = { "", "", "", "." };
Console.WriteLine(" : ");
for(int i=0; i < str.Length; i++)
Console.Write(str[i] + " ");
// .
str[l] = "";
str[3] = " !";
for(int i=0; i < str.Length; i++)
}
}
.
:
.
:
!
.
. , 19 " ".
// .
using System;
class ConvertDigitsToWords {
int num;
int nextdigit;
int numdigits;
int[] n = new int[20];
string[] digits = { "", "", "",
"", "", "",
"", "", "",
"" };
num = 1908;
nextdigit = 0;
numdigits = 0;
// n.
7.
205
// .
do {
nextdigit = num % 10;
n[numdigits] = nextdigit;
numdigits++;
num = num / 10;
} while(num > 0);
numdigits--;
// .
for( ; numdigits >= 0; numdigits--)
Console.Write(digits[n[numdigits]] + " ");
}
}
.
: 1908
:
digits
0 9.
. ,
n int.
n .
, ,
.

, string .
, .
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
"", .
, , , (..
string) , , .
string .
, ,
: Substring().
, .
, ,
, , .
Substring():
string Substring(int _, int )
_ ,
.
206
I. C#
,
Substring().
// Substring().
using System;
class SubStr {
string orgstr = " C# .";
//
string substr = orgstr.Substring(5, 20);
Console.WriteLine("orgstr: " + orgstr);
Console.WriteLine("substr: " + substr);
}
}
.
orgstr: C# .
substr:
, orgstr ,
substr.
: ,
, #,
. C#
StringBuilder, System.Text.
, . , ,
C# string, StringBuilder.
switch
string switch.
,
switch.
,
. ,
, "", "" "".
// switch .
using System;
class StringSwitch {
string[] strs = { "", "", "", "", "" };
foreach(string s in strs) {
switch(s) {
case "":
Console.Write(1);
7.
break;
case "":
Console.Write(2);
break;
case "":
Console.Write(3);
break;
}
}
}
}
.
12321
207

.
.
,
, , Main(),
static.

. -,
.
, 6. -,

. ,
.
#, ,
: ,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.

-
,
.
210
I. C#
,
, , ,
.
.
, . ,
" ", ,
.

C#
: public, private, protected internal.
public private. protected
, ,
11. internal ,
C# ,
16.
public,
, ,
. private,
. ,
(private) .
6, ,
.
private .

. ,
. .
public string errMsg;
private double bal;
private bool isError(byte status) { // ...
public
private, .
// public private .
using System;
class MyClass {
private int alpha;
int beta;
public int gamma;
// ,
//
//
// , alpha beta .
// .
public void SetAlpha(int ) {
alpha = ;
}
8.
211
public int GetAlpha() {

return alpha;
}
public void SetBeta(int a) {
beta = a;
}
public int GetBeta() {
return beta;
}
}
class AccessDemo {
MyClass ob = new MyClass();
// alpha beta
// .
ob.SetAlpha(-99);
ob.SetBeta(19);
Console.WriteLine("ob.alpha " + ob.GetAlpha());
Console.WriteLine("ob.beta " + ob.GetBeta ());
// alpha beta
// .
// ob.alpha = 10; // ! alpha - !
// ob.beta =9; // ! beta - !
// gamma ,
// .
ob.gamma = 99;
}
}
, MyClass alpha private, beta
private , gamma public. ,
alpha beta
, . ,
AccessDemo.
(public) , SetAlpha() GetAlpha(). ,
:
// ob.alpha = 10; // ! alpha - !
-
. , alpha
MyClass, ,
MyClass, SetAlpha()
GetAlpha(). beta.
:
,
.
212
I. C#

.
, ,
.
, , .
, ,
,
.
,
, ..
, , .
, , ,
.
, .
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
,
. , ,
, .

, .
- ,
, ,
" ".
, .
.
-
,
. , ,
, ,
.

, .
:
. ,
. ,
: ,
.
8.
213
Stack,
.
.
Stack. ,
" ".
, Stack ,
.
// .
using System;
class Stack {
// .
char[] stck; // ,
int tos;
//
// Stack .
public Stack(int size) {
stck = new char[size];
//
tos = 0;
}
// .
public void Push(char ch) {
if(tos==stck.Length) {
Console.WriteLine(" - .");
return;
}
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
}
// .
public char Pop() {
if(tos==0) {
return (char) 0;
}
tos--;
return stck[tos];
}
// true, .
public bool IsFull() {
return tos==stck.Length;
}
// true, .
public bool IsEmpty() {
return tos==0;
}
214
I. C#
// .
public int Capacity() {
return stck.Length;
}
// , .
public int GetNum() {
return tos;
}
}
Stack .
.
// .
char[] stck; // ,
int tos;
//
stck (
). ,
. Stack. tos
.
, tos stck, ,
" ".
stck, . ,
tos ,
, tos ,
Stack, , .
stck tos Stack
, .
Stack.
// Stack .

stck = new char[size]; //
tos = 0;
}
.
tos .
, tos , .
Push() ,
.
// .
if (tos==stck.Length) {
return;
}
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
}
8.
215
, , ch.
,
, : tos
stck. stck ,
, tos,
. , tos
stck.
Pop(),
.
// .
public char Pop() {
if(tos==0) {
return (char) 0;
}
tos--;
return stck[tos];
}
tos.
, , . tos
, .
Push() Pop(),
. Stack
: IsFull(), IsEmpty(), Capacity() GetNum().
.
// true, .
}
// true, .
public bool IsEmpty()(
return tos==0;
}
// .
return stck.Length;
}
// , .
return tos;
}
IsFull() true, ,
false. IsEmpty()
true, , false.
(.. , )
216
I. C#
Capacity(), ,
, GetNum(). ,
, ,
tos. ,
.
Stack
.
// Stack.
using System;
// .
class Stack {
// .
char[] stck; // ,
int tos;
//
// Stack .
public Stack (int size) {
stck = new char[size]; //
tos = 0;
}
// .
if(tos==stck.Length) {
return;
}
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
}
// .
public char Pop() {
if(tos==0) {
return (char) 0;
}
tos--;
return stck[tos];
}
// true, .
}
// true, .
8.
217
return tos==0;
}
// .
return stck.Length;
}
// , .
return tos;
}
}
class StackDemo {
static void Main()
Stack stk1 = new
Stack stk2 = new
Stack stk3 = new
char ch;
int i;
{
Stack(10);
Stack(10);
Stack(10);
// stk1.
Console.WriteLine(" -J stk1.");
for(i=0; !stk1.IsFull(); i++)
stk1.Push((char) ('A' + i));
if(stk1.IsFull()) Console.WriteLine(" stk1 .");
// stk1.
Console.Write(" stk1: ");
while( !stk1.IsEmpty() ) {
ch = stk1.Pop();
Console.Write(ch);
}
if(stk1.IsEmpty()) Console.WriteLine(" stk1 .\n");
// stk1.
Console.WriteLine(" A-J stk1.");
// stk1 stk2.
// stk2 .
Console.WriteLine(" stk1\n" +
" stk2.");
ch = stk1.Pop();
stk2.Push(ch);
}
218
I. C#
ch = stk2.Pop();
Console.Write(ch);
}
// 5 .
Console.WriteLine(" 5 stk3.");
for(i=0; i < 5; i++)
stk3.Push((char)('A' + i));
Console.WriteLine(" stk3: " + stk3.Capacity());
Console.WriteLine(" stk3: " +
stk3.GetNum());
}
}
.
-J stk1.
stk1 .
stk1: JIHGFEDCBA
stk1 .
-J stk1.
stk1
stk2.
stk2: ABCDEFGHIJ
5 stk3.
stk3: 10
stk3: 5

,
, , int double.
,
, .
. .
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
int alpha, beta;
public MyClass(int i, int j) {
alpha = i;
beta = j;
}
8.
// true, ob
// , .
public bool SameAs(MyClass ob) {
if((ob.alpha == alpha) & (ob.beta == beta))
return true;
else return false;
}
// ob.
public void Copy(MyClass ob) {
alpha = ob.alpha;
beta = ob.beta;
}
public void Show() {
Console.WriteLine("alpha: (0), beta: (1}",
alpha, beta);
}
}
class PassOb {
MyClass ob1 = new MyClass(4, 5);
MyClass ob2 = new MyClass(6, 7);
Console.Write("ob1: ");
ob1.Show();
Console.Write("ob2: ");
ob2.Show();
if(ob1.SameAs(ob2))
Console.WriteLine("ob1 ob2 .");
else
// ob1 ob2.
ob1.Copy(ob2);
ob1.Show();
if(ob1.SameAs(ob2))
else
}
}
.
ob1: alpha: 4, beta: 5
ob2: alpha: 6, beta: 7
219
220
I. #
ob1 ob2 .
ob1 : alpha: 6, beta: 7
ob1 b2 .
SameAs() ()
MyClass . SameAs()
alpha beta
, ob.
true ,
. ()
alpha beta ,
ob, alpha beta .
,
, .

,
.
.
, .
.
.
. , ,
, ,
. .
, .
,
. , , ,
, .
C# , ,
. ,
, int double, ,
, ,
. .
// .
using System;
class Test {
/*
, . */
public void NoChange(int i, int j) {
i = i + j;
j = -j;
}
}
class CallByValue {
8.
221

Test ob = new Test();
int a = 15, b = 20;
Console.WriteLine(" b : " +
a + " " + b);
ob.NoChange(a, b);
Console.WriteLine(" b : " +
a + " " + b);
}
}
.
b : 15 20
b : 15 20
, , NoChange(),
b, .
, i j
b, b i j. ,
i
.
.
- . ,
, , ,
. (, ,
, .)
, ,
, , ,
. .
,
.
, . ,
, ,
, . ,
, .
.
// .
using System;
class Test {
public int a, b;
public Test(int i, int j) {
a = i;
b = j;
}
222
I. C#
/* . ob. ob.b ,
, . */
public void Change(Test ob) {
ob.a = ob.a + ob.b;
ob.b = -ob.b;
}
}
class CallByRef {
Test ob = new Test(15, 20);
Console.WriteLine("ob. ob.b : " +
ob.a + " " + ob.b);
ob.Change(ob);
Console.WriteLine("ob. ob.b : " +
ob.a + " " + ob.b);
}
}
.
ob.a ob.b : 15 20
ob.a ob.b : 35 -20
, Change()
, .
, . ,
, , .
- ,
. , .
ref out
, , int char,
. , , ,
, ,
. , ref out
.
, .
ref out,
,
. , :
.
.
, ,
. Swap(),
.
8.
223
, , C#
, ,
, int.
ref.
,
return.
. ,
, ,
? , out.
ref
ref ,
. ,
. .
Sqr(),
.
ref.
// ref .
using System;
class RefTest {
// .
// ref.
public void Sqr(ref int i) {
i = i * i;
}
}
class RefDemo {
RefTest ob = new RefTest();
int a = 10;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + a);
ob.Sqr(ref a); // ref
}
}
, ref
.
, ,
Sqr().
: 10
: 100
224
I. C#
, ref, ,
.
, Swap()
, .
// .
using System;
class ValueSwap {
// .
public void Swap(ref int a, ref int b) {
int t;
t = a;
a = b;
b = t;
}
}
class ValueSwapDemo {
ValueSwap ob = new ValueSwap();
int x = 10, = 20;
Console.WriteLine("x : " + + " " + );
ob.Swap(ref , ref );
Console.WriteLine(" : " + + " " + );
}
}
.
: 10 20
: 20 10
ref . ,
,
. , ,
, ,
. , ref
.
out

, . , ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
8.
225
ref
. , ref,

. , C#
out.
out ref,
: .
, out, ( )
- . , out
, .. , .
,
. , out
.
out.

GetParts() Decompose. ,
.
// out.
using System;
class Decompose {
/*
. */
public int GetParts(double n, out double frac) {
int whole;
whole = (int) n;
frac = n - whole; // frac
return whole;
//
}
}
class UseOut {
Decompose ob = new Decompose();
int i;
double f;
i = ob.GetParts(10.125, out f);
Console.WriteLine(" " + f);
}
}
.
10
0.125
226
I. C#
GetParts() . -,
n
return. -,
fr out. ,
out, .
, out
.
. out.
HasComFactor() . -,
( 1) ,
true, , false.
-, out
, .
// out.
using System;
class Num {
/* , v
. ,
out. */
public bool HasComFactor (int x, int y,
out int least, out int greatest) {
int i;
int max = x < ? x : y;
bool first = true;
least = 1;
greatest = 1;
// .
for(i=2; i <= max/2 + 1; i++) {
if( ((y%i)==0) & ((x%i)==0) ) {
if(first) {
least = i;
first = false;
}
greatest = i;
}
}
if(least != 1) return true;
else return false;
}
}
class DemoOut {
Num ob = new Num();
int lcf, gcf;
if(ob.HasComFactor(231, 105, out lcf, out gcf)) {
8.
Console.WriteLine("
" 231
Console.WriteLine("
" 231
227
" +
105 " + lcf);
" +
105 " + gcf);
}
else
Console.WriteLine(" 35 49 .");
if(ob.HasComFactor(35, 51, out lcf, out gcf)) {
" 35 51 " + lcf);
" 35 51 " + gcf);
}
else
Console.WriteLine(" 35 51 .");
}
}
, lcf gcf
Main() HasComFactor().
HasComFactor() ref, out, .
true false, ,
. ,
out .
.
231 105 3
231 105 21
35 51 .
ref out
ref out
. .
ref out , .
, .
, ref
, .
// .
using System;
class RefSwap {
int a, b;
public RefSwap(int i, int j) {
a = i;
b = j;
}
228 I. C#
Console.WriteLine("a: {0}, b: {l}", a, b);
}
// .
public void Swap(ref RefSwap ob1, ref RefSwap ob2) {
RefSwap t;
t = ob1;
ob1 = ob2;
ob2 = t;
}
}
class RefSwapDemo {
RefSwap x = new RefSwap(1, 2);
RefSwap = new RefSwap(3, 4);
Console.Write("x : ");
x.Show();
.Show();
// , .
.Swap(ref , ref );
.Show();
.Show();
}
}
.
: : 1, b: 2
: : 3, b: 4
: : 3, b: 4
: : 1, b: 2
Swap() ,
. Swap() ,
1 2, ,
3 4. Swap() ,
3 4, ,
1 2. ref, Swap()
. ,
ref Swap().
8.
229

,
, . ,
. ,
, .
, , .
.
, .
, .
params.
,
, params.
, .
.
, params
MinVal(),
.
// params.
using System;
class Min {
public int MinVal(params int[] nums) {
int m;
if(nums.Length == 0) {
Console.WriteLine(": .");
return 0;
}
m = nums[0];
for(int i=1; i < nums.Length; i++)
if(nums[i] < m) m = nums[i];
return m;
}
}
class ParamsDemo {
Min ob = new Min();
int min;
int a = 10, b = 20;
// .
min = ob.MinVal(a, b);
Console.WriteLine(" " + min);
// .
min = ob.MinVal(a, b, -1);
230
I. C#
// .
min = ob.MinVal(18, 23, 3, 14, 25);
// .
int[] args = { 45, 67, 34, 9, 112, 8 };
min = ob.MinVal(args);
}
}
.
10
-1
3
8
, MinVal(),
nums. .
MinVal()
.
MinVal().
, .
. params,
, .
params
, , .
, MinVal()
min = ob.MinVal(l, 2.2); // !
, double
( 2.2) int, nums MinVal().
params ,
, params
! , MinVal()
#.
min = ob.MinVal(); //
min = ob.MinVal(3); // 1
MinVal()
nums ,
. , MinVal()
. (
13.) , MinVal()
, .
.
,
. , ShowArgs()
8.
231
string,
params.
//
// params.
using System;
class MyClass {
public void ShowArgs(string msg, params int[] nums) {
Console.Write(msg + ");
foreach(int i in nums)
}
}
class ParamsDemo2 {
ob.ShowArgs(" ",
1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
ob.ShowArgs(" ",
17, 20);
}
}
.
: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
: 17, 20
, ,
params,
. params .

, .
Rect, Enlarge(),
,
, .
// .
using System;
class Rect {
int width;
int height;
232
I. C#

width = w;
height = h;
}
public int Area() {
return width * height;
}
Console.WriteLine(width + " " + height);
}
/* ,

. */
public Rect Enlarge(int factor) {
return new Rect(width * factor, height * factor);
}
}
class RetObj {
Rect r1 = new Rect(4, 5);
Console.Write(" r1: ");
r1.Show();
Console.WriteLine(" r1: " + rl.Area(1);
// rl.
Rect r2 = r1.Enlarge(2);
Console.Write(" r2: ");
r2.Show();
Console.WriteLine(" r2: " + r2.());
}
}
.
r1: 4 5
r1: 20
r2: 8 10
r2: 80
, ,
. "".
, ,
.
8.
233

, ,
.

, .
.
.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
int a, b; //
// MyClass.
public MyClass Factory(int i, int j) {
MyClass t = new MyClass();
t.a = i;
t.b = j;
return t; //
}
Console.WriteLine(" b: " + a + " " + b);
}
}
class MakeObjects {
int i, j;
// , .
for(i=0, j=10; i < 10; i++, j--) {
MyClass anotherOb = ob.Factory(i, j); //
anotherOb.Show();
}
}
}
.
b:
b:
b:
b:
b:
b:
b:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
234
I. C#
b: 73
b: 8 2
b: 91
.
MyClass , ,
. , b
. Factory() ,
b. , b
,
Factory().
Main() MyClass,
for .
, .
MyClass anotherOb = ob.Factory(i, j); //

anotherOb, ,
. anotherOb
, , , .

C# , ,
. ( C# C++,
.) ,
FindFactors() ,
.
// .
using System;
class Factor {
/* facts, num.
numfactors out
. */
public int[] FindFactors(int num, out int numfactors) {
int[] facts = new int[80]; // 80
int i, j;
// facts.
for(i=2, j=0; i < num/2 + 1; i++)
if( (num%i)==0 ) {
facts[j] = i;
j++;
}
numfactors = j;
return facts;
}
}
8.
235
class FindFactors {
Factor f = new Factor();
int numfastors;
int[] factors;
factors = f.FindFactors(1000, out numfactors);
Console.WriteLine(" 1000: ");
for(int i=0; i < numfactors; i++)
Console.Write(factors[i] + " ");
}
}
.
1000:
2 4 5 8 10 20 25 40 50 100 125 200 250 500
Factor FindFactors() .
public int[] FindFactors(int num, out int numfactors) {
, int.
. , ,
, . ,
someMeth(),
double.
public double[,] someMeth()
{ // ...

C#
, ,
-. , ,
.
#.
, ,
.
: .
,
. .
( ,
#, , .) ,
.
, ,
( ) .
236
I. C#
, .
// .
using System;
class Overload {
public void OvlDemo() {
}
// OvlDemo .
public void OvlDemo(int a) {
}
// OvlDemo .
public int OvlDemo(int a, int b) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + a + " " + b);
return a + b;
}
// OvlDemo double.
public double OvlDemo(double a, double b) {
Console.WriteLine(" double: " +
a + " "+ b);
return a + b;
}
}
class OverloadDemo {
Overload ob = new Overload();
int resI;
double resD;
// OvlDemo().
ob.OvlDemo();
ob.OvlDemo(2);
resI = ob.OvlDemo(4, 6);
Console.WriteLine(" ob.OvlDemo(4, 6): " + resI
Console.WriteLine ();
resD = ob.OvlDemo(1.1, 2.32);
Console.WriteLine(" ob.OvlDemo(1.1, 2.32): " +
resD);
}
}
.
8.
237

: 2
: 4 6
ob.OvlDemo(4, 6): 10
double: 1.1 2.32
ob.OvlDemo(1.1, 2.32): 3.42
, OvlDemo() .
, ,
, double.
, OvlDemo()
void, , ,
. , , ,
.
, ( )
OvlDemo() .
// OvlDemo(int) .
public void OvlDemo(int a) {
}
/* ! OvlDemo(int) ,
. */
public int OvlDemo(int a) {
return a * a;
}
,
, OvlDemo(),
.
3, C# (.. )
.
. .
//
// .
using System;
class Overload2 {
public void MyMeth(int x) {
Console.WriteLine(" MyMeth(int): " + x);
}
public void MyMeth(double x) {
Console.WriteLine(" MyMeth(double): " + x);
}
}
238
I. C#
class TypeConv {
Overload2 ob = new Overload2();
int i = 10;
double d = 10.1;
byte b = 99;
short s = 10;
float f = 11.5F;
ob.MyMeth(i); // ob.MyMeth(int)
ob.MyMeth(d); // ob.MyMeth(double)
ob.MyMeth(b); // ob.MyMeth(int) --
ob.MyMeth(s); // ob.MyMeth(int) --
ob.MyMeth(f); // ob.MyMeth(double) --
}
}
.
MyMeth(int): 10
MyMeth(double): 10.1
MyMeth(int): 99
MyMeth(int): 10
MyMeth():
int double. MyMeth()
byte, short float. ,
byte short, C#
int MyMeth(int) .
float, double
MyMeth(double) .
, , ,
, .
,
MyMeth(), byte.
// MyMeth(byte).
using System;
class Overload2 {
public void MyMeth(byte x) {
Console.WriteLine(" MyMeth(byte): " + x);
}
}
public void MyMeth(double x) {
8.
239
Console.WriteLine(" MyMeth(double): " + x);

}
}
class TypeConv {
Overload2 ob = new Overload2();
int i = 10;
double d = 10.1;
byte b = 99;
short s = 10;
float f = 11.5F;
ob.MyMeth(i); //
ob.MyMeth(d); //
ob.MyMeth(int)
ob.MyMeth(double)
ob.MyMeth(b); //
ob.MyMeth(byte) -//
ob.MyMeth(s); // ob.MyMeth(int) --
ob.MyMeth(f); // ob.MyMeth(double) --
}
}
.
MyMeth(int): 10
MyMeth(byte): 99
MyMeth(int): 10
MyMeth(),
byte, byte
MyMeth(byte) int.
, ref out, ,
. ,
.
}
public void MyMeth(ref int x) {
Console.WriteLine(" MyMeth(ref int): " + x);
}
,
ob.MyMeth(i)
MyMeth(int x),
ob.MyMeth(ref i)
MyMeth(ref int x).
240 I. C#
ref out ,
, .
, MyMeth()
.
// !
public void MyMeth(out int x) { // ...
public void MyMeth(ref int x) { // ...

MyMeth() ,
out, ref.
,
C# :
. , ,
. ,
, .

. , ,
. , ,

, . , abs()
, labs()
, fabs()
() .
, ,
, , , ,
.
, ,
. #
, , ,
. ,
.NET Framework Abs(), System.Math
. C# ,
Abs() , .
,
. , Abs
,
. .
,
, ,

.
,
.
- ,
. ,
,
. , Sqr ,
.
8.
241
.
.
.
C# ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
C# .
params.

, .
.
.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
public int x;
public MyClass() {
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass().");
x = 0;
}
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(int).");
x = i;
}
public MyClass(double d) {
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(double).");
x = (int) d;
}
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(int, int).");
x = i * j;
}
}
class OverloadConsDemo {
MyClass t3 = new MyClass(17.23);
MyClass t4 = new MyClass(2, 4);
Console.WriteLine("t1.x: " + t1.x);
242
I. #
Console.WriteLine("t2.: " + t2.x);
}
}
.

t1.x: 0
t2.x: 88
t3.x: 17
t4.x: 8
MyClass().
MyClass(int).
MyClass(double).
MyClass(int, int).
MyClass() ,
-. ,
, new.

.

.
Stack, .
// .
using System;
class Stack {
// .
char[] stck; // ,
int tos;
//
// Stack .
stck = new char[size];
//
tos = 0;
}
// Stack .
public Stack(Stack ob) {
// .
stck = new char[ob.stck.Length];
// .
for(int i=0; i < ob.tos; i++)
stck[i] = ob.stck[i];
// tos .
tos = ob.tos;
}
8.
243
// .
if (tos==stck.Length) {
return;
}
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
}
// .
public char Pop() {
if (tos==0) {
return (char) 0;
}
tos--;
return stck[tos];
}
// true, .
}
// true, .
return tos==0;
}
// .
return stck.Length;
}
// , .

return tos;
}
}
// Stack.
class StackDemo {
Stack stk1 = new Stack(10);
char ch;
int i;
// stk1.
Console.WriteLine(" -J stk1.");
244
I. #
// stck1.
Stack stk2 = new Stack(stk1);
// stk1.
ch = stk1.Pop();
Console.Write(ch);
}
ch = stk2.Pop();
Console.Write(ch);
}
}
}
.
-J stk1.
stk1: JIHGFEDCBA
stk2: JIHGFEDCBA
StackDemo (stk1),
. (stk2).
Stack.
// Stack .
public Stack(Stack ob) {
// .
stck = new char[ob.stck.Length];
// .
for(int i=0; i < ob.tos; i++)
stck[i] = ob.stck[i];
// tos .
tos = ob.tos;
}

, , ob.
, ob, ,
tos, .

, .
8.
245
this
,
. #
this. .
_(_1) : this(_2) {
// ... , .
}
,
_2,
, .
.
// this.
using System;
class XYCoord {
public int x, y;
public XYCoord():this(0, 0) {
Console.WriteLine(" XYCoord()");
}
public XYCoord(XYCoord obj) : this(obj.x, obj.y) {
Console.WriteLine(" XYCoord(obj)");
}
public XYCoord(int i, int j) {
Console.WriteLine(" XYCoord(int, int)");
x = i;
= j;
}
}
class OverloadConsDemo {
XYCoord t1 = new XYCoord();
XYCoord t2 = new XYCoord(8,9);
XYCoord t3 = new XYCoord(t2);
Console.WriteLine("t1.x, t1.y: " + t1.x + ", " + t1.y);
}
}
.
XYCoord(int, int)
XYCoord()
XYCoord(int, int)
XYCoord(int, int)
246 I. C#

t1., t1.: 0,
t2., t2.: 8,
t3., t3.: 8,
XYCoord(obj)
0
9
9
.
, XYCoord,
XYCoord(int, int).
this. ,
t1, XYCoord(), this(0, 0),
XYCoord(0, 0).
t2.
this
, , , .

,
this .

" " ,
.
XYCoord.
public XYCoord(int ) : this(, ) { }

, . ,
" "
, .

. ( 10.)
,
,
. ,
.
LINQ-.
( LINQ- 19.)
, ,
.
.
// , .
using System;
class MyClass {
public int Count;
public string Str;
}
8.
247
class ObjInitDemo {
// MyClass,
.
MyClass obj = new MyClass { Count = 100, Str = "" };
Console.WriteLine(obj.Count + " " + obj.Str);
}
}
.
100
,
obj.Count 100, obj.
Str "". ,
MyClass
. obj MyClass
.
MyClass obj = new MyClass { Count = 100, Str = "" };

. ,
MyClass ( ),
Count Str .
,
. , obj ,
.
MyClass obj = new MyClass { Str = "", Count = 100 };
Str
Count,
. .
:
new _ { = , = , ...}
, .. ,
_. ,
, , .
, ,
, MyClass, . ,

. , ,
, LINQ-.

C# 4.0 ,
.
.
248
I. C#
,
. ,
.
, ,
. ""
.

.
, .
.
.
static void OptArgMeth(int alpha, int beta=10, int gamma = 20) {
: beta gamma,
beta 10, gamma
20. ,
. ,
alpha . , ,
.
OptArgMeth(),
.
// .
OptArgMeth(1, 2, 3);
// gamma .
OptArgMeth(1, 2);
// beta gamma .
OptArgMeth(1);
alpha 1, beta
2, gamma 3. ,
, , , .
alpha 1, beta
2, gamma
20. , alpha
1, beta gamma
. , , , beta
,
gamma. ,
.

.
// .
using System;
class OptionArgDemo {
Console.WriteLine(" alpha, beta gamma: " +
alpha + " " + beta + " " + gamma);
8.
249
}
// .
OptArgMeth(1,2,3);
// gamma .
OptArgMeth(1, 2);
// beta gamma .
OptArgMeth(1);
}
}

.
alpha, beta gamma: 1 2 3
, ,
, .
,
. ,
.
int Sample(string name = "", int userid) { // !
userId
name. ,
. ,
.
int Sample(int accountId, string name = "", int userId) { // !
name , userId
name ( ).
, ,
. ( .)
, , ,

. ,
.

. , ,
, ,
.
.

. , ,
250 I. C#
OptArgMeth(). C#
OptArgMeth(),
,
. .
static void OptArgMeth(int alpha)
static void OptArgMeth(int alpha, int beta)
static void OptArgMeth(int alpha, int beta, int gamma)
OptArgMeth()
, . ( beta gamma
, .)
, OptArgMeth()
.
,
, .

, .
.
, ,
.
OptArgMeth().
}
static void OptArgMeth(int alpha, double beta=10.0, double gamma = 20.0) {
}
,
beta gamma,
. int,
double. OptArgMeth()
.
OptArgMeth(1); // - !
, ,
: , beta gamma
int, , double. ,
OptArgMeth() ,
.
,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
8.
251

,
, .
Display(),
.
// , .
using System;
class UseOptArgs {
// .
static void Display(string str, int start = 0, int stop = -1) {
if (stop < 0)
stop = str.Length;
// .
if(stop > str.Length | start > stop | start < 0)
return;
for(int i=start; i < stop; i++)
Console.Write(str[i]);
}
Display(" ");
Display(" ", 12);
Display(" ", 4, 14);
}
}
.

Display().
. ,
.
. stop ,
-1, ,
. start
, 0. ,
.
. ,
Display() (.. ),
. Display() ,
, ,
252
I. C#
start, . Display()
, , ,
start, , stop.
, , ,
, .
, ,
.
.
,
.
, . ,
,
.
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
. , ,
!

, ,
. C# 4.0.
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
. ,
.
. , -
,
.
.
_ :
_ ,
. , _
.
,
. IsFactor(),
true, .
// .
using System;
class NamedArgsDemo {
8.
253
// , .
static bool IsFactor(int val, int divisor) {
if((val % divisor) == 0) return true;
return false;
}
// IsFactor().
// .
if(IsFactor(10, 2))
Console.WriteLine("2 - 10.");
// .
if(IsFactor(val; 10, divisor: 2))
// .
if(IsFactor(divisor: 2, val: 10))
// , .
if(IsFactor(10, divisor: 2))
}
}
.
2
2
2
2
10.
10.
10.
10.
, IsFactor()
.
,
.
-, . ,
IsFactor() .
IsFactor(val :10, divisor: 2)
IsFactor(divisor: 2, val: 10)

. , ( )
. . -,
,
.
IsFactor(10, divisor: 2)
, , ,

.
254
I. C#

. Display(),
.
// .
Display(stop: 10, str: " ", start: 0);
// start .
Display(stop: 10, str: " ");
// , stop by name,
// start
Display(" ", stop: 10);
,
.
,
,
. , ,
.
,
, . (
.)
Main()

Main(). .
, .
.
Main()

Main() ( ).
Main().
static int Main()
, Main()
int void.
, , Main(),
-
.
,
.
8.
255
Main()
,
.. ,
. C#
Main().
Main().
static void Main(string[] args)
static int Main(string[] args)
Main() void,
, .
string,
Main(). (args)
, .
,
, .
// .
using System;
class CLDemo {
static void Main(string[] args) {
args.Length +
" .");
for(int i=0; i < args.Length; i++)
Console.WriteLine(args[i]);
}
}
CLDemo :
CLDemo
.
3 .
:
,
, ,
.
.
.
1. , "" "" ..
1. ,
,
. .
256
I. C#
// ,
// .
using System;
class Cipher {
static int Main(string[] args) {
// .
if(args.Length < 2) {
Console.WriteLine(": " +
"1: <>/<> " +
"[2... N]");
return 1; //
}
// ,
// <> <>.
if(args[0]!= "" & args[0] != "") {
"<> <>.");
return 1; //
}
// .
for(int n=1; n < args.Length; n++) {
for(int i=0; i < args[n].Length; i++) {
if(args[0] == "")
Console.Write((char) (args[n][i] + 1) );
else
Console.Write((char) (args[n][i] - 1) );
}
Console.Write(" ");
}
return 0;
}
}
,
, "" ""
, .
, , Cipher.
:\Cipher

:\Cipher

. -,
,
, . ,
8.
257
.
,
,
. ,
, . ,
"" ""
.
-, ,
.
, 1, .
0, .
C# , .
, , , . ,
, .
- .
, , .
.
.
N 1 N.
, 3 123, 6.
.
.
// .
using System;
class Factorial {
// .
public int FactR(int n) {
int result;
if(n==1) return 1;
result = FactR(n-1) * n;
return result;
}
// .
public int FactI(int n) {
int t, result;
result = 1;
for(t=1; t <= n; t++) result *= t;
return result;
}
}
258
I. C#
class Recursion {
Factorial f = new Factorial();
Console.WriteLine(", .");
Console.WriteLine(" 3 " + f.FactR(3));
Console.WriteLine(", .");
}
}
.
, .
3 6
4 24
5 120
, .
3 6
4 24
5 120
FactI() .
, , 1,
, , .
FactR() .
FactR() 1, 1.
FactR(n-1)*n.
FactR() n-1.
, n 1,
. ,
2, FactR()
1. 1,
2 ( n). 2,
2(12). FactR()
, WriteLine(),
FactR(),
.
,
,
.
, .

, .

.
8.
259

.
DisplayRev().
// , .
using System;
class RevStr {
// .
public void DisplayRev(string str) {
if(str.Length > 0)
DisplayRev(str.Substring(1, str.Length-1));
else
return;
Console.Write(str[0]);
}
}
class RevStrDemo {
string s = " ";
RevStr rsOb = new RevStr();
Console.WriteLine(" : " + s);
rsOb.DisplayRev(s);
}
}
.
:
:
, DisplayRev(),
, str.
, DisplayRev() ,
. ,
.

DisplayRev().
, str,
.
,
-
. ,
.

260
I. C#
, -
. ,
(CLR) .
,
.
,
, . ,
.
, , ,
.

, if,
.
.
.
, WriteLine(),
,
.
static
,
. ,
,

. ,
static. static,

- . static
, . static
Main(), ,
.
static ,
-.
. static
, . , 10
count static, Timer,
.
Timer.count = 10;
,
, , .
static,
-.
, static, , .
, static
.
8.
261
static.
. ,
, , ,
, false,
bool. , static -
.
static ,
, .
. Sqrt() static,
System.Math #.
,
static.
// static.
using System;
class StaticDemo {
// static.
public static int Val = 100;
// static.
public static int ValDiv2() {
return Val/2;
}
}
class SDemo {
"StaticDemo.Val " + StaticDemo.Val);
StaticDemo.Val = 8;
"StaticDemo.Val " + StaticDemo.Val);
Console.WriteLine("StaticDemo.ValDiv2(): " + StaticDemo.ValDiv2());
}
}
.
StaticDemo.Val 100
StaticDemo.Val 8
StaticDemo.ValDiv2(): 4
, static
.
static .
static this,
- .
262
I. C#
static
static, .
, ,
static . ,
, .
static.
static
static, . , ,
, ,
.
, ValDivDenom()
static.
class StaticError {
public int Denom = 3; //
public static int Val = 1024; //
/* !
. */
static int ValDivDenom() {
return Val/Denom; // !
}
}
Denom ,
static.
Val, static.

, .
using System;
class AnotherStaticError {
// .
void NonStaticMeth() {
Console.WriteLine(" NonStaticMeth().");
}
/* !
. */
static void staticMeth() {
NonStaticMeth(); // !
}
}
(.. )
.
, static
,
. ,
8.
263

. ,
.
class MyClass {
// .
void NonStaticMeth() {
Console.WriteLine(" NonStaticMeth().");
}
/*
. */
public static void staticMeth(MyClass ob) {
ob.NonStaticMeth(); // !
}
}
NonStaticMeth() staticMeth()
ob MyClass.
static ,
, .
, . static
.
// static
// .
using System;
class CountInst {
static int count = 0;
// , .
public CountInst() {
count++;
}
// , .
~Countlnst() {
count--;
}
public static int GetCount() {
return count;
}
}
class CountDemo {
CountInst ob;
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
264 I. C#
ob = new CountInst();
Console.WriteLine(" : " + CountInst.GetCount());
}
}
}
.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
, CountInst, count
static. , , count
. , count
.
static.
, ,
.
.
, .
, ,
,
. static,
, .
,
.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
int a, b;
// MyClass.
static public MyClass Factory(int i, int j) {
MyClass t = new MyClass();
t.a = i;
t.b = j;
return t; //
}
Console.WriteLine(" b: " + a + " " + b);
8.
265
}
}
class MakeObjects {
int i, j;
// , .
for(i=0, j=10; i < 10; i++, j--) {
MyClass ob = MyClass.Factory(i, j); //
ob.Show();
}
}
}
Factory()
.
MyClass ob = MyClass.Factory(i, j); //
MyClass,
.

static. ,
, ,
, .
-
.
.
// .
using System;
class Cons {
public static int alpha;
public int beta;
// .
static Cons() {
alpha = 99;
}
// .
public Cons() {
beta = 100;
}
}
266
I. C#
class ConsDemo {
Cons ob = new Cons();
Console.WriteLine("Cons.alpha: " + Cons.alpha);
Console.WriteLine("ob.beta: " + ob.beta);
}
}
.
.
.
Cons.alpha: 99
ob.beta: 100
, static ,
, .
:
. ,
, ,
.

static.
. -, . -,
.
,
static.
static class _ { // ...
static.
, ,
.
. -,
.
LINQ 19.
-,
. .
NumericFn static
, .
NumericFn static,
static, .
, NumericFn ,
.
// .
using System;
8.
267
static class NumericFn {

// .
static public double Reciprocal(double num) {
return 1/num;
}
// .
static public double FracPart(double num) {
return num - (int) num;
}
// true,
// num .
static public bool IsEven(double num) {
return (num % 2) == 0 ? true : false;
}
// true,
// num .
static public bool IsOdd(double num) {
return !IsEven(num);
}
}
class StaticClassDemo {
Console.WriteLine(" 5 " +
NumericFn.Reciprocal(5.0));
Console.WriteLine(" 4.234 " +
NumericFn.FracPart(4.234));
if(NumericFn.IsEven(10))
Console.WriteLine("10 .");
if (NumericFn.IsOdd(5))
// NumericFn,
// .
// NumericFn ob = new NumericFn(); // !
}
}
.
5 0.2
4.234 0.234
10 .
5 .
268
I. C#
,
. NumericFn ,

.
NumericFn.
: ,
, .
C#
.
.

.

. , +
,
,
.
,
.
, .
+, ,

, .. .

,
.

-
, #.
,
,
#.
#.
270
I. C#

.
operator, , ,
, .
(operator):
, .
.
// .
public static _ operator op(_ )
{
//
}
// .
public static _ operator op(_1 1,
_1 2)
{
//
}
, + /;
_ ,
. ,
, , .
.
,
1 2. ,
, public static.
, ,
.
, . , C#
, . ,
+ int string.
:
ref out.

,
, + -.
ThreeD,
. +
ThreeD .
- .
// .
using System;
9.
271
// .
class ThreeD {
int , , z;
//
public ThreeD() { = = z = 0; }
public ThreeD(int i, int j, int k) { x = i; = j; z = k; }
// +.
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
ThreeD result = new ThreeD();
/*
result. =
result. =
result.z =
. */
op1.x + 2.; //
op1.y + 2.; // ,
op1.z + op2.z; // .
return result;
}
// -.
public static ThreeD operator -(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
/* :
op1 , 2 . */
result. = op1.x - 2.; //
result. = op1.y - 2.; //
result.z = op1.z - op2.z; //
return result;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void Show()
{
Console.WriteLine(x + ", " + + ", " + z);
}
}
class ThreeDDemo {
ThreeD a = new ThreeD(1, 2, 3);
ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10, 10, 10);
ThreeD c;
Console.Write(" a: ");
a.Show();
Console.Write(" b: ");
b.Show();
272
I. C#
= + b; // b
Console.Write(" + b: ");
.Show();
= + b + ; // , b
Console.Write(" + b + : ");
.Show();
= - ; //
Console.Write(" - : ");
.Show();
= - b; // b
Console.Write(" - b: ");
.Show();
}
}
.
: 1, 2, 3
b: 10, 10, 10
+ b: 11, 12, 13
+ b + : 22, 24, 26
- : 21, 22, 23
- b: 11, 12, 13
,
+. + ThreeD,
,
operator+(). , , ,
,
ThreeD, .
, + ,
, :
10 + 12. 22, 10, 12.

, ,
.
, operator+() ThreeD.
C# ,
ThreeD, +
, a+b+. +b
ThreeD, .
9.
273
+b ,
a+b+ .
,
operator+(), ,
, z .
+ ThreeD
, ..
.
operator-(). -
, +, .
, (
), : - , - !

, . ,
, ,
.

, .
, , , .
,
ThreeD.
// .
public static ThreeD operator - (ThreeD op)
{
ThreeD result = new ThreeD ();
result.x = -op.x;
result. = -op.;
result.z = -op.z;
return result;
}
,
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
= -b
b, b .
C# ++ -- .
,
. #,
.
operator++() ThreeD.
274 I. #
// ++.
public static ThreeD operator ++(ThreeD op)
{
// .
result.x = op.x + 1;
result. = op. + 1;
result.z = op.z + 1;
return result;
}
,
- ++.
// .
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int , , z; //
// +.
{
/* . */
result. = op1.x + 2.;
result. = op1.y + 2.;
result.z = op1.z + op2.z;
return result;
}
// -.
public static ThreeD operator -(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
/* :
op1 , 2 . */
result. = op1.x - 2.;
result. = op1.y - 2.;
result.z = op1.z - op2.z;
return result;
}
// -.
public static ThreeD operator -(ThreeD op)
9.
{
result.x = -op.x;
result. = -op.y;
result.z = -op.z;
return result;
}
// ++.
public static ThreeD operator ++(ThreeD op)
{
// .
result.x = op.x + 1;
result. = op.y + 1;
result.z = op.z + 1;
return result;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void Show()
{
}
}
class ThreeDDemo {
ThreeD = new ThreeD();
a.Show();
b.Show();
= a + b; // b
Console.Write(" a + b: ");
c.Show();
c = a + b + c; // a, b
Console.Write(" a + b + : ");
.Show();
275
276
I. C#
= - ; //
Console.Write(" - : ");
.Show();
= - b; // b
Console.Write(" - b: ");
.Show();
= -a; //
Console.Write(" -: ");
.Show();
= ++; // ,
//
Console.WriteLine(" = ++");
Console.Write(" ");
.Show();
Console.Write(" ");
.Show();
// (1,2,3)
= new ThreeD(1, 2, 3);
Console.Write("\n : ");
.Show();
= ++; // ,
//
Console.WriteLine("\n = ++");
Console.Write(" ");
.Show();
Console.Write(" ");
.Show();
}
}
.
: 1, 2, 3
b: 10, 10, 10
+ b: 11, 12, 13
+ b + : 22, 24, 26
- : 21, 22, 23
- b: 11, 12, 13
-: -1, -2, -3
= ++
1, 2, 3
9.
277
2, 3, 4
: 1, 2, 3
= ++
2, 3, 4
2, 3, 4
C#

. , , ,
, .
ThreeD. ,
+ ThreeD
.
ThreeD. ,
ThreeD.
. + ,
.
// +
// ThreeD int.
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD op1, int op2)
{
result.x = op1.x + op2;
result. = op1.y + op2;
result.z = op1.z + op2;
return result;
}
, int. ,

ThreeD. , , ,
,
, .
.
ThreeD
+.
// + :
// - ThreeD,
// ThreeD int.
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int , , z; //
278
I. #
public ThreeD() { x = = z = 0; }
// + ThreeD.
public static ThreeD operator + (ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
/*
result. =
result. =
result.z =
. */
op1.x + 2.;
op1. + 2.;
op1.z + op2.z;
return result;
}
// +
// ThreeD int.
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD opl, int op2)
{
result. = op1. + op2;
return result;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void Show()
{
}
}
class ThreeDDemo {
Console.Write(" a; ");
a.Show();
b.Show();
= a + b; // ThreeD
c.Show();
c = b + 10; // ThreeD int
9.
279
Console.Write(" b + 10: ");

.Show();
}
}
. .
: 1, 2, 3
b: 10, 10, 10
+ b: 11, 12, 13
b + 10: 20, 20, 20
, +
ThreeD, .
ThreeD ,
.
+, ,
ThreeD, , .
. operator+(ThreeD, int) ,
.
ob1 = b2 + 10;
, , , .
ob1 = 10 + b2;
,
+,
.
, + .
int, ThreeD.
, operator+()
ThreeD ,
ThreeD. + (
) ,
. ThreeD,
+ .
// + :
// ThreeD,
// ThreeD int,
// int ThreeD.
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int , , z; //
public ThreeD() { x = y = z = 0; }
280
I. #
// + ThreeD.
{
/*
result. =
result. =
result.z =
. */
op1.x + 2.;
op1.y + 2.;
op1.z + op2.z;
return result;
}
// +
// ThreeD int.
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD op1, int op2)
{
return result;
}
// +
// int ThreeD.
public static ThreeD operator +(int op1, ThreeD op2)
{
return result;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void Show()
{
}
}
class ThreeDDemo {
ThreeD a = new ThreeD(l, 2, 3);
a.Show();
9.
281
b.Show();
= a + b; // ThreeD
c.Show();
c = b + 10; // ThreeD int
Console.Write(" b + 10: ");
.Show();
= 15 + b; // int ThreeD
Console.Write(" 15 + b: ");
.Show();
}
}
.
: 1, 2, 3
b: 10, 10, 10
+ b: 11, 12, 13
b + 10: 20, 20, 20
15 + b: 25, 25, 25

, == <, ,
. ,
true false.

.
,
.
ThreeD,
< >.
ThreeD, .
, . ,
, .
, , ,
.
true, . ,
.
282
I. #
// < >.
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int , , z; //
// <.
public static bool operator <(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
if(Math.Sqrt(op1.x * op1.x + op1.y * op1.y + op1.z * op1.z) <
Math.Sqrt(op2.x * op2.x + op2. * op2.y + op2.z * op2.z))
return true;
else
return false;
}
// >.
public static bool operator >(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
if(Math.Sqrt(op1.x * op1.x + op1.y * op1.y + op1.z * op1.z) >
Math.Sqrt(op2.x * op2.x + op2. * op2. + op2.z * op2.z))
return true;
else
return false;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void Show()
{
}
}
class ThreeDDemo {
ThreeD a = new ThreeD(5,6,7);
ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10,10,10);
ThreeD = new ThreeD(1,2,3);
ThreeD d = new ThreeD(6,7,5);
Console.Write("
a.Show();
Console.Write("
b.Show();
Console.Write("
c.Show();
Console.Write("
d.Show();
a: ");
b: ");
: ");
d: ");
9.
if(
if(
if(
if(
>
<
>
<
)
)
b)
b)
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
>
<
>
<
b
b
283
");
");
");
");
if( > d)Console.WriteLine("> d");

else if( < d) Console.WriteLine("a < d ");
else Console.WriteLine(" a d " +
" ");
}
}
.
:
b:
:
d:
5, 6, 7
10, 10, 10
1, 2, 3
6, 7, 5
>
< b
a d

: . , <,
>, .
.
==
<
<=
!=
>
>=
: == !=,
Object.Equals() Object.
GetHashCode().
11.
true false
true false
.
true false
.

if, while, for do-while ?.
true false , .
.
public static bool operator true(_ )
{
// true false.
284
I. #
}
public static bool operator false(_ )
{
// true false.
}
,
bool.
,
true false ThreeD.
: ThreeD ,
, , .

.
// true false ThreeD.
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int , , z; //
// true.
public static bool operator true(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x != 0) || (op. != 0) || (op.z != 0))
return true; //
else
return false;
}
// false.
public static bool operator false(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x == 0) && (op. == 0) && (op.z == 0))
return true; //
else
return false;
}
// --.
public static ThreeD operator --(ThreeD op)
{
// .
result.x = op.x - 1;
result. = op. - 1;
result.z = op.z - 1;
return result;
9.
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void Show()
{
}
}
class TrueFalseDemo {
ThreeD = new ThreeD (0, 0, 0);
a.Show();
b.Show();
c.Show();
if(a) Console.WriteLine(" .");
else Console.WriteLine(" .");
if(b) Console.WriteLine(" b .");
else Console.WriteLine(" b .");
if() Console.WriteLine(" .");
Console.WriteLine("
ThreeD.");
do {
b.Show();
b--;
} while(b);
}
}
.
: 5, 6, 7
b: 10, 10, 10
: 0, 0, 0

b

ThreeD.
10, 10, 10
285
I. #
286
9,
8,
7,
6,
5,
4,
3,
2,
1,
9,
8,
7,
6,
5,
4,
3,
2,
1,
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
, ThreeD
if do-while. , if
ThreeD true.
, if .
do-while b . ,
, b , ..
. ,
b , true
.

, C#
: &, |, !, && ||. , ,
&, | !. , ,
&& ||.
.

.
, & |
, bool.
, , !.
,
!, & | ThreeD. ,
ThreeD ,
. , .
//
// !, | & ThreeD.
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int , , z; //
9.
// |.
public static bool operator |(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((op1.x != 0) || (op1. != 0) || (op1.z != 0)) |
((op2.x != 0) || (op2. != 0) || (op2.z != 0)) )
return true;
else
return false;
}
// &.
public static bool operator &(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((op1.x != 0) && (op1. != 0) && (op1.z != 0)) &
((op2.x != 0) && (op2.y != 0) && (op2.z != 0)) )
return true;
else
return false;
}
// !.
public static bool operator !(ThreeD op)
{
if((op.x != 0) || (op.y != 0) || (op.z != 0))
return false;
else return true;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void Show()
{
}
}
ThreeD = new ThreeD(0, 0, 0);
a.Show();
b.Show();
c.Show();
if(!a) Console.WriteLine(" .");
if(!b) Console.WriteLine(" b .");
if(!c) Console.WriteLine(" .");
287
288
I. C#
if(a & b) Console.WriteLine("a & b .");

else Console.WriteLine("a & b .");
if(a & c) Console.WriteLine("a & .");
else Console.WriteLine("a & .");
if(a | b) Console.WriteLine("a | b .");
else Console.WriteLine("a | b .");
if(a | c) Console.WriteLine("a | .");
else Console.WriteLine("a | .");
}
}
.
: 5, 6, 7
b: 10, 10,10
: 0, 0, 0
.
&
&
|
|
.
.
.
.
&, | !
bool. ,
, .. ,
bool. , C#
bool.
bool
. , ,
, .

&& ||
, . -,
& |. -,
& | ,
, . -,
,
. -, true
false. ,
.
,
& | ThreeD,
&& ||.
9.
289
/*
!, | & ThreeD.
&& ||
. */
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int , , z; //
// | .
public static ThreeD operator |(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((op1.x != 0) || (op1.y != 0) || (op1.z != 0)) |
((op2.x != 0) || (op2. != 0) || (op2.z != 0)) )
return new ThreeD(1, 1, 1);
else
}
// & .
public static ThreeD operator &(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((op1.x != 0) && (op1.y != 0) && (op1.z != 0)) &
((op2.x != 0) && (op2.y != 0) && (op2.z != 0)) )
else
}
// !.
public static bool operator !(ThreeD op)
{
if(op) return false;
else return true;
}
// true.
public static bool operator true(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x != 0) || (op.y != 0) || (op.z != 0))
return true; //
else
return false;
}
// false.
public static bool operator false(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x == 0) && (op.y == 0) && (op.z == 0))
return true; //
else
290 I. C#
return false;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void Show()
{
}
}
ThreeD = new ThreeD(0, 0, 0);
a.Show();
b.Show();
c.Show();
if(a) Console.WriteLine(" .");
if(b) Console.WriteLine(" b .");
if() Console.WriteLine(" .");
if(!a) Console.WriteLine(" .");
if(!b) Console.WriteLine(" b .");
if(!) Console.WriteLine(" .");
Console.WriteLine(" & |");
if(a & b) Console.WriteLine(" & b .");
else Console.WriteLine(" & b .");
if( & ) Console.WriteLine(" & .");
else Console.WriteLine(" & .");
if( | b) Console.WriteLine("a | b .");
else Console.WriteLine(" | b .");
if( | ) Console.WriteLine(" | .");
else Console.WriteLine(" | .");
// .
" && ||");
if(a && b) Console.WriteLine("a && b .");
else Console.WriteLine(" && b .");
9.
291
if( && ) Console.WriteLine(" && .");

else Console.WriteLine("a && .");
if( || b) Console.WriteLine("a || b .");
else Console.WriteLine("a || b .");
if(a || c) Console.WriteLine("a || .");
else Console.WriteLine("a || .");
}
}
.
: 5, 6, 7
b: 10, 10, 10
: 0, 0, 0

b
.
& |
& b .
a & .
| b .
| .
&& ||
a && b .
a && .
|| b .
|| .
,
& |. .
// | .
public static ThreeD operator |(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((op1.x != 0) || (op1. != 0) || (op1.z != 0)) |
((op2.x != 0) || (op2. != 0) || (op2.z != 0)) )
else
}
// S .
public static ThreeD operator &(ThreeD op1, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((op1.x != 0) && (op1. != 0) && (op1.z != 0)) &
((op2.x != 0) && (op2.y != 0) && (op2.z != 0)) )
else
}
292
I. C#
,
ThreeD.
, .
, ThreeD,
.
, . ,
& b :
if ( & b) Console.WriteLine(" & b .");
else Console.WriteLine(" & b .");
ThreeD, .
true false , ThreeD
true
bool. true, , if
.
,
ThreeD.
. operator true
( ||) operator false (
&&). ,
(& |) .
(& | )
. , &&
||, & | ,
.
.
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9.
293
,
. C#
,
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#,
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public static explicit operator _(_ v) {return ;}
public static implicit operator _(_ v) {return ;}
_ , ;
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ThreeD,
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ThreeD , .
, ,
.
.
public static implicit operator int(ThreeD op1)
{
return op1.x * op1.y * op1.z;
}
,
.
// .
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int , , z; //
// +.
{
294
I. #
ThreeD result = new ThreeD);
result.x = op1.x + op2.x;
result. = op1. + op2.y;
return result;
}
// ThreeD int.
public static implicit operator int(ThreeD op1)
{
return op1.x * op1. * op1.z;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void Show()
{
}
}
class ThreeDDemo {
int i;
a.Show();
b.Show();
= a + b; // b
c.Show();
i = a; // int
Console.WriteLine(" i = a: " + i);
i = a * 2 - b; // int
Console.WriteLine(" a * 2 - b: " + i
}
}
.
: 1, 2, 3
b: 10, 10, 10
9.
295
+ b: 11, 12, 13
i = : 6
* 2 - b: -988
, ThreeD
, i = ,
.
6, ,
. int
, .
operator int() = + b.
. ,
ThreeD double
.
.

: ; ;
.
, ,
, .
.
,
int.
// .
using System;
// .
class ThreeD {
int , , z; //
// +.
{
result.x = op1.x + op2.x;
result. = op1.y + op2.y;
return result;
}
// .
public static explicit operator int(ThreeD op1)
{
return op1.x * op1.y * op1.z;
296
I. #
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void Show()
{
}
}
class ThreeDDemo {
int i;
a.Show();
b.Show();
= a + b; // b
c.Show();
i = (int) a; // int ,
//
Console.WriteLine(" i = : " + i);
i = (int)a * 2 - (int)b; //
Console.WriteLine(" * 2 - b: " + i);
}
}
,
int. ,
, .
i = (int) ; // int ,
//
.
,
. ,
int,
double.
object .

.
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297
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298 I. C#
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operator+(). ,
operator+() ThreeD,
b 11, 12, 13.
ThreeD = new ThreeD(l, 2, 3);
b += a; // b
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Nybble. int,
0 15. Nybble
.
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int Nybble.
Nybble int.
: (>) (<).
.
int Nybble.
Nybble int.
9.
299
, ,
Nybble #.
.
.
Nybble, NybbleDemo,
.
// 4- Nybble.
using System;
// 4- .
class Nybble {
int val; //
public Nybble() { val = 0; }
public Nybble(int i) {
val = i;
val = val & 0xF; // 4
}
// + Nybble.
public static Nybble operator +(Nybble op1, Nybble op2)

{
Nybble result = new Nybble();
result.val = op1.val + op2.val;
result.val = result.val & 0xF; // 4
return result;
}
// +
// Nybble int.
public static Nybble operator + (Nybble op1, int op2)
{
result.val = op1.val + op2;
return result;
}
// +
// int Nybble.
public static Nybble operator +(int op1, Nybble op2)
{
result.val = op1 + op2.val;
300
I. C#
return result;
}
// ++.
public static Nybble operator ++(Nybble op)
{
result.val = op.val + 1;
return result;
}
// >.
public static bool operator >(Nybble op1, Nybble op2)
{
if(op1.val > op2.val) return true;
else return false;
}
// <.
public static bool operator <(Nybble op1, Nybble op2)
{
if(op1.val < op2.val) return true;
else return false;
}
// Nybble int.
public static implicit operator int (Nybble op)
{
return op.val;
}
// int Nybble.
public static implicit operator Nybble (int op)
{
return new Nybble(op);
}
}
class NybbleDemo {
Nybble a = new Nybble(1);
Nybble b = new Nybble(10);
Nybble = new Nybble();
int t;
Console.WriteLine("a: " + (int) a);
Console.WriteLine("b: " + (int) b);
// Nybble if.
9.
301
if( < b) Console.WriteLine(" b\n");

// Nybble.
= + b;
Console.WriteLine(" = + b: " + (int) );
// int Nybble.
+= 5;
Console.WriteLine(" += 5: " + (int) );
// Nybble int.
t = * 2 + 3;
Console.WriteLine(" * 2 + 3: " + t);
// int .
= 19;
Console.WriteLine(" = 19: " + (int) );
// Nybble .
Console.WriteLine(" for " +
" Nybble.");
for( = 0; < 10; ++)
Console.Write((int) + " ");
}
}
.
: 1
b: 10
b
= + b: 11
+= 5: 6
* 2 + 3: 15
= 19: 3
for Nybble.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Nybble .
,
Nybble #. ,
Nybble
, int
. .
t = * 2 + 3;
302 I. C#
t 2 3 int,
Nybble.
Nybble int.
int, int
.
int Nybble int
Nybble. ,
:
= 19;
int Nybble.
Nybble, 4
19, , 3, 19
Nybble.
.
.
, Nybble Nybble for.
for
.
Nybble,
,
. .
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10

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304
I. C#

:
_ this[int ] {
// .
get {
// , .
}
// .
set {
// , .
}
}
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, ,
_. .
, .
int,
, , ,
.
(.. ): get
set. , ,
.
, . ,
,
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get ,
. , set value,
, .
, , ,
, .
, FailSoftArray,
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
. FailSoftArray
, .
// .
using System;
class FailSoftArray {
int[] a; //
public int Length; //
10.
public bool ErrFlag; //
// .
public FailSoftArray(int size) {
a = new int[size];
Length = size;
}
// FailSoftArray.
public int this[int index] {
// get.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
ErrFlag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
ErrFlag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
ErrFlag = false;
}
else ErrFlag = true;
}
}
// true,
// .
private bool ok(int index) {
if(index >= 0 & index < Length) return true;
return false;
}
}
// .
class FSDemo {
FailSoftArray fs = new FailSoftArray(5);
int x;
// .
for(int i=0; i < (fs.Length * 2); i++)
fs[i] = i*10;
for(int i=0; i < (fs.Length * 2); i++) {
x = fs[i];
if(x != -1) Console.Write(x + " ");
}
305
306
I. C#
// .
Console.WriteLine("\n .");
for (int i=0; i < (fs.Length * 2); i++) {
fs[i] = i * 10;
if(fs.ErrFlag)
Console.WriteLine("fs[" + i + "] ");
}
for(int i=0; i < (fs.Length * 2); i++) {
x = fs[i];
if(!fs.ErrFlag) Console.Write(x + " ");
else
Console.WriteLine("fs[" + i + "] ");
}
}
}
.
.
0 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 0 0
.
fs[5]
fs[6]
fs[7]
fs[8]
fs[9]
0 10 20 30 40 fs[5]
fs[6]
fs[7]
fs[8]
fs[9]
.
. .
, int.
index. ,
(public),
.
get.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
ErrFlag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
ErrFlag = true;
return 0;
}
}
10.
307
get ,
, .
ok(), true,
, false. ,
,
. ,
, .
FailSoftArray ErrFlag
.
. ( 13
C#
,
.)
set,
.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
ErrFlag = false;
}
}
index ok() ,
,
value. true
ErrFlag. , value
, . ( )
.
, get set, .
, ,
get, set.

.
,
, . ,
FailSoftArray
double. double
.
// FailSoftArray.
using System;
int[] a; //
308
I. C#

// .
a = new int[size];
Length = size;
}
// int FailSoftArray.
// get.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
ErrFlag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
ErrFlag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
ErrFlag = false;
}
}
}
/* FailSoftArray.
. */
public int this[double idx] {
// get.
get {
int index;
// .
if( (idx - (int) idx) < 0.5) index = (int) idx;
else index = (int) idx + 1;
if(ok(index)) {
ErrFlag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
ErrFlag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set.
set {
int index;
10.
309
// .
if( (idx - (int) idx) < 0.5) index = (int) idx;
else index = (int) idx + 1;
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
ErrFlag = false;
}
}
}
// true,
// .
if (index >= 0 & index < Length) return true;
return false;
}
}
// .
class FSDemo {
// fs.
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length; i++)
fs[i] = i;
//
// int double .
Console.WriteLine("fs[1] : " + fs[1]);
Console.WriteLine("fs[2] : " + fs[2]);
Console.WriteLine("fs[1.1]: " + fs[l.l]);
Console.WriteLine("fs[1.6]: " + fs[1.6]);
}
}
.
fs[1]: 1
fs[2]: 2
fs[1.1]: 1
fs[1.6]: 2
, double
. , 1.1 1,
1.6 2.

, .
, ,
, - .
310 I. #

,
.
, .
,
, 2 0 15. ,
.
.
//
.
using System;
class PwrOfTwo {
/* ,
2 0 15. */
// 2.
get {
if((index >= 0) && (index < 16)) return pwr(index);
else return -1;
}
// set .
}
int pwr(int p) {
int result = 1;
for(int i=0; i < p; i++)
result *= 2;
return result;
}
}
class UsePwrOfTwo {
PwrOfTwo pwr = new PwrOfTwo();
Console.Write(" 8 2: ");
for(int i=0; i < 8; i++)
Console.Write(pwr[i] + " ");
Console.Write(pwr[-1] + " " + pwr[17]);
}
}
10.
311
.
8 2: 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
: -1 -1
, PwrOfTwo
get, set. ,
. , PwrOfTwo
, . ,

.
pwr[0] = 11; //

, set.
.
-, , ,
ref out,
. -,
static.

.
.
.
// .
using System;
class FailSoftArray2D {
int[,] a; //
int rows, cols; //
// .
public FailSoftArray2D(int r, int ) {
rows = r;
cols = ;
= new int[rows, cols];
Length = rows * cols;
}
// FailSoftArray2D.
public int this[int index1, int index2] {
// get.
get {
if(ok(index1, index2)) {
ErrFlag = false;
return a[index1, index2];
} else {
312
I. C#
ErrFlag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set.
set {
if(ok(index1, index2)) {
a[index1, index2] = value;
ErrFlag = false;
}
}
}
// true,
// .
private bool ok(int index1, int index2) {
if (index1 >= 0 & index1 < rows &
index2 >= 0 & index2 < cols)
return true;
return false;
}
}
// .
class TwoDIndexerDemo {
FailSoftArray2D fs = new FailSoftArray2D(3, 5);
int x;
// .
for (int i=0; i < 6; i++)
fs[i, i] = i*10;
for(int i=0; i < 6; i++) {
x = fs[i,i];
}
// .
Console.WriteLine("\n .");
for(int i=0; i < 6; i++) {
fs[i,i] = i*10;
if(fs.ErrFlag)
Console.WriteLine("fs[" + i + ", " + i + "] ");
}
for(int i=0; i < 6; i++) {
x = fs[i,i];
if(!fs.ErrFlag) Console.Write(x + " ");
10.
313
else
Console.WriteLine("fs[" + i + ", " + i + "] ");
}
}
}
:
.
0 10 20 0 0 0
.
fs[3, 3]
fs[4, 4]
fs[5, 5]
0 10 20 fs[3, 3]
fs[4, 4]
fs[5, 5]
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
, , ,
. , ,
, ,
.
. ,
get set.
. ,

,
get set.
get set .
:
{
get {
//
}
set {
//
}
, int,
. ,
. ,
set value, ,
.
314
I. C#
, , ,
, . ,
, .
( ,
.)
,
MyProp, prop.
.
// .
using System;
class SimpProp {
int prop; // , r
public SimpProp() { prop = 0; }
/* prop.
. */
public int MyProp {
get {
return prop;
}
set {
if(value >= 0) prop = value;
}
}
}
// .
class PropertyDemo {
SimpProp ob = new SimpProp();
Console.WriteLine(" ob.r: " + ob.r);
ob.r = 100; //
// prop .
"-10 ob.r");
ob.r = -10;
}
}
.
ob.r: 0
ob.r: 100
-10 ob.r
ob.r: 100
10.
315
.
prop MyProp, prop.
, ,
. , prop ,
, MyProp.
MyProp public, ,
. ,
prop, . get
prop, set
prop ,
. , MyProp ,
prop. , , .
MyProp , ,
.
. ,
, ,
get. , ,
set.

. ,
(Length). FailSoftArray
Length.
, ,
. (, , ,
.)
, Length " ",
, FailSoftArray.
// Length FailSoftArray.
using System;
int[] a; //
int len; // Length
// .
a = new int[size];
len = size;
}
// Length .
public int Length {
get {
return len;
}
}
316
I. C#
// FailSoftArray.
// get.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
ErrFlag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
ErrFlag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a [index] = value;
ErrFlag = false;
}
}
}
// true,
// .
return false;
}
}
//
// .
class ImprovedFSDemo {
int x;
// Length.
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length; i++)
fs[i] = i*10;
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length; i++) {
x = fs[i];
}
// fs.Length = 10; // , !
}
}
Length ,
len. -
10.
317
ceccop get, . ,
Length , . ,

.
// fs.Length = 10; // , !
,
, Length , .
Length FailSoftArray
.
, ,
ErrFlag, .
FailSoftArray,
Error,
ErrFlag, .
// ErrFlag .
using System;
int[] a; //
int len; //
bool ErrFlag; // ,
//
// .
a = new int[size];
len = size;
}
// Length .
public int Length {
get {
return len;
}
}
// Error .
public bool Error {
get {
return ErrFlag;
}
}
// FailSoftArray.
// get.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
ErrFlag = false;
return a[index];
318
I. #
} else {
ErrFlag = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
ErrFlag = false;
}
}
}
// true,
// .
return false;
}
}
// .
class FinalFSDemo {
// Error.
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length + 1; i++) {
fs[i] = i*10;
if(fs.Error)
tonsole.WriteLine(" " + i);
}
}
}
Error
FailSoftArray. -, ErrFlag ,
Error,
, . -,
Error " ". Error
, .
Main(),
, Error.

C# 3.0,
, , .

.
:
10.
319
{ get; set; }
, .
, get set
, .
,
, .
. .
,
UserCount.
public int UserCount { get; set; }
, .
, ,
. UserCount
.

.
get set.
(..
) , private
( " ").
,
,
. ,
. , ,
,
. ,
, .
,

,
.

8,
.
,
.
, .
8,
. , 8
, , Count
Str .
.
// .
using System;
320
I. C#
class MyClass {
// .
public int Count { get; set; }
public string Str { get; set; }
}
class ObjInitDemo {
// MyClass
.
MyClass obj =
new MyClass { Count = 100, Str = "" };
Console.WriteLine(obj.Count + " " + obj.Str);
}
}
, Count Str
. ,
8, :
100
8,
, LINQ-.
.
,
. -,
,
ref out. -, .
, , ,
, . ,
get.
, .
get
.

set get ,
, . ,
public, set get
(public). set get
, private. ,
, ,
, .
,
. , ,
10.
321
.
private.
MyProp, set
private.
// .
using System;
class PropAccess {
int prop; // , r
public PropAccess() { prop = 0; }
/* prop.
prop ,
. */
public int r {
get {
return prop;
}
private set { //
prop = value;
}
}
// r.
public void IncrProp() {
MyProp++; // . .
}
}
// .
class PropAccessDemo {
PropAccess ob = new PropAccess();
// ob.r = 100; //
ob.IncrProp();
Console.WriteLine(" ob.r : " +
ob.r);
}
}
PropAccess set private. ,
, IncrProp(),
PropAccess.
ob.r PropAccessDemo .
,
. ,
322
I. C#

, , get set,
. ,
private.
Length
FailSoftArray,
.
public int Length { get; private set; }
Length ,
set private. Length
. , ,
, .
Error, .
public bool Error { get; private set; }
Error ,
FailSoftArray.
Length Error
FailSoftArray len ErrFlag,
, len ErrFlag
Length Error FailSoftArray.
FailSoftArray Main(),
.
//
// Length Error.
using System;
int[] a; //
// .
a = new int [size];
Length = size;
}
// Length.

// Error.

// FailSoftArray.
// get.
get {
10.
323
if(ok(index)) {
Error = false;
return a[index];
} else {
Error = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
Error = false;
}
else Error = true;
}
}
// true,
// .
return false;
}
}
//
// .
class FinalFSDemo {
// Error.
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length + 1; i++) {
fs[i] = i*10;
if(fs.Error)
}
}
}
FailSoftArray ,
, , .

. -,
: set get, . -,
,
. ,
, . (
12.)
324
I. C#

,
. RangeArray,

, .
, C#
.
: 1 ,
-5 5. RangeArray ,
.
RangeArray, .
RangeArray r = new RangeArray(-5, 10); // -5 10
for(int i=-5; i <= 10; i++) ra[i] = i; // -5 10
,
RangeArray -5 10 .
, .
r ,
-5 10.
RangeArray RangeArrayDemo,
.
RangeArray , int,
.
/* .
RangeArray ,
. RangeArray
. .
, , -5 5, 1 10
50 56. */
using System;
class RangeArray {
// .
int[] ; //
int lowerBound; //
int upperBound; //
// Length.
// Error.
// .
public RangeArray(int low, int high) {
high++;
10.
325
if(high <= low) {

high = 1; //
low = 0;
}
= new int[high - low];
Length = high - low;
lowerBound = low;
upperBound = --high;
// RangeArray.
// get.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
Error = false;
return a[index - lowerBound];
} else {
Error = true;
return 0;
}
}
// set.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index - lowerBound] = value;
Error = false;
}
else Error = true;
}
}
// true,
// .
if(index >= lowerBound & index <= upperBound) return true;
return false;
}
}
//
// .
class RangeArrayDemo {
RangeArray ra = new RangeArray(-5, 5);
RangeArray ra2 = new RangeArray(1, 10);
RangeArray ra3 = new RangeArray(-20, -12);
// ra .
Console.WriteLine(" ra: " + r.Length);
for(int i = -5; i <= 5; i++)
326 I. C#
ra[i] = i;
Console.Write(" ra: ");
for(int i = -5; i <= 5; i++)
Console.Write(ra[i] + " ");
// ra2 .
Console.WriteLine(" ra2: " + ra2.Length);
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
ra2[i] = i;
Console.Write(" ra2: ");
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
Console.Write(ra2[i] + " ");
// ra .
for(int i = -20; i <= -12; i++)
ra3[i] = i;
for(int i = -20; i <= -12; i++)
}
}
.
ra: 11
ra: -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ra2: 10
ra2: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ra3: 9
ra2: -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12
,
RangeArray ,
, .
RangeArray.
RangeArray
.
// .
int[] ; //
int lowerBound; //
int upperBound; //
10.
327
.
RangeArray.
lowerBound,
upperBound.
Length Error.
// Length.

// Error.

, set private.
, ,
, .
RangeArray.
// .
high++;
if(high <= low) {
high = 1; //
low = 0;
}
lowerBound = low;
}
RangeArray
low, high.
high ,
low high .
: . ,
, .
,
. Length .
, lowerBound upperBound.
RangeArray , .
// RangeArray.
// get.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
Error = false;
} else {
Error = true;
return 0;
}
328
I. C#
}
// set.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
Error = false;
}
else Error = true;
}
}
, FailSoftArray,
. ,
.
index - lowerBound
, index,
, .
lowerBound: ,
.
ok().
// true,
// .
if(index >= lowerBound & index <= upperBound) return true;
return false;
}
FailSoftArray,
,
lowerBound upperBound.
RangeArray
, .
, , . , ,
, ,
.
.
11

-
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
C# , ,
, , , .
,
.
, , ,
,
.

C# ,
.

. .
TwoDShape,
, ,
, ..
// .
class TwoDShape {
public double Width;
330
I. #
public double Height;

public void ShowDim() {
Width + " " + Height);
}
}
TwoDShape , .. ,
. ,
TwoDShape Triangle.
Triangle.
// .
using System;
// .
class TwoDShape {
public double Width;
public double Height;
}
}
// Triangle, TwoDShape.
class Triangle : TwoDShape {
public string Style; //
// .
public double Area() {
return Width * Height / 2;
}
// .
public void ShowStyle() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + Style);
}
}
class Shapes {
Triangle t1 = new Triangle();
t1.Width = 4.0;
t1.Height = 4.0;
t1.Style = "";
t2.Width = 8.0;
t2.Height = 12.0;
t2.Style = "";
Console.WriteLine(" t1: ");
11.
331
t1.ShowStyle();
t1.ShowDim();
Console.WriteLine(" " + t1.Area());
t2.ShowStyle();
t2.ShowDim();
}
}
.
t1:

4 4
8
t2:

8 12
48
Triangle TwoDShape (
). , Triangle TwoDShape,
, , Area() ShowStyle(). ,
Style, Area()
, ShowStyle() .
, Triangle
TwoDShape.
. ,
, ,
. C#
.
Triangle TwoDShape,
Width Height Area(). ,
t1 t2 Main() Width
Height, Triangle. . 11.1
, TwoDShape Triangle.
Width
TwoDShape
Height
ShowDim()
Triangle
Style
Area()
ShowStyle()
. 11.1. Triangle
332
I. #
TwoDShape Triangle,
.
, ,
. ,
.
TwoDShape shape = new TwoDShape();
shape.Width = 10;
shape.Height = 20;
shape.ShowDim();
, TwoDShape ,
TwoDShape, .
, .
class __ : __ {
//
}
. C#

. ( C# C++,
.
C++ #.) ,
. (,
,
.)
, , , .
:
,
,
.
. ,
TwoDShape .
// , TwoDShape.
class Rectangle : TwoDShape {
// true,
// .
public bool IsSquare() {
if(Width == Height) return true;
return false;
}
// .
}
}
Rectangle TwoDShape,
IsSquare(), , ,
Area(), .
11.
333

8, ,
.
, .
,
,
. , TwoDShape,
Triangle, .
// .
// .
using System;
// .
class TwoDShape {
double Width; //
double Height; //
}
}
// Triangle, TwoDShape.
// .
return Width * Height / 2; // ,
//
}
// .
}
}
Triangle ,
Width Height Area() . Width
Height ,
, .
.
, .
334
I. #
,
,
.
. C# .
(protected) ,
,
.
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
TwoDShape, Width Height
. :
Width Height. , ,
Width Height
, .
//
// .
using System;
// .
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width; //
double pri_height; //
// .
public double Width {
get { return pri_width; }
set { pri_width = value < 0 ? -value : value; }
}
public double Height {
get { return pri_height; }
set { pri_height = value < 0 ? -value : value; }
}
}
}
// ,
// TwoDShape.
11.
335
// .
}
// .
}
}
class Shapes2 {
t1.Width = 4.0;
t1.Height = 4.0;
t1.Style = "";
t2.Width = 8.0;
t2.Height = 12.0;
t2.Style = "";
t1.ShowStyle();
t1.ShowDim();
t2.ShowStyle ();
t2.ShowDim();
}
}
Width Height
pri_width pri_height TwoDShape,
. ,
pri_width pri_height TwoDShape
, , .

. Java.
, Java , C# . ,
Java , C# .
,
- C#
, C++.
336 I. C#

,
. ,
.
, ,
. , ,
C# .
, .
protected.
protected, ,
, .
, ,
. ,
protected, , ,
.
protected.
// protected.
using System;
class {
protected int i, j; // , ,
// D
public void Set(int a, int b) {
i = a;
j = b;
}
Console.WriteLine(i + " " + j);
}
}
class D : {
int k; //
// i j D
public void Setk() {
k = i * j;
}
public void Showk() {
Console.WriteLine(k);
}
}
class ProtectedDemo {
D ob = new D();
ob.Set(2, 3); // , D
11.
337
ob.Show(); // , D
ob.Setk(); // , D
ob.Showk(); // , D
}
}
D, i j
protected, Setk(). i j
private, D,
.
public private, protected
.
,
,
, .
,
. , TwoDShape ,
Width Height ,
, ,
, protected.
, ,
. , protected
, ,
, .
.

,
. :
:
, ?
: ,
.
,
, , .
,
, C# .
. ,
.
,
: ,
, .
Triangle,
, Style ,
.
// Triangle.
using System;
338
I. C#
// .
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width;
double pr.i_height;
// .
}
}
}
}
// , TwoDShape.

string Style;
// .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) {
Width = w; //
Height = h; //
Style = s; //
}
// .
}
// .
}
}
class Shapes3 {
Triangle t1 = new Triangle("", 4.0, 4.0);

t1.ShowStyle();
t1.ShowDim();
11.
339
t2.ShowStyle();
t2.ShowDim();
}
}
Triangle
TwoDShape Style.
, ,
,
.
#: base, : -,
; -, ,
.
base.

base ,
.
:
__(_) : base(_) {
//
}
_ ,
. .
base
, TwoDShape
. ,
Width Height.
Triangle.
// TwoDShape.
using System;
// .
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width;
double pri_height;
// TwoDShape.
public TwoDShape(double w, double h) {
Width = w;
Height = h;
}
// .
340
I. C#

set { pri_width = value < 0 ? -value :value; }
}
set { pri_height = value < 0 ? -value: value; }
}
}
}
// , TwoDShape.

string Style;
// .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) : base(w, h) {
Style = s;
}
// .
}
// .
}
}
class Shapes4 {
t1.ShowStyle();
t1.ShowDim();
t2.ShowStyle();
t2.ShowDim();
}
}
11.
341
Triangle .
public Triangle(
string s, double w, double h) : base(w, h) {
Triangle() base
w h. , , TwoDShape(),
Width Height w h.
Triangle,
Style, .
TwoDShape
. , TwoDShape
, ,
.
base ,
, ,
.
TwoDShape Triangle,
, ,
.
// TwoDShape.
using System;
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width;
double pri_height;
// , .
public TwoDShape() {
Width = Height = 0.0;
}
// TwoDShape.
Width = w;
Height = h;
}
// .
public TwoDShape(double ) {
Width = Height = x;
}
// .
}
342 I. #
}
}
}
// , TwoDShape.
string Style;
/* , .
,
TwoDShape. */
public Triangle() {
Style = "null";
}
// , .
public Triangle(
string s, double w, double h) : base (w, h) {
Style = s;
}
// .
public Triangle(double x) : base(x) {
Style = "";
}
// .
}
// .
}
}
class Shapes5 {
Triangle t2 = new Triangle("",8.0, 12.0);
Triangle t3 = new Triangle(4.0);
t1 = t2;
t1.ShowStyle();
t1.ShowDim();
11.
343
t2.ShowStyle();
t2.ShowDim();
t3.ShowStyle();
t3.ShowDim();
}
}
.
t1:

8 12
48
t2:

8 12
48
t3:

4 4
8
base.
base,
. , base
,
. .
base().
, ,
.

,
.
. C# ,
, , .
,
new, . ,
344
I. C#
, , new,
.
.
// .
using System;
class {
public int i = 0;
}
// .
class : {
new int i; // i
public (int b) {
i = b; // i
}
}
}
class NameHiding {
ob = new (2);
ob.Show();
}
}
new
.
new int i; // i
, , ,
i i
. new
, .
.
i : 2
i,
i . Show()
i, , ,
.
base
base,
this, ,
11.
345
, .
:
base.
.
base ,
.
.
// base
// , .
using System;
class {
public int i = 0;
}
// .
class : {
new int i; // i
public (int a, int b) {
base.i = ; //
i = b; // i
}
// i .
Console.WriteLine(" i : " + base.i);
// i .
}
}
class UncoverName {
ob = new (1, 2);
ob.Show();
}
}
.
i : 1
i : 2
i
i , base
i, .
base .
,
Show(). Show()
base Show(), .
346
I. C#
// .
using System;
class {
public int i = 0;
// Show() A
}
}
// .
class : {
new int i; // i
public (int a, int b) {
base.i = ; //
i = b; // i
}
// Show() .
// new.
new public void Show() {
base.Show(); // Show()
// i
}
}
class UncoverName {
ob = new (1, 2);
ob.Show();
}
}
.
i : 1
i : 2
, base.Show() Show()
.
: new
, Show(),
, Show(),
.

, . C#
11.
347
, .
,
. ,
, , , , ,
, .
. ,
.
,
, .
Triangle
ColorTriangle. ColorTriangle
, , Triangle TwoDShape,
color, .
// .
using System;
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width;
double pri_height;
// , .
}
// TwoDShape.
Width = w;
Height = h;
}
// .
Width = Height = x;
}
// .
}
}
}
348
I. C#
}
// , TwoDShape.
string Style; //
/* , .
,
TwoDShape. */
public Triangle() {
Style = "null";
}
// .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) : base(w, h) {
Style = s;
}
// .
Style = "";
}
// .
}
// .
}
}
// Triangle.
class ColorTriangle : Triangle {
string color;
public ColorTriangle(string c, string s,
double w, double h) : base(s, w, h) {
color = c;
}
// .
public void ShowColor() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + color);
}
}
class Shapes6 {
ColorTriangle t1 =
new ColorTriangle("", "", 8.0, 12.0);
ColorTriangle t2 =
11.
349
new ColorTriangle("", "", 2.0, 2.0);

t1.ShowStyle();
t1.ShowDim();
t1.ShowColor();
t2.ShowStyle();
t2.ShowDim();
t2.ShowColor();
}
}
.
t1:

8 12

48
t2:

2 2

2
ColorTriangle
Triangle TwoDShape,
, .
,
.
:
base
. , base ColorTriangle
Triangle, base Triangle
TwoDShape.
,
, ,
.

:
,
, , ? ,
350
I. C#
,
? ,
: . ,
base.
, base ,
, .. .
.
// .
using System;
// .
class {
public () {
}
}
// , .
class : {
public () {
}
}
// , .
class : {
public () {
}
}
class OrderOfConstruction {
= new ();
}
}
.
.
.
.
, .
,
.
, ,
,
, , .
, .
11.
351

, C#
.
,
. , ,
, .
,
.
// .
class X {
int ;
public X(int i) { a = i; }
}
class Y {
int a;
public Y(int i) { a = i; }
}
class IncompatibleRef {
X x = new X(10);
X x2;
Y = new Y(5);
x2 = x; // ,
2 = ; // ,
}
}
X Y
, Y
X, .
-
.
2 = ; // ,
,
.
C#
:
.
,
. ,
.
.
352
I. C#
//
// .
using System;
class X {
public int a;
public X(int i) {
a = i;
}
}
class Y : X {
public int b;
public Y(int i, int j) : base(j) {
b = i;
}
}
class BaseRef
static void
X x = new
X x2;
Y = new
{
Main() {
X(10);
Y(5, 6);
x2 = x; // ,
Console.WriteLine("2.: " + 2.);
2 = ; // , Y X
Console.WriteLine("2.: " + 2.);
// X X
2. = 19; //
// 2.b = 27; // , b X
}
}
Y X.
:
2 = ; // , Y X
. (
2 X)
, .. , .
,
, , .
,
,
, . 2
b Y, .
, ,
11.
353
.
.
, .
, ,
.

,
. ,
, .
.
, .
TwoDShape Triangle.
, .
//
// .
using System;
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width;
double pri_height;
// .
}
// TwoDShape.
Width = w;
Height = h;
}
// .
Width = Height = x;
}
// TwoDShape.
public TwoDShape(TwoDShape ob) {
Width = ob.Width;
Height = ob.Height;
}
// .
}
354
I. C#
}
}
}
// , TwoDShape.
string Style;
// , .
public Triangle() {
Style = "null";
}
// Triangle.
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) : base (w, h)
Style = s;
}
// .
Style = "";
}
// Triangle.
public Triangle (Triangle ob) : base(ob) {
Style = ob.Style;
}
// .
}
// .
}
}
class Shapes7 {
// t1.
Triangle t2 = new Triangle(t1);
t1.ShowStyle();
11.
355
t1.ShowDim();
t2.ShowStyle();
t2.ShowDim();
}
}
t2 t1
. .
t1:

8 12
48
t2:

8 12
48
Triangle:
public Triangle(Triangle ob) : base(ob) {
Style = ob.Style;
}
Triangle
( base) TwoDShape.
Width = ob.Width;
Height = ob.Height;
}
, TwoDShape()
TwoDShape, Triangle()
Triangle. , ,
.
, TwoDShape()
, TwoDShape.
TwoDShape() ,
TwoDShape, ,
, .

, virtual
. ,
. ,
356
I. C#
. ,
, .
C# ,
, ,
, .
. ,
,
. ,
,
.

virtual, .
, override.

. ,
,
, . ,
static abstract (
).

C# : ,
, .
,
C# .
,
.
// .
using System;
class Base {
// .
public virtual void Who() {
Console.WriteLine(" Who() Base");
}
}
class Derivedl : Base {
// Who() .
public override void Who() {
Console.WriteLine(" Who() Derivedl");
}
}
class Derived2 : Base {
// Who() .
Console.WriteLine(" Who() Derived2");
}
}
11.
357
class OverrideDemo {
Base baseOb = new Base();
Derived1 dOb1 = new Derived1();
Base baseRef; //
baseRef = baseOb;
baseRef.Who();
baseRef = dOb1;
baseRef.Who();
baseRef = dOb2;
baseRef.Who();
}
}
.
Who() Base.
Who() Derived1
Who() Derived2
Base
Derived1 Derived2. Base
Who(), .
Main() Base, Derived1 Derived2. ,
baseRef Base.
baseRef
Who(). ,
Who() ,
,
baseRef.
.
,
, .
/* ,
. */
using System;
class Base {
// .
}
}
// Who() .
358
I. C#

}
}
class Derived2 : Base {
// Who() .
}
class NoOverrideDemo {
Base baseOb = new Base();
Base baseRef; //
baseRef = baseOb;
baseRef.Who();
baseRef = dOb1;
baseRef.Who();
baseRef = dOb2;
baseRef.Who(); // Who() Base
}
}
.
Who() Base.
Who() Derived1
Who() Base
Who() Derived2.
Derived2 Who() Base.

, ,
, .
/*
,

. */
using System;
class Base {
// .
}
}
11.
359
// Who() .
}
}
class Derived2 : Derived1 {
// Who() .
}
class Derived3 : Derived2 {
// Who() .
}
class NoOverrideDemo2 {
Derived3 dOb = new Derived3();
Base baseRef; //
baseRef = dOb;
baseRef.Who(); // Who() Derived1
}
}
.
Who() Derivedl
Derived3 Derived2,
Derived1, , , Base.
, Who(), Derived1,
,
Derived3 Derived2, Who()
, Derived1.
:
virtual override.
.

C#
. -
, ,
,
.
C#
: .

, ,
.
,
.
360
I. #
,
. , ,
,
.

,
TwoDShape. ,
TwoDShape, Area(). , -, Area()
TwoDShape

, .
.
name TwoDShape.
// .
using System;
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width;
double pri_height;
// .
name = "null";
}
// .
public TwoDShape(double w, double h, string n) {
Width = w;
Height = h;
name = n;
}
// .
public TwoDShape(double , string n) {
Width = Height = x;
name = n;
}
// TwoDShape.
Width = ob.Width;
Height = ob.Height;
name = ob.name;
}
// .
11.
}
}
public string name { get; set; }
}
public virtual double Area() {
Console.WriteLine(" Area() ");
return 0.0;
}
}
// , TwoDShape.
string Style;
// , .
public Triangle() {
Style = "null";
}
// Triangle.
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) :
base (w, h, "") {
Style = s;
}
// ,
public Triangle(double x) : base(x, "") {
Style = "";
}
// Triangle.
Style = ob.Style;
}
// Area() Triangle.
pulplic override double Area() {
}
// .
}
361
362
I. C#
}
// , TwoDShape.
// Rectangle.
public Rectangle(double w, double h) :
base (w, h, ""){ }
// .
public Rectangle(double x) :
base (x, "") { }
// Rectangle.
public Rectangle(Rectangle ob) : base (ob) { }
// true,
// .
return false;
}
// Area() Rectangle.
public override double Area() {
}
}
class DynShapes {
TwoDShape[] shapes = new TwoDShape[5];
shapes[0]
shapes[1]
shapes[2]
shapes[3]
shapes[4]
=
=
=
=
=
new
new
new
new
new
Triangle("", 8.0, 12.0);

Rectangle(10);
Rectangle(10, 4);
Triangle(7.0);
TwoDShape(10, 20, " ");
for (int i=0; i < shapes.Length; i++) {

Console.WriteLine(" " + shapes[i].name);
Console.WriteLine(" " + shapes[i].Area());
}
}
}
.

48

100

11.
363
40

24.5

Area()
0
. ,
Area() virtual TwoDShape
Triangle Rectangle . TwoDShape
Area() , ,
.
Area() ,
, . ,
, Area() .

. , Main()
TwoDShape,
Triangle, Rectangle TwoDShape.
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
. , TwoDShape,
Area().

.

,
,
. ,
,
. , ,
.
TwoDShape ,
Area() .
.
, ,

. . ,
, ,
. ,
, .
364
I. C#
,
, .
Triangle. , Area().
- , ,
.
# . .

abstract. ,
. , ,
.
,
virtual.
virtual abstract .
.
abstract (_);
, . abstract
, (static).
.
, ,
, class
abstract.
, . ,
new .
,
.
abstract. , abstract
, .
,
TwoDShape.
, TwoDShape
Area() TwoDShape abstract. , ,
, , TwoDShape,
Area().
// .
using System;
abstract class TwoDShape {
double pri_width;
double pri_height;
// , .
name = "null";
}
// .
11.
public TwoDShape(double w, double h, string n) {
Width = w;
Height = h;
name = n;
}
// .
public TwoDShape(double , string n) {
Width = Height = x;
name = n;
}
// TwoDShape.
Width = ob.Width;
Height = ob.Height;
name = ob.name;
}
// .
}
}
public string name { get; set; }
}
// Area() .
public abstract double Area();
}
// , TwoDShape.
string Style;
// , .
public Triangle() {
Style = "null";
}
// Triangle.
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) :
base(w, h, "") {
Style = s;
}
365
366
I. C#
// ,
public Triangle(double ) : base(x, "") {
Style = "";
}
// Triangle.
Style = ob.Style;
}
// Area() Triangle.
}
// .
}
}
// , TwoDShape
// Rectangle.
public Rectangle(double w, double h) :
base(w, h, ""){ }
// .
public Rectangle(double x) :
base(x, "") { }
// Rectangle.
public Rectangle(Rectangle ob) : base(ob) { }
// true,
// .
return false;
}
// Area() Rectangle.
}
}
class AbsShape {
TwoDShape[] shapes = new TwoDShape[4];
shapes[0] = new Triangle("", 8.0, 12.0);
shapes[1] = new Rectangle(10);
11.
367
shapes[2] = new Rectangle(10, 4);

shapes[3] = new Triangle(7.0);
for (int i=0; i < shapes.Length; i++) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + shapes[i].name);
Console.WriteLine(" " + shapes[i].Area());
}
}
}
,
Area() ,
. , ,
Area().
. , TwoDShape , ,
TwoDShape . shapes
Main() 4 , TwoDShape
.
, TwoDShape -
ShowDim() abstract.
( ) ,
.
,
abstract.

sealed
,
. , ,
,
. ,
,
. C#
sealed.
,
sealed . ,
abstract sealed,

, .
sealed.
sealed class {
// ...
}
// .
368 I. C#
class : A ( // !
// ...
}
,
, sealed.
: sealed
.
, D. ,
virtual, D sealed.
,
. .
class {
public virtual void MyMethod() { /* ... */ }
}
class D : {
// MyMethod()
// .
sealed public override void MyMethod() { /* ... */ }
}
class X : D {
// ! MyMethodO !
public override void MyMethod() { /* ... */ }
}
MyMethod() D,
X.
object
C# object,
, .
, object. , , ,
object
. , object ,
C# . object
C# System.Object,
.NET Framework.
object , . 11.1. ,
.
.
Equals(object) ,
, , , ..
, . Equals(object)
true, ,
false.
. ,
. , Equals(object) ,
.
11.
369
11.1. object
public virtual bool

Equals(object ob)
public static bool
Equals(object objA,
object objB)
protected Finalize()
public virtual int

GetHashCode()
public Type GetType()
protected object
MemberwiseClone()
public static bool
ReferenceEquals(obj objA,
object objB)
public virtual string
ToString()
, ,
, ob
, ,
objA, , ,
objB
"
. C# Finalize()
-,

, ..
, ,

, objA objB

,
GetHashCode() -, .
- ,
. , ,
, GetHashCode()
.
9, ==,
Equals(object) GetHashCode(),
, Equals(object) == .
Equals(object),
GetHashCode(), .
ToString() ,
, . , ToString()
WriteLine().
,
, .
.
// ToString()
using System;
class MyClass {
int id;
public MyClass() {
370 I. C#
id = count;
count++;
}
public override string ToString() {
return " #" + id + " MyClass";
}
}
class Test {
MyClass ob1 = new MyClass();
Console.WriteLine(obi);
Console.WriteLine(ob2);
Console.WriteLine(ob3);
}
}
.
#0 MyClass
#1 MyClass
#2 MyClass

, #, ,
object. , object
, .
object ,
. ,
, .. "" ,
.
.
object, #.

.
object .
.
, .
// .
using System;
class BoxingDemo {
int x;
object obj;
11.
371
= 10;
obj = x; //
int = (int)obj; // ,
// obj, int
}
}
10. ,

obj, . ,
obj, int.
, .
int Sqr(), ,
, object.
// .
using System;
class BoxingDemo {
int x;
x = 10;
Console.WriteLine(" x : " + x);
// x
// Sqr().
= BoxingDemo.Sqr();
Console.WriteLine(" x : " + );
}
static int Sqr(object ) {
return (int) * (int);
}
}
.
: 10
: 100

Sqr().
#.
object,

object, . ,
object ,
.
.
372
I. C#
// !
using System;
class MethOnValue {
Console.WriteLine(10.ToString());
}
}
10. ,
ToString() ,
. 10
10!
object
object
, object
"" .
, object,
.
// object "" .
using System;
class GenericDemo {
object[] ga = new object[10];
// .
for(int i=0; i < 3; i++)
ga[i] = i;
// double.
for(int i=3; i < 6; i++)
ga[i] = (double) i / 2;
// , bool char.
ga[6] = "";
ga[7] = true;
ga[8] = 'X';
ga[9] = "";
for (int i = 0; i < ga.Length; i++)
Console.WriteLine("ga[" + i + "]: " + ga[i] + " ");
}
}
.
[0] : 0
[1] : 1
11.
[2]:
[3]:
[4]:
[5]:
[6]:
[7]:
[8]:
[9]:
373
2
1.5
2
2.5
True
X
, object
, object
. ,
object
. , ,
object.
.
object
, ,
C# .
, int,
string ..
, 2.0 C#
(
18).
, ,
.
object .

.
12

C# : ,
.
,
,

.
,
#: .
, ,
, .
.

#.
-
,
, .
.

, .

,
. ,
, .
,
,
376
I. C#
. C#
interface.
.
. ,
. ,
, . ,
. ,
.
(..
) , .

. ,
-.
. , ,
,
. C#
:
.
interface.
.
interface {
_ _1(_);
_ _2(_);
// ...
_ _N{_);
}
.
_ . , ,
. ,
.
, .
, .
,
.
public interface ISeries {
int GetNext(); //
void Reset(); //
void SetStart(int ); //
}
ISeries. I
, ,
- . ISeries public
.
, ,
. 15,
, .
. ,
. ,
static.
12. ,
377

,
.
, .
.
class _ : _ {
//
}
_ .
, . ,
.
.
.
.
,
.
, , public.
, ,
. ,

, .
,
ISeries. ByTwos,
,
.
// ISeries.
class ByTwos : ISeries {
int start;
int val;
public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
}
public int GetNext() {
val += 2;
return val;
}
public void Reset() {
val = start;
}
public void SetStart(int x) {
start = x;
val = start;
}
}
378
I. #
, ByTwos ,
ISeries. , ,
.
, ByTwos,
ISeries.
// ByTwos, .
using System;
class SeriesDemo {
ByTwos ob = new ByTwos();
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine(" " + ob.GetNext());
ob.Reset();
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine("\n 100");
ob.SetStart(100);
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
}
}
SeriesDemo,
, ISeries, ByTwos
SeriesDemo.
. , ISeries.
cs, ByTwos.cs SeriesDemo.cs,
:
>csc SeriesDemo.cs ISeries.cs ByTwos.cs
Visual Studio
#. ,
( ) .
.
2
4
6
8
10
2
4
6
8
10
12. ,
100.

379
102
104
106
108
110
, ,
.
ByTwos, GetPrevious(),
.
// ISeries
// ByTwos GetPrevious().
class
int
int
int
ByTwos : ISeries {
start;
val;
prev;
public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
prev = -2;
}
prev = val;
val += 2;
return val;
}
val = start;
prev = start -2;
}
start = x;
val = start;
prev = val - 2;
}
// , ISeries.
public int GetPrevious() {
return prev;
}
}
, GetPrevious(),
, ISeries.
,
.
.
380
I. #
,
. Primes,
. , ISeries
, ByTwos.
// ISeries
// .
class Primes : ISeries {
int start;
int val;
public Primes() {
start = 2;
val = 2;
}
int i, j;
bool isprime;
val++;
for(i = val; i < 1000000; i++) {
isprime = true;
for(j = 2; j <= i/j; j++) {
if((i%j)==0) {
isprime = false;
break;
}
}
if(isprime) {
val = i;
break;
}
}
return val;
}
val = start;
}
start = x;
val = start;
}
}
, , ByTwos Primes,
, ,
. , - ,
,
.
12. ,
381

, C#
, .. .
, .
,
.
, 11.

.
ByTwos Primes.
, .
// .
using System;
// .
int GetNext(); //
void Reset(); //
void SetStart(int ); //
}
// ISeries
// ,
// .
int start;
int val;
public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
}
val += 2;
return val;
}
val = start;
}
start = x;
val = start;
}
}
// ISeries
// .
382 I. C#
class Primes : ISeries {
int start;
int val;
public Primes() {
start = 2;
val = 2;
}
int i, j;
bool isprime;
val++;
for(i = val; i < 1000000; i++) {
isprime = true;
for(j = 2; j <= i/j; j++) {
if ((i%j)==0) {
isprime = false;
break;
}
}
if(isprime) {
val = i;
break;
}
}
return val;
}
val = start;
}
start = x;
val = start;
}
}
class SeriesDemo2 {
ByTwos twoOb = new ByTwos();
Primes primeOb = new Primes();
ISeries ob;
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++) {
ob = twoOb;
ob = primeOb;
Console.WriteLine(" " + " " + ob.GetNext());
}
}
}
12. ,
383
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
11
10
13
Main() ob ISeries.
, ,
ISeries. twoOb
primeOb ByTwos Primes ,
ISeries.
: ,
.
,
, .

, .
.
//
{
get;
set;
}
, ,
, : get set
.

, .
.
,
. ,
. ,
set private.
ISeries
ByTwos, Next
, .
// .
using System;
384 I. C#
// .
int Next {
get; //
set; //
}
}
// ISeries.
int val;
public ByTwos() {
val = 0;
}
// .
public int Next {
get {
val += 2;
return val;
}
set {
val = value;
}
}
}
// .
class SeriesDemo3 {
// .
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)

Console.WriteLine(" " + ob.Next);
ob.Next = 21;
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
}
}
.
2
4
6
8
10
21
23
25
12. ,
385
27
29
31

.
.
//
_ this[int ]{
get;
set;
}
, ,
, : get
set .

ISeries, , i-
.
// .
using System;
// .
int Next {
get; //
set; //
}
// .
int this[int index] {
get; //
}
}
// ISeries.
int val;
public ByTwos() {
val = 0;
}
// .
public int Next {
get {
val += 2;
return val;
}
386 I. C#
set {
val = value;
}
}
// .
get {
val = 0;
for(int i=0; i < index; i++)
val += 2;
return val;
}
}
}
// .
class SeriesDemo4 {
// .
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.Next = 21;
for (int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.Next = 0;
//
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine(" " + ob[i]);
}
}
.
2
4
6
8
10
21

23
25
27
29
31
12. ,
0

387
0
2
4
6
8

.
, . ,
, ,
, .
// .
using System;
public interface IA {
void Meth1();
void Meth2();
}
// Meth1() Meth2().
// Meth3().
public interface IB : IA {
void Meth3();
}
// IA IB.
class MyClass : IB {
public void Methl() {
Console.WriteLine(" Meth1().");
}
public void Meth2() {
}
public void Meth3() {
}
}
class IFExtend {
ob.Meth1();
ob.Meth2();
ob.Meth3();
}
}
388 I. #
Meth1() MyClass.
. , ,
, ,
, , .

,
, .
,
, .
new,
.

.
, . , IMyIF
interface IMyIF {
int MyMeth(int x);
}
:
class MyClass : IMyIF {
int IMyIF.MyMeth(int x) {
return x / 3;
}
}
, MyMeth() IMyIF
, .
. -,
,
,
, . ,
,
, . -,
,
.
.
.
IEven,
: IsEven() IsOdd().
, . IEven
MyClass. IsOdd() .
12. ,
389
// .
using System;
interface IEven {
bool IsOdd(int x);
bool IsEven(int x);
}
class MyClass : IEven {
// . ,
// .
bool IEven.IsOdd(int x) {
if((x%2) != 0) return true;
else return false;
}
// ,
public bool IsEven(int x) {
IEven = this; // .
return !.IsOdd();
}
}
class Demo {
bool result;
result = ob.IsEven(4);
if(result) Console.WriteLine("4 - .");
// result = ob.IsOdd(4); // , IsOdd IEven
// ,
// IEven MyClass,
// IsOdd().
IEven iRef = (IEven) ob;
result = iRef.IsOdd(3);
if(result) Console.WriteLine("3 .");
}
}
IsOdd() , ,
MyClass. ,
.
IEven IsEven().
, ,
Meth().
, .
// .
using System;
390
I. #
interface IMyIF_A {
int Meth(int x);
}
interface IMyIF_B {
int Meth(int x);
}
// MyClass.
class MyClass : IMyIF_A, IMyIF_B {
// Meth() .
int IMyIF_A.Meth(int x) {
return x + x;
}
int IMyIF_B.Meth(int x) {
return x * x;
}
// Meth() .
public int MethA(int x) {
IMyIF_A a_ob;
a_ob = this;
return a_ob.Meth(x); // IMyIF_A
}
public int MethB(int x){
IMyIF_B b_ob;
b_ob = this;
return b_ob.Meth(x); // IMyIF_B
}
}
class FQIFNames {
Console.Write(" IMyIF_A.Meth(): ");
Console.WriteLine(ob.MethA(3));
Console.Write(" IMyIF_B.Meth(): ");
Console.WriteLine(ob.MethB(3));
}
}
.
IMyIF_A.Meth(): 6
IMyIF_B.Meth(): 9
,
Meth() , IMyIF_A
IMyIF_B. MyClass,
, .. Meth().

12. ,
391
, MyClass :
IMyIF_A, IMyIF_B.

, .

C#
,
, .
: -
,
, .
, .
.NET Framework
.NET Framework ,
#. , System.IComparable
CompareTo(), ,
.
, ,
, . , System.
Collections.ICollection ,
System.Collections.IEnumerator
.
II .
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
. ( )

. C#
, , ,
.
struct
. :
struct : {
//
}
.
392
I. #

. (, ,
#, object.)
,
. ,
: , , , , .
, .
, (..
). , , ,
.
, .
,
abstract, virtual protected.
new
, , .
new, , .
, - , .
.

.
// .
using System;
// .
struct Book {
public string Author;
public string Title;
public int Copyright;
public Book(string a, string t, int c) {
Author = a;
Title = t;
Copyright = c;
}
}
// Book.
class StructDemo {
Book book1 = new Book(" ",
" o C# 4.0",
2010) ; //
Book book2 = new Book(); //
Book b3; //
Console.WriteLine(book1.Author + ", " +
book1.Title + ", (c) " + book1.Copyright);
if(book2.Title == null)
12. , 393
Console.WriteLine(" book2.Title .");
// book2.
book2.Title = " ";
book2.Author = " ";
book2.Copyright = 1932;
Console.Write(" book2 :\n");
Console.WriteLine(book2.Author + ", " +
book2.Title + ",(c) " + book2.Copyright);
// Console.WriteLine(.Title); // ,
//
.Title = " ";
Console.WriteLine(.Title); //
}
}
.
, C# 4.0, () 2010
book2.Title .
b2 :
, , () 1932

,
new
. , new,
, (
), ,
. new ,
b3, ,
, .
, .
.
, ,
,
.
,
. .
// .
using System;
// .
struct MyStruct {
public int x;
}
394 I. C#
// .
class StructAssignment {
MyStruct a;
MyStruct b;
a.x = 10;
b.x = 20;
Console.WriteLine("a.x {0}, b.x {1}", a.x, b.x);
a = b;
b.x = 30;
}
}
.
. 10, b.x 20
a.x 20, b.x 30
,
= b;
b - ,
.. b , ,
b. ,
b ,
. ,
.
// .
using System;
// .
class MyClass {
public int x;
}
// .
class ClassAssignment {
MyClass a = new MyClass();
MyClass b = new MyClass();
a.x = 10;
b.x = 20;
a = b;
b.x = 30;
12. ,
395
Console.WriteLine(". {0}, b.x {1}", a.x, b.x);

}
}
.
. 10, b.x 20
. 30, b.x 30
, b ,
, .. ,
b.

: C#
, , ?

. ,
, . ,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.

,
. , ,
,
.
,
.
. ,
. .
,
,
.
// .
using System;
// .
struct PacketHeader {
public uint PackNum; //
public ushort PackLen; //
}
// PacketHeader
// .
class Transaction {
static uint transacNum = 0;
396 I. #
PacketHeader ph; // PacketHeader Transaction

string accountNum;
double amount;
public Transaction(string acc, double val) {
//
ph.PackNum = transacNum++;
ph.PackLen = 512; //
accountNum = acc;
amount = val;
}
// .
public void sendTransaction() {
Console.WriteLine(" #: " + ph.PackNum +
", : " + ph.PackLen +
",\n #: " + accountNum +
", : {0:C}\n", amount);
}
}
// .
class PacketDemo {
Transaction t = new Transaction("31243", -100.12);
Transaction t2 = newTransaction("AB4655", 345.25);
Transaction t3 = newTransaction("8475-09", 9800.00);
t.sendTransaction();
t2.sendTransaction();
t3.sendTransaction();
}
}
.
#: 0, : 512,
#: 31243, : ($100.12)
#: 1, : 512,
#: 4655, : $345.25
#: 2, : 512,
#: 8475-09, : $9,800.00
PacketHeader
,
, . ,
PacketHeader ,
, . ,
PacketHeader ,
.
12. ,
397
, ++
struct. , #. , C++
, ,
,
. #
, .
.
enum.
:
enum {_};
, _
, .
Apple
.
enum Apple { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel, Winesap,
Cortland, McIntosh };
,
.
C# ,
, . ,
.
, , ,
switch for.

, , .

. , Apple
Jonathan , GoldenDel 1, RedDel 2
..
,
-. ,
Console.WriteLine(Apple.RedDel + " " +
(int)Apple.RedDel);
.
RedDel 2
,
.
int.
,
Apple.
398
I. C#
// .
using System;
class EnumDemo {
enum Apple { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel, Winesap,
string[] color = {
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"-"
};
Apple i; //
// i
// .
for(i = Apple.Jonathan; i <= Apple.McIntosh; i++)
Console.WriteLine(i + " " + (int)i);
// .
for(i = Apple.Jonathan; i <= Apple.McIntosh; i++)
Console.WriteLine(" " + i + " " +
color[(int)i]);
}
}
.
Jonathan 0
GoldenDel 1
RedDel 2
Winsap 3
Cortland 4
McIntosh 5
Jonathan -
GoldenDel -
RedDel -
Winsap -
Cortland -
McIntosh - -
, Apple for.
Apple
, ,
.
,
12. ,
399
. , C#
,
.
: System.Enum,
System.ValueType, , ,
object.

.
.
,
. ,
RedDel 10.
enum Apple { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel = 10, Winesap,
.
Jonathan
GoldenDel
RedDel
Winesap
Cortland
McIntosh
0
1
10
11
12
13

int,
,
char. , int,
, .
byte Apple.
enum Apple : byte { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel,
Winesap, Cortland, McIntosh };
Apple.Winesap, ,
byte.

,
#, . ,

. ,
. Conveyor(),
: "", "", "" "".
Conveyor() , , 1
400
I. C#
"", 2 "" , ,
,
. .
// .
using System;
class ConveyorControl {
// .
public enum Action { Start, Stop, Forward, Reverse };
public void Conveyor(Action com) {
switch(com) {
case Action.Start:
break;
case Action.Stop:
break;
case Action.Forward:
break;
case Action.Reverse:
break;
}
}
}
class ConveyorDemo {
ConveyorControl = new ConveyorControl();
.Conveyor(ConveyorControl.Action.Start);
.Conveyor(ConveyorControl.Action.Forward);
.Conveyor(ConveyorControl.Action.Reverse);
.Conveyor(ConveyorControl.Action.Stop);
}
}
.
.
.
.
.
Conveyor() Action,
, Action. ,
Conveyor() 22.
.Conveyor(22); // !
,
int Action.
Conveyor(). ,
12. ,
401
,
, .
,
Conveyor() ,
.

: switch.
, ,
switch.
13
, ,
.
#,

,
.
,
,

. ,

,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
. ,

.

, #
,
.

404
I. C#
.
C#
.
System.Exception
C# .
C# Exception,
System. ,
Exception.
Exception SystemException.
,
C# (.. CLR). SystemException
Exception, .
.NET Framework ,
SystemException. ,
DivideByZeroException.
, C# ,
Exception.

C#
: try, catch, throw finally. ,
.

.

. .
,
, try. try
, .
- ,
catch. , ,
.
throw. ,
try, finally.
try catch
C#
try catch.
. try/catch
:
try {
// , .
}
13.
405
catch (ExcepType1 exOb) {

// ExcepTypel.
}
// ExcepType2.
}
.
.
.
.
try,
catch, .
catch. ,
, catch, ,
, .
, exOb .
b . ,
, ,
. .
, , b
.
, , , ,
try , catch .
,
catch. , catch ,
.

,
. ,
. , CLR
.NET Framework.
.
// .
using System;
class ExcDemol {
try {
// .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {

nums[i] = i;
406 I. C#
Console.WriteLine("nums[{0)]: {1}",i,nums[i]);
}
}
catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) {
// .
}
}
}
.
.
nums[0]: 0
nums[1]: 1
nums[2]: 2
nums[3]: 3
!
.
nums int .
for 0 9,
4.
,
.
-, , ,
try. -, (
nums for),
try , catch.
try
catch. , catch ,
. , ,
WriteLine() for,
, .
, ,
.
, catch
( IndexOutOfRangeException),
. ,
, .

,
, .
,
.
, try, catch
, ,
13.
407
catch. ,

for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {

for(int i=0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
for.
, catch .

, , try,
, ,
try. ,
try, , , ,
.
, try
Main(). GenException(),
IndexOutOfRangeException.
GenException(). GenException()
try Main(), catch,
try.
/*
. */
using System;
class ExcTest {
// .
public static void GenException() {
//
.
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = i;
Console.WriteLine("nums [{0}] : {1}", i, nums[i]);
}
}
}
class ExcDemo2 {
try {
ExcTest.GenException();
408
I. C#
}
// .
}
}
}
,
.
.
nums[0]: 0
nums[1]: 1
nums[2]: 2
nums[3]: 3
!
.
, GenException() try,
, catch
Main(). GenException(),
Main().

, ,
: .
, -
. ,
, .
,
. ,
.
// C# .
using System;
class NotHandled {
// .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {

nums[i] = i;
Console.WriteLine("nums[{0}]: {1}", i, nums[i]);
}
}
}
13.
409
,
.
: System.IndexOutOfRangeException:
.
NotHandled.Main() <_>: 16
NotHandled.Main()
System.IndexOutOfRangeException,
.
, ,
, !
.
,
, catch.
. ,
catch,
DivideByZeroException,
. ,
catch, .
// !
using System;
class ExcTypeMismatch {
try {
// .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {

nums[i] = i;
Console.WriteLine("nums[{0}]:{1}", i, nums[i]);
}
}
/* DivideByZeroException,
. */
catch (DivideByZeroException) {
// .
}
}
}
.
410 I. C#
.
nums[0]: 0
nums[1]: 1
nums[2]: 2
nums[3]: 3

ExcTypeMismatch.Main() <_>: 18
, catch,
DivideByZeroException,
-

,
. ,
.
, DivideByZeroException.
,
. ,
-
. "",
.
// .
using System;
class ExcDemo3 {
int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 };
int[] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 };
for(int i=0; i < numer.Length; i++) {
try {
Console.WriteLine(numer[i] + " / " +
denom[i] + " " +
numer[i]/denom[i]);
}
// .
}
}
}
}
.
13.
411
4/2 2
!
16/4 4
32/4 8
!
128 / 8 16
:
, .
try for, ,
.
.
catch
try catch.
. catch
. ,
.
// catch.
using System;
class ExcDemo4 {
// numer denom.
int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 };
int[] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 };
try {
denom[i] + " " +
numer[i]/denom[i]);
}
}
}
}
}
}
.
4/2 2
!
16/4 4
32/4 8
!
412
I. C#
128 / 8 16
.
.
, catch
.
, catch
. catch,
. catch
.

. catch,
. .
catch {
//
}
""
, .
"" .
, ,
IndexOutOfRangeException DivideByZeroException, .
// "" .
using System;
class ExcDemo5 {
// numer denom.
int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 };
int[] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 );
try {
denom[i] + " " +
numer[i]/denom[i]);
}
catch { // "" .
}
}
}
}
.
4/2 2
.
13.
413
16/4 4
32/4 8
.
128 / 8 16
.
.
"" , ,
catch.
"" (
. , , ,
.
, , ,
. ,
- . , "
,
.
try
try . ,
try catch,
try. ,
IndexOutOfRangeException ,
try.
// try.
using System;
class NestTrys {
// numer denom.
int[] numer = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 };
int[] denom = (2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8);
try { // try
try { // try
denom[i] + " " +
numer[i]/denom[i]);
}
}
}
}
414 I. C#
}
}
}
.
4/2 2
!
16/4 4
32/4 8
!
128 / 8 16
.
- .
, try
- ,
. , try,
.
,
try,
. try
. ,
,
. , try
, try
. , try ""
, .

,
.
throw.
:
throw exceptOb;
exceptOb ,
Exception.
,
throw DivideByZeroException.
// .
using System;
class ThrowDemo {
try {
13.
415
throw new DivideByZeroException();
}
}
Console.WriteLine(" try/catch.");
}
}
.
.
.
try/catch.
, DivideByZeroException
new throw.
, , ,
. ,
.
DivideByZeroException ,
, .

, catch,
, catch.

. ,
- ,
.
throw , .
throw ;
, , , ,
catch,
catch.
.
// .
using System;
class Rethrow {
// numer denom.
int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 };
int[] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 };
for(int i=0; i<numer.Length; i++) {
416
I. C#
try {
denom[i] + " " +
numer[i]/denom[i]);
}
}
throw; //
}
}
}
}
class RethrowDemo {
try {
Rethrow.GenException();
}
catch(IndexOutOfRangeException) {
//
}
}
}
-
GenException(),
. IndexOutOfRangeException
Main().
finally
,
try/catch. ,
, .
, ,
, .
, C# :
finally.
,
try/catch, finally
try/catch. try/
catch finally.
try {
// , .
}
// ExcepType1.
13.
417
}
catch (ExcepType2 b) {
// 2.
}
.
.
.
finally {
// .
}
finally , try/
catch, , . ,
try ,
, finally. finally ,
try catch
.
finally.
// finally.
using System;
class UseFinally {
public static void GenException(int what) {
int t;
Console.WriteLine(" " + what);
try {
switch(what) {
case 0:
t = 10 / what; // -
break;
case 1:
nums[4] = 4; //
break;
case 2:
return; // try
}
}
return; // catch
}
}
finally {
Console.WriteLine(" try.");
}
}
}
418
I. C#
class FinallyDemo {
for(int i=0; i < 3; i++) {
UseFinally.GenException(i);
}
}
}
.
0

try.
1
.
try.
2
try.
, finally
try.
: finally
try, catch . , finally
try, catch.
finally try,
.
Exception
,
. ,
catch .
. ,
Exception,
.
Exception
.
Exception .
: Message, StackTrace TargetSite.
. Message ,
; StackTrace ,
, TargetSite ,
, .
, Exception .
ToString(),
. , ,
WriteLine().
13.
419
Exception
.
// Exception.
using System;
class ExcTest {
// .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = i;
Console.WriteLine("nums[{0}]: (1)", i, nums[i]);
}
}
}
class UseExcept {
try {
ExcTest.GenException();
}
catch (IndexOutOfRangeException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(exc); // ToString()
Console.WriteLine(" StackTrace: " + exc.StackTrace);
Console.WriteLine(" Message: " + exc.Message);
Console.WriteLine(" TargetSite: " + exc.TargetSite);
}
}
}
.
.
nums[0]: 0
nums[1]: 1
nums[2]: 2
nums[3]: 3
.
ExcTest.genException() <_>: 15
UseExcept.Main() <_>: 29
StackTrace: ExcTest.genException() <_>: 15
UseExcept.Main() <_>: 29
Message: .
TargetSite: Void genException()
.
420
I. C#
Exception .
public Exception()
public Exception(string )
public Exception(string , Exception _)
protected Exception(System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationInfo ,
System.Runtime.Serialization.StreamingContext )
.
, Message,
.
. ,
, _
, , .
( ,
InnerException, Exception.)
, ,
.
, Exception
SerializationInfo StreamingContext System.
Runtime.Serialization.

System ,
. SystemException,
CLR
. . 13.1
.
13.1. ,
System
ArrayTypeMismatchException
DivideByZeroException
IndexOutOfRangeException
InvalidCastException
OutOfMemoryException
OverflowException
NullReferenceException

. ,
, ,
new

, .. ,

, . 13.1, ,
NullReferenceException.
13.
421
, ,
. ,
. , , ,
,
null. ,
. ,
NullReferenceException.
// NullReferenceException.
using System;
class X {
int x;
public X(int a) {
x = a;
}
public int Add(X o) {
return x + o.x;
}
}
//
// NullReferenceException.
class NREDemo {
X p = new X(10);
X q = null; // q
int val;
try {
val = p.Add(q); //
} catch (NullReferenceException) {
Console.WriteLine(" NullReferenceException!");
Console.WriteLine(" ...\n");
// .
q = new X(9);
val = p.Add(q);
}
Console.WriteLine(" val {0}", val);
}
}
.
NullReferenceException!
...
val 19
X,
Add(),
422
I. C#
, .
X Main(). ( )
, ( q) . q
. .Add() q
. q ,
q. NullReferenceException.

, C#
.
C# ,
, , .. ,
#. ,
, .
, Exception.
-
, .

Application.Exception,
. Microsoft
, , Exception.
.

, Exception . ,
Exception .
, , , ,
, Exception.
,

Exception, base.
, .
,
. , 10 RangeArray,
,
. , , ,
-5 27. ,
RangeArray .

, RangeArray. ,
"" .
RangeArray
13.
423

.
//
// RangeArray.
using System;
// RangeArray.
class RangeArrayException : Exception {
/* Exception.
.
RangeArrayException Exception,
. */
public RangeArrayException() : base)) { }

public RangeArrayException(string str) : base(str) { }
public RangeArrayException(
string str, Exception inner) : base (str, inner) { }
protected RangeArrayException(
System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationInfo si,
System.Runtime.Serialization.StreamingContext sc) :
base(si, sc) { }
// ToString() RangeArrayException.

return Message;
}
}
// RangeArray.
class RangeArray {
// .
int[] a; //
int lowerBound; //
int upperBound; //
// Length.

//
high++;
if(high <= low) {
throw new RangeArrayException(" .");
}
lowerBound = low;
}
// RangeArray.
424
I. C#
// get.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
} else {
throw new RangeArrayException(" .");
}
}
// set.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
}
else throw new RangeArrayException(" .");
}
}
// true,
// .
if(index >= lowerBound S index <= upperBound) return true;
return false;
}
}
//
// .
class RangeArrayDemo {
try {
RangeArray ra = new RangeArray(-5, 5);
RangeArray ra2 = new RangeArray(1, 10);
// ra .
Console.WriteLine(" ra: " + ra.Length);
for(int i = -5; i <= 5; i++)
ra[i] = i;
Console.Write(" ra: ");
for(int i = -5; i <= 5; i++)
Console.Write(ra[i] + " ");
// ra2 .
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
ra2[i] = i;
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
13.
425
} catch (RangeArrayException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(exc);
}
// .
// .
try {
RangeArray ra3 = new RangeArray(100, -10); // !
}
// .
try {
RangeArray ra3 = new RangeArray(-2, 2);
for(int i = -2; i <= 2; i++)
ra3[i] = i;
for(int i = -2; i <= 10; i++) //
}
}
}
.
ra: 11
ra: -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ra2: 10
ra2: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
.
.
ra3: -2 -1 0 1 2 .
RangeArray,
RangeArrayException. RangeArray
: get , set
RangeArray.
, RangeArray
try, .
, RangeArray
C# ,
, .
426
I. C#
,
RangeArrayException - ,
Exception, base.
, ,
,
Exception.
- , Exception.
,
. ,
ToString() . ,
, , ,
, #.

, ,
,
catch,
. ,
Exception ,
Exception
. ,
catch
.
, .
,
catch,
. ,

. , :
catch, ,
.
:
ExceptA ExceptB. ExceptA Exception,
ExceptB ExceptA.
.
, ,
.
,
Exception.
//
// .
using System;
// .
class ExceptA : Exception {
public ExceptA(string str) : base(str) { }
13.
427

return Message;
}
}
// , ExceptA.
class ExceptB : ExceptA {
public ExceptB(string str) : base(str) { }
return Message;
}
}
class OrderMatters {
for(int x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
try {
if(x==0) throw new ExceptA(" ExceptA");
else if(x==1) throw new ExceptB("
ExceptB");
else throw new Exception));
}
catch (ExceptB exc) {
}
catch (ExceptA exc) {
}
catch (Exception exc) {
}
}
}
}
.

System.Exception:
OrderMatters.Main()
ExceptA.
ExceptB.
"System.Exception".
<_>: 36
catch.
. ExceptB
ExceptA, ExceptB
ExceptA. , Exception (..
) . ,
catch.
.
catch,
, . ,
.
, ,
,
.
428
I. C#
checked unchecked
C# , ,
.
,
, .
.
.
byte a, b, result;
= 127;
b = 127;
result = (byte)( * b);
b
byte. ,
,
result.
C# ,
, checked unchecked. ,
, ,
checked,
unchecked. ,
.
checked .
, .
, .
:
checked ()
checked {
//
}
.
,
OverflowException.
unchecked . ,
.
, :
unchecked ()
unchecked {
// ,
}
,
. ,
.
13.
429
,
checked unchecked.
// checked unchecked.
using System;
class CheckedDemo {
byte a, b;
byte result;
a = 127;
b = 127;
try {
result = unchecked((byte)(a * b));
result);
result = checked((byte)(a * b)); //
//
result); //
}
catch (OverflowException exc) {
}
}
}
.
: 1
System.OverflowException:
.
CheckedDemo.Main() <_>: 20
, .
.

checked unchecked .
,
.
// checked
// unchecked .
using System;
class CheckedBlocks {
byte a, b;
byte result;
a = 127;
b = 127;
430
I. C#
try {
unchecked {
a = 127;
b = 127;
result);
= 125;
b = 5;
result);
}
checked {
a = 2;
b = 7;
result);
= 127;
b = 127;
//
result); //
}
}
catch (OverflowException exc) {
}
}
}
.
: 1
: 113
: 14
System.OverflowException:
.
CheckedDemo.Main() <_>: 41
,
.
, .
checked unchecked
, , ,

.
.
14
,
,
- #, Console.
WriteLine(), -
. - C#
,
,
, .
-. C# -
, .NET Framework,
-
- .NET .

-. , ,
, - C# .

.
C#
- C#
.
.
-.

.
-
. ,
.
432
I. C#

- # .
, -
. . , C#
char 16-, byte 8-. , ASCII, char
byte char.
(Unicode), ,
. ,
- .
.NET Framework ,
byte
char .

, System,
, Console.In, Console.Out
Console.Error. , Console.Out
. . ,
Console.WriteLine(), Console.
Out. Console.In ,
. Console.Error
,
.
-. .
.

.NET Framework ,
.
,
. ,
, .
System.IO.
, ,
.
using System.IO;
System.IO -
, Console System.
Stream
System.IO.Stream.
. ,
14. -
433
, ,
Stream . Stream
, . . 14.1
, Stream.
14.1. , Stream
void Close()
void Flush()
int ReadByte()
int Read(byte[] buffer,

int offset, int count)
long Seek(long offset,
SeekOrigin origin)
void WriteByte(byte value)

void Write(byte[]buffer,
int offset,
int count)

, .
-1
count
buffer, buffer[offset].

offset
origin.

count
buffer, buffer[offset].

, . 14.1,
IOException -.
, ,
, NotSupportedException.
,
.
, Stream ( )
( ) . ,
.
,
Seek(). ,
, Stream.
. 14.2 Length Position,
.
14.2. , Stream
bool CanRead
bool CanSeek
true, .

true,
.
434 I. C#
. 14.2
bool CanWrite
long Length
long Position
int ReadTimeout
int WriteTimeout
true, .

.
. ,

. ,

. ,

Stream
. System.IO .

BufferedStream

. , ,
FileStream
,
MemoryStream
,
UnmanagedMemoryStream ,

NET Framework
, - , . ,
,
.
-

- .
TextReader TextWriter. ,
TextReader , TextWriter . ,
, .
-, .
. 14.3 , TextReader.
, IOException
, .
ReadLine(), ,
string. ,
. TextReader Close(),
.
void Close()
14. -
435
.
14.3. , TextReader
int e()
int Read()
int Read(char[]buffer,
int index, int count)
int ReadBlock(char[]buffer,
int index,
int count)
string ReadLine()
string ReadToEnd()
,
. -1,

.
-1
count
buffer,
buffer[index],

count
buffer,
buffer[index],

string.

, ,
string
TextWriter Write() WriteLine(),

.
.
void Write(int value)

void Write(double value)
void Write(bool value)
void WriteLine(string value)
void WriteLine(uint value)
void WriteLine(char value)
int
double
bool
string

uint

IOException
.
, TextWriter Close() Flush(),
.
436
I. C#
virtual void Close()

virtual void Flush()
Flush() ,
. Close()
.
TextReader TextWriter
, , . ,
, TextReader
TextWriter.

StreamReader
StreamWriter
StringReader
StringWriter
.

.

,
,
BinaryReader BinaryWriter.
, -.
, - #,

, -.
-
- ,
Console.In, Console.Out Console.Error.
- 2, .
, .
,
C# - ,
,
, .
-, , .
, -,
,
, .

Console.In TextReader,
,
14. -
437
TextReader. ,
Console,
Console.In. Console . ,
Read() ReadLine(), .NET Framework 1.0.
, ReadKey(), 2.0 .
Read().
static int Read()
Read() , .
, , .
int
char. , Read() -1.
IOException
. Read() ,
<Enter>,
, .
, Read()
, .
// , .
using System;
class KbIn {
char ch;
Console.Write(" , <ENTER>: ");
ch = (char) Console.Read(); // char
Console.WriteLine(" : " + ch);
}
}
, , .
, <ENTER>: t
: t
,
Read(), .
<Enter>
. ,
, . ,
( ),
. ,
, ReadKey().
ReadLine().
static string ReadLine()
ReadLine() ,
<Enter>,
438
I. C#
string. , IOException
.
,
Console.In ReadLine().
// ReadLine().
using System;
class ReadString {
string str;
str = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine(" : " + str);
}
}
, , .
.
.
: .
, Console.In
Console.
TextReader.
, Rea.dLine(),
TextReader.
//
// Console.In.
using System;
class ReadChars2 (
string str;
str = Console.In.ReadLine(); // ReadLine() TextReader
}
}
, ReadLine()
Console.In. ,
TextReader, Console.In,
, .
ReadKey()
.NET Framework , Console

. ReadKey().
14. -
439
ReadKey()
.
<Enter>. , ReadKey()
.
ReadKey().
static ConsoleKeyInfo ReadKey()
static ConsoleKeyInfo ReadKey(bool intercept)
.
, .
,
. intercept true,
. intercept false,
.
ReadKey()
ConsoleKeyInfo, ,
, .
char KeyChar
ConsoleKey Key
ConsoleModifiers Modifiers
KeyChar char ,
Key ConsoleKey ,
Modifiers (<Alt>, <Ctrl>
<Shift>), , ,
.
ConsoleModifiers : Control, Shift Alt.
Modifiers
.
ReadKey() ,
,
.
, .
// , , ReadKey().
using System;
class ReadKeys {
ConsoleKeyInfo keypress;
" - <Q>.");
do {
keypress = Console.ReadKey(); //
Console.WriteLine(" : " + keypress.KeyChar);
// .
if((ConsoleModifiers.Alt & keypress.Modifiers) != 0)
Console.WriteLine(" <Alt>.");
if((ConsoleModifiers.Control & keypress.Modifiers) != 0)
440 I. C#
Console.WriteLine(" <Control>.");
if((ConsoleModifiers.Shift & keypress.Modifiers) != 0)
Console.WriteLine(" <Shift>.");
} while(keypress.KeyChar != 'Q');
}
}
, , .
, - <Q>.
:
b : b
d : d
:
<Shift>.
:
<Shift>.
:
<Shift>.
:
<Control>.
Q : Q
<Shift>.
, ,
, ReadKey() .
Read(),
.
, ReadKey().

Console.Out Console.Error TextWriter.
Write()
WriteLine(), .
. Console
Write() WriteLine(),
Console,
.
TextWriter, Console.Out Console.Error.
,
Console.Out Console.Error.
.
// Console.Out Console.Error.
using System;
class ErrOut {
int a=10, b=0;
int result;
Console.Out.WriteLine(" " +
" .");
14. -
441
try {
result = a / b; //
} catch(DivideByZeroException exc) {
Console.Error.WriteLine(exc.Message);
}
}
}
.
.
.

Console.Error. : ,
Console.Out Console.Error, ,
? ,
. ,
Console.Error , . ,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
-.
FileStream -
.NET Framework -
. , .
. , ,
.
. ,

. -
. ,
-.
, , FileStream.
Stream .
, , FileStream,
System.IO.
.
using System.IO;

, ,
FileStream. .
:
FileStream(string , FileMode )
442
I. C#
, ;
. ,
FileMode . 14.4. ,
.
FileMode.Append,
.
14.4. FileMode
FileMode.Append
FileMode.Create
FileMode.CreateNew
FileMode.Open
FileMode.OpenOrCreate
FileMode.Truncate

.

.

, .

,
,
. - ,
FileNotFoundException. - -, IOException.
,
, : ArgumentNullException ( ),
ArgumentException ( ), ArgumentOutOfRangeException
( ), SeaurityException (
), PathTooLongException ( ),
NotSupportedException ( ,
), DirectoryNotFoundException ( ).
DirectoryNotFoundException
PathTooLongException,
FileNotFoundException IOException.
,
IOException.
test.dat
.
FileStream fin;
try {
fin = new FileStream("test", FileMode.Open);
}
catch(IOException exc) { // , -
Console.WriteLine(exc.Message);
// .
}
catch(Exception exc { // .
// , .
14. -
443
// .
}
catch ,
, , ,
, -. catch,
"" ,
(, ).
, ,
.
, ,
IOException, , ,
, -,
. , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
. , .
, FileStream ,
.
, .
FileStream(string , FileMode , FileAccess )
, ,
, .
. ,
FileAccess .
FileAccess.Read
FileAccess.Write
FileAccess.ReadWrite
, test.dat
.
FileStream fin = new FileStream("test.dat", FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
, Close().
.
void Close()
,
, . ,
Close() , , Dispose(), , ,
.
using, 20,
, .
,
. ,
, , ,
, Close().
444
I. C#
-
FileStream :
ReadByte() Read(). ,
ReadByte(), .
int ReadByte()
, , ,
. ,
, NotSupportedException (
) ObjectDisposedException ( ).
Read(),
.
int Read(byte[ ] array, int offset, int count)
Read() count
array, array[offset].
, . -,
IOException. ,
, NotSupportedException.
, .
ReadByte()
,
. ,
, , .
/* .
, ,
. ,
TEST.CS :
ShowFile TEST.CS
*/
using System;
using System.IO;
class ShowFile {
int i;
FileStream fin;
if(args.Length != 1) {
Console.WriteLine(": ShowFile ");
return;
}
try {
fin = new FileStream(args[0], FileMode.Open);
} catch(IOException exc) {
return; // ,
14. -
445
}
// .
try {
do {
i = fin.ReadByte();
if(i != -1) Console.Write((char) i);
} while(i != -1);
} finally {
fin.Close();
}
}
}
,
try. , .
-, .
try , . , try ,
fin . ,
finally, try.
, , do-while (
- ), .
, ,
, , ,
finally
- - .
,
, try,
. ,
ShowFile.
// .
using System;
using System.IO;
class ShowFile {
int i;
FileStream fin = null;
Console.WriteLine(": ShowFile File");
return;
}
// try
446
I. C#
try {
// .
do {
i = fin.ReadByte();
if(i != -1) Console.Write((char) i);
} while(i != -1);
Console.WriteLine(" -:\n" + exc.Message);
} finally {
if(fin != null) fin.Close();
}
}
}
, fin
FileStream .
FileStream,
fin , . ,
Close() finally ,
fin .
Close() fin,
.
-, .
, , , , ,
, . ,
, , ,
, try,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
.

WriteByte().
.
void WriteByte(byte value)
, value.
,
NotSupportedException. ,
ObjectDisposedException.
Write().
.
void Write(byte[] array, int offset, int count)
Write() count
array, array[offset].
14. -
447
, . ,
IOException.
, NotSupportedException. ,
.
, , ,
.
,
, .
. ,
128 . ,
.

, Flush.
void Flush()
IOException.
, ObjectDisposedException.
Close().
, ,
, .
Flush() .
,
.
// .
using System;
using System.IO;
class WriteToFile {
FileStream fout = null;
try {
// .
fout = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.CreateNew);
// .
for(char = ''; <= 'Z'; C++)
fout.WriteByte((byte) );
} finally {
if (fout != null) fout.Close();
}
}
}
test.txt
FileMode.CreateNew. ,
. (
IOException.)
448
I. C#
.
test.txt .
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
FileStream
- FileStream
, , , ,
. ,
, .
.
/* .
,
. , FIRST.DAT SECOND.DAT
:
CopyFile FIRST.DAT SECOND.DAT

*/
using System;
using System.IO;
class CopyFile {
int i;
FileStream fin = null;
FileStream fout = null;
Console.WriteLine(": CopyFile ");
return;
}
try {
// .
fout = new FileStream(args[1], FileMode.Create);
// .
do {
i = fin.ReadByte();
if(i != -1) fout.WriteByte((byte)i);
} while (i != 1);
} finally {
if(fin != null) fin.Close();
if(fout != null) fout.Close();
}
}
}
14. -
449
-
,
.
, . ,
,
. , -
FileStream StreamReader
StreamWriter.
.
, , ,
. StreamReader StreamWriter
.
StreamWriter TextWriter,
StreamReader TextReader. ,
StreamReader StreamWriter ,
.
StreamWriter

Stream, FileStream, StreamWriter.
StreamWriter .
:
StreamWriter(Stream )
.
ArgumentException, ,
ArgumentNullException, .
StreamWriter .

, test.txt.
, "".
FileStream,
StreamWriter.
// ,
// StreamWriter.
using System;
using System.IO;
class KtoD {
string str;
FileStream fout;
// -.
try {
fout = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.Create);
}
450
I. C#
catch(IOException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(" :\n" + exc.Message);
return;
}
// - StreamWriter.
StreamWriter fstr_out = new StreamWriter(fout);

try {
Console.WriteLine(" , ''.");
do {
Console.Write(": ");
if(str != "") {
str = str + "\r\n"; //
fstr_out.Write(str);
}
} while(str != "");
} finally {
fstr_out.Close ();
}
}
}

StreamWriter. :
StreamWriter(string )
StreamWriter(string , bool append)
, .
append true,
.
.
, . IOException. ,
.

, ,
StreamWriter.
// StreamWriter.
using System;
using System.IO;
class KtoD {
string str;
StreamWriter fstr_out = null;
try {
// , StreamWriter.
14. -
451
fstr_out = new StreamWriter("test.txt");

Console.WriteLine(" , ''.");
do {
if(str != "") {
str = str + "\r\n"; //
fstr_out.Write(str);
}
} while(str != "");
} finally {
if(fstr_out != null) fstr_out.Close();
}
}
}
StreamReader

StreamReader. StreamReader
. :
StreamReader(Stream )
.
ArgumentNullException, ,
ArgumentException, .
StreamReader .
StreamReader .
.

test.txt.

.
// ,
// StreamReader.
using System;
using System.IO;
class DtoS {
FileStream fin;
string s;
try {
fin = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.Open);
}
452
I. C#
return;
}
StreamReader fstr_in = new StreamReader(fin);
try {
while((s = fstr_in.ReadLine()) != null) {
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
} finally {
fstr_in.Close();
}
}
}
, .
ReadLine() , ,
. , StreamReader
EndOfStream.
true,
, false. ,
EndOfStream .
while .
while(!fstr_in.EndOfStream) {
s = fstr_in.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
EndOfStream,
.
EndOfStream ,
.
, StreamReader,
StreamWriter. :
StreamReader(string )
, .
.
FileNotFoundException. ,
ArgumentNullException. ,
ArgumentException. ,
IOException DirectoryNotFoundException.

, , Console.In,
. .
14. -
453
,
, .

,
.
. ,

< >, Console.In Console.Out .
, .
using System;
class Test {
}
}

Test > log
" ." log.
.
, "".
< >, ,
#, .
-, , , Windows,
,
. ,
.
SetIn(), SetOut() SetError(),
Console.
static void SetIn(TextReader __)
static void SetOut(TextWriter __)
static void SetError(TextWriter ____)
, SetIn()
. ,
, TextReader.
SetOut() ,
TextReader. ,
FileStream,
StreamWriter. .
// Console.Out.
using System;
using System.IO;
class Redirect {
StreamWriter log_out = null;
454
I. C#
try {
log_out = new StreamWriter("logfile.txt");
// logfile.txt.
Console.SetOut(log_out);
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) Console.WriteLine(i);
Console.WriteLine(" -\n" + exc.Message);
} finally {
if(log_out != null) log_out.Close();
}
}
}
,
logfile.txt .
.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
.

. ( )
. , ,
int, double short.
C# BinaryReader BinaryWriter.
, ,
, .
BinaryWriter
BinaryWriter , ,
.
:
14. - 455
BinaryWriter(Stream output)
output , .
output ,
FileStream. output ,
ArgumentNullException. ,
output, ,
ArgumentException. BinaryWriter
. .
BinaryWriter ,
C# . . 14.5.
, string
. , BinaryWriter
Close() Flush(), .
14.5. , BinaryWriter
void Write(sbyte value)

void Write(byte value)
void Write(byte[] buffer)
void Write(short value)
void Write(ushort value)
void Write(int value)
void Write(uint value)
void Write(long value)
void Write(ulong value)
void Write(float value)
void Write(double value)
void Write(decimal value)
void Write(char ch)
void Write(char[] buffer)
void Write(string value)
sbyte
byte
byte
short
( )
ushort
( )
int
uint
( )
long
( )
ulong
( )
float (
)
double (
)
decimal (
)

string,

BinaryReader
BinaryReader , ,
.
:
456
I. C#
BinaryReader(Stream input)
input , .
input ,
FileStream. ,
input,
, ArgumentException.
BinaryReader .
.
BinaryReader ,
C# . . 14.6.
, , , Readstring()
, .
IOException, .
, .
14.6. , BinaryReader
bool ReadBoolean()
byte ReadByte()
sbyte ReadSByte()
byte[] ReadBytes(int count)
char ReadChar()
char[] ReadChars(int count)
decimal ReadDecimal()
double ReadDouble()
float ReadSingle()
short ReadInt16()
int ReadInt32()
long ReadInt64()
ushort ReadUIntl6()
uint ReadUInt32()
ulong ReadUInt64()
string ReadString()
bool
byte
sbyte
count

char
count

decimal
double
float
short
int
long
ushort
uint
ulong
string,

.
,
BinaryWriter
BinaryWriter
Read().

IOException. , BinaryReader
Close().
14. -
int Read()
int
int
int
int
457

.
-1
Read(byte[] buffer, count
offset, int count)
buffer, buffer[offset],

Read(char[]buffer,
count
offset, int count)
buffer, buffer[offset],

-
,
BinaryReader BinaryWriter -.
.
// , .
using System;
using System.IO;
class RWData {
BinaryWriter dataOut;
BinaryReader dataIn;
int i = 10;
double d = 1023.56;
bool b = true;
string str = " ";
// .
try {
dataOut = new
BinaryWriter(new FileStream("testdata", FileMode.Create));
}
return;
}
// .
try {
dataOut.Write(i);
Console.WriteLine(" " + d);
dataOut.Write(d);
Console.WriteLine(" " + b);
dataOut.Write(b);
458
I. C#
Console.WriteLine(" " + 12.2 * 7.4);

dataOut.Write(12.2 * 7.4);
Console.WriteLine(" " + str);
dataOut.Write(str);
}
} finally {
dataOut.Close();
}
// .
try {
dataIn = new
BinaryReader(new FileStream("testdata", FileMode.Open));
}
return;
}
try {
i = dataIn.ReadInt32();
d = dataIn.ReadDouble();
b = dataIn.ReadBoolean () ;
Console.WriteLine(" " + b);
d = dataIn.ReadDouble();
str = dataIn.ReadString();
Console.WriteLine(" " + str);
}
} finally {
dataIn.Close();
}
}
}
.
10
1023.56
True
90.28

14. -
459
10
1023.56
True
90.28

testdata,
, , ,
.
, ,
-.

, , ,
, . ,
.
/* BinaryReader BinaryWriter
. */
using System;
using System.IO;
class Inventory {
BinaryWriter dataOut;
BinaryReader detaIn;
string item; //
int onhand; //
double cost; //
try {
dataOut = new
BinaryWriter(new FileStream("inventory.dat", FileMode.Create));
}
Console.WriteLine("He " +
" ");
Console.WriteLine(": " + exc.Message);
return;
}
// .
try {
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(10);
dataOut.Write(3.95);
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(18);
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(5);
460
I. C#
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(8);
}
} finally {
dataOut.Close();
}
// .
try {
dataIn = new
BinaryReader(new FileStream("inventory.dat", FileMode.Open));
}
Console.WriteLine("He " +
" ");
return;
}
// , .
string what = Console.ReadLine();
try {
for(;;) {
// .
item = dataIn.ReadString();
onhand = dataIn.ReadInt32();
cost = dataIn.ReadDouble();
// , .
// , .
if(item.Equals(what, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) {
Console.WriteLine(item + ": " + onhand + " . " +
": {0:} ", cost);
Console.WriteLine(" <{0}>: {1:}.",
item, cost * onhand);

break;
}
}
}
catch(EndOfStreamException) {
}
14. -
461
} finally {
dataIn.Glose();
}
}
}
, , .
:
: 18 . : $1.50 .
<>: $27.00.
,
, .

.
,
. EndOfStreamException
, ,
. ,
.

, ..
, .
. , , Seek(),
FileStream. ,
, .
Seek():
long Seek(long offset, SeekOrigin origin)
offset
(origin). origin
, SeekOrigin.
SeekOrigin.Begin
SeekOrigin.Current
SeekOrigin.End
Seek()
, , .
, IOException.
,
NotSupportedException. ,
.
462
I. #
-
.
, .
// .
using System;
using System.IO;
class RandomAccessDemo {
FileStream f = null;
char ch;
try {
f = new FileStream("random.dat", FileMode.Create);
// .
for (int i=0; i < 26; i++)
f.WriteByte((byte)('A'+i));
// .
f.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin); //
ch = (char) f.ReadByte();
// .
for(int i=0; i < 26; i += 2) {
f.Seek(i, SeekOrigin.Begin); // i-
Console.Write(ch + " ");
}
}
} finally {
if(f != null) f.Close();
}
}
}
.
14. -
463
:
:
:
:
C E G I K M O Q S U W Y
Seek()
,
Position. . 14.2, Position
, .
.

random.dat,
Position.
for(int i=0; i < 26; i += 2) {
f.Position = i; // i- Position
}
MemoryStream

,
. MemoryStream.
Stream,
. MemoryStream .
:
MemoryStream(byte[] buffer)
buffer ,
-. , ,
buffer
.
,
MemoryStream -.
// MemoryStream.
using System;
using System.IO;
class MemStrDemo {
byte[] storage = new byte[255];
// .
MemoryStream memstrm = new MemoryStream(storage);
// memstrm
464
I. C#
// .
StreamWriter memwtr = new StreamWriter(memstrm);
StreamReader memrdr = new StreamReader(memstrm);
try {
// , memwtr.
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
memwtr.WriteLine("byte [" + i + "]: " + i);
// .
memwtr.WriteLine(".");
memwtr.Flush();
Console.WriteLine(" storage: ");
// storage ,
foreach(char ch in storage) {
if (ch == '.') break;
Console.Write(ch);
}
Console.WriteLine("\n memrdr: ");
// memstrm .
memstrm.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin); //
//
string str = memrdr.ReadLine();
while(str != null) {
str = memrdr .ReadLine();
if (str[0] == '.') break;
Console.WriteLine(str);
}
} finally {
// .
memwtr.Close();
memrdr.Close();
}
}
}
.
storage:
byte [0]: 0
byte [1]: 1
byte [2]: 2
byte [3]: 3
byte [4]: 4
byte [5]: 5
byte [6]: 6
byte [7]: 7
byte [8]: 8
byte [9]: 9
14. -

byte [1]:
byte [2]:
byte [3]:
byte [4]:
byte [5]:
byte [6]:
byte [7]:
byte [8]:
byte [9]:
465
memrdr:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
, storage.
memstrm
MemoryStream. memstrm, , memrdr
StreamReader memwtr StreamWriter. memwtr
. ,
memwtr Flush().
,
.
foreach.
Seek() ,
memrdr.
.
, ,
, .

, Windows. ,
. , ,
.
StringReader StringWriter
-
string,
byte. StringReader
StringWriter. , StringReader TextReader,
StringWriter TextWriter. ,
, ,
, , , ReadLine()
StringReader, WriteLine() StringWriter.
StringReader:
StringReader(string s)
s , .
StringWriter .
.
StringWriter()
466
I. C#
,
.
ToString().
, StringReader
StringWriter.
// // StringReader StringWriter.
using System;
using System.IO;
class StrRdrWtrDemo {
StringWriter strwtr = null;
StringReader strrdr = null;
try {
// StringWriter.
strwtr = new StringWriter();
// StringWriter.
for (int i=0; i < 10; i++)
strwtr.WriteLine(" i : " + i);
// StringReader.
strrdr = new StringReader(strwtr.ToString());
// StringReader.
string str = strrdr.ReadLine();
while(str != null) {
str = strrdr.ReadLine();
}
} finally {
// .
if(strrdr != null) strrdr.Close();
if(strwtr != null) strwtr.Close();
}
}
}
.
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
14. -
467
strwtr StringWriter,
WriteLine().
StringReader , strwtr.
ToString() strwtr.
, ReadLine().
File
.NET Framework File,
, ,
. , File
, ,
, ,
, ,
( , .). , File
,
FileStream . File
, .
(), Exists() GetLastAccessTime().
,
, File. , File
.
FileInfo.
File , :
, .
FileInfo.
()
,
.
,
(), File.
.
static void Copy (string __, string __)
static void Copy (string __, string __,
boolean overwrite)
Copy() , __,
, __.
, , __, .
, overwrite
true.
, IOException FileNotFoundException.
468
I. #
()
. .
, .
, .
/* , File.Copy().
,
. , FIRST.DAT SECOND.DAT,
:
CopyFile FIRST.DAT SECOND.DAT

*/
using System;
using System.IO;
class CopyFile {
Console.WriteLine(" : CopyFile ");
return;
}
// .
try {
File.Copy(args[0], args[1]);
Console.WriteLine(" \n" + exc.Message);
}
}
}
, FileStream
. () .
,
. ,
().
File .
: Exists() GetLastAccessTime(). Exists()
, , GetLastAccessTime()
. .
static bool Exists(string )
static DateTime GetLastAccessTime(string )
, .
Exists() true,
. GetLastAccessTime()
DateTime, . (
14. -
469
DateTime , ToString()
.)

,
IOException.
. ,
test.txt. ,
.
// Exists() GetLastAccessTime().
using System;
using System.IO;
class ExistsDemo {
if(File.Exists("test.txt"))
Console.WriteLine(" . " +
File.GetLastAccessTime("test.txt"));
else
}
}
, , GetCreationTime(),
, GetLastWriteTime().

(UTC). .

-,
, .
, WriteLine()
, ,
int double.
WriteLine() .

. ,
Read() "100",
,
, int.
.
Parse(), .
: C#
, int double,
(.. ) , .NET Framework.
C# .NET
Framework, . C#
470
I. C#
,
.
.NET C#
.
.NET
Decimal
Double
Single
Int16
Int32
Int64
UInt16
UInt32
Uint64
Byte
Sbyte
C#
decimal
double
float
short
int
long
ushort
uint
ulong
byte
sbyte
System. ,
Int32 System.Int32.
,
#. ,
Parse(),
.
Parse().
.
. ,
, .
Decimal
Double
Single
Int64
Int32
Intl6
UInt64
UInt32
Ulnt16
Byte
Sbyte

static decimal Parse(string s)
static double Parse(string s)
static float Parse(string s)
static long Parse(string s)
static int Parse(string s)
static short Parse(string s)
static ulong Parse(string s)
static uint Parse(string s)
static ushort Parse(string s)
static byte Parse(string s)
static sbyte Parse(string s)
Parse()
FormatException, s ,
. ,
ArgumentNullException. s
,
OverflowException.
14. -
471

,
, .
, , .
,
ReadLine()
Int32.Parse(). ,
Double.Parse() double.
// , .
using System;
using System.IO;
class AvgNums {
string str;
int n;
double sum = 0.0;
double avg, t;
try {
n = Int32.Parse(str);
} catch(FormatException exc) {
return;
} catch(OverflowException exc) {
return;
}
Console.WriteLine(" " + n + " .");
for(int i=0; i < n ; i++) {
try {
t = Double.Parse(str);
t = 0.0;
} catch(OverflowException exc) {
t = 0;
}
sum += t;
}
avg = sum / n;
Console.WriteLine(" " + avg);
}
}
472
I. #
, ,
.
: 5
5 .
: 1.1
: 2.2
: 3.3
: 4.4
: 5.5
3.3
,
. ,
, , Int32.
Parse(), , .. ,
.
, Parse()
.
, TryParse(),
.
TryParse(), Int32:
static bool TryParse(string s, out int )
s , ,

. (

.) , ,
s , TryParse()
false.
true. , , ,
, ( )
.
15
,
-
#:
, -.
,
,
. ,
.
,
#. -
,
,
,
. -
,
-. ( , -
LINQ, 19.)
,
,
.
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
, .
, ,
. ,
.
474
I. C#
,
,
, . , ,
, , . ,
, .
C/C++, ,
C# C/C++.
delegate.
:
delegate _ (_);
_ , ,
; ; _
, , .
, ,
.
,
. ,
, , ,
. :
,
.
,
.
// .
using System;
// .
delegate string StrMod(string str);
class DelegateTest {
// .
static string ReplaceSpaces(string s) {
return s.Replace(' ', '-');
}
// .
static string RemoveSpaces(string s) {
string temp = "";
int i;
for(i=0; i < s.Length; i++)
if(s[i] != ' ') temp += s[i];
15. , -
475
return temp;
}
// .
static string Reverse(string s) {
string temp = "";
int i, j;
for(j=0, i=s.Length-1; i >= 0; i--, j++)
temp += s[i];
return temp;
}
// .
StrMod strOp = new StrMod(ReplaceSpaces);
string str;
// .
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = new StrMod(RemoveSpaces);
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = new StrMod(Reverse);
str = strOp(" .");
}
}
.
.
: --.
.
: .
.
: .
.
StrMod string, .
, StrMod string
.
476
I. C#
DelegateTest
string . ,
StrMod.
. , ReplaceSpaces()
string Replace().
Main() strOp StrMod
ReplaceSpaces().
.
StrMod strOp = new StrMod(ReplaceSpaces);
ReplaceSpaces() .
, . :
,
. , ,
.
.
ReplaceSpaces() strOp,
.
str = strOp(" .");
strOp ReplaceSpaces(),
.
strOp RemoveSpaces(),
RemoveSpaces().
, strOp Reverse().
.
: ,
strOp, ,
. , ,
.

C# 2.0 ,
.
, ,
new .
Main() ,
.
// , .
StrMod strOp = ReplaceSpaces; //

string str;
// ,
str = strOp(" .");
15. , -
477
strOp = RemoveSpaces; //
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = Reverse; //
str = strOp(" .");
}
, strOp
ReplaceSpaces .
strOp = RemoveSpaces; //

strOp,
"" #.
, .

,
.

,
, . ,
,
StringOps. ,
.
// .
using System;
// .
class StringOps {
// .
public string ReplaceSpaces (string s) {
}
// .
public string RemoveSpaces(string s) {
string temp = "";
int i;
if(s[i] != ' ') temp += s[i];
478
I. C#
return temp;
}
// .
public string Reverse(string s) {
string temp = "";
int i, j;
temp += s[i];
return temp;
}
}
class DelegateTest {
StringOps so = new StringOps(); //
// StringOps
// .
StrMod strOp = so.ReplaceSpaces;
string str;
// .
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = so.RemoveSpaces;
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = so.Reverse;
str = strOp(" .");
}
}
,
,
StringOps.

. , ,
, ,
. .
, + +=.
- -=.
, ,
. , ,
void.
15. , -
479
.
, ,
, void,
ref.
.
// .
using System;
// .
delegate void StrMod(ref string str);
class MultiCastDemo {
// .
static void ReplaceSpaces(ref string s) {
s = s.Replace(' ', '-');
}
// .
static void RemoveSpaces(ref string s) {
string temp = "";
int i;
if(s[i] != ' ') temp += s[i];
s = temp;
}
// .
static void Reverse(ref string s) {
string temp = "";
int i, j;
temp += s[i];
s = temp;
}
// .
StrMod strOp;
StrMod replaceSp = ReplaceSpaces;
StrMod removeSp = RemoveSpaces;
StrMod reverseStr = Reverse;
string str = " .";
// .
strOp = replaceSp;
480
I. C#
strOp += reverseStr;
// .
strOp(ref str);
// .
strOp -= replaceSp;
strOp += removeSp;
str = " ."; //
// .
strOp (ref str);
}
}
.
.
.
: .--
.
.
: .
Main()
. , strOp, ,
.
RemoveSpaces() Reverse().
.
strOp = replaceSp;
strOp += reverseStr
strOp replaceSp,
+= reverseStr. strOp
, ,
.
replaceSp :
strOp -= replaceSp;
removeSp .
strOp += removeSp;
strOp.
.
,
, .
. ,
, .
15. , -
481

: . , ,
, , .

. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
,
.
// .
using System;
class X {
public int Val;
}
// Y, X.
class Y : X { }
// X
// Y .
delegate X ChangeIt(Y obj);
class CoContraVariance {
// X
// X .
static X IncrA(X obj) {
X temp = new X();
temp.Val = obj.Val + 1;
return temp;
}
// Y
// Y .
static Y IncrB(Y obj) {
Y temp = new Y();
temp.Val = obj.Val + 1;
return temp;
}
Y Yob = new Y();
// IncrA X,
// ChangeIt Y.
// .
Changelt change = IncrA;
482
I. C#
X Xob = change(Yob);
Console.WriteLine("Xob: " + Xob.Val);
// IncrB Y,
// ChangeIt X.
// .
change = IncrB;
Yob = (Y) change (Yob);
Console.WriteLine("Yob: " + Yob.Val);
}
}
.
Xob: 1
Yob: 1
Y X. ChangeIt
.
delegate X ChangeIt(Y obj);
X
Y. IncrA() IncrB() .
static X IncrA(X obj)
static Y IncrB(Y obj)
IncrA() X
. IncrB()
Y .
ChangeIt,
.
,
ChangeIt change = IncrA;
IncrA() ,
X IncrA(), Y
ChangeIt.
, ,
, , ,
.
,
.
change = IncrB;
IncrB() Y,
X.
,
.
15. , -
483
System.Delegate

System.Delegate. ,
, . System.
Delegate .

, .
, . -,
, . -,
,
. ,
.
,
Windows Paint.
.
,
. ,
.

, , .
,
, ,
. ,
. , ,
, .
, , .
, ,
.
3.0, C#
: -. C#
2.0, - 3.0. -

.
# -
#.
-,
-.
, -
. , .
484 I. C#

,
.
delegate. , ,
.
0 5.
// .
using System;
// .
delegate void CountIt();
class AnonMethDemo {
// ,
// .
CountIt count = delegate {
// .
for(int i=0; i <= 5; i++)
}; //
count();
}
}
CountIt
void. Main() count
CountIt, ,
delegate. ,
count. ,
,
. .
0
1
2
3
4
5

.
delegate,

. ,
.
15. , -
485
// , .
using System;
// , CountIt .
delegate void CountIt (int end);

class AnonMethDemo2 {
// .
CountIt count = delegate (int end) {

for(int i=0; i <= end; i++)
};
count(3);
count(5);
}
}
CountIt .
,
delegate. end
,
. .
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
5

.
return, ,
. ,
, .
,
.
// , .
using System;
486
I. C#
// .
delegate int CountIt(int end);
class AnonMethDemo3 {
int result;
// .
// .
CountIt count = delegate (int end) {
int sum = 0;
for(int i=0; i <= end; i++) {
Console.WriteLine (i);
sum += i;
}
return sum; //
};
result = count(3);
Console.WriteLine(" 3 " + result);
result = count (5);
}
}
,
count. , return
, .
.
0
1
2
3
3 6
0
1
2
3
4
5
5 15

, ,
.
. .
,
15. , -
487
"". ,
, ,
, ,
.
.

. CountIt
Counter(). sum,
Counter(), .
sum . Counter()
Main() CountIt, , sum
.
// .
using System;
// int int.
delegate int CountIt(int end);

class VarCapture {
static CountIt Counter() {
int sum = 0;
// sum.
CountIt ctObj = delegate (int end) {
for(int i=0; i <= end; i++) {
sum += i;
}
return sum;
};
return ctObj;
}
// .
CountIt count = Counter();
int result;
result = count(3);
result = count (5);
}
}
.
.
488
I. #
0
1
2
3
3 6
0
1
2
3
4
5
5 21
, - .
, 5 21, 15! , sum
ctObj Counter(). ,
count "
" . ,
Counter() ,
count Main().

, ,
. ,
, .
,
.
-
,
: -. , #,
1.0 . -

. -
LINQ ( 19),
. -
.
- . (
, , .) ,
- . -
,
.
-
- - =>,
- .
( ), -.
=> , "" "".
15. , -
489
C# -
-. , -
, -.
. -
, , -.
- ,
, if. .
-
- , =>,
( ), .
.
-,
.
=>
, .
(_) =>
, ,
. ,
.
-.
count- => count + 2
count ,
count + 2. count 2.
-.
n => n % 2 == 0
true,
n , false.
- . ,
-, ,
-. -
. .

-.
. , Incr, int
. , IsEven, int,
bool.
-. , -
.
// -.
using System;
490
I. C#
// , int
// int.
delegate int Incr(int v);
// , int
// bool.
delegate bool IsEven(int v);
class SimpleLambdaDemo {
// Incr, -.
// 2.
Incr incr = count => count + 2;
// - incr.
Console.WriteLine(" - incr: ");
int x = -10;
while(x <= 0){
Console.Write(x + " ");
x = incr(x); // x 2
}
Console.WriteLine ("\n");
// IsEven, -,
// true,
// , false.
IsEven isEven = n => n % 2 == 0;
// - isEven.
Console.WriteLine(" - isEven: ");
for(int i=l; i <= 10; i++)
if(isEven(i)) Console.WriteLine(i + " .");
}
}
.
- incr:
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
- isEven:
2 .
4 .
6 .
8 .
10 .
.
Incr incr = count => count + 2;
IsEven isEven = n => n % 2 == 0;
15. , -
491
incr
-, 2
count. Incr,
. ,
incr, count,
-. isEven
, true,
, false.
, - IsEven.
:
, , , int count -,
incr? :

. ,
.
,
-.
.
incr.
Incr incr = (int count) => count + 2;
, count int.
. . (
, ,
.)
-
, - ,
. - ,
. , .
(low, high, val) => val >= low && val <= high;
, -.
delegate bool InRange(int lower, int upper, int v);
, InRange
.
InRange rangeOK = (low, high, val) => val >= low && val <= high;
- ,
.
if(rangeOK(1, 5, 3)) Console.WriteLine(
" 3 1 5.");
:
- , .
492
I. #
-
, -.
, -, .
- .
-. -
,
. , -
if, ..
- .
.
, -,
-.
-
.
// -.
using System;
// IntOp int
// int.
delegate int IntOp(int end);
class StatementLambdaDemo {
// -
// .
IntOp fact = n => {
int r = 1;
for(int i=1; i <= n; i++)
r = i * r;
return r;
};
Console.WriteLine(" 3 " + fact(3));
Console.WriteLine(" 5 " + fact(5));
}
}
.
3 6
5 120
,
- r, for
return. -.
. ,
-
. : return, , .
15. , -
493
, . ,
-
.
// ,
// -.
using System;
// .
delegate string StrMod(string s);
class UseStatementLambdas {
// , - ,
// .
// .
StrMod ReplaceSpaces = s => {
};
// .
StrMod RemoveSpaces = s => {
string temp =
int i;
if (s[i] != ' ') temp += s[i];
return temp;
};
// .
StrMod Reverse = s => {
string temp = "";
int i, j;
temp += s [i];
return temp;
};
string str;
// - .
StrMod strOp = ReplaceSpaces;
494
I. #
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = RemoveSpaces;
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = Reverse;
str = strOp(" .");
}
}
,
.
.
: --.
.
: .
.
: .
#, ,
. , , ,
. :
, , .
,
. .

event. :
event _ _;
_ ,
, _ .
.
// , .
using System;
// .
delegate void MyEventHandler();
// , .
class MyEvent {
public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent;
15. , -
495
// .
public void OnSomeEvent() {
if(SomeEvent != null)
SomeEvent();
}
}
class EventDemo {
// .
static void Handler() {
}
MyEvent evt = new MyEvent();
// Handler() .
evt.SomeEvent += Handler;
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
}
}
.

,
, .
, .
.
.
, .
MyEvent.
SomeEvent .
. event
, .
, MyEvent OnSomeEvent(),
. , ,
. OnSomeEvent()
SomeEvent.
SomeEvent();
, , SomeEvent
.
, , OnSomeEvent()
.
496
I. C#
,
, .
EventDemo Handler().
,
. Main()
MyEvent, a Handler()
, .
// Handler() .
,
+=. += -=.
Handler() ,
.
, , .
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
OnSomeEvent() ,
. ,
, .

, .
.
.
// .
using System;
// .
// , .
class MyEvent {
// .
SomeEvent();
}
}
class X {
public void Xhandler() {
Console.WriteLine(" X");
}
15. , -
497
}
class Y {
public void Yhandler() {
Console.WriteLine(" Y");
}
}
class EventDemo2 {
static void Handler() {
Console.WriteLine(" EventDemo");
}
X xOb = new X();
Y yOb = new Y();
// .
evt.SomeEvent += xOb.Xhandler;
evt.SomeEvent += yOb.Yhandler;
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
// .
evt.SomeEvent -= xOb.Xhandler;
evt.OnSomeEvent();
}
}
.
EventDemo
X
Y
EventDemo
Y
, X Y,
, MyEventHandler.
.
, X Y .
, ,
, .

.

, .
498
I. C#
,
.
, . ,
,
, .
, , ,
.
.
X,
. ,
X , .

X.
/* ,
. */
using System;
// .
// , .
class MyEvent {
// .
SomeEvent();
}
}
class X {
int id;
public X(int x) { id = x; }
// .
Console.WriteLine(" " + id);
}
}
class EventDemo3 {
X o1 = new X(1);
X o2 = new X(2);
X o3 = new X(3);
evt.SomeEvent += o1.Xhandler;
15. , -
499
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
}
}
.
1
2
3
,
,
.
,
, - ,
.
/* ,
. */
using System;
// .
// , .
class MyEvent {
// .
SomeEvent();
}
}
class X {
/*
. */
public static void Xhandler() {
}
}
class EventDemo4 {
evt.SomeEvent += X.Xhandler;
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
}
}
500
I. #
.
.
, X
. Xhandler() X,
SomeEvent
OnSomeEvent().

,
,
.
.
.
, , ,
.

event, .

.
event _ _ {
add {
// .
}
rernove {
// .
}
}
: add remove. add ,
+=.
remove ,
-=.
add remove,
. ,
value. add remove,
. ,
, .
,
. .
,
.
//
// .
using System;
// .
15. , -
501
// .
class MyEvent {
MyEventHandler[] evnt = new MyEventHandler[3];
public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent {
// .
add {
int i;
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
if(evnt[i] == null) {
evnt[i] = value;
break;
}
if (i == 3) Console.WriteLine(" .");
}
// .
remove {
int i;
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
if(evnt[i] == value) {
evnt[i] = null;
break;
}
}
}
// .
for(int i=0; i < 3; i++)
if(evnt[i] != null) evnt[i]();
}
}
// , MyEventHandler.
class W {
public void Whandler() {
Console.WriteLine(" W");
}
}
class X {
Console.WriteLine(" X");
}
}
class Y {
public void Yhandler() {
Console.WriteLine(" Y");
}
}
502
I. #
class Z {
public void Zhandler() {
Console.WriteLine(" Z");
}
}
class EventDemo5 {
W wOb = new W();
X xOb = new X();
Y yOb = new Y();
Z zOb = new Z();
// .
Console.WriteLine(" . ");
evt.SomeEvent += wOb.Whandler;
evt.SomeEvent += xOb.Xhandler;
evt.SomeEvent += yOb.Yhandler;
// - .
evt.SomeEvent += zOb.Zhandler;
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
// .
Console.WriteLine(" xOb.Xhandler.");
evt.OnSomeEvent();
// .
"xOb.Xhandler .");
evt.OnSomeEvent();
// Zhandler.
Console.WriteLine(" zOb.Zhandler.");
evt.SomeEvent += zOb.Zhandler;
evt.OnSomeEvent();
}
}
:
.
.
15. , -
503
W
X
Y
xOb.Xhandler.
W
Y
xOb.Xhandler .
.
W
Y
zOb.Zhandler.
W
X
Y
.
MyEventHandler. MyEvent.
evnt,
.
MyEventHandler[] evnt = new MyEventHandler[3];
,
. evnt
(null).
SomeEvent.
event.
public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent {
// .
add {
int i;
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
if(evnt[i] == null) {
evnt[i] = value;
break;
}
}
// .
remove {
int i;
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
if(evnt[i] == value) {
evnt[i] = null;
break;
}
}
}
504
I. #
,
add, (.. ) evnt
, value.
, . (
,
.) evnt ,
.
, remove evnt
, value.
,
(null), , .
OnSomeEvent().
evnt
.
,
, .

, event
. event
. ,
, , ,
.

. 23.

.
, .
(abstract).
.
. ,
(sealed). , , ..
.

-
, ,
. , ,
, . -
.
15. , -
505
, -
, .
, -
.
// - .
using System;
// .
delegate void MyEventHandler (int n);
// , .
class MyEvent {
// .
public void OnSomeEvent(int n) {
if (SomeEvent != null)
SomeEvent(n);
}
}
class LambdaEventDemo {
// - .
evt.SomeEvent += (n) =>
Console.WriteLine(" . " + n);
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent(1);
evt.OnSomeEvent(2);
}
}
.
. 1
. 2
, -
.
evt.SomeEvent += (n) =>
-
, .

-, .
,
.
506
I. C#
// .
evt.SomeEvent += delegate(int n) {
};
,
,
.
.NET Framework
C# .
.NET Framework
, Microsoft.
, , :
. ,
, EventArgs,
, . , .NET .
void (object , EventArgs ) {
// ...
}
, ,
this. EventArgs
, .
EventArgs ,
. , EventArgs
, ,
. EventArgs Empty
static, EventArgs .
, .NET-
.
// .NET- .
using System;
// , EventArgs.
class MyEventArgs : EventArgs {
public int EventNum;
}
// .
delegate void MyEventHandler(object source, MyEventArgs arg);
// , .
class MyEvent {
15. , -
// SomeEvent.
MyEventArgs arg = new MyEventArgs();
if(SomeEvent != null) {
arg.EventNum = count++;
SomeEvent(this, arg);
}
}
}
class X {
public void Handler(object source, MyEventArgs arg) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + arg.EventNum +
" X.");
Console.WriteLine(": " + source);
}
}
class Y {
public void Handler(object source, MyEventArgs arg) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + arg.EventNum +
" Y.");
}
}
class EventDemo6 {
X ob1 = new X();
Y ob2 = new Y();
// Handler() .
evt.SomeEvent += ob1.Handler;
evt.SomeEvent += ob2.Handler;
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
evt.OnSomeEvent();
}
}
.
0 X
: MyEvent
0 Y
: MyEvent
1 X
: MyEvent
507
508
I. C#
1 Y
: MyEvent
MyEventArgs, EventArgs.
MyEventArgs : EventNum.
MyEventHandler, ,
.NET Framework. ,
, ,
EventArgs . Handler(),
X Y, .
MyEvent SomeEvent MyEventHandler.
OnSomeEvent() SomeEvent,
this,
MyEventArgs. ,
MyEventHandler
.NET.
EventHandler<TEventArgs>
EventHandler

. , , .NET
Framework
EventHandler<TEventArgs>. (
18.) TEventArgs ,
EventArgs . ,
SomeEvent MyEvent .
public event EventHandler<MyEventArgs> SomeEvent;
, ,
.
EventArgs
. .NET
Framework EventHandler.
,
.
EventHandler.
// EventHandler.
using System;
// , ,
class MyEvent {
public event EventHandler SomeEvent; // EventHandler
// .
SomeEvent(this, EventArgs.Empty);
15. , -
509
}
}
class EventDemo7 {
static void Handler(object source, EventArgs arg) {
}
// Handler() .
// .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
}
}
EventArgs ,
- EventArgs.Empty.
.

: MyEvent

, Windows. ,
,
.
#,

. ,
LButtonClick.
OnLButtonClick(),
.
Windows, ,
, , ,
, .
, . ,
, KeyPress
OnKeyPress(). , .NET -.
// , .
using System;
// , EventArgs
// .
510
I. C#
class KeyEventArgs : EventArgs {

public char ch;
}
// , .
class KeyEvent {
public event EventHandler <KeyEventArgs> KeyPress;
// .
public void OnKeyPress(char key) {
KeyEventArgs k = new KeyEventArgs();
if(KeyPress != null) {
k.ch = key;
KeyPress (this, k);
}
}
}
// KeyEvent.
class KeyEventDemo {
KeyEvent kevt = new KeyEvent();
ConsoleKeyInfo key;
int count = 0;
// - .
kevt.KeyPress += (sender, ) =>

Console.WriteLine(" : " + e.ch);
// - .
count++; // count
Console.WriteLine(" . " +
" .");
do {
key = Console.ReadKey();
kevt.OnKeyPress(key.KeyChar);
} while(key.KeyChar != '.');
Console.WriteLine(" " + count + " .");
}
}
, , .
.
t

s
t
.
5 .
.
: t
:
: s
: t
: .
15. , -
511
KeyEventArgs,
EventArgs
. EventHandler,
, .
KeyEvent, KeyPress.
Main() kevt KeyEvent.
kevt.KeyPress , . ,
.
Console.WriteLine(" : " + e.ch);
kevt.KeyPress ,
-.
, .
count++; // count
, count ,
Main() .
, kevt.OnKeyPress()
.
.
. ,
#.
. ,
,
.
16
#,

.
, .

2
, #.

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.

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. , .NET Framework,
#,
System.

514
I. C#
using System;
#. 14,
- System.IO,
System. ,
#.
,
"" , ,
, , .

, . ,
Finder, Finder,
, . ,
, ,
.

namespace.
:
namespace {
//
}
.
. ,
, .
, , , ,
.
namespace
Counter. ,
CountDown.
// .
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
public CountDown(int n) {
val = n;
}
public void Reset(int n) {
val = n;
}
public int Count() {
if(val > 0) return val--;
else return 0;
}
16. ,
515
}
} // Counter.
, CountDown
Counter.
, Counter.cs.
,
Counter.
// Counter.
using System;
class NSDemo {
// , CountDown
// Counter.
Counter.CountDown cd1 = new Counter.CountDown(10);
int i;
do {
i = cd1.Count();
} while(i > 0);
// , CountDown
// Counter.
do {
i = cd2.Count();
} while(i > 0);
cd2.Reset(4);
do {
i = cd2.Count();
} while(i > 0);
}
}
.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
4 3 2 1 0
,

, Counter.
516
I. C#
NSDemo.cs, Counter
Counter.cs,
.
csc NSDemo.cs counter.cs

. -, CountDown
Counter,
. CountDown Counter.
: ,
,
. .
-, Counter ,
. ,
cd1.Count()
, .
i = cd1.Count();
-,
.
Counter, NSDemo.
. ,

.
, Counter
.
, ,
. , , ,
, .

,
, . ,
.
Counter, Counter2.
CountDown,
, CountDown
. ,
. , . ,
,
.
// .
using System;
16. ,
// Counter.
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
val = n;
}
else return 0;
}
}
}
// Counter2.
namespace Counter2 {
/* CountDown
Counter2
Counter.
*/
class CountDown {
public void Count() {
Console.WriteLine(" Count() " +
" Counter2.");
}
}
}
class NSDemo2 {
// CountDown Counter.
// CountDown Counter2.
Counter2.CountDown cd2 = new Counter2.CountDown();
int i;
do {
i = cd1.Count();
} while(i > 0);
cd2.Count();
}
}
517
518
I. C#
.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Count() Counter2.
, CountDown
Counter
Counter2, .
, ,
, ,
.
using

, , ,
. using.

C# System,
. , using
.
using. :
using ;
,
. , ,
, .
using
.
,
using,
.
// using.
using System;
// Counter.
using Counter;
// .
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
val = n;
16. ,
519
}
else return 0;
}
}
}
class NSDemo3 {
// CountDown .
CountDown cd1 = new CountDown(10);
int i;
do {
i = cd1.Count();
} while(i > 0);
do {
i = cd2.Count();
} while(i > 0);
cd2.Reset(4);
do {
i = cd2.Count();
} while(i > 0);
}
}
.
using ,
.
using Counter;
Counter.
, CountDown
Counter,
Main().
Counter ,
CountDown .
520
I. C#
:
.
,
. ,
, System Counter, .
using
using (
) . :
using = ;
(, )
, . ,
.
,
MyCounter
Counter.CountDown.
// .
using System;
// Counter.CountDown.
using MyCounter = Counter.CountDown;
// .
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
val = n;
}
else return 0;
}
}
}
class NSDemo4 {
// MyCounter
// Counter.CountDown.
16. ,
521
MyCounter cd1 = new MyCounter(10);

int i;
do {
i = cd1.Count();
} while(i > 0);
do {
i = cd2.Count();
} while(i > 0);
cd2.Reset(4);
do {
i = cd2.Count();
} while(i > 0);
}
}
MyCounter .
using MyCounter = Counter.CountDown;

Counter.CountDown,
. ,
CountDown.

.

. ,

Counter. CountDown, CountUp.
Counter .
// .
using System;
// Counter.
using Counter;
// Counter.
522
I. #
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
val = n;
}
else return 0;
}
}
}
// Counter.
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountUp {
int val;
int target;
public int Target {
get{
return target;
}
}
public CountUp(int n) {
target = n;
va1 = 0;
}
target = n;
val = 0;
}
if(val < target) return val++;
else return target;
}
}
}
class NSDemo5 {
CountDown cd = new CountDown(10);
CountUp cu = new CountUp(8);
16. ,
523
int i;
do {
i = cd.Count();
} while(i > 0);
do {
i = cu.Count();
} whiled < cu.Target);
}
}
.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
,
using Counter;
Counter.
CountDown CountUp , ..
. Counter
.

.
.
// .
using System;
namespace NS1 {
class ClassA {
public ClassA() {
Console.WriteLine(" ClassA");
}
}
namespace NS2 { //
class ClassB {
public ClassB() {
Console.WriteLine(" ClassB");
}
}
}
}
class NestedNSDemo {
524
I. #
NS1.ClassA a = new NS1.ClassA();
// NS2.ClassB b = new NS2.ClassB(); // !!! NS2

NS1.NS2.ClassB b = new NS1.NS2.ClassB(); // !
}
}
.
ClassA
ClassB
NS2 NS1.
ClassB
NS1 NS2. NS2
. ,
. , ClassB
Main() NS1.NS2.ClassB.
, .

.
namespace,
. ,
namespace OuterNS {
namespace InnerNS {
// ...
}
}
.
namespace OuterNS.InnerNS {
// ...
}

,
. ,
,
namespace. ,
,
.
.
,
.
::
,
. , , ,
16. ,
525

. ,
MyClass.
using, MyClass
MyClass ,
.
::.
::.
__::
__
, .

, ,
, Counter AnotherCounter,
CountDown.
using. , Main()
CountDown.
// ::.
using System;
// Counter AnotherCounter.
using Counter;
using AnotherCounter;
// .
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
// ...
}
}
// .
namespace AnotherCounter {
// CountDown,
// AnotherCounter.
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
// ...
526
I. C#
}
}
class WhyAliasQualifier {
int i;
// , , !
// , CountDown
// Counter AnotherCounter?
CountDown cd1 = new CountDown(10); // ! !!
// ...
}
}
,
,
Main().
CountDown cd1 = new CountDown(10); // !!!
,
, Counter AnotherCounter, CountDown
. , CountDown
.
::.
::,
, ,
.
,
.
// ::.
using System;
using Counter;
using AnotherCounter;
// Counter Ctr.
using Ctr = Counter;
// .
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
// ...
16. ,
527
}
}
// .
namespace AnotherCounter {
// CountDown,
// AnotherCounter.
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
// ...
}
}
class AliasQualifierDemo {
// :: ,
Ctr::CountDown cd1 = new Ctr::CountDown(10);
// ...
}
}
Counter
Ctr .
Main()
CountDown, .
:: , ,
CountDown Ctr, Counter.
.
::
global . ,
CountDown Counter,
. CountDown
global.
// .
using System;
// Counter Ctr.
// .
528
I. C#
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
// ...
}
}
// CountDown,
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
// ...
}
class GlobalAliasQualifierDemo {
// ::
// CountDown
// .
global::CountDown cd2 = new global::CountDown(10);
// ...
}
}
, global
CountDown .
global::CountDown cd2 = new global::CountDown(10);
,
.
:
extern, 20.
# ,
.
16. ,
529

, .
,
, .
,
.
, #.
#define
#endregion
#pragma
#elif
#error
#region
#else
#if
#undef
#endif
#line
#warning
#. ,
.
-
#, ,
.
, .
.
#define
#define ,
.
#if #elif
. #define.
#define
.
#define ,
. ,
EXPERIMENTAL .
#define EXPERIMENTAL
C/C++ #define ,
, ,
. C# #define .
#define .
#if #endif
, #if #endif,
,
. ,
, . ,
#define, . #if.
530
I. C#
#if _

#endif
_, #if, ,
( ),
#endif. .
#endif #if.
,
. : !, ==,
!=, && ||, .
.
//
// #if, #endif #define.
using System;
class Test {
#if EXPERIMENTAL
#endif
}
}
.
.
.
EXPERIMENTAL.
#if,
,
WriteLine(). EXPERIMENTAL
, ,
WriteLine(), ,
#if . ,
WriteLine(), ,
#if.
, #if
. .
// .
#define TRIAL
using System;
16. ,
531
class Test {
#if EXPERIMENTAL
#endif
#if EXPERIMENTAL && TRIAL
Console.Error.WriteLine ("
.");
#endif
}
}
.
.
.
.
: EXPERIMENTAL TRIAL.
, WriteLine(),
, .
, ,
!, .
#if !EXPERIMENTAL
#endif
,
EXPERIMENTAL .
#else #elif
#else else #,
,
#if. #else
.
// #else.
using System;
class Test {
#if EXPERIMENTAL
#else
#endif
532
I. C#
#if EXPERIMENTAL && TRIAL

Console.Error.WriteLine("
.");
#else
Console.Error.WriteLine(" .");
#endif
}
}
.
.
.
.
TRIAL , #else
.
, #else
#if #else.
, #if
#endif. , #if
#else.
#elif " ", #elif
if-else-if .
#elif .
, ,
#elif .
. #elif ,
#else ,
, #if.
#elif.
#if _

#elif _

#elif _

// ...
#endif
#elif.
// #elif.
#define RELEASE
using System;
class Test {
16. ,
533
#if EXPERIMENTAL
#elif RELEASE
#else
#endif
#if TRIAL && !RELEASE
#endif
}
}
.
.
.
#undef
#undef .
, , , "".
#undef.
#undef
.
#define SMALL
#if SMALL
// ...
#undef SMALL
// SMALL .
#undef SMALL
.
#undef
, .
#error
#error .
. #error.
#error __
#error, .
,
#error !
" !".
534
I. C#
#warning
#warning #error,
, , . ,
. #warning.
#warning _
#line
#line , .

. #line.
#line "_"
#line.
default,
, .
#line default
#line hidden.
,
#line hidden
#line hidden, .
#region #endregion
#region #endregion ,

Visual Studio. :
#region
//
#endregion
.
#pragma
#pragma .
:
#pragma
, .
C# #pragma.
, warning,
. :
#pragma warning disable
#pragma warning restore
16. ,
535

. disable,
restore.
, #pragma
168, , , .
#pragma warning disable 168
#pragma checksum.
ASP.NET. :
#pragma checksum "_" "{GUID}" "_"
_ ; GUID
, _; _
, .
.
internal
#.
,
. .NET.
,
. ,
.
.
. .
, , , ,
( ).
, .. ,
.
.
MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language
Microsoft). ,
.
, C# ,
. ,
, #,
, ,
. , #,
.
,
, , ,
.
.NET, #.
C# , .
internal, .
536
I. #
internal
public, private protected,
, C#
internal.
. , ,
internal, , .
internal
.
internal ,
. , internal
.
protected internal
protected internal. protected internal
. , protected internal,
.
internal.
// internal.
using System;
class InternalTest {
internal int x;
}
class InternalDemo {
InternalTest ob = new InternalTest();
ob.x = 10; // ,
Console.WriteLine(" ob.x: " + ob.x);
}
}
InternalTest internal. ,
, , InternalDemo,
.
17

: ,
.
,
.
.
,
. ,

, .. .

#. , ,
, .

.
.

(RTTI)
.
.
,
, .

,
,
. ,

.
538
I. C#
#
: is, as typeof.
.
is
is.
:
is
, ,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
. is ,
,
.
is.
// is.
using System;
class A {}
class : A {}
class UseIs {
A a = new A();
b = new ();
if(a is A)
Console.WriteLine(" A");
if(b is A)
Console.WriteLine("b , ");
if(a is )
Console.WriteLine(" , ");
if(b is )
if(a is object)
Console.WriteLine(" object");
}
}
.
b
b
object
is ,
. ,
.
17. ,
539
if(b is A)
Console.WriteLine("b , ");
if , b ,
. . ,
if(a is )
Console.WriteLine(" , ");
if , ,
. .
as
,
, ,
. as,
:
as
, .
,
, . as
, , , .
as
is. , is
.
// is .
using System;
class {}
class : {}
class CheckCast {
A a = new A();
b = new ();
// , .
if(a is ) // ,
b = () ;
else // ,
b = null;
if(b==null)
Console.WriteLine(" b = () HE .");
else
Console.WriteLine(" b = () .");
}
}
540
I. C#
.
b = () .
,
,
if.
. ,
.
as, .
// as.
using System;
class A {}
class : A {}
class CheckCast {
A a = new A();
b = new ();
b = a as ; // ,
if(b==null)
else
}
}
.
b = () .
as
,
, .
typeof
, as is
. .
# typeof. System.
.
. typeof:
typeof()
. , ,
.
,
, , , .
,
, .
,
17. ,
541
: FullName, IsClass IsAbstract.

FullName. IsClass
true, . IsAbstract
true, .
// typeof.
using System;
using System.IO;
class UseTypeof {
Type t = typeof(StreamReader);
Console.WriteLine(t.FullName);
if(t.IsClass) Console.WriteLine(" .");
if(t.IsAbstract) Console.WriteLine(" .");
}
}
.
System.IO.StreamReader
.
.
,
StreamReader.
, .
, .
, , :
, .
, (
) , .
,
, .
, ,
.NET Reflection API, System.Reflection.

.
using System.Reflection;
System.Type -
System. ,
. ,
542
I. C#
.
System.Reflection.
MemberInfo.
MemberInfo ,
.
Type DeclaringType
MemberTypes MemberType
int MetadataToken
Module Module
string Name
Type ReflectedType
,

. ,
, , ,
,
Module, (
),

, MemberType MemberTypes
, ,
. .
MemberTypes.Constructor
MemberTypes.Method
MemberTypes.Field
MemberTypes.Event
MemberTypes.Property
, , MemberType. ,
MemberType MemberTypes.Method,
.
MemberInfo : GetCustomAttributes()
IsDefined(). .
, ,
, . .NET Framework
Version 4.0 GetCustomAttributesData(),
. ( .)
,
MemberInfo.
.
ConstructorInfo[]
GetConstructors()
EventInfo[] GetEvents()
FieldInfo[] GetFields()
Type[]
GetGenericArguments()

,
,
,
.
17. ,
543
, .
( 18.)
MemberInf[]
GetMembers()
MethodInfo[]
GetMethods()
PropertyInfo[]
GetProperties()
,
.
Assembly Assembly
TypeAttributes Attributes
Type BaseType
string FullName
bool IsAbstract
bool IsArray
bool IsClass
bool IsEnum
bool IsGenericParameter
bool IsGenericType
string Namespace

,
,
,
,
,
. (
18.)
, . (
18.)

. .
,
. ,
, .
Reflection API
. !
Reflection API ,
, , .
,
: , ,
.
544
I. C#

, ,
, GetMethods().
, .
MethodInfo[] GetMethods()
MethodInfo,
, . MethodInfo
System.Reflection.
MethodInfo MethodBase,
MemberInf.
, . ,
Name.
MethodInfo:ReturnType GetParameters().

ReturnType, .
GetParameters() ,
. .
ParameterInf[] GetParameters();
ParameterInf.
ParameterInf , .
: Name ,
, a ParameterType ,
.
,
, MyClass.
,
, .
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
int x;
int y;
x = i;
= j;
}
public int Sum() {
return x+y;
}
public bool IsBetween(int i) {
if(x < i && i < y) return true;
else return false;
17. ,
545
}
x = a;
= b;
}
public void Set(double a, double b) {
x = (int) a;
y = (int) b;
}
Console.WriteLine(" x: {0}, : {1}",x, y);
}
}
class ReflectDemo {
Type t = typeof(MyClass); // Type,
// MyClass
" " + t.Name);
MethodInfo[] mi = t.GetMethods();
// , MyClass.
foreach(MethodInfo m in mi) {
// .
Console.Write(" " + m.ReturnType.Name + " " + m.Name + "(");
// .
ParameterInfo[] pi = m.GetParameters();
for(int i=0; i < pi.Length; i++) {
Console.Write(pi[i].ParameterType.Name + " " + pi[i],Name);
if(i+1 < pi.Length) Console.Write(", ");
}
Console.WriteLine(")");
}
}
}
.
, MyClass
:
Int32 Sum()
546
I. #
Boolean IsBetween(Int32 i)
Void Set(Int32 a, Int32 b)

Void Set(Double a, Double b)
Void Show()
String ToString()
Boolean Equals(Object obj)
Int32 GetHashCode()
Type GetType()
, , MyClass,
, object,
C# object. ,
.NET. , Set() ,
. int,
double.
. ,
MyClass ,
Set().
, MyClass, Main()
.
Type t = typeof(MyClass); // ,
// MyClass
, typeof ,
( MyClass).
t Reflection API
, MyClass.

.
foreach mi.
,
, .
// .
Console.Write(" " + m.ReturnType.Name + " " + m.Name + "(");
// .
Console.Write(pi[i].ParameterType.Name + " " + pi[i].Name);
}
17. ,
547
, ,
GetParameters() pi.
for pi
. ,
,
MyClass.
GetMethods()
GetMethods(),
.
GetMethods().
MethodInfo[] GetMethods(BindingFlags )
,
. BindingFlags .
.
DeclaredOnly
Instance
NonPublic
Public
Static
, .

,

. Instance Static
Public NonPublic.
.
BindingFlags GetMethods()
, ,
. ,
, .
GetMethods()
.
// ,
// MyClass.
MethodInfo[] mi = t.GetMethods(BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly |
BindingFlags.Instance |
BindingFlags.Public);
.
, MyClass
:
Int32 Sum()
Boolean IsBetween(Int32 i)
548
I. C#
Void Set(Int32 a, Int32 b)

Void Set(Double a, Double b)
Void Show()
, ,
MyClass.

, ,
, . Invoke(),
MethodInfo. :
object Invoke(object obj, object[] parameters)
obj , .
(static) obj (null).
, ,
parameters. , parameters
(null). , parameters
. ,
, parameters ,
. , ,
Invoke(), .
Invoke()
MethodInfo, GetMethods().
.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
int x;
int y;
x = i;
= j;
}
public int Sum() {
return x+y;
}
if((x < i) && (i < y)) return true;
else return false;
}
17. ,
549

Console.Write(" Set(int, int). ");
x = a;
= b;
Show();
}
// Set.
Console.Write(" Set(double, double). ");
x = (int) a;
= (int) b;
Show();
}
Console.WriteLine(" x: {0}, : {1}", x, );
}
}
class InvokeMethDemo {
Type t = typeof(MyClass);
MyClass reflectOb = new MyClass(10, 20);
int val;
Console.WriteLine(" , " + t.Name);
// .
// .
if(m.Name.CompareTo("Set")==0 &&
pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) {
object[] args = new object[2];
args[0] = 9;
args[1] = 18;
m.Invoke(reflectOb, args);
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("Set")==0 &&
pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(double)) {
args[0] = 1.12;
args[1] = 23.4;
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("Sum")==0) {
val = (int) m.Invoke(reflectOb, null);
Console.WriteLine(" " + val);
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("IsBetween")==0) {
550
I. C#
args[0] = 14;
if((bool) m.Invoke(reflectOb, args))
Console.WriteLine(" 14 x ");
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("Show")==0) {
m.Invoke(reflectOb, null);
}
}
}
}
.
, MyClass
30
14
Set(int, int). : 9, : 18
Set(double, double). : 1, : 23
: 1, : 23
. .
foreach .

if/else.
Set() .
args[0] = 9;
args[1] = 18;
}
args[0] = 1.12;
args[1] = 23.4;
}
Set, ,
. , Set(int, int),
args.
double.

, MyClass,
, MyClass
.
.
, .
17. ,
551
,
, .
,
.
GetConstructors() .
.
ConstructorInf[] GetConstructors()
GetConstructors() ConstructorInf,
.
ConstructorInfo

MethodBase, MemberInf.
.
GetConstructors(), ,
. ,
GetParameters(), MethodInfo.
,
Invoke(), ConstructorInfo.
.
object Invoke(object[] parameters)
, ,
parameters. , parameters
(null).
parameters ,
. Invoke()
.

MyClass.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
int x;
int y;
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(int, int). ");
x = = i;
}
x = i;
= j;
Show();
}
552
I. #
public int Sum() {

return x+y;
}
else return false;
}
x = a;
= b;
Show();
}
// Set.
Console.Write(" (double, double). ");
x = (int) a;
= (int) b;
Show();
}
}
}
class InvokeConsDemo {
Type t = typeof(MyClass);
int val;
// .
ConstructorInf[] ci = t.GetConstructors();
foreach(ConstructorInfo in ci) {
// .
Console.Write(" " + t.Name + "(");
// .
ParameterInf[] pi = .GetParameters();
for(int i=0; i-< pi.Length; i++) {
}
Console.WriteLine (")");
}
17. ,
553
// .
int ;
for(x=0; < ci.Length; ++) {
ParameterInf[] pi = ci[].GetParameters();
if(pi.Length == 2) break;
}
if(x == ci.Length) {
return;
}
else
Console.WriteLine(" .\n");
// .
object[] consargs = new object[2];
consargs[0] = 10;
consargs[1] = 20;
object reflectOb = ci[x].Invoke(consargs);
Console.WriteLine("\n reflectOb.");
// .
// .
ParameterInf[] pi = m.GetParameters();
// Set(int, int).
args[0] = 9;
args[1] = 18;
}
// Set(double, double).
args[0] = 1.12;
args[1] = 23.4;
}
}
args[0] = 14;
}
554
I. C#
}
}
}
}
.
:
MyClass(Int32 i)
MyClass(Int32 i, Int32 j)
.
MyClass(int, int)
: 10, : 20
reflectOb
30
14
Set(int, int). : 9, : 18
: 1, : 23

MyClass.
.
.
, ,
.
for(x=0; < ci.Length; ++) {
ParameterInfo[] pi = ci[x].GetParameters();
}
, ,
.
// .
consargs[0] = 10;
consargs[1] = 20;
Invoke() reflectOb
MyClass.
.
, , ,
int. ,

.
17. ,
555

MyClass
, : MyClass.
,
, MyClass
typeof ,

. ,
,

.
16, ,
, .
Reflection API ,
. ,

,
. . ,
, , " ",
, , ,
,
. ,
.

Assembly. Assembly .
Assembly . ,
LoadFrom().
:
static Assembly LoadFrom(string _)
_ .
Assembly,
, GetTypes()
.
[] GetTypes()
, .
,
. ,
. MyClasses.cs,
.
// , MyClasses.cs.
using System;
class MyClass {
int x;
int y;
556
I. C#
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(int). ");
x = = i;
Show();
}
x = i;
= j;
Show();
}
public int Sum() {
return x+y;
}
else return false;
}
x = a;
= b;
Show();
}
// Set.
Console.Write(" Set(double, double). ");
x = (int) a;
y = (int) b;
Show();
}
}
}
class AnotherClass {
string msg;
public AnotherClass(string str) {
msg = str;
}
Console.WriteLine(msg);
}
}
17. ,
557
class Demo {
}
}
MyClass,
. , AnotherClass
Demo. , , ,
, . ,
MyClasses..
.
,
MyClasses.. .
/* ,
. */
using System;
class ReflectAssemblyDemo {
int val;
// MyClasses.exe.
Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.exe");
// , MyClasses.exe.
[] alltypes = asm.GetTypes();
foreach(Type temp in alltypes)
Console.WriteLine(": " + temp.Name);
// , - MyClass.
Type t = alltypes[0]; //
Console.WriteLine(": " + t.Name);
// .
ConstructorInfo[] ci = t.GetConstructors();
foreach(ConstructorInfo in ci) {
// .
Console.Write(" " + t.Name + "(");
// .
ParameterInf[] pi = .GetParameters();
}
558
I. C#
Console.WriteLine(")");
}
// .
int x;
for(x=0; x < ci.Length; x++) {
ParameterInfo[] pi = ci[x].GetParameters();
}
if(x == ci.Length) {
return;
}
else
// .
consargs[0] = 10;
consargs[1] = 20;
Console.Write.Line("/n reflectOb.");
// .
// .
// Set(int, int).
args[0] = 9;
args[1] = 18;
}
pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(double))
// Set(double, double).
args[0] = 1.12;
args[1] = 23.4;
}
}
17. ,
559
args[0] = 14;
}
}
}
}
}
.
: MyClass
: AnotherClass
: Demo
: MyClass
:
MyClass(Int32 i)
MyClass(Int32 i, Int32 j)
.
MyClass(int, int)
: 10, : 20
reflectOb
30
14
Set(int, int). : 9, : 18
: 1, : 23
,
, MyClasses..
MyClass,
.
MyClasses.
, in().
// MyClasses.exe.
Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.");
// , MyClasses.exe.
[] alltypes = asm.GetTypes();
foreach(Type temp in alltypes)
Console.WriteLine(": " + temp.Name);
,
.

..
560
I. #
(DLL) .dll. , MyClasses.cs

:
csc /t:library MyClasses.es
MyClasses.dll.
DLL , , , Main()
,
, .
Demo Main() . DLL
Main() . MyClass DLL,
LoadFrom() .
Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.dll");

,
.
MyClass ,

MyClass. , Set Sum
. ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
, .
,
. MyClasses.,
MyClass ,
MyClass, .
// MyClass, .
using System;
class ReflectAssemblyDemo {
int val;
Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.exe");
Type[] alltypes = asm.GetTypes();
Type t = alltypes[0]; //
Console.WriteLine(": " + t.Name);
ConstructorInfo[] ci = t.GetConstructors();
// .
ParameterInf[] cpi = ci[0].GetParameters();
object reflectOb;
17. ,
561
if(cpi.Length > 0) {
object[] consargs = new object[cpi.Length];
// .
fox(int n=0; n < cpi.Length; n++)
consargs[n] = 10 + n * 20;
// .
reflectOb = ci[0].Invoke(consargs);
} else
reflectOb = ci[0].Invoke(null);
Console.WriteLine("\n reflectOb.");
// .
MethodInfo[] mi = t.GetMethods(BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly |
BindingFlags.Instance |
BindingFlags.Public);
// .
foreach(Methodlnfo m in mi) {
Console.WriteLine(" {0} ", m.Name);
// .
// .
switch(pi.Length) {
case 0: //
if(m.ReturnType == typeof(int)) {
Console.WriteLine(": " + val);
}
else if(m.ReturnType == typeof(void)) {
}
break;
case 1: //
if(pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) {
args[0] = 14;
else
Console.WriteLine(" 14 ");
}
break;
case 2: //
if((pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) &&
(pi[1].ParameterType == typeof (int))) {
args[0] = 9;
562
I. C#
args[1] = 18;
}
else if((pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(double)) &&
(pi[1].ParameterType == typeof(double))) {
args[0] = 1.12;
args[1] = 23.4;
}
break;
}
}
}
}
.
: MyClass
MyClass(int).
: 10, : 10
reflectOb.
Sum
: 20
IsBetween
14
Set
Set(int, int). : 9, : 18
Set
Show
: 1, : 23
, .
-, ,
MyClass. BindingFlags GetMethods(),
, . -,
,
switch.
.
C#
,
(), , , .. ,
17. ,
563
, ,
. ,
. , ,
, .

, System.Attribute.
Attribute.
Attribute ,
.
Attribute. , ErrorAttribute ,
.

AttributeUsage. ,
. ,
.

, .

. , ,
, .
.
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)]
public class RemarkAttribute : Attribute {
string pri_remark; // Remark
public RemarkAttribute(string comment) {
pri_remark = comment;
}
public string Remark {
get {
return pri_remark;
}
}
}
.
RemarkAttribute.
AttributeUsage, ,
RemarkAttribute .
AttributeUsage ,
.
.
RemarkAttribute, Attribute.
RemarkAttribute pri_remark,
Remark.
, . (, Remark
564
I. C#
set,
, .)
,
Remark.
RemarkAttribute, .

,
. , ,
.
, RemarkAttribute .
[RemarkAttribute(" .")]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
RemarkAttribute,
" ."
UseAttrib.
, Attribute.
, .
[Remark(" .")]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
Remark.
,
, .

,
.
. , GetCustomAttributes(), MemberInf
. ,
. .
object[] GetCustomAttributes(bool )
true,
, .
,
.
, GetCustomAttribute(), Attribute.
:
static Attribute GetCustomAttribute(MemberInfo , Type _)
MemberInfo, ,
, _ .
, ,
17. ,
565
. , UseAttrib RemarkAttribute,

.
// MemberInf,
// , RemarkAttribute.
Type t = typeof(UseAttrib);
// RemarkAttribute.
Type tRemAtt = typeof(RemarkAttribute);
RemarkAttribute ra = (RemarkAttribute)
Attribute.GetCustomAttribute(t, tRemAtt);
,
MemberInfo . , t
MemberInfo.
, .
, ,
. ,
Remark.
Console.WriteLine(r.Remark);
,
RemarkAttribute.
// .
using System;
}
get {
return pri_remark;
}
}
}
[RemarkAttribute(" .")]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
class AttribDemo {
Console.Write(" " + t.Name + ": ");
566
I. #
object[] attribs = t.GetCustomAttributes(false);
foreach(object in attribs) {
Console.WriteLine(o);
}
// RemarkAttribute.
Console.WriteLine(ra.Remark);
}
}
.
UseAttrib: RemarkAttribute
: .

RemarkAttribute

. comment RemarkAttribute()
. ,
. ,
, ..
,
. ,
.
, ,
, .
,
.

.
,
. ,
.
[attrib(__,
__1 = ,
__2 = , ...)]
, .
.
17. ,
567
.
, ,
.

. RemarkAttribute,
Supplement, .
string pri remark; // Remark
// .
public string Supplement;
Supplement = "";
}
get {
return pri_remark;
}
}
}
, Supplement
"".
. Supplement
RemarkAttribute, ,
.
[RemarkAttribute(" .",
Supplement = " .")]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
RemarkAttribute.
, , ,
Supplement,
. , , ),
. , .
:
, ,
.
,
Supplement .
// .
using System;
568
I. C#
public string Supplement; //
Supplement = "";
}
get {
return pri_remark;
}
}
}
Supplement = " .")]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
class NamedParamDemo {
Console.Write(" " + t.Name +");
}
// RemarkAttribute.
RemarkAttrib.ute ra = (RemarkAttribute)
Console.Write(": ") ;
Console.WriteLine(ra.Supplement);
}
}
.
: .
: .
, ,
pri_remark ,
17. ,
569
RemarkAttribute. Remark
, .
,
.

, .
, Priority int
RemarkAttribute.
// .
using System;
public string Supplement; //
Supplement = "";
Priority = 1;
}
get {
return pri_remark;
}
}
// .
public int Priority { get; set; }
}
Supplement = " .",
Priority = 10)]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
class NamedParamDemo {
Console.Write(" " + t.Name +");
}
570
I. C#
// RemarkAttribute.
Console.WriteLine(ra.Supplement);
Console.WriteLine(": " + ra.Priority);
}
}
.
: .
: .
: 10

UseAttrib, .
Supplement = " .",
Priority = 10)]
class UseAttrib {
// ...
}
Supplement Priority
- .
, .
: ( ,
) , object, ,
.

C# ,
, .
AttributeUsage, Conditional Obsolete, .
AttributeUsage
, AttributeUsage ,
. AttributeUsage ,
, System.AttributeUsageAttribute.
:
AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets validOn)
17. ,
571
validOn ,
, AttributeTargets ,
.
ll
Delegate
GenericParameter
Parameter
Assembly
Enum
Interface
Property
Class
Event
Method
ReturnValue
Constructor
Field
Module
Struct

. , , ,
.
AttributeTargets.Field | AttributeTargets.Property
AttributeUsage .
AllowMultiple,
. ,
. , Inherited,
. ,
, . AllowMultiple
(false), Inherited (true).
AttributeUsage
ValidOn. AttributeTargets,
, .
AttributeTargets.All.
Conditional
Conditional , ,
. ,
, #define
, . ,
#if.
Conditional , , System.
Diagnostics.ConditionalAttribute. Conditional
System.Diagnostics.
.
// Conditional.
#define TRIAL
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
class Test {
[Conditional("TRIAL")]
void Trial() {
" .");
}
572
I. C#
[Conditional("RELEASE")]
void Release() {
}
Test t = new Test();
t.Trial(); // ,
// TRIAL
t.Release(); // ,
// RELEASE
}
}
.
, .
,
. ,
TRIAL. Trial()
Release(). Conditional,
:
[Conditional ]
,
. .
, , .
, .
, Trial() Release(), Main().
TRIAL, Trial(),
Release() .
RELEASE, Release() .
TRIAL, Trial() .
Conditional , .. ,
Attribute. , ,
, .
.
. -,
void, , . -,
, . -,
override.
Obsolete
Obsolete ( System.ObsoleteAttribute)
.
:
[Obsolete("")]
17. ,
573
,
. .
// Obsolete.
using System;
class Test {
[Obsolete(" MyMeth2.")]
public static int MyMeth(int a, int b) {
return a / b;
}
// MyMeth.
public static int MyMeth2(int a, int b) {
return b == 0 ? 0 : a/b;
}
// .
Console.WriteLine("4 / 3 " + Test.MyMeth(4, 3));
// .
Console.WriteLine("4 / 3 " + Test.MyMeth2(4, 3));
}
}
Main()
MyMeth(), , ,
MyMeth2().
Obsolete:
[Obsolete("", )]
. (true),

. , ,
, .
18

#. ,

1.0 2.0,
#.
,
#.
,

.
,

# .
,
, ,
,
.
,
,
. , , ,
,
int, string, object
, .

.

,
- .
576
I. C#
, ,
,
, .
25,
,
.

, , .
, ,
, , ,
. , ,
,
. , , , ,
, , , ,
.
, C#
, object. object
, object
. ,
,
object.
, ,
object
. - ,
.
, ,
. , ,

. ,
.
C++ Java , C#
C++ Java, ,
.
. C++
Java,
, #.

.
.
Gen, GenericsDemo, Gen.
18.
577
// .
using System;
// Gen
// Gen.
class Gen<T> {
ob; //
// , .
public Gen(T ) {
ob = ;
}
// ob, .
public GetOb() {
return ob;
}
// .
public void ShowType() {
Console.WriteLine(" T " + typeof());
}
}
// .
class GenericsDemo {
// Gen int.
Gen<int> iOb;
// Gen<int> iOb.
iOb = new Gen<int>(102);

// , iOb.
iOb.ShowType();
// iOb.
int v = iOb.GetOb();
Console.WriteLine(": " + v);
// Gen .
Gen<string> strOb = new Gen<string>(" .");
// , strOb.
strOb.ShowType();
// strOb.
string str = strOb.GetOb();
Console.WriteLine(": " + str);
}
}
578
I. C#
.
System.Int32
: 102
System.String
: .
.
Gen :
class Gen<T> {
. -
, Gen. ,
Gen , .
, (< >).
: , ,
. Gen,
.
Gen ,
.
V . , , ,
TValue .
.
ob,
.
ob; //
, -
, Gen.
ob , Gen.
, string,
b string.
Gen.
public Gen( ) {
ob = ;
}
, . ,
,
Gen. ob
, Gen
.
,
, GetOb().
public GetOb() {
return ob;
}
ob , ,
GetOb().
18.
579
ShowType() , typeof.
Gen,
typeof .
GenericsDemo Gen.
Gen int.
Gen<int> iOb;
.
, int Gen.
int , Gen.
Gen, int
, . , int
ob GetOb().
iOb
Gen int.
iOb = new Gen<int>(102);
, Gen
int. , (
iOb), , Gen<int>. ,
new, Gen<int>.
. ,
.
iOb = new Gen<double>(118.12); // !
iOb Gen<int>
Gen<double>.
, .
ob iOb System.
Int32. .NET, int. ob
.
int v = iOb.GetOb();
GetOb() ,
int iOb, GetOb()
int. ,
v int.
GenericsDemo Gen<string>.
Gen<string> strOb = new Gen<string>(" .");
string, Gen
string. Gen string,
.
,
. Gen , int string,
C# . , Gen<int>
. , ,
, Gen<T>, . ,
, Gen<int>, .
580
I. C#
, Gen<T>, C# ,
, , int.
# , .
,
. ,
, .
, .
,
. ,
.

, ,

. ,
, .
iOb = strOb; // !
, iOb strOb, Gen<T>,
, .

:
Gen
,
, , Gen ?
,
, Gen.

.
,
, Gen.
// NonGen
// Gen, .
using System;
class NonGen {
object ob; // ob object
// object.
public NonGen(object ) {
ob = ;
}
// object.
public object GetOb() {
return ob;
18.
}
// ob.
public void ShowType() {
Console.WriteLine(" ob: " + ob.GetType());
}
}
// .
class NonGenDemo {
NonGen iOb;
// NonGen.
iOb = new NonGen(102);
// , iOb.
iOb.ShowType();
// iOb.
// .
int v = (int) iOb.GetOb();
// NonGen
// it.
NonGen strOb = new NonGen(" ");
// , strOb.
strOb.ShowType();
// strOb.
// .
String str = (string) strOb.GetOb();
// , !
iOb = strOb;
//
// .
// v = (int) iOb.GetOb(); // !
}
}
.
ob: System.Int32
: 102
ob: System.String
:
581
582
I. C#
, ,
.
.
, , NonGen.
NonGen ,
. . -,
. -,

. .
.
int v = (int) iOb.GetOb();
GetOb() object, ,
, GetOb(),
v int.
, .
, int
iOb.
. ,
.

.
// , !
iOb = strOb;
//
// .
// v = (int) iOb.GetOb(); // !
strOb iOb.
strOb , ,
. ,
NonGen , ,
NonGen NonGen.
,
. ,
GetOb(), int,
int. ,
.
,
int. ,
, , .
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
18.
583
, . C#
"" ,
, , .. ,

. . ,
.
.

. , ob
NonGen ShowType() .
Console.WriteLine(" ob: " + ob.GetType());
11, object ,
. GetType(),
, .
, , ob,
, , ob
object. CLR

.

.
.
TwoGen, Gen
.
// V.
using System;
class TwoGen<T, V> {
T ob1;
V ob2;
// ,
// V.
public TwoGen( o1, V 2) {
ob1 = o1;
b2 = 2;
}
// V.
public void showTypes() {
Console.WriteLine(" T " + typeof());
Console.WriteLine(" V " + typeof(V));
}
public getob1() {
584
I. C#
return b1;
}
public V GetObj2() {
return ob2;
}
}
// .
class SimpGen {
TwoGen<int, string> tgObj =
new TwoGen<int, string>(119, " ");
// .
tgObj.ShowTypes();
// .
int v = tgObj.getob1();
string str = tgObj.GetObj2();
}
}
.
System.Int32
V System.String
: 119
:
, TwoGen.
class TwoGen<T, V> {
V, .
TwoGen ,
, .
TwoGen<int, string> tgObj =
new TwoGen<int, string>(119, " ");
int, V string.
,
. ,
.
TwoGen<string, string> =
new TwoGen<string, string> ("Hello", "Goodbye");
, V, , string. ,
,
.
18.
585

, ,
. .
class _<__> { // ...
.
_<__> _ new _<__> (__);

. , ,
.
class Gen<T> {
, Gen,
int, double, string, FileStream
.
, ,
.
, , ,
FileStream MemoryStream. ,
, -
,
, int . , -
, , ,
. , - ,
Read().
C# .
, .
where :
class _<_> where _ : { // ...
.
C# .
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
,
.
.
586
I. #
,
.
new().
,
class.
,
struct.

, .
.

,
.
. -,
, . , ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
-,
, .
, , ,
.
,
,
.
,
where:
where : __
T , __
.
.

.
// ,
// .
using System;
class {
public void Hello() {
Console.WriteLine("Hello");
}
}
18.
587
// .
class : { }
// .
class { }
// ,
// Test, .
class Test<T> where : {
obj;
public Test( ) {
obj = ;
}
public void SayHello() {
// Hello() , .
obj.Hello();
}
}
class BaseClassConstraintDemo {
A a = new A();
b = new ();
= new ();
// , .
Test<A> t1 = new Test<A>(a);

t1.SayHello();
// , .
Test<B> t2 = new Test<B>(b);

t2.SayHello();
// , .
// Test<C> t3 = new Test<C>(c); // !

// t3.SayHello(); // !
}
}
,
. , Hello(),
Test .
class Test<T> where : {
where :
, , .
, Test
SayHello(), .
588
I. C#
public void SayHello() {

// Hello() , .
obj.Hello();
}
Hello() obj .
, Hello()
: ,
, ,
Hello(). ,
Hello(). ,
, Hello()
. , where
Test. ,
Hello() .
,
,
, .
.
// Test<C> t3 = new Test<C>(c); // !
// t3.SayHello(); // !
,
Test. ,
.
,
. -,
. -,
,
, .
,
, , .
, ,
. ,
,
, , , ..
PhoneNumber,
. .
// , .
class PhoneNumber {
public PhoneNumber(string n, string num) {
Name = n;
Number = num;
}
// ,
// .
public string Number { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
}
18.
589
, PhoneNumber: Friend Supplier.

.
// .
class Friend : PhoneNumber {
public Friend(string n, string num, bool wk) :
base(n, num)
{
IsWorkNumber = wk;
}
public bool IsWorkNumber { get; private set; }
// ...
}
// .
class Supplier : PhoneNumber {
public Supplier(string n, string num) :
base(n, num) { }
// ...
}
, Friend IsWorkNumber,
true, .

PhoneList. ,
.
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
PhoneNumber.
// PfconeList
// , , PhoneNumber.
class PhoneList<T> where T : PhoneNumber {

T[] phList;
int end;
public PhoneList() {
phList = new T[10];
end = 0;
}
// .
public bool Add(T newEntry) {
if(end == 10) return false;
phList[end] = newEntry;
end++;
return true;
}
590
I. C#
//
public FindByName(string name)
for(int i=0; i<end; i++) {
// ,
//
//
if(phList[i].Name == name)
return phList [i];
}
.
{
Name
PhoneNumber,
.
// .
throw new NotFoundException();
}
// .
public FindByNumber(string number) {
// ,
// Number PhoneNumber,
// .
if(phList[i].Number == number)
return phList[i];
}
// .
}
// ...
}
PhoneList
Name Number .
, PhoneList
. , PhoneList
NotFoundException, .
, .
class NotFoundException : Exception {
/* Exception.
.
NotFoundException Exception
. */
public NotFoundException() : base() { }
public NotFoundException(string str) : base(str) { }
public NotFoundException(
string str, Exception inner) : base(str, inner) { }
protected NotFoundException(
System.Runtime.Serialization.Serializationlnfo si,
base(si, sc) { }
}
18.
591
, ,
NotFoundException
, Exception.
, ,
Exception. NotFoundException
Exception,
.

, PhoneList.
, EmailFriend.
PhoneNumber, ,
PhoneList.
// ,
// .
using System;
// , ,
// .
/* Exception.
.
. */
string str, Exception inner) : base(str, inner) { }
protected NotFoundException)
System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationInfo si,
base(si, sc) { }
}
// , .
class PhoneNumber {
public PhoneNumber(string n, string num) {
Name = n;
Number = num;
}
}
// .
class Friend : PhoneNumber {
public Friend(string n, string num, bool wk) :
base(n, num)
{
IsWorkNumber = wk;
592
I. C#
}
// ...
}
// .
class Supplier : PhoneNumber {
public Supplier(string n, string num) :
base (n, num) { }
// ...
}
// PhoneNumber.
class EmailFriend {
// ...
}
// PhoneList .
// , PhoneNumber.
class PhoneList<T> where T : PhoneNumber {
T[] phList;
int end;
phList = new T[10];
end = 0;
}
// .
end++;
return true;
}
// .
public FindByName(string name) {
for (int i=0; i<end; i++) {
// , Name
// PhoneNumber,
// .
return phList [i];
}
// .
}
18.
593
// .
// ,
// Number PhoneNumber,
// .
return phList[i];
}
// .
}
// ...
}
// .
class UseBaseClassConstraint {
// ,
// Friend PhoneNumber.
PhoneList<Friend> plist = new PhoneList<Friend>();
plist.Add(new Friend("", "555-1234", true));
plist.Add(new Friend("", "555-9254", false));
try {
// .
Friend frnd = plist.FindByName("");
Console.Write(frnd.Name + " + frnd.Number);
if(frnd.IsWorkNumber)
Console.WriteLine(" ()");
else
} catch(NotFoundException) {
}
// ,
// Supplier PhoneNumber.
PhoneList<Supplier> plist2 = new PhoneList<Supplier>();
plist2.Add(new Supplier(" Global Hardware", "555-8834"));
plist2.Add(new Supplier(" Computer Warehouse", "555-9256"));
plist2.Add(new Supplier(" NetworkCity", "555-2564"));
try {
// .
Supplier sp = plist2.FindByNumber("555-2564");
Console.WriteLine(sp.Name +" + sp.Number);
594
I. C#
}
// ,
// EmailFriend PhoneNumber.
// PhoneList<EmailFriend> plist3 =
// new PhoneList<EmailFriend>(); // !
}
}
.
: 555-6756 ()
NetworkCity: 555-2564
. ,
IsWorkNumber
PhoneList. ,
, IsWorkNumber Friend,
PhoneNumber, , PhoneList.

,
. ,
. -,
. -,
, . ,
, ,
, .
,
where:
where : _
, _
.
.
, .
,

, .
PhoneNumber IPhoneNumber,
Friend Supplier.
// .
using System;
// , ,
// .
18.
/* Exception.
.
. */

string str,Exception inner) : base(str, inner) { }
protected NotFoundException(
System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationInf si,
base(si, sc) { }
}
// , .
public interface IPhoneNumber {
string Number {
get;
set;
}
string Name {
get;
set;
}
}
// .
// IPhoneNumber.
class Friend : IPhoneNumber {
public Friend(string n, string num, bool wk) {
Name = n;
Number = num;
IsWorkNumber = wk;
}
// IPhoneNumber.
// ...
}
// .
class Supplier : IPhoneNumber {
public Supplier(string n, string num) {
Name = n;
Number = num;
595
596
I. #
}
// IPhoneNumber.
// ...
}
// IPhoneNumber .
class EmailFriend {
// ...
}
// PhoneList
// , , PhoneNumber.
class PhoneList<T> where T : IPhoneNumber {

T[] phList;
int end;
phList = new T[10];
end = 0;
}
end++;
return true;
}
// .
public FindByName(string name) {

// , Name
// IPhoneNumber,
// .
return phList[i];
}
// .
}
// .

// ,
// Number IPhoneNumber,
// .
18.
597
return phList[i];
}
// .
}
// ...
}
// .
class UselnterfaceConstraint {
// ,
// Friend IPhoneNumber.
PhoneList<Friend> plist = new PhoneList<Friend>();
plist.Add(new Friend("", "555-9254", false));
try {
// .
Friend frnd = plist.FindByName("");
Console.Write(frnd.Name +" + frnd.Number);
if(frnd.IsWorkNumber)
Console.WriteLine(" ()");
else
}
// , Supplier
// IPhoneNumber.
PhoneList<Supplier> plist2 = new PhoneList<Supplier>();
plist2.Add(new Supplier(" Global Hardware", "555-8834"));
plist2.Add(new Supplier(" Computer Warehouse", "555-9256"));
plist2.Add(new Supplier(" NetworkCity", "555-2564"));
try {
// .
Supplier sp = plist2.FindByNumber("555-2564");
Console.WriteLine(sp.Name +" + sp.Number);
}
// ,
598 I. C#
// EmailFriend IPhoneNumber.
// PhoneList<EmailFriend> plist3 =
// new PhoneList<EmailFriend>(); // !
}
}
,
PhoneList, , IPhoneList.
, Friend Supplier,
, .
EmailFriend,
. ,
Main(). ,
.
new()
new()
. ,
. new(), ,
. ,
,

. new(),
.
,
new().
// new() .
using System;
class MyClass {
public MyClass() {
// ...
}
// ...
}
class Test<T> where T : new() {
T obj;
public Test() {
// new().
obj = new (); //
}
// ...
}
class ConsConstraintDemo {
18.
599

Test<MyClass> x = new Test<MyClass>();
}
}
Test.
class Test<T> where T : new() {
new()
.
Test.
public Test() {
// new().
obj = new (); //
}
,
obj. ,
new() . ,
new(),
. .
Main() Test, .
Test<MyClass> = new Test<MyClass>();
,
MyClass .
, Test.
, MyClass
.
.
, ,
.
new(),
. -,
, . -, new()
, ,
. ,
. -, new()
, .

, , ,
, .
,
.
.
where : class
600
I. #
where class ,
. ,
, int bool,
.
.
where : struct
struct ,
. (, .)
, , string, T
. ,
class struct
.
,
.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
// ...
}
// .
class Test<T> where : class {
obj;
public Test() {
// ,
//
// , .
obj = null;
}
// ...
}
class ClassConstraintDemo {
// , MyClass .
// ,
// int .
// Test<int> = new Test<int>();
}
}
Test.
class Test<T> where T : class {
18.
601
class , .

Test.
public Test() {
// ,
//
// , .
obj = null;
}
obj T .
. ,
. (
, ,
(null).
20.) ,
, . ,

.
.
, , ,
, struct enum. (
.) .
// .
using System;
struct MyStruct {
// ...
}
class MyClass {
// ...
}
class Test<T> where T : struct {
T obj;
public Test(T x) {
obj = x;
}
// ...
}
class ValueConstraintDemo {
// .
Test<MyStruct> = new Test<MyStruct>(new MyStruct());
602 I. C#
Test<int> = new Test<int>(10);
// !
// Test<MyClass> z = new Test<MyClass>(new MyClass());
}
}
Test .
class Test<T> where : struct {
Test struct,
. ,
Test<MyStruct> Test<int> ,
Test<MyClass> . ,

. .

,
.
.
class Gen<T; V> where V : T {
where ,
, V, , ,
, .
Gen,
.
. .
// .
using System;
class {
// ...
}
class : {
// ...
}
// V .
class Gen<T, V> where V : T {
// ...
}
class NakedConstraintDemo {
// ,
18.
603
// .
GerKA, > = new Gen<A, >();
// ,
// .
// Gen<B, > = new Gen<B, >();
}
}
, .
Gen Main().

Gen<A, > = new Gen<A, >();
, .
// Gen<B, > = new Gen<B, >();
, .

.
.
class struct, ,
, . class struct
.
,
new(). , .
class Gen<T> where : MyClass, IMyInterface, new() {
// ...
,
MyClass, IMyInterface
.
,
where,
.
// where.
using System;
// Gen ,
// where.
class Gen<T, V> where T : class
where V : struct {
T ob1;
V ob2;
public Gen(T t, V v) {
ob1 = t;
604
I. #
ob2 = v;
}
}
class MultipleConstraintDemo {
// ,
// string , a int .
Gen<string, int> obj = new Gen<string, int>("", 11);
// ,
// bool .
// Gen<bool, int> obj = new Gencbool, int>(true, 11);
}
}
Gen ,
where.
.
class Gen<T, V> where T : class
where V : struct {
, where .
.
,

,
.
, , ,
.
null, 0 false,
bool, struct ,
. :
: null, 0 ?
, Test:
class Test<T> {
obj;
// ...
obj ,
obj = null; //
obj = 0; //
// ,
?
default, .
18.
605
default()
default ,
.
,
default.
// default.
using System;
class MyClass {
// ...
}
// , .
class Test<T> {
public obj;
public Test() {
// .
// obj = null; //
// .
// obj = 0; //
// ,
// .
obj = default(T); // !
}
// ...
}
class DefaultDemo {
// Test, .
if(x.obj == null)
Console.WriteLine(" x.obj <null>.");
// Test, .
Test<int> = new Test<int>();
if(.obj == 0)
Console.WriteLine(" .obj 0.");
}
}
.
x.obj <null>.
.obj 0.
606
I. C#

C# . ,
. ,
XY X, Y.
// .
using System;
// .
struct XY<T> {
;
;
public XY( , b) {
= ;
= b;
}
public X {
get { return ; }
set { = value; }
}
public T Y {
get { return y; }
set { = value; }
}
}
class StructTest {
XY<int> xy = new XY<int>(10, 20);
XY<double> xy2 = new XY<double>(88.0, 99.0);
Console.WriteLine(xy.X + ", " + xy.Y);
Console.WriteLine(xy2.X + ", " + xy2.Y);
}
}
.
10, 20
88, 99
,
. , XY
.
struct XY<T> where : struct {
// ...
18.
607

, ,
, , ,

.
,
.
.
ArrayUtils,
CopyInsert(). ,
. CopyInsert()
.
// .
using System;
// . .
class ArrayUtils {
// , .
// .
public static bool CopyInsert<T> ( e, uint idx,
T[] src, T[] target) {
// , .
if(target.Length < src.Length+1)
return false;
// src ,
// idx.
for(int i=0, j=0; i < src.Length; i++, j++) {
if(i == idx) {
target[j] = e;
j++;
}
target[j] = src[i];
}
return true;
}
}
class GenMethDemo {
int[] nums = { 1, 2, 3 };
// nums.
foreach(int x in nums)
608
I. #
Console.Write( + " ");
// int.
ArrayUtils.Copylnsert(99, 2, nums, nums2);
// nums2.
foreach(int x in nums2)
Console.Write(x + " ");
// , copyInsert.
string[] strs = {"", "", "."};
string[] strs2 = new string[4];
// strs.
Console.Write(" strs: ");
foreach(string s in strs)
Console.Write(s + " ");
// .
ArrayUtils.Copylnsert(" #", 1, strs, strs2);
// strs2.
Console.Write(" strs2: ");
foreach(string s in strs2)
Console.Write(s + " ");
// ,
// double,
// int.
// ArrayUtils.Copylnsert(0.01, 2, nums, nums2);
}
}
.
nums: 1 2 3
nums2: 1 2 99 3
strs: .
strs2: C# .
CopyInsert().
.
public static bool CopyInsert<T>( e, uint idx,
T[] src, T[] target) {
18.
609
, .
, CopyInsert() ,
. , , ,
, .
.
, CopyInsert()
Main() . ,
,
. . ,

ArrayUtils.CopyInsert(99, 2, nums, nums2);
T int, 99
nums nums2 int.
, string.

.
// ArrayUtils.CopyInsert(0.01, 2, nums, nums2);

, . ,
CopyInsert() double,
nums nums2
int. ,
, ,
.
.
CopyInsert() .
.
_ _<__>(_) { // ...
__
. ,
.

,
.
. , CopyInsert()
string.
ArrayUtils.CopyInsert<string>(" #", 1, strs, strs2);
,

.
610
I. #

,
. CopyInsert()
.
public static bool CopyInsert<T>( e, uint idx,
T[] src, T[] target) where T : class {

, CopyInsert()
, int , .
// , !
ArrayUtils.Copylnsert(99, 2, nums, nums2); // !

, .
.
delegate _ _<__>(_);
.
.
, ,
.

SomeOp .
.
// .
using System;
// .
delegate SomeOp<T>(T v);
class GenDelegateDemo {
// .
static int Sum(int v) {
int result = 0;
for(int i=v; i>0; i--)
result += i;
return result;
}
// , .
static string Reflect(string str) {
string result = "";
foreach(char ch in str)
18.
611
result = ch + result;
return result;
}
// int.
SomeOp<int> intDel = Sum;
Console.WriteLine(intDel(3));
// string.
SomeOp<string> strDel = Reflect;
Console.WriteLine(strDel(""));
}
}
.
6
.
SomeOp.
delegate SomeOp<T>( v);
, , ,
SomeOp.
GenDelegateDemo Sum() Reflect(),
.
static int Sum(int v) {
static string Reflect(string str) {
Sum() ,
, Reflect() ,
, .
Main() intDel ,
Sum().
SomeOp<int> intDel = Sum;
Sum() int int,
SomeOp.
strDel ,
Reflect().
SomeOp<string> strDel = Reflect;
Reflect() string
string, SomeOp.

. ,
.
SomeOp<int> intDel = Reflect; // !
612
I. C#
Reflect() string
string, ,
SomeOp.

, C#
. .
12, ISeries.
(, ISeries ,
.) , ,
.
// .
using System;
public interface ISeries<T> {
T GetNext();//
void Reset(); //
void SetStart( v); //
}
// ISeries.
class ByTwos<T> : ISeries<T> {
T start;
T val;
// ,
// .
public delegate IncByTwo(T v);
// ,
// ByTwos.
IncByTwo incr;
public ByTwos(IncByTwo incrMeth) {
start = default(T);
val = default(T);
incr = incrMeth;
}
public T GetNext() {
val = incr(val);
return val;
}
val = start;
}
public void SetStart(T v) {
start = v;
val = start;
18.
}
}
class ThreeD {
public int x, y, z;
public ThreeD(int a, int b, int c) {
x = a;
= b;
z = c;
}
}
class GenlntfDemo {
//
// int.
static int IntPlusTwo (int v) {
return v + 2;
}
//
// double.
static double DoublePlusTwo (double v) {
return v + 2.0;
}
//
// ThreeD.
static ThreeD ThreeDPlusTwo(ThreeD v) {
if(v==null) return new ThreeD(0, 0, 0);
else return new ThreeD(v.x + 2, v.y + 2, v.z + 2);
}
//
// int.
ByTwos<int> intBT = new ByTwos<int>(IntPlusTwo);
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.Write(intBT.GetNext() + " ");
//
// double.
ByTwos<double> dblBT =
new ByTwos<double>(DoublePlusTwo);
dblBT.SetStart(11.4);
for (int i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.Write(dblBT.GetNext() + " ");
613
614
I. C#
//
// ThreeD.
ByTwos<ThreeD> ThrDBT = new ByTwos<ThreeD>(ThreeDPlusTwo);
ThreeD coord;
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++) {
coord = ThrDBT.GetNext();
Console.Write(coord.x + "," +
coord. + "," +
coord.z + " ");
}
}
}
.
2 4 6 8 10
13.4 15.4 17.4 19.4 21.4
0,0,0 2,2,2 4,4,4 6,6,6 8,8,8
.
ISeries .
public interface ISeries<T> {
,
, .
ByTwos,
Iseries.
class ByTwos<T> : ISeries<T> {
ByTwos,
ISeries. . ,
, . ,
, .
class ByTwos : ISeries<T> { // !
, ISeries,
ByTwos. .
, (val)
(start), .
IncByTwo. ,
, .
ByTwos , .
ByTwos ,
. incr.
,
incr.
18.
615
ThreeD.
(X,Z,Y).
ByTwos.
GenIntfDemo
int, double ThreeD.
ByTwos .
ThreeDPlusTwo().
//
// ThreeD.
static ThreeD ThreeDPlusTwo(ThreeD v) {
if(v==null) return new ThreeD(0, 0, 0);
else return new ThreeD(v.x + 2, v.y + 2, v.z + 2);
}
, v
(null). ,
ThreeD . ,
v default()
ByTwos.
.
SetStart(), v
. ,
.

, .
ISeries
.
public interface ISeries<T> where T : class {
ISeries,
,
.
class ByTwos<T> : ISeries<T> where T : class {
ISeries
.
, ByTwos<ThreeD>,
ByTwos<int> ByTwos<double>.

.
, IsIn(),
true, .
.
// !
public static bool IsIn<T>(T what, T[] obs) {
foreach(T v in obs)
616
I. C#
if(v == what) // !
return true;
return false;
}
, .
, , .
?
, ?
. , .

IComparable IComparable<T> / IEquatable<T>.
IComparable
CompareTo(), IEquatable<T> Equals().
IComparable ,
.
IEquatable .
System C#
, int, string double.
. , IEquatable<T>.
IEquatable<T> .
public interface IEquatable<T>
.
Equals(), .
bool Equals( other)
,
other. true,
, false.
IEquatable<T>
GetHashCode() Equals(Object), Object,
Equals().
,
IsIn().
// IEquatable<T>.
public static bool IsIn<T>(T what, T[] obs) where T : IEquatable<T> {
foreach(T v in obs)
if(v.Equals(what)) // Equals().
return true;
return false;
}

.
where : IEquatable<T>
, ,
IEquatable, IsIn().
18.
617
Equals(),
.

IComparable. :
.
, .
IComparable<T> .
public interface IComparable<T>
.
CompareTo(), .
int CompareTo( other)
,
other. ,
, other; ,
, other.
CompareTo(),
,
IComparable<T>. CompareTo(),
.
IComparable<T>.
InRange(),
true, .
// IComparable<T>.
// , .
// true, what
// , obs.
public static bool InRange<T>(T what, T[] obs) where T : IComparable<T> {
if(what.CompareTo(obs[0]) < 0 ||
what.CompareTo(obs[obs.Length-1]) > 0) return false;
return true;
}

IsIn() InRange() .
//
// IComparable<T> IEquatable<T>.
using System;
// MyClass
// IComparable<T> IEquatable<T>.
class MyClass : IComparable<MyClass>, IEquatable<MyClass> {
public int Val;
public MyClass(int x) { Val = x; }
// IComparable<T>.
public int CompareTo(MyClass other) {
618
I. C#
return Val - other.Val; // Now, no cast is needed.
}
// IEquatable<T>.
public bool Equals(MyClass other) {
return Val == other.Val;
}
// Equals(Object).
public override bool Equals(Object obj) {
if(obj is MyClass)
return Equals((MyClass) obj);
return false;
}
// GetHashCode().
public override int GetHashCode() {
return Val.GetHashCode();
}
}
class CompareDemo {
// IEquatable<T>.
public static bool IsIn<T>(T what, T[] obs) where T : IEquatable<T> {
foreach(T v in obs)
if(v.Equals(what)) // Equals()
return true;
return false;
}
//
//
//
//
IComparable<T>.
, .
true, what
, obs.
public static bool InRange<T>(T what, T[] obs) where T : IComparable<T> {
if(what.CompareTo(obs[0]) < 0 ||
what.CompareTo(ob?[obs.Length-1]) > 0) return false;
return true;
}
// .
// IsIn() int.
int[] nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
if(IsIn(2, nums))
Console.WriteLine(" 2.");
if(IsIn(99, nums))
18.
619
// IsIn() MyClass.
MyClass[] mcs = { new MyClass(1), new MyClass(2),
new MyClass(3), new MyClass(4));
if(IsIn(new MyClass()), mcs))
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass()).");
if(IsIn(new MyClass(99), mcs))
// InRange() int.
if(InRange(2, nums))
Console.WriteLine(" 2 nums.");
if(!InRange(0, nums))
Console.WriteLine(" 0 HE nums.");
if(!InRange(6, nums))
Console.WriteLine(" 6 HE nums.");
// InRange() MyClass.
if(InRange(new MyClass(2), mcs))
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(2) nums.");

Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(1) " +
" nums.");
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(4) " +
" nums.");
if(!InRange(new MyClass(0), mcs))
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(0) HE " +
" nums.");
if (!InRange(new MyClass(5), mcs))
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass (5) HE " +
" nums.");
}
}
.
2.
MyClass(3).
2 nums.
1 nums.
5 nums.
0 nums
6 nums
MyClass(2) nums.
MyClass(1) nums.
MyClass(4) nums.
MyClass(0) nums.
MyClass(5) nums.
620
I. C#
,
, , == !=,
.
IComparable IComparable<T> lEquatable<T>.

. ,
.
, ,
,
.

,
.
// .
using System;
// .
class Gen<T> {
ob;
public Gen(T ) {
ob = ;
}
// ob.
public GetOb() {
return ob;
}
}
// , Gen.
class Gen2<T> : Gen<T> {
public Gen2(T o) : base(o) {
// ...
}
}
class GenHierDemo {
Gen2<string> g2 = new Gen2<string>("");
Console.WriteLine(g2.GetOb());
}
}
18.
621
Gen2 Gen.
Gen2 .
Gen2
Gen. , , Gen2,
Gen. , :
Gen2<string> g2 = new Gen2<string>("");
string Gen. ob
Gen2, Gen, string.
, Gen2
, Gen. ,
,
,
.
,
, .
, Gen2
.
// .
using System;
// .
class Gen<T> {
ob; //
// .
public Gen(T ) {
ob = ;
}
// ob.
public GetOb() {
return ob;
}
}
// , Gen.
// V.
class Gen2<T, V> : Gen<T> {
V ob2;
public Gen2(T , V o2) : base() {
ob2 = o2;
}
public V GetObj2() {
return ob2;
}
622 I. #
}
// Gen2.
class GenHierDemo2 {
// Gen2
// string int.
Gen2<string, int> x =
new Gen2<string, int>(" : ", 99);
Console.Write(x.GetOb());
Console.WriteLine(x.GetObj2());
}
}
Gen2
.
class Gen2<T, V> : Gen<T> {
, Gen; V ,
Gen2.
b2 , GetObj2(). Main()
Gen2 string V int.
.
: 99

. .
//
// .
using System;
// .
class NonGen {
int num;
public NonGen(int i) {
num = i;
}
return num;
}
}
// .
class Gen<T> : NonGen {
T ob;
18.
623
public Gen(T , int i) : base (i) {

ob = o;
}
// ob.
public T GetOb() {
return ob;
}
}
// Gen.
class HierDemo3 {
// Gen string.
Gen<String> w = new Gen<String>("", 47);
Console.Write(w.GetOb() + " ");
Console.WriteLine(w.GetNum());
}
}
.
47
, Gen
NonGen .
class Gen<T> : NonGen {
NonGen ,
. , ,
Gen, NonGen
. , Gen NonGen
, .. - .

, .
, GetOb().
// .
using System;
// .
class Gen<T> {
protected ob;
public Gen(T ) {
ob = ;
}
// ob. .
624
I. C#
public virtual T GetOb() {

Console.Write(" GetOb() Gen" + " : ");
return ob;
}
}
// , Gen.
// GetOb().
public Gen2 (T o) : base(o) { }
// GetOb().
public override T GetOb() {
Console.Write(" GetOb() Gen2" + " : ");
return ob;
}
}
// .
class OverrideDemo {
// Gen int.
Gen<int> iOb = new Gen<int>(88);
// GetOb() Gen.
Console.WriteLine(iOb.GetOb());
// Gen2
// iOb Gen<int>.
iOb = new Gen2<int>(99);
// GetOb() Gen2.
Console.WriteLine(iOb.GetOb());
}
}
.
GetOb() Gen : 88
GetOb() Gen2 : 99
,
GetOb() Gen2,
Gen.
.
iOb = new Gen2<int>(99);
, iOb
Gen<int>. , Gen<int>
, Gen<int>, Gen2<int>. ,
iOb , , Gen2<int>,
.
18.
625

, ,
.
. , ,
, ,
. ,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
.
.
// ,
// .
//
// .
using System;
// , Set(),
// .
class Gen<T, V> {
b1;
V ob2;
// ...
//
// .
public void Set(T ) {
ob1 = ;
}
public void Set(V ) {
ob2 = ;
}
}
class AmbiguityDemo {
Gen<int, double> ok = new Gen<int, double>();
Gen<int, int> notOK = new Gen<int, int>();
ok.Set(10); // ,
notOK.Set(10); // , !
}
}
.
, Gen : V. Gen
Set() V, .
626
I. #
public void Set(T ) {

ob1 = ;
}
public void Set(V ) {
ob2 = ;
}
, V
. .
Gen
V. , ,
Gen , .
Ger<int, int> notOK = new Gen<int, int>();
, V, int.
Set() , , , .
, Set() notOK
Main()
.
, ,
. , , ,
,
.
. ,
.

15
. #, . C# 4.0

, .
, ,
,
, .NET Framework.
, , ,
. ,

, .
.

,
, ,
.
18.
627
.
,
.
out, .
,
. IMyCoVarGenIF,
.
// .
public interface IMyCoVarGenIF<out > {
GetObject();
}
, .
out. out
, . ,
GetObject()
, .
,
IMyCoVarGenIF
. MyClass.
// IMyCoVarGenIF.
class MyClass<T> : IMyCoVarGenIF<T> {
T obj;
public MyClass(T v) { obj = v; }
public T GetObject() { return obj; }
}
, out
, MyClass.
, , out
.
.
// .
class Alpha {
string name;
public Alpha(string n) { name = n; }
public string GetName() { return name; }
// ...
}
class Beta : Alpha {
public Beta(string n) : base(n) { }
// ...
}
, Beta Alpha.
628
I. #
,
.
// IMyCoVarGenIF MyClass<Alpha>.
// , .
IMyCoVarGenIF<Alpha> AlphaRef =
new MyClass<Alpha>(new Alpha("Alpha #1"));
Console.WriteLine(" , AlphaRef: " +
AlphaRef.GetObject().GetName());
// MyClass<Beta> AlphaRef.
// *** . ***
AlphaRef = new MyClass<Beta>(new Beta("Beta #1"));
" AlphaRef: " + AlphaRef.GetObject().GetName());
, AlphaRef IMyCoVarGenIF<Alpha>
MyClass<Alpha>.
, MyClass IMyCoVarGenIF,
, Alpha.
GetName() ,
GetObject(). , Alpha
, GetName(), .
AlphaRef MyClass<Beta>,
, Beta Alpha,
IMyCoVarGenIF.
, .

.
// .
using System;
// .
public interface IMyCoVarGenIF<out > {
GetObject();
}
// IMyCoVarGenIF.
class MyClass<T> : IMyCoVarGenIF<T> {
T obj;
public MyClass(T v) { obj = v; }
public T GetObject() { return obj; }
}
// .
class Alpha {
string name;
public Alpha(string n) { name = n; }
18.
629
public string GetName() { return name; }

// ...
}
public Beta(string n) : base(n) { }
// ...
}
class VarianceDemo {
// IMyCoVarGenIF
MyClass<Alpha>.
// , .
IMyCoVarGenIF<Alpha> AlphaRef = new MyClass<Alpha>(new Alpha("Alpha #1"));
"AlphaRef: " + AlphaRef.GetObject().GetName());
// MyClass<Beta>
// AlphaRef.
// *** . ***
AlphaRef = new MyClass<Beta>(new Beta("Beta #1"));
"AlphaRef: " + AlphaRef.GetObject().GetName());

}
}
.
, AlphaRef: Alpha #1
, AlphaRef: Beta #1
, AlphaRef
MyClass<Beta> ,
IMyCoVarGenIF. ,
out
IMyCoVarGenIF .
,
.
.
, ,
.
public interface IMyCoVarGenIF2<out > : IMyCoVarGenIF<T> {
// ...
}
, out
.
, . :
IMyCoVarGenIF2.
,
630
I. C#
IMyCoVarGetIF. , IMyCoVarGenIF2
.
.
,
. , out ,
.
.
. , .
public interface IMyCoVarGenIF2<out > {
void M<V>() where V:T; // , T
//
}

, ,
, .

.
, .
in,
.
,
.
IMyContraVarGenIF .
, Show().
// , .
public interface IMyContraVarGenIF<in > {
void Show(T obj);
}
,
in, .
, obj
Show().
IMyContraVarGenIF MyClass,
.
// IMyContraVarGenIF.
class MyClass<T> : IMyContraVarGenIF<T> {
public void Show(T x) { Console.WriteLine(x); }
}
Show()
, ToString()
WriteLine().
, .
// .
class Alpha {
18.
631

return " Alpha.";
}
// ...
}
return " Beta.";
}
// ...
}
Alpha Beta
.
, ToString() ,
.
,
.
// IMyContraVarGenIF<Alpha>
// MyClass<Alpha>.
// , .
IMyContraVarGenIF<Alpha> AlphaRef = new MyClass<Alpha>();

// IMyContraVarGenIF<beta>
// MyClass<Beta>.
// , .
IMyContraVarGenIF<Beta> BetaRef = new MyClass<Beta>();

// MyClass<Alpha>.
// *** . ***
IMyContraVarGenIF<Beta> BetaRef2 = new MyClass<Alpha>();
// , .
BetaRef.Show(new Beta());
// AlphaRef BetaRef.
// *** . ***
BetaRef = AlphaRef;
,
IMyContraVarGenIF, MyClass,
.
Alpha,
Beta. .
IMyContraVarGenIF<Beta>,
MyClass<Alpha>.
, .
632
I. C#
, , BetaRef.
Show() Beta, . Beta
MyClass<Beta> Show().
AlphaRef BetaRef.
.
MyClass<Beta>, AlphaRef
MyClass<Alpha>. Alpha Beta,
.

, in
IMyContraVarGenIF,
. .

.
// .
using System;
// , .
public interface IMyContraVarGenIF<in > {
void Show(T obj);
}
// IMyContraVarGenIF.
class MyClass<T> : IMyContraVarGenIF<T> {
public void Show(T x) { Console.WriteLine(x); }
}
// .
class Alpha {
return " Alpha.";
}
// ...
}
return " Beta.";
}
// ...
}
class VarianceDemo {
// IMyContraVarGenIF<Alpha>
// MyClass<Alpha>.
// , .
IMyContraVarGenIF<Alpha> AlphaRef = new MyClass<Alpha>();

// MyClass<Beta>.
// ,
18.
633
// .
IMyContraVarGenIF<Beta> BetaRef = new MyClass<Beta>();
// MyClass<Alpha>.
// *** . ***
IMyContraVarGenIF<Beta> BetaRef2 = new MyClass<Alpha>();
// , .
// AlphaRef BetaRef.
// *** . ***
BetaRef = AlphaRef;
}
}
.
Beta.
Beta.

.

, , in,
.
public interface IMyContraVarGenIF2<in > : IMyContraVarGenIF<T> {
// ...
}
, in
, . ,
IMyContraVarGenIF2 .
, IMyContraVarGenIF2
in. , ,
IMyContraVarGen,
IMyContraVarGenIF2.
,
.
, in ,
.

15,
, , ,
. C# 4.0,
.
,
.
634
I. C#
.
// , .
delegate bool SomeOp<in >( obj);

, .
.
// , .
delegate AnotherOp<out , V>(V obj);
, ,
, . V
.

.
//
// .
using System;
// , .
delegate bool SomeOp<in >( obj);
// , .
delegate AnotherOp<out , V>(V obj);
class Alpha {
public int Val { get; set; }
public Alpha(int v) { Val = v; }
}
public Beta (int v) : base(v) { }
}
class GenDelegateVarianceDemo {
// true,
// obj.Val .
static bool IsEven(Alpha obj) {
if((obj.Val % 2) == 0) return true;
return false;
}
static Beta ChangeIt(Alpha obj) {
return new Beta(obj.Val +2);
}
Alpha objA = new Alpha(4);
Beta objB = new Beta(9);
// .
// SomeOp<Alpha> IsEven.
SomeOp<Alpha> checkIt = IsEven;
18.
635
// SomeOp<Beta>.
SomeOp<Beta> checkIt2;
// - SomeOp<Alpha> SomeOp<Beta>.
// *** . ***
checklt2 = checkIt;
// .
Console.WriteLine(checkIt2(obj));
// , .
// AnotherOp.
// Beta,
// - Alpha.
// , modifyIt
// ChangeIt.
AnotherOp<Beta, Alpha> modifyIt = ChangeIt;
// Alpha,
// Alpha.
AnotherOp<Alpha, Alpha> modifyIt2;
// modifyIt modifyIt2.
// *** . ***
modifyIt2 = modifyIt;
// .
objA = modifyIt2(obj);
Console.WriteLine(objA.Val);
}
}
.
False
6

. ,
SomeOp and AnotherOp
in out .
-
.

, :
?
: . , C#
:
. .
636
I. C#
MSIL,
.
, JIT-
,
.
.
, Gen<T>,
Gen<T> .
, ,
, .
,
.
,
, ,
int double. , Gen<int>
Gen, Gen<double>
Gen,
. , ,
,
( ). .
,
,
.
, , .
,
.
extern.
.
static,
. ,

static.
. ,
static .

#,
, .
, , ,
. ,
.
#.
.
19
LINQ
, LINQ
#.
C# 3.0
,
#,

,
,
. , LINQ
#.
LINQ Language-Integrated Query,
.. .
,
. ,
.
,
,
,
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, . ,

.

(SQL).
, XML,
. , 3.0
C# .
LINQ.
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LINQ-
638
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, ,
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C# .
#.
SQL, LINQ XML-
ADO.NET Dataset. LINQ
C# ( 25). ,
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,
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- 15,
.
LINQ C# , , . LINQ
, .
LINQ,
, .
.
LINQ, .
LINQ ,
.
LINQ
LINQ , ,
. ,
,
;
, ; ,
,
. , ,
LINQ.
, . ,
, foreach. .
.
, . ,
, .
.
19. LINQ 639

,
LINQ, IEnumerable.
: . ,
, IEnumerable<T>,
. ,
IEnumerable<T>.
System.Collections.Generic. ,
IEnumerable<T>, ,
,
. IEnumerable<T> #.

LINQ. , , , LINQ
.

LINQ.

, .
// LINQ.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class SimpQuery {
int[] nums = { 1, -2, 3, 0, -4, 5 };
// .
var posNums = from n in nums

where n > 0
select n;
// .
foreach(int i in posNums) Console.Write(i + " ");
}
}
.
nums: 1 3 5
, ,
nums. ,
LINQ. .

.
using System.Linq;
640
I. C#
LINQ
System.Linq.
nums int. C#
IEnumerable<T>.
C# ,
LINQ.
, nums
.
where n > 0
select n;
posNums .
, .
var posNums .
, posNums
. ,
( IEnumerable<T>).
posNums .
from, .
, .
n.
( nums).
. n int.
from.
from _ in _
where, ,
, .
where.
where _
_ bool.
.
where. where.
where n > 0
,
. n > 0
n n .
, . ,
where ,
.
select group.
select, ,
. , ,
.
, ,
where. ,
19. LINQ
641
. ,
. ,
select , .
.
, posNums ,
. , ,
. ,
, ,

.
posNums ,
.

.
foreach(int i in posNums) Console.WriteLine(i + " ");
posNums ,
. foreach
, posNums.
, .
, .
int i ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
var.

, , ,
,
, .

, .
,
. .
, nums

, posNums.
// .
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Collections.Generic;
class SimpQuery {
int[] nums = { 1, -2, 3, 0, -4, 5 };
642
I. C#
// .

where n > 0
select n;
// .
// nums.
Console.WriteLine("\n 99 nums[1].");
nums[1] = 99;
Consofe.Write(" nums\n" +
" : ");
// .
}
}
.
nums: 1 3 5
99 nums[l].
nums
: 1 99 3 5
,
nums[1] -2 99,
. .
,
.
, .
. ,
-,
,
.

, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
19. LINQ
643
,
. ,
. ,
#. ,
IEnumerable<T>,
. ( ,
IEnumerable<T> , , ,
.)
IEnumerable, .
from.
int n.
var posNums = from int n in nums
// ...
, ,
IEnumerable<T>,
.
, ,
IEnumerable<T>, . ,
IEnumerable<T>,
, select.
int,
int. ( , n int,
nums.)
IEnumerable<int>
.
IEnumerable<int> posNums = from n in nums
where n > 0
select n;
, , select,
, IEnumerable<T>,
.
var ,

select. ,
, select
, .
foreach,
, .
int. :
,
var. , var
, .

,
- .
644
I. C#
Ascending
from
join
select
by
group
let
where
descending
in
on
equals
into
orderby

.
from
orderby
group
select
join
where
let
from
select group. select ,
, group ,
. ,
where ,
, .
. .
where
, where ,
.
,
.
, , where.
, ,
10.
// where.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class TwoWheres {
int[] nums = { 1, -2, 3, -3, 0, -8, 12, 19, 6, 9, 10 };
// 10.

where n > 0
where n < 10
select n;
Console.Write(" 10: ");
// .
foreach(int i in posNums) Console.Write (i + " ");
}
}
19. LINQ
645
.
10: 1 3 6 9
,
. 10.
where.
where n > 0
where n < 10
where ,
. where ,
10. ,
1 9 (), .
where
,
where. ,
.
where n > 0 ts n < 10
select n;
, where
C# , . ,
.
. netAddrs ,
".net". ,
, .net
.
// where.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class WhereDemo2 {
string[] strs = { ".com", ".net", "hsNameA.com",
"hsNameB.net", "test", ".network",
"hsNameC.net", "hsNameD.com" };
//
// , .net.
var netAddrs = from addr in strs
where addr.Length > 4 && addr.EndsWithC.net",
StringComparison.Ordinal)
select addr;
// .
foreach(var str in netAddrs) Console.WriteLine(str);
}
}
646
I. C#
.
hsNameB.net
hsNameC.net
, where
EndsWith().
true,
, .
orderby
. ,
:
.
, ,
LINQ, orderby.
orderby
.
. orderby
:
orderby
, .
, ,
.
ascending
descending . ,
ascending, , .
, orderby
int .
// orderby.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class OrderbyDemo {
int[] nums = { 10, -19, 4, 7, 2, -5, 0 };
// .

orderby n
select n;
// .
}
}
19. LINQ
647
.
: -19 -5 0 2 4 7 10

, descending, .
orderby n descending
select n;
, .
.

orderby.
orderby _ , _ , _ , ...
_ ,
; _ ,
; _ ,
, .. ,
.
,
. ,
: ,
.
//
// , orderby.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class Account {
public string
public string
public double
public string
FirstName { get; private set; }

LastName { get; private set; }
Balance { get; private set; }
AccountNumber { get; private set; }
public Account(string fn, string ln, string accnum, double b) {

FirstName = fn;
LastName = ln;
AccountNumber = accnum;
Balance = b;
}
}
class OrderbyDemo {
// .
Account[] accounts =
{ new Account("", "", "132CK", 100.23),
new Account("", "", "132CD", 10000.00),
648
I. #
new
new
new
new
new
new
new
new
new
new
new
};
Account("", "", "436CD", 1923.85),

Account("", "", "454MM", 987.132),
Account("", "", "897CD", 3223.19),
Account("", "", "434CK", -123.32),
Account("Capa", "", "543MM", 5017.40),
Account("Capa", "", "547CD", 34955.79),
Account("Capa", "", "843CK", 345.00),
Account("", "", "445CK", -213.67),
Account("", "","968MM",5146.67),
Account("", "", "078CD", 15345.99),
Account("", "", "108CK", 10.98)
//
// .
// ,
// , , ,
var accInfo = from in accounts
orderby acc.LastName, acc.FirstName, acc.Balance
select acc;
string str = "";
// .
foreach(Account acc in accInfo) {
if(str != acc.FirstName) {
str = acc.FirstName;
}
Console.WriteLine("{0}, {1}\tHoep : {2}, {3,10:C}",
acc.LastName, acc.FirstName,
acc. AccountNumber, acc.Balance);
}
}
}
.
:
, : 108, $10.98
,
,
,
: 434, ($123.32)
: 454, $987.13
: 436CD, $1,923.85
, : 968, $5,146.67
,
: 897CD, $3,223.19
, : 445, ($213.67)
19. LINQ
,
: 078CD, $15,345.99
,
,
,
: 843,
$345.00
: 543, $5,017.40
: 547CD, $34,955.79
,
,
: 132,
$100.23
: 132CD, $10,000.00
649
orderby
.
var accInfo = from acc in accounts
orderby acc.LastName, acc.FirstName, acc.Balance
select acc;
.
,
. ,
.
.
,
: 108,
$10.98
,
,
,
: 434, ($123.32)
: 454,
$987.13
: 436CD, $1,923.85
,
, , , .
,
descending. ,
.
var accInfo = from acc in accounts
orderby x.LastName, x.FirstName, x.Balance descending
select acc;
,
.
,
:108, $10.98
,
,
,
:436CD,$1,923.85
:454, $987.13
:434,($123.32)
,
: .
select
select , .
.
select
650
I. C#
select
.
. select
.
,
,
, .
.
select
.
, double.
// select
// , double.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class SelectDemo {
double[] nums =
{ -10.0, 16.4, 12.125, 100.85, -2.2, 25.25, -3.5 };
//
// , nums.
var sqrRoots = from n in nums
where n > 0
select Math.Sqrt(n);
Console.WriteLine(" ,\n" +
" :");
// .
foreach (double r in sqrRoots)
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.##}", r);
}
}
.
,
:
4.05
3.48
10.04
5.02

select.
select Math.Sqrt(n);
.
Math.Sqrt(),
19. LINQ
651
. ,
, ,
, nums. ,
. , select
,
, .
,
select. EmailAddress,
. ,
. ,
EmailAddress. , ,
, .
// .
using System;
using System.Linq;
class EmailAddress {
public string Address { get; set; }
public EmailAddress(string n, string a) {
Name = n;
Address = a;
}
}
class SelectDemo2 {
EmailAddress[] addrs = {
new EmailAddress("", "Herb@HerbSchildt.com"),
new EmailAddress("Tom", "Tom@HerbSchildt.com"),
new EmailAddress("Capa", "Sara@HerbSchildt.com")
};
//
// .
var eAddrs = from entry in addrs
select entry.Address;
Console.WriteLine(" :");
// .
foreach(string s in eAddrs)
Console.WriteLine(" " + s);
}
}
.
:
Herb@HerbSchildt.com
652
I. #
Tom@HerbSchildt.com
Sara@HerbSchildt.com
select.
select entry.Address;

(Address). ,
, EmailAddress.
s foreach string.
, , ,
, select.
select
, ,
. .
ContactInfo, ,
. ,
EmailAddress, . Main()
ContactInfo, ,
,
EmailAddress. ,
, select, EmailAddress,
ContactInfo, .
//
// EmailAddresses ContactInfo.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class ContactInfo {
public string Email { get; set; }
public string Phone { get; set; }
public ContactInfo(string n, string a, string p) {
Name = n;
Email = a;
Phone = p;
}
}
class EmailAddress {
public string Address { get; set; }
public EmailAddress(string n, string a) {
Name = n;
Address = a;
}
}
class SelectDemo3 {
19. LINQ
653
ContactInfo[] contacts = {
new Contactlnfo("", "Herb@HerbSchildt.com", "555-1010"),
new Contactlnfo("Tom", "Tom@HerbSchildt.com", "555-1101"),
new Contactlnfo("Capa", "Sara@HerbSchildt.com", "555-0110")
};
// EmailAddress.
var emailList = from entry in contacts
select new EmailAddress(entry.Name, entry.Email);
// .
foreach(EmailAddress in emailList)
Console.WriteLine(" {0}: {1}", e.Name, e.Address );
}
}
.
:
: Herb@HerbSchildt.com
: Tom@HerbSchildt.com
: Sara@HerbSchildt.com
select.
select new EmailAddress(entry.Name, entry.Email);
EmailAddress,
, ContactInfo,
contacts. , EmailAddress
select .
from
from,
. from ,
.
, from
.
,
.
// from
// , X, Y Z.
using System;
using System.Linq;
// .
class ChrPair {
public char First;
654
I. C#
public char Second;

public ChrPair(char c, char c2) {
First = c;
Second = c2;
}
}
class MultipleFroms {
char[] chrs = { 'A', 'B', 'C' };
char[] chrs2 = { 'X', 'Y', 'Z' };
// from
// chrs, from
// chrs2.
var pairs = from ch1 in chrs
from ch2 in chrs2
select new ChrPair(ch1, ch2);
Console.WriteLine(" ABC XYZ: ");
foreach(var p in pairs)
Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", p.First, p.Second);
}
}
.
ABC XYZ:
X
A Y
A Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
ChrPair,
. , chrs chrs2, , ,

.
var pairs = from ch1 in chrs
from ch2 in chrs2
select new ChrPair(ch1, ch2);
from
, chrs chrs2. chrs ,
ch1. chrs2.
from
chrs2 h2 select.
select ChrPair,
19. LINQ
655
, ch1 ch2
from.
ChrPair,
.
from
, .
" let
" .
group

group, .
,
, .
group ,
, . group
, . ( ,
, select.) group.
group _ by
, ,
.
group ,
IGrouping<TKey, TElement>, .. ,
System.Linq.
. ,
, IEnumerable<IGrouping<TKey, TElement>>. IGrouping
Key, ,
.
, group.
, -,
,
, .org .com.
// group.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class GroupDemo {
string[] websites = { "hsNameA.com", "hsNameB.net", "hsNameC.net",
"hsNameD.com", "hsNameE.org", "hsNameF.org",
"hsNameG.tv", "hsNameH.net", "hsNameI.tv"
};
// -,
// .
656
I. C#
var webAddrs = from addr in websites
where addr.LastIndexOf('.') != -1
group addr by addr.Substring(addr.LastIndexOf('.'));
// .
foreach(var sites in webAddrs) {
Console.WriteLine("-, " +
" " + sites.Key);
foreach(var site in sites)
Console.WriteLine(" " + site);
}
}
}
.
-, .m
hsNameA.com
hsNameD.com
-, .net
hsNameB.net
hsNameC.net
hsNameH.net
-, .org
hsNameE.org
hsNameF.org
-, .tv
hsNameG.tv
hsNameI.tv
, , ,
-.
, group .
where addr.LastlndexOf('.') != -1
group addr by addr.Substring(addr.LastIndexOf('.'));
LastIndexOf()
Substring(), string. (
7, . Substring(),
, , ,
, .)
- LastIndexOf().
Substring() ,
. ,
where , .
LastIndexOf() -1,
.
19. LINQ
657
, ,
webAddrs, ,
foreach.
,
. foreach
IGrouping, .
string.
sites IGrouping<string, string>,
site string.
,
, .
foreach(IGrouping<string, string> sites in webAddrs) {
" " + sites.Key);
foreach(string site in sites)
}
into
select group
,
.
into select group.
into:
into _
,
,
_. into
select group, ,
. ,
.
into,
join, ,
.
, into
group.
, -
.
ws ,
.
658
I. #
// into group.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class IntoDemo {
string[] websites = { "hsNameA.com", "hsNameB.net", "hsNameC.net",
};
// -,
// ,
// , .
// ws ,
// .
where addr.LastIndexOf('.') != -1
group addr by addr.Substring(addr.LastIndexOf('.'))
into ws
where ws.Count() > 2
select ws;
// .
" .\n");
Console.WriteLine(" : " + sites.Key);
Console.WriteLine("" + site);
}
}
}
:
.
: .net
hsNameB.net
hsNameC.net
hsNameH.net
,
.net, ,
.

.
group addr by addr.Substring(addr.LastIndexOf('.'))
into ws
where ws.Count() >2
select ws;
19. LINQ
659
group
where.
ws. ,
group. where
, ,
. Count(),
IEnumerable.
. (
.)
select.
let

. , ,
, ,
where. ,
let.
let:
let =
, , .
.

let .
,
char. ,
ToCharArray() , .
chrArray,
from .
, ,
.
// let from.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class LetDemo {
string[] strs = ( "alpha", "beta", "gamma" };
// ,
// .
// from.
var chrs = from str in strs
let chrArray = str.ToCharArray()
660
I. C#
from ch in chrArray
orderby ch
select ch;
Console.WriteLine(" , :");
// .
foreach(char in chrs) Console.Write( + " ");
}
}
.
, :
a a a a a b e g h l m m p t
, let
chrArray , str.
ToCharArray().
let chrArray = str.ToCharArray()
let chrArray
, . C#
IEnumerable<T>, chrArray
, from.
, from
,
.
let
.
IntoDemo .
let idx = addr.LastIndexOf('.')
where idx != -1
group addr by addr.Substring(idx)
into ws
where ws.Count() > 2
select ws;

idx. Substring().
.

join
,
, . ,
19. LINQ
661
- ,
, ,
.
,
, .
- "" ( ).
LINQ, join.
join ( from).
from __ in __
join __ in __
on __. equals __.
join, ,
, .
__ __
, .
on . __.
__. , "
" . , join ,
, .
, join ,
, . , join
, ,
. -.
, Item,
.
InStockStatus,
, .
, Temp : (string)
(bool). .
join ,
.
// join.
using System;
using System.Linq;
// , .
class Item {
public int ItemNumber { get; set; }
public Item(string n, int inum) {
Name = n;
ItemNumber = inum;
}
}
// , .
class InStockStatus {
662
I. C#

public bool InStock { get; set; }
public InStockStatus(int n, bool b) {
ItemNumber = n;
InStock = b;
}
}
// ,
// .
class Temp {
public Temp(string n, bool b) {
Name = n;
InStock = b;
}
}
class JoinDemo {
Item[] items = {
new Item("", 1424),
new Item("", 7892),
new Item("", 8534),
new Item("", 6411)
};
InStockStatus[] statusList = {
new InStockStatus(1424, true),
new InStockStatus(7892, false),
new InStockStatus(6411, true)
};
// , Item
// InStockStatus
// .
// Temp.
var inStockList = from item in items
join entry in statusList
on item.ItemNumber equals entry.ItemNumber
select new Temp(item.Name, entry.InStock);
Console.WriteLine("\t\n");
// .
foreach(Temp t in inStockList)
Console.WriteLine("{0}\t{1}t.Name, t.InStock);
}
}
19. LINQ
663
True
False
True
True
join,
.
, , from.
item
items, Item. Item
,
.
join.
entry
statusList, InStockStatus,
.
, items statusList :
. on/equals join
,
, .
, select Temp,
.
, , ,
Temp.
join .

. , into join,
, ,
. (
.) , ,
join, ,
.
. , ,
.

C# ,
LINQ. ,
664
I. C#
, .
, select.
, ,
(, , join),
.

.
,
.
:
new { _ = _, _ = _, ... }
, ,
,
.
new { Count = 10, Max = 100, Min = 0 }

: Count, Min, 10, 100 0 .
. ,

. 8,
.
,
. (, , .
, , .)
, ,
.
.
myOb, ,
.
var myOb = new { Count = 10, Max = 100, Min = 0 }
, .
Console.WriteLine(" " + myOb.Count);
if(i <= myOb.Max && i >= myOb.Min) // ...
,
, .
.
.
, ,
. ,
C# .
,
,
join. , Temp
, join.
19. LINQ
665
- ,
.
.
//
// , join.
using System;
using System.Linq;
// , .
class Item {
public Item(string n, int inum) {
Name = n;
ItemNumber = inum;
}
}
// , .
class InStockStatus {
public InStockStatus(int n, bool b) {
ItemNumber = n;
InStock = b;
}
}
class AnonTypeDemo {
Item[] items = {
new Item("", 1424),
new Item("", 7892),
new Item("", 8534),
new Item("", 6411)
};
InStockStatus[] statusList = {
new InStockStatus(7892, false),
new InStockStatus(6411, true)
};
// , Item
// InStockStatus
// . .
666
I. C#
select new { Name = item.Name,
InStock = entry.InStock };
Console.WriteLine("\t\n");
// .
foreach(var t in inStockList)
Console.WriteLine("{0}\t{1}", t.Name, t.InStock);
}
}
select.
select new { Name = item.Name,
InStock = entry.InStock };

: Name InStock.
.
Temp .
foreach, .
var.
, , inStockList,
. , C#
,
.
,
. ,
,
. .
.
select .
select new { item.Name, entry.InStock };
, ,
"" Name InStock,
. ,
item.Name entry.InStock .

, into
join , ,

.
,
. , ,
.

, (,
) :
19. LINQ
667
, , .
Transport, .
Main() .
,
: , , ,
Transport, .
,
.
// .
using System;
using System.Linq;
// ,
// , :
// , , .
class Transport {
public string How { get; set; }
public Transport(string n, string h) {
Name = n;
How = h;
}
}
class GroupJoinDemo {
// .
string[] travelTypes = {
"",
"",
"",
"",
};
// .
Transport[] transports = {
new Transport("", ""),
new Transport("", "")
};
// ,
//
668 I. C#
// .
var byHow = from how in travelTypes
join trans in transports
on how equals trans.How
into lst
select new { How = how, Tlist = lst };
// .
foreach(var t in byHow) {
Console.WriteLine(" <{0} > :", t.How);
foreach(var m in t.Tlist)
Console.WriteLine(" " + m.Name);
}
}
}
.
< > :
< > :
< > :
< > :
, , .
var byHow = from how in travelTypes
join trans in transports
on how equals trans.How
into lst
select new { How = how, Tlist = lst };
. from
how travelTypes. ,
travelTypes : ,
, .
join . , ,
. into
join ,
. lst. , select
, ,
19. LINQ
669
how ( ) .
foreach.
foreach(var t in byHow) {
Console.WrifeLine(" <{0} > :", t.How);
foreach(var m in t.Tlist)
Console.WriteLine(" " + m.Name);
}
,
, , .
.

, ,
#. , ,
.
,
, .

System.Linq.Enumerable
IEnumerable<T>.
( System.Linq.Queryable,
IQueryable<T>,
.)
, .
C# 3.0 .
, ,
IEnumerable<T>.
Enumerable ,
, .
. ,
, , ,
.
.

select
where
orderby
Select(selector)
Where(predicate)
OrderBy(keySelector)
OrderByDescending(keySelector)
Join(inner, outerKeySelector, innerKeySelector,
resultSelector)
GroupBy(keySelector)
join
group
670
I. #
Join(),
,
Func<T, TResult>. ,
:
delegate TResult Func<in , out TResult>(T arg)
TResult , , .
selector, predicate keySelector
, . , Where()
predite .
.
, .
Join() . (inner)
,
, Join().
outerKeySelector,
LnnerKeySelector.
resultSelector. outerKeySelector
Func<TOuter, >, innerKeySelector Func<TInner,
>, resultSelector Func<TOuter, Tinner, TResult>,
TOuter ; Tinner
; TResult
, .
,
Func,
. -.
15, - ,
, , , ,
C# - ,
Func. -
,
, .

-,
, , C#
. .
.
,
Where() Select() .
// .
// .
using System;
using System.Linq;
class SimpQuery {
19. LINQ
671
int[] nums = { 1, -2, 3, 0, -4, 5 };

// Where() Select()
// .
var posNums = nums.Where(n => n > 0).Select(r => r);
// .
foreachfint i in posNums) Console.Write(i + " ");
}
}
, .
nums: 1 3 5
.
var posNums = nums.Where(n => n > 0).Select(r => r);
, posNums.
, ,
, nums. Where(),
, Select(),
. Where()
nums, IEnumerable<T>,
.
Select() ,
. , Where(),
.
,
. , nums
, .
var posNums = nums.Where(n => n > 0).Select(r => r * 10);
,
, . ,
,
:
var posNums = nums.Where(n => n > 0).OrderByDescending(j => j);
j => j , ,
,
Where().

GroupBy(). .
// GroupBy().
// ,
// .
using System;
using System.Linq;
672
I. #
class GroupByDemo {
string[] websites = {
"hsNameA.com", "hsNameB.net", "hsNameC.net",
};
//
// - .
var webAddrs = websites.Where(w => w.LastIndexOf('.') != 1).
GroupBy(x => x.Substring(x.LastIndexOf(".", x.Length)));
// .
" " + sites.Key);
}
}
}
, .
, .
.
.
join.
, ,
.
: items statusList.
, ,
C# , Join().
// Join()
// .
var inStockList = items.Join(statusList,
k1 => k1.ItemNumber,
(k1, k2) => new Temp(k1.Name, k2.InStock) );
Temp
, .
.
var inStockList = items.Join(statusList,
19. LINQ
673
(k1, k2) => new { k1.Name, k2.InStock} );

, C#
, . ,
, ,
. , .

where < 10
.
Where( => < 10)
,
.
,
#? ,
, #,
.
,
, , #,
,
. .NET Framework
IEnumerable<T> Enumerable.
, .
, .
All(predicate)
true,
,
predicate
Any(predicate)
true,
,
predicate
Average()

Contains(value) true,

Count()
, ..

First()

Last()

Max()

Min()

Sum()

674
I. #
Count() .
, .
// , Enumerable.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class ExtMethods {
int[] nums ={ 3, 1, 2, 5, 4 };
Console.WriteLine(" " + nums.Min());
Console.WriteLine(" " + nums.Max());
Console.WriteLine(" " + nums.First());
Console.WriteLine(" " + nums.Last());
Console.WriteLine(" " + nums.Sum());
Console.WriteLine(" " + nums.Average());
if(nums.All(n => n > 0))
if(nums.Any(n => (n % 2) == 0))
if(nums.Contains(3))
Console.WriteLine(" 3.");
}
}
.
1
5
3
4
15
3
.

3.
, ,
, , #.
. , Average()
,
, .
// Average() .
using System;
using System.Linq;
class ExtMethods2 {
19. LINQ
675
int[] nums = { 1, 2, 4, 8, 6, 9, 10, 3, 6, 7 };

var ltAvg = from n in nums
let x = nums.Average()
where n < x
select n;
Console.WriteLine(" " + nums.Average());
// .
foreach(int i in ltAvg) Console.Write(i + " ");
}
}
.
5.6
: 1 2 4 3
.
var ltAvg = from n in nums
let x = nums.Average()
where n < x
select n;
, x let
nums. Average()
nums.
:
LINQ : .
,
, foreach.
.
, ,
,
. , , Count().
,
, Count().
,
. , ,
foreach.

, .
// .
using System;
676
I. C#
using System.Linq;
class ImmediateExec {
int[] nums = { 1, -2, 3, 0, -4, 5 };
//
// nums.
int len = (from n in nums
where n > 0
select n).Count ();
Console.WriteLine(" nums: " +
len);
}
}
.
nums: 3
, foreach
.
Count().
,
.
where n > 0
select n;
int len = posNums.Count(); //
Count() .
.
,
, rray() ToList().
Enumerable. ToArray()
, ToList() List. (
25.)
. ,
, posNums,
.
int[] pnums = posNum.rr(); //
foreach(int i in pnums)
}

, LINQ, ,
- . , -
19. LINQ
677
, .
System.Linq.Expressions.Expression<TDelegate>.
,
, SQL . ,
, .
, , LINQ to SQL
Visual Studio. , C#
.

Compile(), Expression. ,
.

Func System. Func
, .
:
-.
-.
,
. ,
, ,
. .
, .
// .
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
class SimpleExpTree {
// - .
Expression<Func<int, int, bool>>
IsFactorExp = (n, d) => (d != 0) ? (n % d) == 0 : false;
// .
Func<int, int, bool> IsFactor = IsFactorExp.Compile();
// .
if(IsFactor(10, 5))
Console.WriteLine(" 5 10.");
if(!IsFactor (10, 7))
Console.WriteLine(" 7 10.");
}
}
.
678 I. C#
5 10.
7 10.

.
.
Expression<Func<int, int, bool>>
IsFactorExp = (n, d) => (d != 0) ? (n % d) == 0 : false;
-
. , ,
IsFactorExp.
.
Funccint, int, bool> IsFactor = IsFactorExp.Compile();
IsFactorExp ,
, .
, <Func<int, int, bool>
. Func int
bool.
Func, -,
. -
Func .
, Func .

,
, .
, , ,
. , , .
LINQ.

, .
, . ,
this. ,
, .
. , , ,
-
, , .
.
static _ (this __ ob, _)
, _ ,
, ob. ,
, ,
, . ,
.
19. LINQ
679

.
// .
using System;
static class MyExtMeths {
// double.
public static double Reciprocal(this double v) {
return 1.0 / v;
}
//
// .
public static string RevCase(this string str) {
string temp = "";
foreach(char ch in str) {
if(Char.IsLower(ch)) temp += Char.ToUpper(ch, CultureInfo.
CurrentCulture);
else temp += Char.ToLower(ch, CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);
}
return temp;
}
// n / d.
public static double AbsDivideBy(this double n, double d) {
return Math.Abs(n / d);
}
}
class ExtDemo {
double val = 8.0;
string str = "Alpha Beta Gamma";
// Reciprocal()..
Console.WriteLine(" {0} {1}",
val, val.Reciprocal());
// RevCase().
Console.WriteLine(str + " : " +
str.RevCase());
// AbsDivideBy().
Console.WriteLine(" val.AbsDivideBy(-2): " +
val.AbsDivideBy(-2));
}
}
.
680
I. #
8 0.125
Alpha Beta Gamma : aLPHA b g
val.AbsDivideBy(-2): 4

MyExtMeths. ,
. ,
, . (
System.
Linq, ,
LINQ.)
,
. ,
.
val.AbsDivideBy(-2)
val n AbsDivideBy(),
-2 d.
, Reciprocal() AbsDivideBy()
double, ,
.
8.0.Reciprocal()
8.0.AbsDivideBy(-1)
, RevCase() .
"AbCDe".RevCase()

.
PLINQ
.NET Framework 4.0 LINQ
PLINQ.
.
. PLINQ ,
, 24.
20
, ,

#,
.
.
.
C# ,
C++,
. ,
C#
,
Java.
,
,
.
,
.

C# "
" .
.
, ,

(CLR).
1, C#
.
,
CLR.

682
I. C#
, ,
, , -
. , ,
- . , ,
.
,
? , .
C++,
, ,
, .. - #.
,
, .
,
. ,
, .
#. -
(,
), C# .
,
.
C# , C/C++.
, C/C++, #.
, C# .

. , , ,
#. ,
/unsafe.
,
.

, -
, . ,
, , .
,
. .

- .
-:
*
_;
, .
, C# .
.
* . .
_ -.
20. , ,
683
. ip
int, .
int* ip;
float , .
float* fp;
, *,
, .
, ,
. ip
int, fp float.
, , , .
.
/++,
C# C/C++.
C/C++ * .
:
int* , q;
int q int.
.
int* ;
int q;
C# * ,
int* , q;
-. .
int* ;
int* q;
C/C++ #.
* &
: * &. &
. (,
.) , :
int* ip;
int num = 10;
ip = &num;
ip num.
num .
num. ip
10, num, ,
. &
, . ,
: " ip
num."
684
I. C#
, *, &.
, ,
. , ,
. , ip
num, , :
int val = *ip;
val 10 num,
ip. * .

: " val ,
ip."
* .
, ,
.
*ip = 100;
100 ,
ip, .. num.
: " 100 ,
ip."
unsafe
, ,
unsafe.
(, ),
( ) .
,
Main(), .
// unsafe.
using System;
class UnsafeCode {
// Main() .
unsafe static void Main() {
int count = 99;
int* p; // int
p = &count; // count
Console.WriteLine(" count: " + *);
* = 10; // 10 count,
//
Console.WriteLine(" count: " + *);
}
}
20. , ,
685
.
count: 99
count: 10
fixed
fixed,
" ".
, , ,
.
" ", , .
fixed:
fixed (* = &_) (
//
}
, .
.
fixed
, . fixed
, . ,
fixed .
fixed.
// fixed.
using System;
class Test {
public int num;
public Test(int i) { num = i; }
}
class FixedCode {
// Main() .
Test = new Test(19);
fixed (int* p = &o.num) { // fixed
// .num
Console.WriteLine(" .num: " + *);
* = 10; // 10 count,
//
Console.WriteLine(" .num: " + *);
}
}
}
.
686
I. C#
.num: 19
.num: 10
fixed .
.num,
, .

,
.
- (->), - (.).
,
struct MyStruct {
public int a;
public int b;
public int Sum() { return a + b; }
}
.
MyStruct = new MyStruct();
MyStruct* p; //
p = &o;
p->a = 10; // ->
p->b = 20; // ->
Console.WriteLine(" " + p->Sum());

: ++,
--, + -. ,
, . ,
p1 2000, ..
2000.
p1++;
p1 2004, 2001! ,
p1 int.
int C# 4 ,
p1 4. :
p1 4.
p1--;
, p1 1996,
2000!
:
,
,
, .
20. , ,
687

.
. , :
p1 = p1 + 9;
p1
, .
,
, , .
,
.
,
, .
, float
double. void*.

, ,
, (ip)
(fp).
.
// .
using System;
class PtrArithDemo {
int x;
int i;
double d;
int* ip = &i;
double* fp = &d;
Console.WriteLine("int double\n");
for(x=0; x < 10; x++) {
Console.WriteLine((uint) (ip) + " " + (uint) (fp));
ip++;
fp++;
}
}
}
.
,
.
int double
1243464
1243468
1243472
1243476
1243480
1243468
1243476
1243484
1243492
1243500
688
I. #
1243484
1243488
1243492
1243496
1243500
1243508
1243516
1243524
1243532
1243540
,
. , int
4 , double 8 ,
.

, ==, <
>. ,
- . ,
p1 2 ,
, , .
p1 2 ,
, .

C# . ,
fixed
. .
/*
. */
using System;
class PtrArray {
int[] nums = new int [10];
fixed(int* p = &nums[0], p2 = nums) {
if(p == p2)
Console.WriteLine(" p p2 " +
" .");
}
}
}
.
2
,
&nums[0]
nums
. ,
, .
20. , ,
689

, .

. .
// .
using System;
class PtrlndexDemo {
// .
fixed (int* p = nums) {
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
p[i] = i; //
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
Console.WriteLine("p[{0}]: {1} ", i, p[i]);
}
// .
" .");
fixed (int* = nums) {
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
*(p+i) = i; //
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
Console.WriteLine("*(p+(0)): {1} ", i, *(p+i));
}
}
}
.
.
[0]: 0
p[1]: 1
p[2]: 2
p[3]: 3
p[4]: 4
p[5]: 5
p[6]: 6
p[7]: 7
[8]: 8
[9]: 9
.
*(+0) : 0
*(+1) : 1
*(+2) : 2
*(+3) : 3
*(+4) : 4
690
I. C#
*(+5)
*(+6)
*(+7)
*(+8)
*(+9)
:
:
:
:
:
5
6
7
8
9
,

*(ptr + i)
.
ptr[i]
, .
-, .
. -,
Length, .
, , .

C# .
. char*

fixed.
fixed(char* = str) { // ...
fixed
, .
, .. .
. /++
, , ,
char* , , C/C++.
,
char*.
// fixed
// .
using System;
class FixedString {
string str = " ";
// str.
fixed(char* = str) {
// str .
for(int i=0; p[i] != 0; i++)
Console.Write(p[i]);
}
20. , ,
691
}
}
.

, , ,
. ,
. , ,
.
. 20.1. ,
, .
, , ,
.

. 20.1. -
,

.
.
, ,
. *
. , ,
q int.
int** q;
, , , q
, int.
,
, *, .
using System;
class MultipleIndirect {
692
I. #

int x; // int
int* p; // int
int** q; // int
= 10;
= &; //
q = &; // q
Console.WriteLine(**q); //
}
}
10
.
int, q int.
:
, ,
.

, .
int
.
int * [] ptrs = new int * [3];
var int
, .
ptrs[2] = Svar;
var,
.
*ptrs[2]
sizeof

C# .
sizeof. :
sizeof()
, . ,
sizeof , ,
: .
stackalloc
, , stackalloc.
.
:
20. , ,
693
* = stackalloc []
, ,
, , , .
,
System.StackOverflowException. , stackalloc
.
,
. .
, , " ",
,
. .
stackalloc , , ,
" ".
stackalloc.
// stackalloc.
using System;
class UseStackAlloc {
int* ptrs = stackalloc int[3];
ptrs[0] = 1;
ptrs[1] = 2;
ptrs[2] = 3;
for(int i=0; i < 3; i++)
Console.WriteLine(ptrs[i]);
}
}
.
1
2
3

fixed
. C#
. .
, ,
. , ,
, .
, . ,
, , , ,
, , #,
, .
.
694
I. C#
:
fixed _[];
; _
; , .
.
,
, , C++,
. ,
, .
Name
Balance
ID
80 , 8- ASCII
double 8
long 8
C++ Name,
C# .
C#
, .
// .
unsafe struct FixedBankRecord {
public fixed byte Name[80]; //
public double Balance;
public long ID;
}
Name,
FixedBankRecord 80 Name.
C++. ,
FixedBankRecord 96, .. .
, .
// .
using System;
// .
unsafe struct FixedBankRecord {
public fixed byte Name[80];
public double Balance;
public long ID;
}
class FixedSizeBuffer {
// Main() .
Console.WriteLine(" FixedBankRecord: " +
sizeof(FixedBankRecord));
}
}
.
FixedBankRecord: 96
20. , ,
695
FixedBankRecord
, ,
.
, .
,
, .
, C++. ,
, .
, ,
Name.
public fixed byte Name[80]; //
, .
C++ #.
80 FixedBankRecord.

2.0, C# ,
,
, .. .
. ,
, , ,
, -
. ,
. ,
, -
, , .

, ,
. , ,
,
, . , ,
, ,
. .

,
. , ,
(null). ,
, .
, ,
.
System.Nullble<>, , .
696
I. #
. -,
Nullable<T>, System,
. ,
int bool.
System.Nullable<int> count;
System.Nullable<bool> done;
-,
? .

int bool.
int? count;
bool? done;
,
.
int? count = null;
count
(null). :
, .
, .
,
. ,
count 100.
count = 100;
, ,
. -,
. , count , ,
, .
if (count != null) //
count , .
-,
HasValue Nullable<T>, ,
. .
bool HasValue
HasValue true, ,
, ,
false. ,
count
HasValue.
if(count.HasValue) //
,
Value Nullable<T>.
Value
20. , ,
697
Value ,
.
, System.
InvalidOperationException. ,
.

.
// .
using System;
class NullableDemo {
int? count = null;
if(count.HasValue)
Console.WriteLine(" count : " +
count.Value);
else
Console.WriteLine(" count ");
count = 100;
if(count.HasValue)
Console.WriteLine(" count : " +
count.Value);
else
Console.WriteLine(" count ");
}
}
.
count
count : 100

,
. ,
.
.
,
.

.
// .
using System;
class NullableDemo {
698
I. C#
int? count = null;
int? result = null;
int incr = 10; // incr
// result .
// count .
result = count + incr;
if(result.HasValue)
Console.WriteLine(" result : " +
result.Value);
else
Console.WriteLine(" result ");
// count ,
// result .
count = 100;
result = count + incr;
if(result.HasValue)
Console.WriteLine(" result : " +
result.Value);
else
Console.WriteLine(" result ");
}
}
.
result
result : 110
??

System.
InvalidOperationException, .
, , ,
.
, ??,
. ,
,
. .
??.
_ ?? __
_ ,
?? . ??
__.
, balance
. currentBalance
0.0, ,
.
20. , ,
699
double? balance = null;

double currentBalance;
currentBalance = balance ?? 0.0;
balance
123.75.
double? balance = 123.75;

currentBalance = balance ?? 0.0;
currentBalance 123.75
balance.
: ??
, .
.
// ??
using System;
class NullableDemo2 {
// .
static double GetZeroBal() {
Console.WriteLine(" GetZeroBalO.");
return 0.0;
}
double? balance = 123.75;
// GetZeroBal() ,
// balance .
currentBalance = balance ?? GetZeroBal();
Console.WriteLine(currentBalance);
}
}
GetZeroBal() ,
balance . ,
?? ,
.
,

, .
:
<, >, <= >=, ,
, .. null.
.
700 I. C#
byte? lower = 16;
byte? upper = null;
// lower , upper .
if(lower < upper) //
,
, . , , ,
.
if(lower > upper) // .. !
,
, . ,
(null) .
== != ,
. ,
.
if(upper == null) // ...
bool?,
: true (), false ()
null ().
& | bool?.
P
true
false
null
null
null
Q
null
null
true
false
null
P| Q
true
null
true
null
null
P&Q
null
false
null
false
null
, ! bool?,
(null),
(null).

2.0, C# ,

. partial.
.
partial ,
:
partial _ { // ...
_ , ,
.
partial.
20. , ,
701
, XY,
. .
partial class XY {
public XY(int a, int b) {
X = a;
Y = b;
}
}
.
partial class XY {
public int X { get; set; }
}
, .
partial class XY {
public int Y { get; set; }
}

XY.
// .
using System;
class Test {
XY xy = new XY (1, 2);
Console.WriteLine(xy.X + + xy.Y);
}
}
XY,
. , XY xy1.cs, 2.cs 3.cs,
Test test.cs,
.
csc test.cs xy1.cs xy2.cs .cs
: C# .
,
.

, partial
. 3.0, C#

. ,
. , partial
.
702 I. C#
,
! ,
. ,
, .
, .
,
Show(). , ShowXY().
XY ,
, .
// .
using System;
partial class XY {
public XY(int a, int b) {
X = a;
Y = b;
}
// .
partial void Show();
}
partial class XY {
public int X { get; set; }
// .
partial void Show() {
Console.WriteLine("{0}, {1}", X, Y);
}
}
partial class XY {
public int Y { get; set; }
// .
public void ShowXY() {
Show();
}
}
class Test {
XY xy = new XY(1, 2);
xy.ShowXY();
}
}
, Show() XY,
.
X Y. , Show() ShowXY(),
:
20. , ,
703
X Y. Show(),
ShowXY() .
.
void.
. out.

, 3, C#
. , ,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
.
, COM-
,
, , , IronPython. C# 4.0
.
C# 4.0 dynamic.
, dynamic object,
.
object , dynamic
, object
.
, ,
dynamic ,
, , ..
. , ,
, ,
.
dynamic
.
// dynamic.
using System;
class DynDemo {
// .
dynamic str;
dynamic val;
// .
// .
str = " ";
val = 10;
704
I. C#
Console.WriteLine(" str : " + str);
Console.WriteLine(" val : " + val + '\n');
str = str.ToUpper(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);
Console.WriteLine(" str : " + str);
val = val + 2,Console.WriteLine(" val : " + val + '\n');
string str2 = str.ToLower(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);
Console.WriteLine(" str2 : " + str2);
// .
int = val * 2;
Console.WriteLine(" x : " + );
}
}
.
str :
val : 10
str :
val : 12
str2 :
: 24
str val,
dynamic. ,
.
.
str ToUpper() ToLower() String,
.
,
, .
, , ,
.
""
, , ,
, . , val
, ,
. str ,
. , , ,
, ,
dynamic .
.

: dynamic
dynamic. ,
dynamic . ,
,
20. , ,
705
. ,
:
bool b = val;
-
int ( val ) bool.
,
.
,
. , str val object,
.
, object ,
, . , ,
object dynamic.
,
object ,
object. dynamic,
, ,
.
, dynamic
,
. 17, ,
, , ,
Invoke(). ,
, . ,
,
, , .
, ,
. ,
, , ,
, .
dynamic, Invoke(), .
MyClass.cs.
.
public class DivBy {
public bool IsDivBylint a, int b) {
if((a % b) == 0) return true;
return false;
}
public bool IsEven(int a) {
if((a % 2) == 0) return true;
return false;
}
}
DLL MyClass.dll.
,
.
csc /t:library MyClass.cs
706
I. #
, MyClass.dll,
.
// dynamic .
using System;
class DynRefDemo {
Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClass.dll");
Type[] all = asm.GetTypes();
// DivBy.
int i;
for(i = 0; i < all.Length; i++)
if(all[i].Name == "DivBy") break;
if(i == all.Length) {
Console.WriteLine(" DivBy .");
return;
}
Type t = all[i];
// .
int j;
for(j = 0; j < ci.Length; j++)
if(ci[j].GetParameters().Length == 0) break;
if(j == ci.Length) {
return;
}
// DivBy .
dynamic obj = ci[j].Invoke (null);
// obj. ,
// obj dynamic,
// , .
if(obj.IsDivBy(15, 3))
Console.WriteLine("15 3.");
else
Console.WriteLine("15 HE 3.");
if(obj.IsEven(9))
else
Console.WriteLine("9 HE .");
}
}
20. , ,
707
,
MyClass.dll, DivBy.
obj dynamic. ,
IsDivBy() IsEven() obj ,
Invoke(). ,
obj DivBy.
.
.
, dynamic ,
. ,
, , , ,
dynamic,
. , .
dynamic, ,
dynamic ,
.
dynamic object , dynamic
object .
.
static void f(object v) { // ... }
static void f(dynamic v) { // ... } // !
: dynamic DLR (Dynamic
Language Runtime ),
.NET 4.0.

C# 4.0 ,
, ()
, , COM- Office Automation.
, dynamic, ,
.
COM- Office Automation ,
, .
.
,
, .
,
COM-, .
, C#
get set.
. , C# 4.0,
COM-
COM-,
. ,
, . , myXLApp,
Microsoft.Office.Interop.Execl.Application.
708
I. C#
"O" 1-
Excel ,
.
myXLapp.get_Range("C1", "3").set_Value(Type.Missing, "OK");

get_Range(), .
set_Value(), (
) . Range
Value, .
,
. , Type.Missing
, , .
, C# 4.0,
, .
myXLapp.Range["C1", "3"].Value = "OK";

, .Missing ,
.
, ref
. , ,
ref , . ,
,
, ref
.

.
.
,
. ,
InternalsVisibleTo.

I
, C#
.
lock
lock .
23,
.
.
20. , ,
709
C# .
, ,
.. .
,
, .
,
.
lock. :
lock(obj) {
//
}
obj , .
, ,
.
,
.
.
lock 23.
readonly
,
readonly.
,
. ,
. ,
readonly .
, , ,
. ,
readonly.
, readonly
const, .
readonly.
// readonly.
using System;
class MyClass {
public static readonly int SIZE = 10;
}
710
I. C#
class DemoReadOnly {
int[] source = new int[MyClass.SIZE];
int[] target = new int[MyClass.SIZE];
// source.
for(int i=0; i < MyClass.SIZE; i++)
source[i] = i;
foreach(int i in source)
// source target.
for(int i = MyClass.SIZE-1, j = 0; i > 0; i--, j++)
target[j] = source[i];
foreach(int i in target)
// MyClass.SIZE = 100; // !!! He !
}
}
MyClass.SIZE 10.
, . ,

. .
const volatile
, , const
, .
. ,
const, , . ,
:
const int i = 10;
i const 10. const
readonly, .
readonly , const .
, , volatile ,

. ,
. , C#
,
, .
, volatile.
20. , ,
711
, volatile
, .
using
using,
using . :
using (obj) {
// obj
}
using ( obj = ) {
// obj
}
obj ,
, System.IDisposable.
, using.
using, .
using obj Dispose(),
System.IDisposable. , using
, ,
. , , , using
, System.IDisposable.
using.
// using.
using System;
using System.IO;
class UsingDemo {
try {
StreamReader sr = new StreamReader("test.txt");
// using.
using(sr) {
// ...
}
// ...
}
try {
// StreamReader using.
using(StreamReader sr2 = new StreamReader("test.txt")) {
// ...
}
// ...
}
}
}
712
I. C#
IDisposable StreamReader
( TextReader).
using.
Dispose() , .
, using
,
, . ,
using .
, using .
.NET Framework ,
IDisposable.
using.
extern
extern .
.

extern
#. , ,
. ,
.
,
extern. ,
.
extern _ _(_);
.
extern
DllImport, DLL,
. DllImport System.Runtime.
InteropServices. , , ,
DLL, .
, . ( ++,
DLL
.)
, ,
, .
ExtMeth., AbsMax().
#include <stdlib.h>
int __declspec(dllexport) AbsMax(int a, int b) {
return abs(a) < abs(b) ? abs(b) : abs(a);
}
AbsMax()
. _
declspec(dllexport).
20. , ,
713
Microsoft.
AbsMax() DLL, .
ExtMeth. .
CL /LD /MD ExtMeth.
DLL ExtMeth.dll.
#,
AbsMax().
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
class ExternMeth {
// .
[DllImport("ExtMeth.dll")]
public extern static int AbsMax(int a, int b);
// .
int max = AbsMax(-10, 20);
Console.WriteLine(max);
}
}
DllImport
. DLL,
AbsMax(). ExtMeth.dll,
AbsMax() .
, , 20.

extern
, ,
. , test1
MyClass, test2 ,
.

. . ,
/r, .
/r:Asm1=test1
/r:Asm2=test2
extern,
.
.
extern alias _;
,
.
extern alias Asm1;
extern alias Asm2;
714
I. C#
MyClass
.
,
. .
, test1.cs.
using System;
namespace MyNS {
public class MyClass {
public MyClass() {
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass1.dll.");
}
}
}
test2.cs.
using System;
namespace MyNS {
public class MyClass {
public MyClass() {
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass2.dll.");
}
}
}
, , test1.cs test2.cs,
MyNS
MyClass. , MyClass
.
, test3.cs,
MyClass test1.cs test2.cs.
.
// .
extern alias Asm1;

extern alias Asm2;
using System;
class Demo {
Asm1::MyNS.MyClass t = new Asm1::MyNS.MyClass();
Asm2::MyNS.MyClass t2 = new Asm2::MyNS.MyClass();
}
}
test1.cs test2.cs
DLL. .
csc /t:library test1.cs
csc /t:library test2.cs
20. , ,
715
test3.cs,
csc /r:Asm1=test1.dll /r:Asm2=test2.dll test3.cs
/r,
, .
Asm1 test1.dll, Asm2
test2.dll.

extern, .
extern alias Asm1;
extern alias Asm2;
Main()
MyClass.
MyClass.
Asm1::MyNS.MyClass
,
, ,
, , , , -.
.
.
MyClass1.dll.
MyClass2.dll.
II
C#
21
System
22

23
.
:
II #.
I, #

.NET Framework.
#, .NET
Framework .
.NET Framework
.
, ,
,
using . ,

,

.
.NET Framework ,

. (
!) II

,
System. ,
,
.
- 14.
24
.
:
TPL
25 ,

26

21
System
System.

.NET Framework.
, ,
, ,
C#
.NET Framework. ,
System
.
, System
,
, System.Net.

.
System.
720 II. C#
System
,
.
ActivationContext
AppDomainManager
Applicationldentity
Attribute
Buffer
Console
ContextStaticAttribute
Delegate
EventArgs
FlagsAttribute
GenericUriParser
Lazy<T>
LoaderOptimizationAttribute
Math
NetPipeStyleUriParser
NonSerializedAttribute
ObsoleteAttribute
Random
STAThreadAttribute
Th rea dStaticAttri bute
TimeZonelnfo.AdjustmentRule
Type
UriBuilder
UriTemplateEquivalenceComparer
UriTypeConverter
WeakReference
Activator
AppDomainSetup
Array
AttributeUsageAttribute
CharEnumerator
ConsoleCancelEventArgs
Convert
Enum
Exception
FtpStyleUriParser
GopherStyleUriParser
Lazy<T, TMetadata>
LocalDataStoreSlot
MTAThreadAttribute
NetTcpStyleUriParser
Nullable
OperatingSystem
ResolveEventArgs
String
TimeZone
Tuple
Unhandled ExceptionEventArgs
Uri Parser
UriTemplateMatch
ValueType
AppDomain
Applicationld
AssemblyLoadEventArgs
BitConverter
CLSCompliantAttribute
ContextBoundObject
DBNull
Environment
FileStyleUriParser
GC
HttpStyleUriParser
LdapStyleUriParser
MarshalByRefObject
MulticastDelegate
NewsStyleUriParser
Object
ParamArrayAttribute
SerializableAttribute
StringComparer
TimeZonelnfo
Tuple<...> ( )
Uri
UriTemplate
UriTemplateTable
Version
, System.
Arglterator
Byte
DateTime
Double
Int32
ModuleFlandle
RuntimeFieldFlandle
Sbyte
TimeZonelnfo.TransitionTime
Ulnt32
Void
ArraySegment<T>
Char
DateTimeOffset
Guid
Int64
Nullable<T>
RuntimeMethodHandle
Single
TypedReference
Ulnt64
Boolean
ConsoleKeylnfo
Decimal
Int16
IntPtr
RuntimeArgumentFlandle
RuntimeTypeHandle
TimeSpan
Ulnt16
UIntPtr
System .
21. System
_AppDomain
lCloneable
IConvertible
IEquatable<T>
IObservable<T>
lappDomainSetup
IComparable
ICustomFormatter
IFormatProvider
IObserver<T>
721
lAsyncResult
IComparable<T>
IDisposable
IFormattable
IServiceProvider
, System.
Action
AssemblyLoadEventHandler
ConsoleCancelEventHandler
EventHandler
Predicate<T>
Action<...> ( )
AsyncCallback
Converter<Tlnput, VOutput>
EventHandler<TEventArgs>
ResolveEventHandler
AppDomainlnitializer
Comparison<T>
CrossAppDomainDelegate
Func<...> ( )
UnhandledExceptionEventHandler
System .
ActivationContext.contextForm
Base64Formatting0ptions
ConsoleModifiers
DayOfWeek
EnvironmentVariableTarget
GenericUriParserOptions
PlatformID
TypeCode
UriHostNameType
UriPartial
AppDomainManagerlnitializationOptions
ConsoleColor
ConsoleSpecialKey
Environment.SpecialFolder
GCCollectionMode
LoaderOptimization
StringComparison
UriComponents
UrildnScope
AttributeTargets
ConsoleKey
DateTimeKind
Environment.SpecialFolderOption
GCNotificationStatus
MidpointRounding
StringSplitOptions
UriFormat
UriKind
, System
,
. , System,
Nullable<T>, Type, Exception Attribute, I
II. , System.String,
string #,
22.
,
C# .
Math
Math ,
, , .
Math , , , ,
static, Math , Math
. , Math,
. 21.1, .
Math :
public const double
public const double PI
E ,
; a PI .
722 II. C#
21.1. , Math
public static double

Abs(double value)
public static float
Abs(float value)
public static decimal
Abs(decimal value)
public static int Abs(int
value)
public static short
Abs(short value)
public static long Abs(long
value)
public static sbyte
Abs(sbyte value)
Acos(double d)
Asin(double d)
Atan(double d)
Atan2(double y, double x)
public static long
BigMulfint a, int b)
Ceiling(double a)

Ceiling(decimal d)

Cos (double d)
Cosh(double d)
value
value
value
value
value
value
value
d. d
-1 1
d. d
-1 1
d
/
*b
long,
,

. , 1,02,
Ceiling() 2,0.
-1,02, Ceiling()
-1
,

d. , d 1,02, Ceiling()
2,0. d -1,02,
Ceiling() -1
d
d
public static int DivRem(int a, /b,

int b, out int result)
result out
public static
/b,
long DivRem(long a,
result out
long b, out long result)
21. System
723
. 21.1

Exp (double d)
Floor(decimal d)

Floor(double d)

IEEERemainder(double x,
double y)
Log(double d)
Log(double d, double
newBase)
Log10(double d)
Max(double val1, double val2)
public static float
Max(float val1, float val2)
Max(decimal val1, decimal
val2)
public static int Max(int
val1, int val2)
public static short Max(short
val1, short val2)
public static long Max (long
val1, long val2)
public static uint Max (uint
val1, uint val2)
public static ushort
Max(ushort val1, ushort val2)
public static ulong
Max(ulong val1, ulong val2)
public static byte Max(byte
val1, byte val2)
public static sbyte Max(sbyte
val1, sbyte val2)
,
d
,

d. , d 1,02, Floor()
1,0. d -1,02,
Floor() -2
,

d. , d 1,02, Floor()
1,0. d -1,02,
Floor() -2
/
d

newBase d
10 d
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
724 II. C#
. 21.1

Min(double val1, double val2)
public static float
Min(float val1, float val2)
Min(decimal val1, decimal
val2)
public static int Min(int
val1, int val2)
public static short Min(short
val1, short val2)
public static long Min(long
val1, long val2)
public static uint Min(uint
val1, uint val2)
Min(ushort val1, ushort val2)
public static ulong Min(ulong
val1, ulong val2)
public static byte Min(byte
val1, byte val2)
public static sbyte Min(sbyte
val1, sbyte val2)
Pow(double x, double y)
Round(double a)
Round(decimal d)
Round(double value,
int digits)
Round(decimal d, int digits)
Round(double value,
MidpointRounding mode)
Round(decimal d,
Round(double value, int
digits, MidpointRounding
mode)
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
val1 val2
,
(xy)
,

d,

value,
,
digits
d, ,

digits
value,
,
mode
d,
,
mode
value,
,
digits, mode

21. System
725
. 21.1

Round(decimal d, int digits,
d, ,

digits, mode

public static int
-1, value ;
Sign(double value)
0, value ; 1,
value
public static int Sign (float -1, value ;
value)
0, value ; 1,
value
public static int
-1, value ;
Sign(decimal value)
0, value ; 1,
value
public static int Sign(int
-1, value ;
value)
0, value ; 1,
value
public static int Sign(short -1, value ;
value)
0, value ; 1,
value
public static int Sign (long -1, value ;
value)
0, value ; 1,
value
public static int Sign(sbyte -1, value ;
value)
0, value ; 1,
value

Sin(double a)
value
Sinh(double value)
d
Sqrt(double d)

Tan(double a)
Tanh(double value)
value
d
Truncate(double d)
d
Truncate(decimal d)
Sqrt()

.
726 II. C#
// .
using System;
class Pythagorean {
double s1;
double s2;
double hypot;
string str;
s1 = Double.Parse(str);
s2 = Double.Parse(str);
hypot = Math.Sqrt(s1*s1 + s2*s2);
Console.WriteLine(" " + hypot);
}
}
.
: 3
: 4
: 5
, Pow()
,
, .
.
=
/ (1 + )
Pow() double,
double.

decimal.
/* ,
,
. */
using System;
class InitialInvestment {
decimal initInvest; //
decimal futVal;
//
double numYears;
double intRate;
//
//
21. System
727
string str;
try {
futVal = Decimal.Parse(str);
return;
}
Console.Write(" (, 0.085): ");
try {
intRate = Double.Parse(str);
return;
}
try {
numYears = Double.Parse(str);
return;
}
initInvest =
futVal / (decimal) Math.Pow(intRate+1.0, numYears);
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:C}",
initInvest);
}
}
.
: 10000
(, 0.085): 0.07
: 10
: $5,083.49
.NET,
, C# ,
14, ,
, .
.NET .
.NET ,
#, .
728 II. C#
.NET
System.Boolean
System.Char
System.Decimal
System.Double
System.Single
System.Int16
System.Int32
System.Int64
System.UInt16
System.UInt32
System.UInt64
System.Byte
System.Sbyte
C#
bool
char
decimal
double
float
short
int
long
ushort
uint
ulong
byte
sbyte
, ,
.
.
, , C#
, IFormatProvider NumberStyles.
IFormatProvider , NumberStyles
System.Globalization.
22.

.
Byte
Int32
SByte
UInt32
Int16
Int64
Uint16
UInt64
.
Int32.
, ,
.
,
const.
. 21.2

MaxValue
MinValue
,
.

:
IComparable,
IComparable<T>,
IConvertible,
IFormattable
21. System
729
IEquatable<T>,
. , Int32 int.
21.2. , Int32
public int
CompareTo(object value)
public int CompareTo(int

value)
public override bool

Equals(object obj)
public bool Equals(int
obj)
public override int
GetHashCode()
public TypeCode
GetTypeCode()
public static int
Parse(string s)
public static int

Parse(string s,
IformatProvider
provider)
public static int

Parse(string s,
NumberStyles styles)

value. ,
; ,
; , ,
,

value. ,
; ,
; , ,
,

true,

obj
true,

obj
-
TypeCode
. , Int32
TypeCode.Int32
,
s.
,
,
,
s,
,
provider.
,
,
,
s,
, styles.
,
,
730 II. C#
. 21.2
public static int

Parse (string s,
NumberStyles styles,
IformatProvider
provider)
public override string

ToString()
public string
ToString(string format)
public string
ToString(IformatProvider
provider)
public string
ToString(string format,
IformatProvider
provider)
public static bool
TryParse(string s, out
int result)
public static bool

TryParse(string s,
IformatProvider
provider, out int
result)
,
s, ,
styles,
,
provider.
,
,

, ,
format

,

provider

, ,
format,
,
provider

, s,
.
result
true,
false, Parse(),

, s,
,
styles,
,
provider.
result
true,
false,
Parse(),

: Double
Single. Single float.
. 21.3, . 21.4. Double double.
21. System
731
. 21.5, . 21.6.
, Parse() ToString()
,
, .
21.3. , Single
public int
CompareTo(object value)
public int
CompareTo(float value)

Equals(object obj)
public bool Equals(float
obj)
public override int
GetHashCode()
public TypeCode
GetTypeCode()
public static bool
IsInfinity(float f)
public static bool
IsNaN(float f)
public static bool
IsPositiveInfinity(float
f)
public static bool
IsNegativeInfinity(float
f)
public static float
Parse(string s)
public static float
Parse(string s,
IformatProvider
provider)

value. ,
; ,
, , ,
,

value. ,
; ,
, , ,
,

true,
obj
true,
obj
-
TypeCode
Single, .. TypeCode.Single
true,
f .
false
true, f
.
false
true,
f .
false
true, f
.
false
,
s.
float,
,
s,
,
provider.
float,

732 II. C#
. 21.3
public static float

Parse(string s,
,
s,
, styles.
float,

,
s,
,
provider,
, styles.
float,

, ,
format

,

provider

, ,
format,
,
provider
,
s, float.

result
true,
false, Parse(),

, s,
float, ,
format,
,
provider,
, ,
styles.
result
true,
false, Parse(),

public static float

Parse(string s,
IformatProvider
provider)

ToString()
public string
public string
provider)
public string
IformatProvider
provider)
public static bool
float result)
public static bool

TryParse(string s,
IformatProvider
provider, out float
result)
21. System 733

21.4. , Single
public const float Epsilon

public const float
MaxValue
public const float
MinValue
public const float NaN
public const float
NegativeInfinity
public const float
PositiveInfinity

,
float
,
float
,
,
,
21.5. , Double
public int CompareTo(object

value)
public int CompareTo(double

value)

Equals(object obj)
public bool Equals(double
obj)
public override int
GetHashCode()
public TypeCode
GetTypeCode()
public static bool
IsInfinity(double d)
public static bool

IsNaN(double d)
public static bool
IsPositiveInfinity(double
d)

value. ,
; ,
,
, , ,

value. ,
; ,
,
, , ,

true,
obj
true,
obj
-
TypeCode
Double, .. TypeCode.Double
true,
d .

false
true,
d .
false
true,
d .
false
734 II. C#
. 21.5
public static bool

IsNegativeInfinity(double
d)
Parse(string s)

Parse(string s,
IFormatProvider provider)

Parse(string s,

Parse(string s,

ToString()
public string
public string
provider)
public string
IformatProvider provider)
public static bool

double result)
true,
d .
false
,
s.
double,

,
s,
,
provider.

double,
,
s,
, styles.

double,
,
s,
,
provider,
,
styles.
double,

,
, format

,
provider

, ,
format,
,
provider
,
s, double.

result
true,
false, Parse(),

21. System 735

. 21.5
public static bool

TryParse(string s,
IFormatProvider provider,
out double result)

, s,
double,
, format,
,

provider, ,
styles.

result true,
false,
Parse(),

21.6. , Double
public const double Epsilon

public const double
MaxValue
public const double
MinValue
public const double NaN
public const double
NegativeInfinity
public const double
PositiveInfinity

,
double
,
double
,
,
,
Decimal
Decimal ,
, .
, , , decimal
, #. ,
decimal
.
Decimal .
.
public
public
public
public
public
public
Decimal(int )
Decimal(uint )
Decimal(long )
Decimal(ulong )
Decimal(float )
Decimal(double )
736
II. C#
Decimal
.
, Decimal
.
public Decimal (int lo, int mid, int hi, bool IsNegative, byte scale)
. 96-
, , .
, 96- 32-
lo, mid hi;
IsNegative, false
, true
; scale,
0 28. 10 (.. 10scale),
.
Decimal
, ,
.
public Decimal(int[] bits)
int bits 96-
; 31- bits[3] (0
, 1 ); 16-23
.
Decimal : IComparable,
IComparable<decimal>, IConvertible, IFormattable, IEquatable<decimal>,
IDeserializationCallback.
decimal
.
// .
using System;
class CreateDec {
decimal d = new decimal(12345, 0, 0, false, 2);
Console.WriteLine(d);
}
}
.
123.45
96- 12345.
.
, Decimal, . 21.7,
. 21.8. , Decimal
,
. ,
, 3.
21. System
737
21.7. , Decimal

Add(decimal d1, decimal d2)
Ceiling(d)
d1 + d2
,
decimal
d. , d 1,02, Ceiling()
2,0. d -1,02,
Ceiling() -1
public static int
d1
Compare(decimal d1, decimal d2) d2. ,
; , d1
d2; , , ,
d1 d2

value)
value. ,
;
,
; , , ,

public int CompareTo(decimal

value)
value. ,
;
,
; , , ,

d1 / d2
Divide(decimal d1,
decimal d2)
public bool Equals(decimal
value)
Equals(object value)
public static bool
Equals(decimal d1, decimal d2)
Floor (decimal d)

FromOACurrency(long cy)
true,

value
true,

value
true,
d1 d2
,
decimal
d , d 1,02, Floor()
1,0. d -1,02,
Floor() -2

, OLE
Automation,

738 II. C#
. 21.7
public static int[]

GetBits(decimal d)
public override int
GetHashCode()
public TypeCode GetTypeCode()

d int.

-
TypeCode Decimal, ..
TypeCode.Decimal
d1 * d2

Multiply(decimal d1, decimal d2)
-d
Negate(decimal d)
,
Parse(string s)
s.

decimal,
,
Parse(string s,
s,
,

provider.
decimal,

,
Parse (string s, NumberStyles
s,
styles)
,
styles.
decimal,

,
Parse (string s, NumberStyles
s,
styles, IformatProvider
,
provider)

provider,
, styles.

decimal,

Remainder(decimal d1, decimal d2) d1 / d2
d,
Round(decimal d)

d,
Round(decimal d, int decimals) ,
decimals,
0 28
21. System
739
. 21.7

Round(decimal d,
MidPoihtRounding mode)

Round(decimal d, int decimals,
MidPointRounding mode)

Subtract(decimal d1, decimal d2)
public static byte

ToByte(decimal value)

ToDouble(decimal d)
public static short

ToInt16(decimal d)
public static int

ToInt32(decimal d)
public static long

ToInt64(decimal d)
public static long

ToOACurrency(decimal value)
d,
,
mode.
, d

d,
,
decimals,
0 28, mode
.
,
d

d1 - d2
value
byte. .
value
byte,
OverflowException
d double.
,
double ,
decimal
d short.
. d

short,
OverflowException
d int.
. d

int,
OverflowException
d long.
. d

long,
OverflowException
value
,
OLE Automation,

740
II. C#
. 21.7
public static sbyte

ToSByte(decimal value)
public static float

ToSingle(decimal d)

ToString()
public string ToString(string
format)
public string
ToString(IFormatProvider
provider)
public string ToString(string

format, IFormatProvider
provider)

ToUInt16(decimal value)
public static uint

ToUInt32(decimal d)
public static ulong

ToUInt64(decimal d)

Truncate(decimal d)
value
sbyte. .
value
sbyte,
OverflowException
d float.
. d

float,
OverflowException

,
,
format

,

provider

,
,
format, ,

provider
value
ushort. .
value
ushort,
OverflowException
d uint.
. d

uint,
OverflowException
d ulong.
. d

ulong,
OverflowException
d.
21. System
741
. 21.7
public static bool

TryParse(string s, out decimal
result)
public static bool

TryParse(string s,
IFormatProvider provider, out
decimal result)

,
s, decimal.

result
true.
false,
Parse(),

,
s, decimal,
,
format, ,

provider,
,
styles.
result
true.
false,
Parse(),

21.8. , Decimal
public static readonly

decimal MaxValue
decimal MinusOne
decimal MinValue
decimal One
decimal Zero
,
decimal
-1 decimal
,
decimal
1 decimal
0 decimal
Char
Char char ,
,
. ,
, ToUpper(),
IsDigit() , .
742 II. C#
, Char, . 21.9. ,
, , , ConvertFromUtf32()
ConvertToUtf32(), UTF-16
UTF-32. 16 ,
char.
, 16 .
,
(UTF). , UTF-16
16- ,
16- .
16- ,
char. ,
. UTF-32
32- . Char
UTF-16 UTF-32 .
Char :
ToUpper() ToLower()
( ),
.

, CultureInfo
. CultureInfo System.
Globalization,
CultureInfo.CurrentCulture .
Char .
public const char MaxValue
public const char MinValue
, Char : IComparable,
IComparable<char>, IConvertible IEquatable<char>.
21.9. , Char
public int CompareTo(char

value)

value)
public static string

ConvertFromUtf32(int utf32)

value. ,
; ,

; , , ,

value. ,
; ,

; , , ,

,
utf32 UTF-32,
UTF-16

21. System
743
. 21.9
pubic static int

ConvertToUtf32 (char
highSurrogate, char
lowSurrogate)
pubic static int
ConvertToUtf32(string s, int
index)
public bool Equals(char obj)
Equals(object obj)
public override int
GetHashCode()
GetNumericValue(char c)
GetNumericValue(string s, int
index)
public TypeCode GetTypeCode()
public static UnicodeCategory
GetUnicodeCategory(char c)
public static UnicodeCategory

GetUnicodeCategory(string s,
int index)
public static bool

IsControl(char c)
public static bool
IsControl(string s, int
index)
public static bool
IsDigit(char c)
,
highSurrogate
lowSurrogate UTF-16,
UTF-32
UTF-16,

s[index], UTF-32

true,
obj
true,
obj
-
,
.
-1
,
s[index],
.
-1
TypeCode
Char, .. TypeCode.Char
UnicodeCategory .
UnicodeCategory
System.Globalization

UnicodeCategory ,
s[index].
UnicodeCategory

true,
,
false
true,
, s[index],
,
false
true,
,
false
744
II. C#
. 21.9
public static bool

IsDigit(string s, int index)
public static bool

IsHighSurrogate(char c)
public static bool

IsHighSurrogate(string s, int
Index)
public static bool

IsLetter(char c)
public static bool
IsLetter(string s, int index)
public static bool

IsLetterOrDigit(char c)
public static bool
IsLetterOrDigit(string s, int
index)
public static bool
IsLower(char c)
public static bool
IsLower(string s, int index)
public static bool

IsLowSurrogate(char c)
public static bool

IsLowSurrogate(string s, int
index)
public static bool

IsNumber(char c)
true,
, s[index],
,
false
true,

UTF-32,
false
true,
,
s[index],
UTF-32,
false
true,
,
false
true,
, s[index],
,
false
true,
,
false
true,
, s[index],
,
false
true,
,
false
true,
, s[index],
,
false
true,

UTF-32,
false
true,
,
s[index],
UTF-32,
false
true,
(
),
false
21. System
745
. 21.9
public static bool

IsNumber(string s, int index)
public static bool

IsPunctuation(char c)
public static bool
IsPunctuation(string s, int
index)
public static bool
IsSeparator(char c)
public static bool
IsSeparator(string s, int
index)
public static bool
IsSurrogate(char c)
true,
, s[index],
( ),
false
true,
,
false
true,
, s[index],
,
false
true,
,
false
true,
, s[index],
,
false
true,

,
false
public static bool

true,
IsSurrogate(string s, int index) ,
s[index],
, false
public static bool

IsSurrogatePair(char
highSurrogate, char
lowSurrogate)
public static bool
IsSymbol(char c)
public static bool

IsSymbol(string s, int index)
public static bool

IsUpper(char c)
public static bool
IsUpper(string s, int index)
true,
highSurrogate
lowSurrogate
true,
,
,
false
true,
, s[index],
,
,
false
true,
,
false
true,
, s[index],
,
false
746
II. C#
. 21.9
public static bool

IsWhiteSpace(char )
true,
,
,
false
true,
,
s[index], ,
,
false
char
s. s
,
FormatException
,
.

,
.
.

,
culture, CultureInfo
,

Char

Char
,
provider
,
.

,
.
.

,
culture, CultureInfo ,
System.
Globalization
public static bool

IsWhiteSpace(string s, int
index)
public static char

Parse(string s)
public static char

ToLower(char c)
public static char
ToLowerfchar c, CultureInfo
culture)
public static char

ToLowerInvariant(char c)
ToString()
ToString(char c)
public string
provider)
public static char
ToUpper(char c)
public static char
ToUpper(char c, CultureInfo
culture)
21. System
747
. 21.9
public static char

ToUpperInvariant(char c)
public static bool
TryParse(string s, out char
result)

s
char.
result
true. s
,
false,
Parse(),

,
, Char.
// ,
// Char.
using System;
class CharDemo {
string str = " . $23";
int i;
for(i=0; i < str.Length; i++) {
if(Char.isDigit(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsLetter(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsLower(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsUpper(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsSymbol(str [i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsSeparator(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsWhiteSpace(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsPunctuation(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
}
748
II. C#
// .
string newstr = "";
for(i=0; i < str.Length; i++)
newstr += Char.ToUpper(str[i], CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + newstr);
}
}
.

.

$
2
3
: . $23
: . $23
Boolean
Boolean bool. ,
, . 21.10. ,
.
public static readonly string FalseString
public static readonly string TrueString
true false
. , FalseString
WriteLine(), "False".
Boolean : IComparable,
IComparable<bool>, IConvertible IEquatable<bool>.
21. System
749
21.10. , Boolean
public int CompareTo(bool

value).
public int
CompareTo(object obj)
public bool Equals(bool obj)

Equals(object obj)
public override int
GetHashCode()
public TypeCode
GetTypeCode()
public static bool
Parse(string s)

ToString()
public string
provider)
public static bool
bool result)

value. ,
;
,
false, value
true; , , ,
true,
value false

obj. ,
;
,
false, obj
true; , , ,
true,
obj false
true,
obj
true,
obj
-
TypeCode
Boolean, .. TypeCode.Boolean
bool
s. s Boolean.
TrueString, Boolean.FalseString,
FormatException,
,
:

,
TrueString, FalseString

,
TrueString, FalseString.
provider

s bool.

result
true. s Boolean.
TrueString, Boolean.FalseString,
false,
, :
, Parse(),

750 II. C#
Array
Array
System. #. ,
C#
. , Array,
. 21.11, . 21.12.
Array : ICloneable, ICollection,
IEnumerable, IStructuralComparable, IStructuralEquatable, IList.
, ICloneable, System.
Collections, 25.
IComparer
IComparer<T>. IComparer System.
Collections. Compare()
, .
int Compare(object , object )
, ;
, ; , , , .
IComparer<T> System.Collections.
Generic. Compare(), .
int Compare( , )
, ,
, , , , ,
, . IComparer<T>
, .
, ,
.

.
21.11. , Array
public bool IsFixedSize .

{ get; }
true, ,
false,

public bool IsReadOnly .
{ get; }
true, Array
, false.
true
public bool
.
IsSynchronized { get; } true,
,
false.
true
21. System
751
. 21.11
public int Length {

. int
get; }

public long LongLength
. long
{ get; }

public int Rank { get; } .
public object SyncRoot
. ,
{ get; }

21.12. , Array
public static
ReadOnlyCollection<T>
AsReadOnly<T>(T[] array)
public static int
BinarySearch(Array array,
object value)
public static int

BinarySearch<T>(T[] array,
T value)
public static int

object value, IComparer
comparer)
public static int

T value, IComparer<T>
comparer)
public static int

int index, int length,
object value)

, ,
array
value
array.
. ,
. array

value
array.
. ,
. array

value
, array,
,
comparer.
. ,
. array

value
array, ,
comparer.
.
, .
array
value
array. ,
index,
, length.

. ,
. array

752
II. C#
. 21.12
public static int

int index, int length, T
value)
public static int

object value, IComparer
comparer)
public static int

BinarySearch<T>(T [] array,
T value, Icomparer<T>
comparer)
public static void

Clear(Array array, int
index, int length)
public object Clone()
public static void

ConstrainedCopy(Array
sourceArray, int sourceIndex,
Array destinationArray, int
destinationIndex, int length)
value
array. ,
index,
, length.

. ,
. array

value
array, ,
comparer.
, index,
,
length.
. ,
. array

value
array, ,
comparer.
, index,
,
length.
. ,
. array

array
, null
false
: , .
, ,
,
index, ,
length
.
, ,
".
, , ,
,

,
length,
sourceArray, ,
sourceIndex,
destinationArray, ,
21. System
753
. 21.12
destinationIndex.
,
ConstrainedCopy()
,
.
,
destinationArray
public static []
ConvertAll<TInput,
>(TFrom[] array,
Converter<TOutput, TTo>
converter)
public static void
Copy(Array sourceArray,
Array destinationArray, int
length)
public static void

Array destinationArray, long
length)
public static void

int sourceIndex, Array
destinationArray, int
destinationlndex, int
length)
array TInput
TOutput
. .
,
converter
,
length, sourceArray
destinationArray,
.
, ()
" ,
.
,
destinationArray

,
length, sourceArray
destinationArray,
.
, ()
" ,
.
,
destinationArray

,
length, sourceArray,
,
sourceArray[sourceIndex],
destinationArray, ,
destinationArray[desti
nationIndex].
, ()
",
.
,
destinationArray

754
II. C#
. 21.12
public static void

long sourceIndex, Array
destinationArray, long
destinationIndex, long
length)
public void CopyTo(Array

array, int index)
public void CopyTo(Array

array, long index)
public static Array

CreateInstance(Type
elementType, int length)
public static Array
Createlnstance(Type
elementType, int length1,
int length2)
public static Array
Createlnstance(Type
elementType, int length1,
int length2, int length3)
public static Array
Createlnstance(Type
elementType, params int[]
lengths)
public static Array
Createlnstance(Type
elementType, params long[]
lengths)
,
length, sourceArray,
,
sourceArray[sourceIndex],
destinationArray, ,
destinationArray[desti
nationIndex].
, ()
" ,
.
,
destinationArray

array, ,
array[index].
,
array

array, ,
array[index].
,
array
,
elementType,
length

length1length2.
elementType

length1length2length3.
elementType
,
lengths.

elementType
,
lengths.

elementType
21. System
755
. 21.12
public static Array

Createlnstance(Type
elementType, int[]lengths,
int[] lowerBounds)
public static bool

Exists<T>(T[] array,
Predicate<T> match)
public static T Find<T>(T[]

array, Predicate<T> match)
public static T[]

FindAll<T>(T[] array,
Predicate<T> match)
public static int
FindIndex<T>(T[] array,
Predicate<T> match)
public static int
FindIndex<T>(T[]array, int
startIndex, Predicate<T>
match)
public static int

FindIndex<T>(T[] array,
int startlndex, int count,
Predicate<T> match)
public static T
FindLast<T>(T[] array,
Predicate<T> match)
,
lengths.

elementType.
lowerBounds.
, ,
,

true,
array ,
,
match,
false
array,
,
match,
default()
array,
,
match,

array, ,
match,
-1

array,
, match.
,
array[startIndex].
, ,
, -1

array,
, match.
,
array[startIndex],
, count.
,
, , -1
array,
,
match,
default()
756
II. C#
. 21.12
public static int

FindLastIndex<T>([] array,
Predicate<T> match)
public static int
FindLastIndex<T>(T[] array,
int startIndex, Predicate<T>
match)
public static int

FindLastIndex<T>(T[] array,
int startIndex, int count,
Predicate<T> match)
public static void

ForEach<T>(T[]array,
Action<T> action)
public IEnumerator
GetEnumerator()
public override int

GetHashCode()
public int GetLength(int
dimension)
public long GetLongLength(int

dimension)
public int GetLowerBound(int

dimension)

array, ,
match,
-1

array, ,
match.
,
array[startIndex],
array[0]. ,
, ,
-1

array, ,
v.
,
array[start],
, count.
,
, , -1
,
action, array

.
.
25
-
.
,

0
dimension,
1 ..

long.
,

0 dimension,
1 ..

, .
dimension
21. System
757
. 21.12
public int GetUpperBound(int

dimension)
public object GetValue(int

index)
public object GetValue(long
index)
index1, int index2)
index1, long index2)
index1, int index2, int
index3)
index1, long index2, long
idx3)
public object GetValue(int[]
indices)
public object
GetValue(long[] indices)
public static int

IndexOf(Array array, object
value)
,

0 dimension,

1 ..

. dimension
,

0
dimension,
1 ..

index.

index.

[index1, index2].

[index1, index2].

[index1, index2,
index3].

[index1, index2,
index3].

.

indices

.

indices
,
value array.
,
-1. (
,
, 1.)
758
II. C#
. 21.12
public static int

IndexOf<T>(T[] array, T
value)
public static int
value, int startIndex)
public static int

public static int

value, int startIndex, int
count)
public static int

count)
public void Initialize()
public static int

LastlndexOf(Array array,
object value)
,
value array.
,
-1
,
value array.
,
array[startIndex].
-1, . (
,

, 1.)
,
value array.
,
array[startIndex].
-1,
,
value array.
,
array[startIndex],
,
count. -1,
. (
,

, 1.)
,
value array.
,
array[startIndex],
,
count. -1,

,
.

,
value array.
,
-1. (
,
, 1.)
21. System
759
. 21.12
public static int

LastIndexOf<T>(T[] array, T
value)
,
value
array. ,
-1
public static int
,
LastlndexOf(Array array,
value array.
object value, int startIndex) ,
array[startIndex],
[0].
-1, . (
,

, 1.)
public static int
,
LastIndexOf<T>(T[] array, T
value array.

, [startIndex],
[0].
-1,
public static int
,
LastIndexOf(Array array,
value array.
object value, int startIndex, ,
int count)
array[startIndex],
,
count. -1,

. (
,
, 1.)
public static int
,
LastIndexOf<T>(T[]array, T
value array.
,
count)
array[startIndex],
,
count. -1,

public static void
newSize array
Resize<T>(ref T[] array, int
newSize)
public static void

Reverse(Array array)
array
public static void

Reverse(Array array, int
array ,
index, int length)
,
array[index], ,
length
760
II. C#
. 21.12
public void SetValue(object

value, int index)
value
index.

value
value, long index)
index.

value
value, int index1, int index2) [index1,
index2].
value
value, long index1, long index2)
[index1,
index2].
value
value, int index1, int
[index1, index2,
index2, int index3)
index3].
value
value, long index1, long
[index1, index2,
index2, long index3)
index3].
value
value, int[] indices)
.

indices
value
value, long[]indices)
.

indices
public static void
array .
Sort(Array array)

public static void
array .
Sort<T>(T[]array)

public static void
array ,
Sort(Array array, IComparer
,
comparer)
comparer.
public static void
array ,
Sort<T> (T[] array,
,
Comparison<T> comparer)
comparer.
public static void
array ,
Sort<T> (T[] array,
,
IComparer<T> comparer)
comparer.
public static void

Sort(Array keys, Array
. keys
items)
, items ,
. ,
-.

21. System
761
. 21.12
public static void

Sort<TKey, TValue>(TKey[]
keys, TV[] items)

. keys
, items ,
. ,
-.

public static void

, ,
items, Icomparer comparer)
comparer. keys
, items ,
. ,
-.

public static void

, ,
keys, TValue[] items,
comparer. keys
IComparer<TKey> comparer)
, items ,
. ,
-.

public static void
array
Sort(Array array, int index,
, ,
int length)
array[index],
, length.

public static void
array
Sort<T>(T[] array, int
, ,
index, int length)
array[index],
, length.

public static void Sort(Array array
array, int index, int length, , ,
IComparer comparer)
array[index],
, length,
,
v.
public static void
array
Sort<T>(T[] array, int
, ,
index, int length,
array[index],
Icomparer<T> comparer)
, length,
,
comparer.
762
II. C#
. 21.12
public static void

Items, int index, int
length)
public static void

keys, TValue[] items, int
index, int length)
public static void

items, int index, int
length, IComparer comparer)
public static void

keys, TV items, int index,
int length, Icomparer<TKey>
comparer)

, ,
index,
, length.
keys ,
items ,
. ,
-.

, ,
index,
, length.
keys ,
items ,
. ,
-.

, ,
index,
, length,
,
comparer. keys
, items ,
. ,
".

, ,
index,
, length,
,
comparer. keys
, items ,
. ,
..

21. System
763
. 21.12
public static bool

TrueForAll<T>([] array,
Predicate<T> match)
true,
array
, match.

,
false

.
Array . ,
Sort()
,
"-".
, BinarySearch().
, Sort()
BinarySearch() int.
// .
using System;
class SortDemo {
int[] nums = { 5, 4, 6, 3, 14, 9, 8, 17, 1, 24, -1, 0 };
// .
// .
Array.Sort(nums);
// .
// 14.
int idx = Array.BinarySearch(nums, 14);
Console.WriteLine(" 14: " +
idx);
}
}
.
: 5 4 6 3 14 9 8 17 1 24 -1 0
: -1 0 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 14 17 24
14: 9
764 II. C#
int,
. , Array,
C# .
.
,
IComparable IComparable<T>.
,

. , ,
IComparable IComparable<T>, .
IComparable .
int CompareTo(object obj)
,
obj. ,
obj, ;
, , obj,
.
IComparable<T>
IComparable.
CompareTo().
CompareTo()
.
, other.
, other, ;
, ,
other, . IComparable<T>
, ,
, ,
object .
,
.
// .
using System;
class MyClass : IComparable<MyClass> {
public int i;
public MyClass(int x) { i = x; }
// IComparable<MyClass>.
public int CompareTo(MyClass v) {
return i - v.i;
}
public bool Equals(MyClass v) {
return i == v.i;
}
21. System
765
}
class SortDemo {
MyClass[] nums = new MyClass[5];
nums[0]
nums[1]
nums[2]
nums[3]
nums[4]
=
=
=
=
=
new MyClass(5);
new MyClass(2);
new MyClass(3);
new MyClass(4);
new MyClass(1);
// .
foreach(MyClass in nums)
Console.Write(.i + " ");
// .
Array.Sort(nums);
// .
foreach(MyClass in nums)
// MyClass (2).
MyClass x = new MyClass(2);
int idx = Array.BinarySearch(nums, x);
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(2): " +
idx);
}
}
.
: 5 2 3 4 1
: 1 2 3 4 5
MyClass(2): 1

. ,
,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
StringComparer IComparer,
Sort() BinarySearch().
22.
766 II. C#
StringComparer System ,
, IComparer IComparer<T>.
StringComparer
IComparer. , StringComparer
, StringComparer
.
.
public static StringComparer

CurrentCulture {get; }
CurrentCultureIgnoreCase {get; }
InvariantCulture {get; }
InvariantCultureIgnoreCase {get; }
public static StringComparer Ordinal
{get; }
OrdinalIgnoreCase {get; }
StringComparer,
.
,
StringComparer.Ordinal.
string[] strs = { "xyz", "one" , "beta", "Alpha" };
// ...
Array.Sort(strs, StringComparer.Ordinal);
int idx = Array.BinarySearch(strs, "beta", StringComparer.Ordinal);

, ,
, .
Reverse().
.
.
// .
using System;
class ReverseDemo {
int[] nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
// .
21. System
767
// .
Array.Reverse(nums);
// .
// .
Array.Reverse(nums, 1, 3);
// .
}
}
.
: 1 2 3 4 5
: 5 4 3 2 1
: 5 2 3 4 1

.
().
.
() .
// .
using System;
class CopyDemo {
int[] source = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int[] target = { 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 };
int[] source2 = { -1, -2, -3, -4, -5 };
// .
foreach(int i in source)
768 II. C#
// .
Console.Write(i,+ " ");
// .
Array.Copy(source, target, source.Length);
// .
// .
Array.Copy(source2, 2, target, 3, 2);
// .
}
}
.
: 1 2 3 4 5
: 11 12 13 14 15
: 1 2 3 4 5
: 1 2 3 -3 -4

System.Predicate,
true false .
.
public delegate bool Predicate<T> (T obj)
, ,
obj. obj ,
true, false.
Array, : Exists(), Find(),
FindIndex() FindAll().

,
. ,
, .
Exists() Find().
// .
using System;
21. System
769
class PredDemo {
// , true,
// v .
static bool IsNeg(int v) {
if(v < 0) return true;
return false;
}
int[] nums = { 1, 4, -1, 5, -9 };
// , nums .
if(Array.Exists(nums, PredDemo.IsNeg)) {
Console.WriteLine(" nums .");
// .
int = Array.Find(nums, PredDemo.IsNeg);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + x);
}
else
Console.WriteLine(" nums .");
}
}
.
nums: 1 4 -1 5 -9
nums .
: -1
Exists() Find()
IsNeg().
IsNeg().
static bool IsNeg(int v) {
Exists() Find()
v. , IsNeg()
v .
Action
Action Array.ForEach()
. Action,
. .
public delegate void Action<T> (T obj)
, ,
obj. Action
Array.ForEach(), obj.
770 II. C#
, Action ForEach(),
.

Action ForEach(). MyClass,
Show() ,
. Neg().
, Show()
. ForEach().
// Action.
using System;
class MyClass {
public int i;
public MyClass(int x) { i = x; }
}
class ActionDemo {
// Action, , .
static void Show(MyClass ) {
}
// Action,
// , .
static void Neg(MyClass ) {
o.i = -o.i;
}
MyClass[] nums = new MyClass[5];
nums[0]
nums[1]
nums[2]
nums[3]
nums[4]
=
=
=
=
=
new
new
new
new
new
MyClass(5);
MyClass(2);
MyClass(3),
MyClass(4);
MyClass(1);

// .
Array.ForEach(nums, ActionDemo.Show);
// .
Array.ForEach(nums, ActionDemo.Neg);
Console.Write(" nums : ");
// .
Array.ForEach(nums, ActionDemo.Show);
}
}
21. System
771
.
nums: 5 2 3 4 1
nums : -5 -2 -3 -4 -1
BitConverter

. ,
, , .
,
,
. .NET
BitConverter.
BitConverter . ,
. 21.13. , .
public static readonly bool IsLittleEndian
true,
, .
.
, , IsLittleEndian
false. .
Intel Pentium .
21.13. , BitConverter
public static long

value
DoubleToInt64Bits(double long
value)
public static byte[]
value
GetBytes(bool value)

value
GetBytes(char value)

value
GetBytes(double value)

value
GetBytes(float value)

value
GetBytes(int value)

value
GetBytes(long value)

value
GetBytes(short value)

value
GetBytes(uint value)

value
GetBytes(ulong value)

772 II. C#
. 21.13

GetBytes(ushort value)
Int64BitsToDouble(long
value)
public static bool
ToBoolean(byte[] value,
int startIndex)
public static char

ToChar(byte[] value, int
index)
ToDouble(byte[] value,
int startIndex)
public static short
ToInt16(byte[] value,
int startIndex)
public static int
int startIndex)
public static long
int startIndex)
public static float
ToSingle(byte[] value,
int startIndex)
ToString(byte[] value)
ToString(byte[] value,
int startIndex)
ToString(byte[] value,
int startIndex, int
length)
ToUInt16(byte[] value,
int startIndex)
public static uint
int startIndex)
value

value double

,
value[startIndex],
bool .
true,
false
,
value[index], char

,
value[startIndex],
double
,
value[startIndex],
short
,
value[startIndex],
int
,
value[startIndex],
long
,
value[startIndex],
float i
value
. ,

value
, value[startIndex].
,

value
, value[startIndex]
,
length. ,

,
value[startIndex],
ushort
,
value[startIndex],
uint
21. System
773
. 21.13
public static ulong

int startIndex)
,
value[startIndex],
ulong
Random
Random.
,
.
,
.
Random .
public Random()
public Random(int seed)
Random,
.
seed, .
, Random, . 21.14.
21.14. , Random
public virtual int Next()
public virtual int Next(int

maxValue)
public virtual int Next(int
minValue, int maxValue)
public virtual void
NextBytes(byte[] buffer)
public virtual double

NextDouble()
protected virtual double
Sample()
,
0 Int32.
MaxValue-1
,
0 maxValue-1
,
minValue
maxValue-1
buffer
.
0 Byte.MaxValue-1

,
, 0,0 1,0

,
, 0,0 1,0.

774 II. C#
, Random
.
// .
using System;
class RandDice {
Random ran = new Random();
Console.Write(ran.Next(1, 7) + " ");
Console.WriteLine(ran.Next(1, 7));
}
}
,
, .
5 2
4 4
1 6
Random.
1 6.
GC
GC " ". ,
, . 21.15.
21.15. , GC
public static
voidAddMemoryPressure(long
bytesAllocated)
public static void
CancelFullGCNotification()
public static void Collect()
public static void Collect(int
generation)
public static void Collect(int
generation, GCCollectionMode
mode)
public static int
CollectionCount(int generation)
public static int
GetGeneration(object obj)
bytesAllocated
,

0
generation
" "
0
generation ,
mode

,
generation

, obj
21. System
775
. 21.15
public static int

GetGeneration(WeakReference wo)

, " ,
wo. "

( ),
.
forceFullCollection
true,

obj,
.

KeepAlive()
" .
maxGenerationThreshold

,
.
largeObjectHeapThreshold
,
.
1 99
bytesAllocated
,

obj.

SuppressFinalize()

obj
,
.
GCNotificationStatus ,
System
,
,
,
millisecondsTimeout.
System
.
System
public static long

GetTotalMemory(bool
forceFullCollection)
public static void

KeepAlive(object obj)
public static void Regist

erForFullGCNotification(in
t maxGenerationThreshold, int
largeObjectHeapThreshold)
public static void

RemoveMemoryPressure(long
bytesAllocated)
public static void
ReRegisterForFinalize(object
obj)
public static void
SuppressFinalize(object obj)
public static
WaitForFullGCApproach()
public static
WaitForFullGCApproach(int
milliseconds Timeout)
public static
WaitForFullGCComplete()
776
II. C#
. 21.15
public static
WaitForFullGCComplete(int
milliseconds Timeout)
public static void

WaitForPendingFinalizers()

" ,
millisecondsTimeout.
GCNotif icationStatus
,
System

,

, GC
:
public static int MaxGeneration { get; }
MaxGeneration ,
. .
, .
" ".
GC .
. ,
" " Collect()
. , " " ,
. ,
, ,
. , " "
.
" ".

GC:AddMemoryPressure() RemoveMemoryPressure().
,
. ,
.
,
,
.
AddMemoryPressure(), CLR
.
RemoveMemoryPressure(), CLR
. , ,
, RemoveMemoryPressure()
,
AddMemoryPressure().
21. System
777
object
object # object. Object
11, #,
. 21.16. object

public Object()
.
21.16. , Object
public virtual bool

Equals(object obj)
public static bool Equals(object

objA, object obj)
protected Finalize()
public virtual int

GetHashCode()
public Type GetType()
protected object
MemberwiseClone()
public static bool
ReferenceEquals(object objA,
object obj)
public virtual string
ToString()
true,
,
, obj.
false
true,
obj ,
obj.
false

" ". C# Finalize()

-,
"" .
, ,

true,
obj obj
.
false
,
Tuple
.NET Framework 4.0
( ). Tuple,
Create()
, Tuple<...>,
.
Create(), .
778
II. C#
public static Tuple<T1, T2, T3>

Create<T1, T2, T3>(T1 item1, T2 item2, T3 item3)
, Tuple<T1, 2, 3>,
item1, item2 item3. ,
,
. , ,
.
IComparable IComparable<T>
IComparable
IComparable<T>, ,
, .NET Framework. IComparable
IComparable<T> 18,
,
. , Array
.
, .
IComparable ,
.
,
obj. ,
obj, ;
, , obj,
.
IComparable
.
public interface IComparable<T>

. CompareTo()
, .
, CompareTo(),
. , IComparable<T>
.
#, IComparable.
IEquatable<T>
IEquatable<T> ,
.
, Equals(), .
21. System
779
bool Equals(T other)

true,
other,
false.
IEquatable<T>
.NET Framework, String.
IEquatable<T>
Equals(Object) GetHashCode(), Object.
IConvertible
IConvertible , String
DateTime. .
, , .
ICloneable
ICloneable,
. ICloneable , Clone(),
.
object Clone()
,
. ,
: . ,
. ,
, .
,
, . ,
, ,
,
, . , Clone()
.
MemberwiseClone(), Object.
,
ICloneable. Test,
X. Test Clone() .
// ICloneable.
using System;
class X {
public int a;
public X(int x) { a = x; }
}
class Test : ICloneable {
780 II. C#
public X ;
public int b;
public Test(int x, int y) {
= new X(x);
b = y;
}
public void Show(string name) {
Console.Write(" " + name + ": ");
Console.WriteLine(".a: {0}, b: {1}", o.a, b);
}
// .
public object Clone() {
Test temp = new Test(o.a, b);
return temp;
}
}
class CloneDemo {
Test ob1 = new Test(10, 20);
obi.Show("ob1");
Console.WriteLine(" ob2 b1.");
Test ob2 = (Test) ob1.Clone();
ob2.Show("ob2");
Console.WriteLine(" b1.. 99, " +
" b1.b - 88.");
b1.. = 99;
b1.b = 88;
b1.Show("b1");
ob2.Show("b2");
}
}
.
b1: .: 10, b: 20
b2 b1.
b2: .: 10, b: 20
b1.. 99, b1.b 88.
b1: .: 99, b: 88
b2: .: 10, b: 20
, b2
b1, .
.
Test, X .
X ,
X .
21. System
781
MemberwiseClone(),
Object Clone().
Clone() .
// .
public object Clone() {
Test temp = (Test) MemberwiseClone();
return temp;
}

.
b1: .: 10, b: 20
b2 b1.
b2: .: 10, b: 20
b1.. 99, b1.b 88.
b1: .: 99, b: 88
b2: .: 99, b: 20
, b1 b2
X.
. b int ,
.
IFormatProvider IFormattable
IFormatProvider GetFormat(),
,
. GetFormat():
object GetFormat(Type formatType)
formatType , .
IFormattable
. :
string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider formatProvider)
format , a formatProvider
.
22.
IObservable<T> IObserver<T>
.NET Framework 4.0 ,
: IObservable<T> IObserver<T>.
( ) (
782 II. C#
).
. Subscribe(),
IObservable<T>
IObserver<T>, .
.
,
IObserver<T>. , OnNext() ,
OnError() , OnCompleted() ,
.
22
String,
C# string.
,
.
String
, ,

.
.
,
C# ,
, .
C#
7,
.
#,
String.

,
.
, C++,
, C#
string.
, string . ,
string .NET
System.String. , C#
, , ,
String.
784
II. C#

. C#
. ,
.
, ,
, "" , .

" ", ""
. , , , ,
, , .
.
, , C#
StringBuilder, System.Text.
string, StringBuilder.
String
String System.
: IComparable, IComparable<string>, ICloneable, IConvertible,
IEnumerable, IEnumerable<char> IEquatable<string>. , String
, , . String

#. C# string
.NET Framework.
String.
String
String ,
.
.
public String(char[ ] value)
public String(char[ ] value, int startIndex, int length)
,
value. value
(length), ,
startIndex.
,
, , :
public String(char , int count)
; a count .
, ,
.
public String(char* value)
public String(char* value, int startIndex, int length)
22.
785
,
value. , ,
value, , .
,
value, (length), ,
startIndex. ,
.
, ,
.
public String(sbyte* value)
public String(sbyte* value, int startIndex, int length)
public String(sbyte* value, int startIndex, int length, Encoding enc)

, value. ,
, value, .
, value,
(length), ,
startIndex.
. Encoding
System.Text. ,
.
.

, .
string str = " ";
, String
String .
public static readonly string Empty
Empty , .. ,
. String,
.
, String ,
.
public char this[int index] { get; }
.
, , . String
, , String
, .
, String ,
.
public int Length { get; }
Length .
786 II. C#
String
String : == !=. ==
. ==
, ,
. == String,
.
!=. String,
. ,
< >=, String ,
. ,
, Compare(), String.
,
. = = !=.
. ( ,
,
, .. .) ,
.

,
. -
, :
.NET Framework . -,
,
, .
, . -,

, . ,

( ), , ,
.
.

,
, Microsoft.

, , , .

. ,
,
(, ,
). ,
,
22.
787
, , , - ,
, . ,

.
String ,
. 22.1. Compare().
,
, , StringComparison,
,
CultureInfo. Compare(),
StringComparison,
. ,
CultureInfo,
. , ,
CultureInfo ,
StringComparison.
22.1.
public static int

Compare(string strA,
string strB)
public static int

string strB, bool
ignoreCase)
public static int

Compare(string
strA, string strB,
StringComparison
comparisonType)
public static int
Compare(string
strA, string strB,
bool ignoreCase,
Culturelnfo culture)
strA strB.
, strA strB;
, strA
strB; , strA strB .

strA strB.
, strA strB;
, strA
strB; , strA strB .
ignoreCase true,

.
.
strA strB.
, strA strB;
, strA strB; ,
strA strB . comparisonType

strA strB,
, culture.
, strA
strB; , strA
strB; , strA strB .
ignoreCase
true,
.
. CultureInfo
788 II. C#
. 22.1
public static int

int indexA, string
strB, int indexB,
int length)
public static int

int IndexA, string
strB, int indexB,
int length, bool
ignoreCase)
public static int

Compare(string
strA, int indexA,
string strB, int
indexB, int length,
StringComparison
comparisonType)
public static int

Compare(string
strA, int indexA,
string strB, int
indexB, int length,
bool ignoreCase,
CultureInfo culture)
strA strB.
strA[indexA] strB[indexB]
,
length. ,
strA strB;
, strA
strB; , strA strB
.

strA strB.
,
length. ,
strA strB;
, strA
strB; , strA strB
. ignoreCase
true,
.
.

strA strB.
,
length. ,
strA strB;
, strA
strB; , strA strB
. comparisonType

strA strB,
,
culture.
, length.
, strA
strB; ,
strA strB; ,
strA strB .
ignoreCase true,

.
. CultureInfo
22.
789
. 22.1
public static int

Compare(string
strA, string strB,
Culturelnfo culture,
CompareOptions
options)
strA strB,
,
culture, ,
options.
, strA strB;
, strA strB; ,
strA strB . CultureInfo
CompareOptions

strA strB,
, culture,
,
options.
, length.
,
strA strB; ,
strA strB; ,
strA strB .
CultureInfo CompareOptions
strA strB
, .
, strA
strB; , strA
strB; , strA strB
strA strB
, .
,
count. ,
strA strB;
, strA strB; ,
strA strB

value. ,
value;
,
value; ,
strB.
,
strB; ,
strB; ,

public static int

Compare(string
strA, int indexA,
string strB, int
indexB, int length,
CultureInfo culture,
CompareOptions
options)
public static int

CompareOrdinal(string
strA, string strB)
public static int

CompareOrdinal(string
strA, int indexA,
string strB, int
IndexB, int count)
public int
CompareTo(object
value)
public int
CompareTo(string
strB)
790 II. C#
. 22.1

Equals(object obj)
true,
,
obj.
,
true,
,
value.
,
true,
,
value. comparisonType

true,
, b.
,

true,
, b.
comparisonType

public bool
Equals(string value)
public bool
Equals(string value,
StringComparison
comparisonType)
public static bool
Equals(string a,
string b)
public static bpol
Equals(string a,
string b,
StringComparison
comparisonType)
StringComparison ,
, . 22.2. ,
, .
, StringComparison
Compare() , , Equals().
.

.
, , StringComparison
, .
22.2. , StringComparison
CurrentCulture
CurrentCultureIgnoreCase
InvariantCulture

,

, ..
22.
791
. 22.2
InvariantCultureIngoreCase
Ordinal
OrdinalIgnoreCase

, ..

.
,
,
,

,
.
, ,
,
Compare() ,
; ,
; , ,
. Compare() ,
, , ,
Equals() = =. , Compare()
. ,
,
, .
Equals(),
. ,
,
, = =.
Compare(),
CompareOrdinal().
, , CompareTo()
.
,
.
Compare(),
Equals(), CompareOrdinal(), = = !=
. ,

.
// .
using System;
class CompareDemo {
string str1 = "alpha";
string str2 = "Alpha";
792
II. C#
string str3 = "Beta";
string str4 = "alpha";
string str5 = "alpha, beta";
int result;
//
// .
result = String.Compare(str1, str2, StringComparison.CurrentCulture)
if(result < 0)
Console.WriteLine(str1 + " " + str2);
else if(result > 0)
else
result = String.Compare(str1, str2, StringComparison.Ordinal);
if(result < 0)
else if(result > 0)
else
// CompareOrdinal().
result = String.CompareOrdinal(str1, str2);
Console.Write(" CompareOrdinal():\n");
if(result < 0)
else if(result > 0)
else
// = = .
// .
if(str1 == str4) Console.WriteLine(str1 + " == " + str4);
// !=.
if(str1 != str3) Console.WriteLine(str1 + " != " + str3);
if(str1 != str2) Console.WriteLine(str1 + " != " + str2);
// ,
// Equals().
if(String.Equals(str1, str2, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
Console.WriteLine(" Equals() " +
" OrdinalIgnoreCase:\n" +
str1 + " " + str2);
22.
793
// .
if(String.Compare(str2, 0, str5, 0, 3,
StringComparison.CurrentCulture) > 0) {
Console.WriteLine(" :" +
"\n3 " + str2 +
" , 3 " + str5);
}
}
}
.
: alpha Alpha
: alpha Alpha
CompareOrdinal():
alpha Alpha
alpha == alpha
alpha != Beta
alpha != Alpha
Equals() OrdinalIgnoreCase:
alpha Alpha
:
3 Alpha , 3 alpha, beta

, .. , . -,
+, 7. -,
, String. ,
+,
.
, , Concat().
.
public static string Concat(string str0, string str1)
, str1,
str0. Concat(),
.
public static string Concat(string str0, string str1,string str2)
Concat() ,
str0, str1 str2.
Concat(), .
public static string Concat(string str0, string str1, string str2, string str3)
Concat() ,
.
794 II. C#
Concat()
:
public static string Concat(params string[] values)
values ,
. Concat()
, ?
.
,
.

Concat() .
// Concat().
using System;
class ConcatDemo {
string result = String.Concat(" ", " ", " ",
" ", " ",
" ", "String." );
Console.WriteLine(": " + result);
}
}
.
: String.
, Concat(),
, .
Concat() ,
, . (
ToString(),
.) Concat().
public static stringConcat(object arg0)
public static stringConcat(object arg0, object arg1)
public static stringConcat(object arg0, object arg1, object arg2)
public static stringConcat(object arg0, object arg1, object arg2, object arg3)
public static stringConcat(params object[] args)

Concat() , arg0,
,
. Concat(), .. object,
,
.
Concat().
// Concat().
using System;
class MyClass {
22.
795
public static int Count = 0;

public MyClass() { Count++; }
}
class ConcatDemo {
string result = String.Concat(" " + 19);
result = String.Concat(" ", 88, " ", 20.0,
" ", false, " ", 23.45M);
MyClass me = new MyClass();
result = String.Concat(me, " ",
MyClass.Count);
}
}
.
: 19
: 88 20 False 23.45
: MyClass 1
Concat()
.
ToString(), .
, Concat():
string result = String.Concat(" " + 19);
Int32.ToString()
19, Concat() .

MyClass Concat().
result = String.Concat(me, " ",
MyClass.Count);
MyClass,
. .
ToString(), MyClass
.
.
return " MyClass";
}

, .
: MyClass 1
796 II. C#
4.0 .NET Framework Concat(),
.
public static string Concat<T>(IEnumerable<T> values)
public static string Concat(IEnumerable<string> values)
,
, ,
values ,
IEnumerable<T>. ,
values. (, , ,
,
StringBuilder.)

String .
, , , ,
. , , ,
.

IndexOf(). .

.
public int IndexOf(char value)
IndexOf() value
. value , -1.
.
, .
IndexOf(),
.
public int IndexOf(String value)
public int IndexOf(String value, StringComparison comparisonType)
,
value, .
StringComparison,
. ,
-1.

LastIndexOf().
.
.
public int LastlndexOf(char value)
LastIndexOf() ,
value
-1, .
LastIndexOf(),
.
22.
797
public int LastlndexOf(string value)

public int LastlndexOf(string value, StringComparison comparisonType)

, value,
.
StringComparison, .
, -1.
String :
IndexOfAny() LastIndexOfAny(). ,
.
.
public int IndexOfAny(char[] anyOf)
public int LastIndexOfAny(char[] anyOf)
IndexOfAny()
anyOf, , LastIndexOfAny()
anyOf,
. ,
-1. ,
.
,
.
StartsWith() EndsWith(). .
public bool StartsWith(string value)
public bool EndsWith(string value)
StartsWith() true,
, value.
EndsWith() true,
, value.
false.

. ,

StringComparison.
public bool StartsWith(string value, StringComparison comparisonType)
public bool EndsWith(string value, StringComparison comparisonType)
,
.
.

.
// .
using System;
class StringSearchDemo {
798
II. C#
string str = "C# .";
int idx;
Console.WriteLine(" str: " + str);
idx = str.IndexOf('');
Console.WriteLine(" 'o': " + idx);
idx = str.LastIndexOf('');
Console.WriteLine(" 'o': " + idx);
idx = str.IndexOf("", StringComparison.Ordinal);
Console.WriteLine(" \"\": " + idx);
idx = str.LastlndexOf("", StringComparison.Ordinal);
Console.WriteLine(" \"\": " + idx);
char[] chrs = { '', '', '' };

idx = str.IndexOfAny(chrs);
" '', '' '': " + idx);
if(str.StartsWith("C# ", StringComparison.Ordinal))
Console.WriteLine(" str \"C# !"");
if(str.EndsWith(".", StringComparison.Ordinal))
Console.WriteLine(" str \".\"");
}
}
.
str: C# .
'': 3
'': 49
"": 22
"": 33
'', '' '': 4
str "C# "
str "."
Contains().
.
public bool Contains(string value)
Contains() true,
, value,
false.
. , ,
.
Contains().
// Contains().
using System;
22.
799
class ContainsDemo {
string str = "C# .";
if(str.Contains(""))
Console.WriteLine(" \"\".");
if(str.Contains(""))
Console.WriteLine(" \"\".");
if(!str.Contains(""))
Console.WriteLine(" \"!" .");
}
}
.
"".
"".
"" .
,
Contains()
, .
"", "".
"", .
,

. . 22.3 ,
String.
22.3. , String
public bool Contains(string value)
public bool EndsWith(string value)
public bool EndsWith(string value,

StringComparison comparisonType)
public bool EndsWith(string value,

bool ignoreCase, CultureInfo
culture)
true,

value. value
,
false
true,

value.
false
true,

value.
false.
comparisonType

true,

value,
800 II. C#
. 22.3
public int IndexOf(char value)
public int IndexOf(string value)
public int IndexOf(char value, int

startIndex)
public int IndexOf(string value,

int startIndex)
public int IndexOf(char value, int

startIndex, int count)

int startIndex, int count)

false.
ignoreCase
true,

.
.

,
culture

value .
,
-1

value .
,
-1

value .
,
startIndex.
-1,

value .
,
startIndex.
-1,

value .
,
startIndex,
,
count. -1,

value .
,
startIndex,
,
count. -1,

value .
22.
801
. 22.3
comparisonType
.
-1,


int startIndex, StringComparison
value .
comparisonType)
,
startIndex.
comparisonType
.
-1,


value .
,
startIndex,
,
count. comparisonType

. -1,

public int LastlndexOf(char value)
value .
,
-1
public int IndexOfAny(char[] anyOf)
anyOf,
.
-1,

anyOf.

public int IndexOfAny(char[] anyOf,
int startIndex)
anyOf,
.
,
startIndex
-1,
anyOf.

public int IndexOfAny(char[] anyOf,
anyOf,
.
,
startIndex,
802
II. C#
. 22.3
count. -1,

anyOf.

public int LastIndexOf(string value)

value .
,
-1
public int LastIndexOf(char value,
int startIndex)
value .
,
,
startIndex,
.
-1,
public int LastIndexOf(string value,
int startIndex)
value
.
, ,
startIndex,
.
-1,

public int LastIndexOf(char value,
value
.
, ,
startIndex,
,
count. -1,

value
.
, ,
startIndex,
,
count. -1,

value .
comparisonType
.
-1,

22.
803
. 22.3

int startIndex, StringComparison
comparisonType)

value
.
, ,
startIndex,
.
comparisonType
.
-1,

value
.
, ,
startIndex,
,
count. comparisonType

. -1,

anyOf,
.
-1,

anyOf.

anyOf,
.

, startIndex,

. -1,

anyOf.

anyOf,
.
,
,
startIndex,
, count,
,
count. -1,

public int LastIndexOfAny(char[]

anyOf)

anyOf, int startIndex)

anyOf, int startIndex, int count)
804
II. C#
. 22.3
public bool StartsWith(string value)
public bool StartsWith(string value,

public bool StartsWith(string value,

bool ignoreCase, CultureInfo
culture)

anyOf.

true,

value.
false
true,

value.
false.
comparisonType

true,

value.
false.
ignoreCase
true,

.
.

,
culture

.
,
. String
Split(), Join().
Split().
, , C# 1.0.
public string[ ] Split(params char[ ] separator)
public string[ ] Split(params char[ ] separator, int count)
Split()
. , ,
. , ,
separator. separator ,
.
, count.
Join(). ,
, 2.0 .NET Framework.
22.
805
public static string Join(string separator, string[] value)

public static string Join(string separator, string[] value,
Join() ,
, value.
, , value,
count, value[startIndex].

, separator.

Split() Join().
// .
using System;
class SplitAndJoinDemo {
string str = " , .";
char[] seps = {' ', '.', ',' };
// .
string[] parts = str.Split(seps);
for(int i=0; i < parts.Length; i++)
Console.WriteLine(parts[i]);
// .
string whole = String.Join(" | ", parts);
Console.WriteLine(whole);
}
}
.
:
:
| | | | | |
"" "".
, "" ,
", ". .
( )
.
806
II. C#
Split(),
StringSplitOptions. ,
. Split().
public string[] Split(params char[] separator,StringSplitOptions options)
public string[] Split(string[] separator, StringSplitOptions options)
public string[] Split(params char[] separator, int count,
StringSplitOptions options)
public string[] Split(string[] separator, int count,
StringSplitOptions options)
Split()
, ,
. , , separator.
separator , .
,
count. options
, ,
. StringSplitOptions
: None RemoveEmptyEntries. options
None,
, . options
RemoveEmptyEntries,
.
,

string[] parts = str.Split(seps);
.
string[] parts = str.Split(seps, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
.
:
:
| | | | |
, , - , ""
, .
,
, . ,

Split() " 100"
, "" "100".
, "" (
), "".
22.
807
, ,
, 10 + 5, ,
.
// .
using System;
class TokenizeDemo {
string[] input = {
"100 + 19",
"100 / 3,3",
"-3 * 9",
"100 - 87"
};
char[] seps = {' '};
for(int i=0; i < input.Length; i++) {
//
string[] parts = input[i].Split(seps);
for(int j=0; j < parts.Length; j++)
Console.Write(parts[j] + " ");
Console.Write(", : ");
double n = Double.Parse(parts[0]);
double n2 = Double.Parse(parts[2]);
switch(parts[1]) {
case "+":
Console.WriteLine(n
break;
case
Console.WriteLine(n
break;
case "*":
Console.WriteLine(n
break;
case "/":
Console.WriteLine(n
break;
}
+ n2);
- n2);
* n2);
/ n2);
}
}
}
.
:
:
:
:
100 + 19 , : 119
100 / 3,3 , : 30,3030303030303
-3 * 9 , : -27
100 - 87 , : 13
4.0, .NET Framework

Join().
808
II. C#
public static string Join(string separator, params object[] values)

public static string Join(string separator, IEnumerable<string>[] values)
public static string Join<T>(string separator, IEnumerable<T>[] values)
,
values.
, ,
values. ,
, values.

, separator.

.
. ,
"print",

.
. , ,
. ,
,
, .
C# .
Trim().
public string Trim()
public string Trim(params char[] trimChars)
Trim()
.
trimChars.
.
.
PadLeft().
public string PadLeft(int totalWidth)
public string PadLeft(int totalWidth, char paddingChar)
PadLeft()
, totalWidth.
, paddingChar,
,
totalWidth.
. totalWidth ,
.
PadRight().
public string PadRight(int totalWidth)
public string PadRight(int totalWidth, char paddingChar)
PadLeft()
, totalWidth.
22.
809
, paddingChar,
,
totalWidth. B
. totalWidth ,
.

.
// .
using System;
class TrimPadDemo {
string str = "";
// .
str = str.PadLeft(10);
Console.WriteLine (" | " + str + "|");
// ,
str = str.PadRight(20);
Console.WriteLine("|" + str + "|");
// .
str = str.Trim();
// # .
str = str.PadLeft(10,'#');
// # .
str = str.PadRight(20, '#');
// #.
str = str.Trim('#');
}
}
.
:
|
|
|
|
||
|######|
|################|
||
810
II. C#
,
Insert():
public string Insert(int startIndex, string value)
value ,
startIndex. .
Remove(). .
public string Remove(int startIndex)
public string Remove(int startIndex, int count)
Remove() , ,
startIndex, .
,
count, , startIndex.
.
Replace(). .
public string Replace(char oldChar, char newChar)
public string Replace(string oldValue, string newValue)
Replace() oldChar
newChar.
oldValue newValue.
.
Insert(),
Remove() Replace().
// , .
using System;
class InsRepRevDemo {
string str = " ";
// .
str = str.Insert(4, " ");
// .
str = str.Replace("", " ");
//
str = str.Replace('', 'X');
// .
str = str.Remove(4, 5);
}
}
22.
811
.
:

String ,
, ToUpper() ToLower().
.
public string ToLower()
public string ToUpper()
ToLower() ,
ToUpper() .
. ,
.
public string ToLower(CultureInfo culture)
public string ToUpper(CultureInfo culture)

.
.
, T o U p p e r I n v a r i a n t ( )
ToLowerInvariant().
public string ToUpperlnvariant()
public string ToLowerlnvariant()
ToUpper() ToLower(), ,

.
Substring()
Substring().
.
public string Substring(int startIndex)
public string Substring(int startIndex, int length)
Substring() , ,
startIndex, .
,
, length, ,
startIndex. .

Substring().
812
II. C#
// Substring().
using System;
class SubstringDemo {
string str = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
Console.WriteLine(" str: " + str);
Console.Write(" str.Substring(15): ");
string substr = str.Substring(15);
Console.WriteLine(substr);
Console.Write(" str.Substring(0, 15): ");
substr = str.Substring(0, 15);
Console.WriteLine(substr);
}
}
.
str: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
str.Substring(15): PQRSTUVWXYZ
str.Substring(0, 15): ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
String
, String
IEnumerable<T>. , , C# 3.0,
String , Enumerable
Queryable, System.Linq.
LINQ,
, .
. 19.
C# , int double,
,
. C#
, ,
. , I ,
.
C# ,
Console.WriteLine(), String.Format() ToString().
. ,
.

:
.
22.
813
. ,
,
. ,
(.. ) .
,
. ,
, .
C#
. ,
.
IFormatProvider, GetFormat().
.NET Framework
. ,
, ,
.
,
, .
3,
.
Console.WriteLine(),
, .

WriteLine().
WriteLine(" ", arg0, arg1, ... , argN);
WriteLine() , +.
:
, , .
:
{argnum, width: fmt}
argnum , ; width
, a fmt . width fmt
.
. ,
{0} arg0, {1} arg1 ..

,
, argnum. ,
,
.
.
fmt,
. ,
. width,

. width
, .

.
814
II. C#

,
. 22.4. ,
. ,

, F2.
22.4.
,
(
)
.

, D

( .

)

( .
)

, F
. F
: F
. f
: f

(
)
, N
,
,
Parse()
. (
"" )
(
A-F)
.

(
A-F)
.

F
f
G
g
N
R r
22.
815
,
. ,

,
.

.
, .

.
//
// .
using System;
class FormatDemo {
double v = 17688.65849;
double v2 = 0.15;
int x = 21;
Console.WriteLine("{0:F2}", v);
Console.WriteLine("{0:N5}", v);
Console.WriteLine("{0:e}", v);
Console.WriteLine("{0:r}", v);
Console.WriteLine("{0:p}", v2);
Console.WriteLine("{0:X}", x);
Console.WriteLine("{0:D12}", x);
Console.WriteLine("{0:C}", 189.99);
}
}
.
17688.66
17.688.65849
1.768866+004
17688.65849
15.00 %
15
000000000021
$189.99
.

, , ,
, . ,
816
II. C#

WriteLine(). ,
, .
.
using System;
class FormatDemo2 {
// .
Console.WriteLine("{0:F2} {0:F3} {0:}", 10.12345);
// .
Console.WriteLine("{2:d} {0:d} {l:d}", 1, 2, 3);
}
}
.
10.12 10.123 1.012345+001
3 1 2
WriteLine() 10.12345
. ,
.
WriteLine() .
, - ,
, .
.
String.Format()
ToString()

WriteLine(), ,
, .
,
.
, Windows, -
, -.
,
.
String.Format(),
ToString(), # .
.
String.Format()
Format(),
String, .
22.
817
. 22.5. Format() WriteLine(),

, ,
.
22.5. Format()

Format(string format,
object arg0)
arg0
,
format. format,

arg0
,
object arg0, object arg1) format, arg1
. format,

arg0, arg1 arg2
,
object arg0, object arg1, format. format,
object arg2)

, args,
,
params object[] args)
format.
format,

, args,
Format(IFormatProvider
,
provider, string format,
format,
params object[] args)
provider. format,

,
String.Format().
, .
// String.Format() .
using System;
class FormatDemo {
double v = 17688.65849;
double v2 = 0.15;
int x = 21;
string str = String.Format("{0:F2}", v);
818
II. C#
str = String.Format("{0:N5}", v);
str = String.Format("{0:e}", v);
str = String.Format("{0:r}", v);
str = String.Format("{0:p}", v2);
str = String.Format("{0:X}", x);
str = String.Format("{0:D12}", x);
str = String.Format("{0:C}", 189.99);
}
}
WriteLine(), String.Format()
,
.
,
1 10.
// Format().
using System;
class FormatDemo2 {
int i;
int sum = 0;
int prod = 1;
string str;
/*
1 10. */
for(i=1; i <= 10; i++) {
sum += i;
prod *= i;
str = String.Format(":{0,3:D} :{1,8:D}",
sum, prod);
}
}
}
.
22.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
1
3
6
10
15
21
28
36
45
55
819
:
1
:
2
:
6
:
24
:
120
:
720
:
5040
:
40320
: 362880
: 3628800
.
str = String.Format(":{0,3:D} :{1,8:D}", sum, prod);
Format()
: ( sum),
( prod). ,
, WriteLine(),
Format() , , , ": ".
.
ToString()

, ,
Int32 Double, ToString().
ToString().
public string ToString(" ")
ToString()
, "
", . ,
188.99
.
string str = 189.99.ToString("");
,
ToString() . ,
WriteLine() Format(),
, ToString()
.
,
ToString()
. , .
// ToString() .
using System;
class ToStringDemo {
820
II. C#
double v = 17688.65849;
double v2 = 0.15;
int x = 21;
string str = v.ToString("F2");
str = v.ToString("N5");
str = v.ToString("e");
Console.WriteLine (str);
str = v.ToString("r");
str = v2.ToString("p");
str = x.ToString("X");
str = x.ToString("D12");
str = 189.99.ToString("C");
}
}

, C# ,
.. , , ,
. ,
,
(.. ) . I
, .
-
,
( ) , .
, . 22.6.
.
.
- # , .
.
, #,
.
22.
821
. #
,
.
.
, #,
,
. #
. , ,
, . ,
, , #.##,
, .
- 0.
22.6. -
-
#
.

, ,

,
%
0
;
0 +0 -0
0 +0 -0
- 0
,
.
, . ,
:
Console.WriteLine("{0:00##.#00}", 21.3);
.
0021.300
, ,
, .

, ,
#. , :
Console.WriteLine("{0:#,###.#}", 3421.3);
.
3,421.3.
.
,
. ,
:
822
II. C#
Console.WriteLine("{0:#,###.#}", 8763421.3);
.
8,763,421.3.
.
, .
1000. ,
:
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:#,###,.#}", 8763421.3);
.
: 8,763.4
,
.
-,
,
, . ,
:
Console.WriteLine(" : (0:##.# }", 21.3);
.
: 21.3

, \t \n.
-
.
, .
.
. ,
"". ,
"". ,
+ +.
, , - -.
; ,
.
, ;.
_; _; _
.
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.##; (#.##);0.00}", num);
num ,
. num ,
,
. num ,
0.00. ,
. ,
22.
823
, _
. (
.) , _.
_ _
. _
, .

, .
// .
using System;
class PictureFormatDemo {
double num = 64354.2345;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + num);
// 2 .
Console.WriteLine(" 2 : " +
"(0:#.##)", num);
// 2
// .
Console.WriteLine(" : (0:#,###.##}", num);
// .
"{0:#.###+00}", num);
// , .
Console.WriteLine(" : " + "(0:#0,)", num);
/* - ,
. */
Console.WriteLine(" - ," +
" .");
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.#;(#.##);0.00}", num);
num = -num;
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.##;(#.##);0.00}", num);
num = 0.0;
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.##;(#.##);0.00}", num);
// .
num = 0.17;
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:#%}", num);
}
}
.
: 64354.2345
2 : 64354.23
: 64,354.23
824
II. C#
: 6.435+04
: 64
- , .
64354.2
(64354.23)
0.00
: 17%

,
: DateTime. , .
.
.
06/05/2005
Friday, January 1, 2010
12:59:00
12:59:00 PM
, -
. .NET Framework
.

. . 22.7.

.
22.7.

D
d
F
f
G
gg
m
O
o
R
r
S

,

, M
, . ,
O,
.
, O

, R

22.
825
. 22.7

;
(UTC)

, Y
U
u
Y
y

.
// , .
using System;
class TimeAndDateFormatDemo {
DateTime dt = DateTime.Now; //
Console.WriteLine(" d: {0:d}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" D: {0:D}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" t: {0:t}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" T: {0:T}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" f: {0:f}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" F: {0:F}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" g: {0:g}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" G: {0:G}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" m: {0:m}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" M: {0:M}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" : (0:o)", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" O: (0:O}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" r: {0:r}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" R: {0:R}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" s: {0:s}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" u: {0:u}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" U: {0:U}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:}", dt);
Console.WriteLine("Y format: {0:Y}", dt);
}
}
, , ,

.
826
II. C#
d:
D:
t:
T:
f:
F:
g:
G:
m:
M:
:
:
r:
R:
s:
u:
U:
:
Y:
2/11/2010
Thursday, February 11, 2010
11:21 AM
11:21:23 AM
Thursday, February 11, 2010 11:21 AM
Thursday, February 11, 2010 11:21:23 AM
2/11/2010 11:21 AM
2/11/2010 11:21:23 AM
February 11
February 11
2010-02-11T11:21:23.3768153-06:00
2010-02-11T11:21:23.3768153-06:00
Thu, 11 Feb 2010 11:21:23 GMT
Thu, 11 Feb 2010 11:21:23 GMT
2010-02-11T11:21:23
2010-02-11 11:21:23Z
Thursday, February 11, 2010 5:21:23 PM
February, 2010
February, 2010
.
, .

ToString() DateTime.

, , .
// .
using System;
class SimpleClock {
string t;
int seconds;
DateTime dt = DateTime.Now;
seconds = dt.Second;
for(;;) {
dt = DateTime.Now;
//
if (seconds != dt.Second) {
seconds = dt.Second;
t = dt.ToString("T");
if(dt.Minute==0 && dt.Second==0)
t = t + "\a"; //
Console.WriteLine(t);
}
}
}
}
22.
827

,
.

. , (.. ) ,
.
-, . 22.8.
22.8. -
-
d
dd
1 31
1 31.
1 9

,
.
f
1 12
1 12.
1 9
0 23
0 23.
1 9
, .

(UTC)
DateTime.Kind. (
Z.)
. 1 9

1 12
1 12.
1 9

. 1 9

" , .. ( )
P.M. ( )
ddd
dddd
f, ff, fff, ffff,
fffff, ffffff, fffffff
g
h
hh
H
HH
m
mm
M
MM
MMMM
s
ss
t
828
II. C#
. 22.8
tt
A.M. P.M.
,
. 1
9

.
1 9

,
fmt
z
zz
zzz
:
/
%fmt
. 22.8, , - d, f, g, m, M, s t
, - . 22.7.
, ,
. . ,
-,
%.

.
// , .
using System;
class CustomTimeAndDateFormatsDemo {
DateTime dt = DateTime.Now;
Console.WriteLine(": {0:hh:mm tt}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" 24- : {0:HH:mm}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(": {0:ddd dd, yyyy}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(": {0:gg}", dt);
"{0:HH:mm:ss tt}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" m: {0:m}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" m: {0:%m}", dt);
}
}
22.
829
(

).
: 11:19 AM
24- : 11:19
: Thu Feb 11, 2010
: A.D.
: 11:19:40 AM
m: February 11
: 19

4.0, .NET Framework
TimeSpan , .
TimeSpan ,
DateTime .
TimeSpan ,
.
TimeSpan
: , g G.
,
( ). ,
TimeSpan ,
. 22.9. ,
, %.
22.9. -
-
d, dd, ddd, dddd,

ddddd, dddddd, ddddddd
. -
d, , ,
,
( , ).
hh,
,
( , ).
mm,
,
( , ).
ss,
,
. -
f ,
. -
F ,

h, hh
m, mm
s, ss
f, ff, fff, ffff,

fffff, ffffff, fffffff
F, FF, FFF, FFFF,
FFFFF, FFFFFF, FFFFFFF
830
II. C#

TimeSpan ,
1000 for.
// TimeSpan.
using System;
class TimeSpanDemo {
DateTime start = DateTime.Now;
//
for(int i = 1; i <=
Console.Write(i +
if((i % 10) == 0)
}
1 1000.
1000; i++){
" ");
DateTime end = DateTime.Now;
TimeSpan span = end - start;
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
:
:
:
:
{0:c}", span);
{0:g}", span);
{0:G}", span);
0.{0:fff} ", span);
}
}
,

,
.
981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990
991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000
: 00:00:00.0140000
: 0:00:00.014
: 0:00:00:00.0140000
: 0.014

C# , .
, ,
. . 22.10.
G F. ,
, Flags. ,
,
22.
831
2. Flags
, , , ,
G. F
,
, .
22.10.

D
d
F
f
G
g
X

, D
.
,
,
, , Flags

, F
.
Flags,
, , ,
, G
.

( )
, X

.
// .
using System;
class EnumFmtDemo {
enum Direction { North, South, East, West }
[Flags] enum Status { Ready=0x1, OffLine=0x2,
Waiting=0x4, TransmitOK=0x8,
ReceiveOK=0x10, OnLine=0x20 }
Direction d = Direction.West;
Console.WriteLine("{0:G}", d);
Console.WriteLine("{0:F}", d);
Console.WriteLine("{0:D}", d);
Console.WriteLine("{0:X}", d);
Status s = Status.Ready | Status.TransmitOK;
832
II. C#
Console.WriteLine("{0:G}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:F}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:D}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:X}",
s);
s);
s);
s);
}
}
.
West
West
3
00000003
Ready, TransmitOK
Ready, TransmitOK
9
00000009
23
.
:
#

.
, .

. ,

.

,
#, , .NET
Framework. C#

,

. , C#

.
4.0 .NET Framework
,
. TPL
(Task Parallel Library
), PLINQ (Parallel LINQ
).

,
()
. , TPL
.
,
834
II. C#
TPL,
.
- . -,
,
.
, , . -,
, TPL, -
, . -,
TPL , ,
- ,
. TPL
, .
, ,
,
.
. ,

.

:
. .
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
.
" ".

, . ,
. ,
, ,
.

:
,
.
,
,
,
. , -,
, , ,
, ().
23. . :
835

- .
-
. ,
,
, ,
.
. ,
; ,
; , :. ;
; ;
, .
.NET Framework :
.
, .
, ,
.

,
.
C# ,
.
,
, . ,
.
.
C# .NET Framework
: . C#
, , .
,
,
. C#
, ,
C#
.
, ,
System.Threading. C#
.
using System.Threading;
Thread
Thread,
. Thread , ..
. Thread ,
.
.
836
II. C#

Thread,
.. , System.Threading.
Thread:
public Thread(ThreadStart )
, ,
a ThreadStart , .NET Framework,
.
public delegate void ThreadStart()
, , ,
void .
,
Start(), Thread.
Start(). .
public void Start()
, ,
, . ,
.
Start() , ,
ThreadStateException.

.
// .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int Count;
string thrdName;
public MyThread(string name) {
Count = 0;
thrdName = name;
}
// .
public void Run() {
Console.WriteLine(thrdName + " .");
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" " + thrdName + ", Count = " + Count);
Count++;
} while(Count < 10);
Console.WriteLine(thrdName + " .");
}
23. . :
837
}
class MultiThread {
// MyThread.
MyThread mt = new MyThread(" #1");
// .
Thread newThrd = new Thread(mt.Run);
// , .
newThrd.Start();
do {
Console.Write(".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while (mt.Count != 10);
}
}
.
MyThread,
. Run() 0 9.
Sleep(), Thread.
, ,
, .
, .
Sleep():
public static void Sleep(int _)
_ ,
. _
, ,
, .
Main() Thread
.
// MyThread.
// .
Thread newThrd = new Thread(mt.Run);
// , .
newThrd.Start();
,
MyThread.
Thread,
mt.Run(). , Start().
838 II. C#
mt.Run() .
Start() Main(),
do-while. ,
, .
. ( ,
.)
.
#1 .
.... #1,
.... #1,
.... #1,
.... #1,
.... #1,
.... #1,
.... #1,
.... #1,
.... #1,
.... #1,
#1 .
.
Count
Count
Count
Count
Count
Count
Count
Count
Count
Count
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
,
, .
, .
, ,
.
, .

. Count
do-while Main(),
10, Sleep().
,

.

,
, . -,
, .
Thread MyThread.
-, MyThread ,
Thread Name.
Name
, .
,
.
23. . :
839
// .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int Count;
public Thread Thrd;
Count = 0;
Thrd = new Thread(this.Run);
Thrd.Name = name; //
Thrd.Start(); //
}
// .
void Run() {
Console.WriteLine(Thrd.Name + " .");
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" " + Thrd.Name + ", Count = " + Count);
Count++;
}
}
class MultiThreadImproved {
// MyThread.
do {
Console.Write(".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while (mt.Count != 10);
}
}
, .
, Thrd MyThread.

.
, . ,
.
// .
840
II. C#
using System;
class MyThread {
public int Count;
public Thread Thrd;
Count = 0;
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run() {
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Count++;
}
}
class MoreThreads {
// .
MyThread mt1 = new MyThread(" #1");
do {
Console.Write(".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while(mt1.Count < 10 ||
mt2.Count < 10 ||
mt3.Count < 10);
}
}

.
. #1 .
#2 .
#3 .
.... #1, Count = 0
#2, Count = 0
#3, Count = 0
23. . :
..... #1, Count
#2,Count = 1
#3,Count = 1
..... #1, Count
#2, Count = 2
#3, Count = 2
..... #1, Count
#2, Count = 3
#3, Count = 3
..... #1, Count
#2, Count = 4
#3, Count = 4
..... #1, Count
#2, Count = 5
#3, Count = 5
..... #1, Count
#2, Count = 6
#3, Count = 6
..... #1, Count
#2, Count = 7
#3, Count = 7
..... #1, Count
#2, Count = 8
#3, Count = 8
..... #1, Count
#1 .
#2, Count = 9
#2 .
#3, Count = 9
#3 .
.
841
= 1
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, ,
.
, ,
.

, .
Count.
. ,
Thread
. , ,
IsAlive, .
public bool IsAlive { get; }
IsAlive true, ,
, - . "" IsAlive
MoreThread
, .
842
II. C#
// IsAlive .
class MoreThreads {
// .
do {
Console.Write(".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while(mt1.Thrd.IsAlive &&
mt2.Thrd.IsAlive &&
mt3.Thrd.IsAlive);
}
}
,
. ,
IsAlive .

Join(). .
public void Join()
Join() , , ,
. ,
. ,
ThreadStateException. Join()
,
.
Join() ,
.
// Join().
using System;
class MyThread {
public int Count;
public Thread Thrd;
Count = 0;
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run() {
23. . :
843

do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Count++;
} While(Count < 10);
}
}
// Join() ,
// .
class JoinThreads {
// .
mt1.Thrd.Join();
Console.WriteLine(" #1 .");
mt2.Thrd.Join();
mt3.Thrd.Join();
}
}
.
, ,
, .
.
#1 .
#2 .
#3 .
#1, Count
#2, Count
#3, Count
#1, Count
#2, Count
#3, Count
#1, Count
#2, Count
#3, Count
#1, Count
#2, Count
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
844
II. C#
#3, Count
#1, Count
#2, Count
#3, Count
#1, Count
#2, Count
#3, Count
#1, Count
#2, Count
#3, Count
#1, Count
#2, Count
#3, Count
#1, Count
#2, Count
#3, Count
#1, Count
#1 .
#2, Count
#2 .
#3, Count
#3 .
#1 .
#2 .
#3 .
.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
= 9
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,
Join().

.NET Framework ,
, , ,
. - ,
,
. ,
.
Start(), Thread, ,
.
Start().
public void Start(object )
, ,
, . ,
, Start().
Start()
Thread:
public Thread(ParameterizedThreadStart )
,
. ,
23. . :
845
ParameterizedThreadStart, ThreadStart, ,
. ParameterizedThreadStart
, .
public delegate void ParameterizedThreadStart(object obj)
, object.
Thread ,
, object.

.
// .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int Count;
public Thread Thrd;
// ,
// MyThread int.
public MyThread(string name, int num) {
Count = 0;
// ParameterizedThreadStart
// .
Thrd.Name = name;
// num Start()
// .
Thrd.Start(num);
}
// , Run()
// object.
void Run(object num) {
Console.WriteLine(Thrd.Name + " " + num);
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Count++;
} while(Count < (int) num);
}
}
class PassArgDemo {
846
II. C#
// ,
// MyThread.
MyThread mt = new MyThread(" #1", 5);
MyThread mt2 = new MyThread(" #2", 3);
do {
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while (mt.Thrd.IsAlive'| mt2.Thrd.IsAlive);
}
}
,
.
#1 5
#2 3
#2, Count =
#1, Count =
#1, Count =
#2, Count =
#2, Count =
#2 .
#1, Count =
#1, Count =
#1, Count =
#1 .
.
0
0
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1
2
2
3
4
, ,
. MyThread
Run(), ,
ParameterizedThreadStart Start().
IsBackground
, .NET Framework
: .
, , ,

. .
, IsBackground,
Thread, .
public bool IsBackground { get; set; }
,
true IsBackground. false ,
.
23. . :
847

, ,
. ,
, . ,

, . , ,
,
, .
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
Priority, Thread.
:
public ThreadPriority Priority{ get; set; }
ThreadPriority ,
.
ThreadPriority.Highest
ThreadPriority.AboveNormal
ThreadPriority.Normal
ThreadPriority.BelowNormal
ThreadPriority.Lowest
ThreadPriority.
Normal.
,
, :
. MyThread.
Run() ,
. , 1000000000
stop true.
stop false. ,
1000000000, true
stop.
. currentName
. ,
, . ,
,
currentName. .
.
848
II. C#
// .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int Count;
public Thread Thrd;
static bool stop = false;
static string currentName;
/* . ,
. */
Count = 0;
Thrd.Name = name;
currentName = name;
}
// .
void Run() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + Thrd.Name + " .");
do {
Count++;
if(currentName != Thrd.Name) {
currentName = Thrd.Name;
Console.WriteLine(" " + currentName);
}
} while(stop == false && Count < 1000000000);
stop = true;
Console.WriteLine(" " + Thrd.Name + " .");
}
}
class PriorityDemo {
MyThread mt1 = new MyThread(" ");
// .
mt1.Thrd.Priority = ThreadPriority.AboveNormal;
mt2.Thrd.Priority = ThreadPriority.BelowNormal;
// .
mt1.Thrd.Start();
mt2.Thrd.Start();
mt1.Thrd.Join();
mt2.Thrd.Join();
Console.WriteLine(" " + mt1.Thrd.Name +
23. . :
849
" " + mt1.Count);

Console.WriteLine(" " + mt2.Thrd.Name +
" " + mt2.Count);
}
}
.
.

.

.
.
1000000000
23996334
, 98% ,
. ,
,
, Windows.
- ,
.
, ,

, .
, , ,
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
, , .
- ,
, .
.
850
II. C#
,
.
,
. ,
.
#.
. lock.
C# ,
, .
# .
:
lock(lockObj) {
//
}
lockObj .
, . lock
, , ,
, .
, .
.
,
.
, . , ,
, ,
,
.
lock(this).
, this .
,
lock(this), .
, .
, .
C# lock(this).
,
.

SumIt(),
.
// .
using System;
class SumArray {
int sum;
object lockOn = new object(); // ,
//
public int SumIt(int[] nums) {
23. . :
851
lock(lockOn) { //
sum = 0; //
for(int i=0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
sum += nums[i];
Thread.CurrentThread.Name + " " + sum);
Thread.Sleep(10); //
}
return sum;
}
}
}
class MyThread {
public Thread Thrd;
int[] a;
int answer;
// SumArray
// MyThread.
static SumArray sa = new SumArray();
// ,
public MyThread(string name, int[] nums) {
a = nums;
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start(); //
}
// .
void Run() {
answer = sa.SumIt(a);
Console.WriteLine(" " + Thrd.Name + " " + answer);

}
}
class Sync {
int[] a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
MyThread mt1 = new MyThread(" #1", a);
mt1.Thrd.Join();
mt2.Thrd.Join();
}
}
852
II. C#
,
.
#1 .

#2 .

#1 .

#2 .
#1 1
#1
#1
#1
#1
#2
#1 15
3
6
10
15
1
#2
#2
#2
#2
#2 15
3
6
10
15
,
, 15.
. .
SumArray, SumIt(),
. MyThread,
sa SumArray. ,
SumArray MyThread.
.
, sum SumArray.
SumIt() ,
sum, .
, SumIt()
. , , Sync, ,
.
lock SumIt()
. , lock
lockOn . ,
. Sleep()
, ,
. SumIt() ,
. ,
, SumIt() ,
.
.
,
SumIt().
SumIt() , ,
.
sum, ,
SumIt(). ,
SumIt() ,
23. . :
853
, sum
.
SumIt().
#1 .

#2 .

#1 .

#2 .
#1 1
#2
#1
#2
#1
#2
#1
#2
#1
#2
#1 29
1
3
5
8
11
15
19
24
29
#2 29
,
SumIt() ,
sum.
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
.

,
,
. , ,
- .
,
. lock
. ? ,
:
,
lock.
. , SumIt()
, lockOn .
SumIt() MyThread.
// .
using System;
854
II. C#
class SumArray {
int sum;
public int SumIt(int[] nums) {
sum = 0; //
for (int i=0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
sum += nums[i];
Thread.CurrentThread.Name + " " + sum);
}
return sum;
}
}
class MyThread {
public Thread Thrd;
int[] a;
int answer;
/* SumArray
MyThread. */
static SumArray sa = new SumArray();
// .
public MyThread(string name, int[] nums) {
a = nums;
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start(); //
}
// .
void Run() {
// SumIt().
lock(sa) answer = sa.SumIt(a);
Console.WriteLine(" " + Thrd.Name +
" " + answer);
}
}
class Sync {
int[] a = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
mt1.Thrd.Join();
mt2.Thrd.Join();
}
}
23. . :
855
sa.SumIt(),
SumIt(). ,
.
// SumIt().
lock(sa) answer = sa.SumIt();
sa ,
.
, .
Monitor
lock C#
, Monitor,
System.Threading. , ,
. ,
Enter(), Exit().
:
public static void Enter(object obj)
public static void Exit(object obj)
obj . ,
Enter() ,
. Enter() Exit() ,
lock
. lock " "
#.
, Monitor .
TryEnter(), .
public static bool TryEnter(object obj)
true,
obj, false.
.
TryEnter()
, .
, Monitor Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll(),
.

Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll()
. lock,
R, .
? ,
R, ,
. ,

856
II. C#
. ,
.
,
,
. C#
Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll().
Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll() Monitor
.
. ,
Wait(). ,
,
. ,
, Pulse() PulseAll().
Pulse() ,
. PulseAll()
.
Wait().
public static bool Wait(object obj)
public static bool Wait(object obj, int _)

, ,
, _.
obj , .
Pulse() PulseAll():
public static void Pulse(object obj)
public static void PulseAll(object obj)
obj .
Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll() ,
, lock,
SynchronizationLockException.
Wait() Pulse()
Wait() Pulse(),
,
"" "". TickTock,
: Tick() (). Tick()
"", () "".
: Tick(), ().
, ,
"" "",
"-", .
// Wait() Pulse() .
using System;
23. . :
class TickTock {
object lockOn = new object();
public void Tick(bool running) {
lock(lockOn) {
if(!running) { //
Monitor.Pulse(lockOn); //
return;
}
Console.Write(" ");
Monitor.Pulse(lockOn); // Tock()
Monitor.Wait(lockOn); // Tock()
}
}
public void Tock(bool running) {
lock(lockOn) {
if(!running) { //
return;
}
Monitor.Pulse(lockOn); // Tick()
Monitor.Wait(lockOn); // Tick()
}
}
}
class MyThread {
public Thread Thrd;
TickTock ttOb;
// .
public MyThread(string name, TickTock tt) {
ttOb = tt;
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run() {
if(Thrd.Name == "Tick") {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.Tick(true);
ttOb.Tick(false);
}
else {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.Tock(true);
ttOb.Tock(false);
}
}
}
857
858
II. C#
class TickingClock {
TickTock tt = new TickTock();
MyThread mt1 = new MyThread("Tick", tt);
MyThread mt2 = new MyThread("Tock", tt);
mt1.Thrd.Join();
mt2.Thrd.Join();
}
}
.

. Main() tt
TickTock, .
Run() MyThread Tick,
"", Tick(). ,
"", ().
true apiy. , true,
, false.

Tick() (). Tick(),
.
lock(lockOn) {
if((running) { //
return;
}
Console.Write(" ");
Monitor.Pulse(lockOn); // Tock()
Monitor.Wait(lockOn); // Tock()
}
}
Tick() lock. ,
Wait() Pulse()
. Tick() ,
. false,
. Pulse(),
, .
. Tick(),
"" , Pulse(),
23. . :
859
Wait(). Pulse()
, Wait() Tick()
, Pulse() .
, Tick(), "" ,
,
.
Tock() Tick(), ,
"". , Tock()
"", Pulse(), Tock()
. Tick() Tock()
, .. .
, Pulse() ,
Wait(). , Wait()
, Tick() Tock(), .
, ,
. Pulse() ,
.
Pulse() , .
, "",
<Ctrl+C>. , Wait()
Tock(), Pulse() , ,
Tock() ,
.
, , ,
, , , Wait() Pulse(),
.
TickTock .
Wait() Pulse() .
// TickTock.
class TickTock {
object lockOn = new object();
lock(lockOn) {
if(!running) { //
return;
}
Console.Write(" ");
}
}
lock(lockOn) {
if(!running) { //
return;
}
}
}
}
860
II. C#

, Tick() k() !

,
. ,
, ,
, , , -
. , ,
. ,
, !
,
, .
TickTock . ,
Pulse() Tick() k()
, ""
. -
, ,
.

. , "
", .
,
. ,
,
.
, :

. , " ",
, .
, , .
,
.
MethodImplAttribute

MethodImplAttribute.
lock , .
23. . :
861
MethodImplAttribute
Sstem.Runtime.
CompilerServices. ,
:
public MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions methodImplOptions)
methodImplOptions .
MethodImplOptions.Synchronized.
,
this. static, .
.
, ,
TickTock, MethodImplOptions
.
// MethodImplAttribute .
using System;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
// TickTock,
// MethodlmplOptions.Synchronized.
class TickTock {
/* Tick(). */
[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)]
if(!running) { //
Monitor.Pulse(this); //
return;
}
Console.Write(" ");
Monitor.Pulse(this); // Tock()
Monitor.Wait(this); // Tock()
}
/* Tock(). */
[MethodImplAttribute(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)]
if(!running) { //
Monitor.Pulse(this); //
return;
}
Monitor.Pulse(this); // Tick()
Monitor.Wait(this); // Tick()
}
}
class MyThread {
public Thread Thrd;
TickTock ttOb;
862
II. C#
// .
public MyThread(string name, TickTock tt) {
ttOb = tt;
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run() {
if(Thrd.Name == "Tick") {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.Tick(true);
ttOb.Tick(false);
}
else {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.Tock(true);
ttOb.Tock(false);
}
}
}
class TickingClock {
TickTock tt = new TickTock();
MyThread mt1 = new MyThread("Tick", tt);
MyThread mt2 = new MyThread("Tock", tt);
mt1.Thrd.Join();
mt2.Thrd.Join();
}
}
, .

, lock
MethodImplAttribute .
. lock
#, , , .
MethodImplAttribute
. lock,
, .

, ,
lock. , , ,
23. . :
863
, ,
.NET Framework.
: .

. , .
,
. ,
,
.
.
System.Threading.Mutex.
. .
public Mutex()
public Mutex(bool initiallyOwned)
,
.
, initiallyOwned true.
.
,
WaitOne() . WaitOne() Mutex
Thread.WaitHandle. .
public bool WaitOne();
WaitOne() , ,
. ,
, .
true.
,
ReleaseMutex(), .
public void ReleaseMutex()
ReleaseMutex() ,
, .

WaitOne() ReleaseMutex() ,
.
Mutex myMtx = new Mutex();
// ...
myMtx.WaitOne(); //
// .
myMtx.ReleaseMutex(); //
864
II. C#
WaitOne()
, .
ReleaseMutex()
.
.

.
IncThread DecThread, :
SharedRes.Count. IncThread SharedRes.Count
, DecThread .
SharedRes.Count
Mtx, SharedRes.
// .
using System;
// ( Count),
// (Mtx), .
class SharedRes {
public static Mutex Mtx = new Mutex();
}
// SharedRes.Count .
class IncThread {
int num;
public Thread Thrd;
public IncThread(string name, int n) {
num = n;
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run() {
// .
SharedRes.Mtx.WaitOne();
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
SharedRes.Count++;
", SharedRes.Count = " + SharedRes.Count);
num--;
} while(num > 0);
23. . :

// .
SharedRes.Mtx.ReleaseMutex();
}
}
class DecThread {
int num;
public Thread Thrd;
public DecThread(string name, int n) {
Thrd = new Thread(new ThreadStart(this.Run));
num = n;
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run() {
// .
SharedRes.Mtx.WaitOne();
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
SharedRes.Count--;
", SharedRes.Count = " + SharedRes.Count);
num--;
} while(num > 0);
// .
SharedRes.Mtx.ReleaseMutex();
}
}
class MutexDemo {
// .
IncThread mt1 = new IncThread(" ", 5);
Thread.Sleep(1); //
DecThread mt2 = new DecThread(" ", 5);
mt1.Thrd.Join();
865
866
II. C#
mt2.Thrd.Join();
}
}
.
.
.
.
, SharedRes.Count
, SharedRes.Count
, SharedRes.Count
, SharedRes.Count
, SharedRes.Count
.
.
, SharedRes.Count
, SharedRes.Count
, SharedRes.Count
, SharedRes.Count
, SharedRes.Count
.
=
=
=
=
=
1
2
3
4
5
=
=
=
=
=
4
3
2
1
0
, (
SharedRes.Count) ,
.
,
, WaitOne()
ReleaseMutex() .
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
SharedRes.Count
SharedRes.Count
SharedRes.Count
SharedRes.Count
SharedRes.Count
SharedRes.Count
SharedRes.Count
SharedRes.Count
SharedRes.Count
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
,
SharedRes.Count , ,
, .
, , ,
. ,
- . .
, .
public Mutex(bool initiallyOwned, string )
public Mutex(bool initiallyOwned, string , out bool createdNew)
.
initiallyOwned
23. . :
867
true, .
,
false.
createdNew true,
, false,
. Mutex,
MutexSecurity.
.
: , ,
WaitOne()
ReleaseMutex(),
. , WaitOne()
, . WaitOne()
ReleaseMutex()
.
, ,
, .
.
, .
, . ,
. .
, .
, ,
. ,
, .
, .
, ,
. ,
.
. , ,
, .
,
. ,
, . ,
, , .

.
System.Threading.Semaphore,
.
:
public Semaphore(int initialCount, int maximumCount)
initialCount
, .. ; maximumCount
, .. ,
.
868 II. C#
, .
WaitOne()
. Semaphore WaitHandle.
WaitOne() , ,
. , ,
.
, ,
Release(). .
public int Release()
public int Release(int releaseCount)
Release() ,
, releaseCount.
,
.
WaitOne()
Release(). WaitOne()
Release() .
, Release(int num),
,
WaitOne().
,
. MyThread
MyThread. ,
.
// .
using System;
//
// .
class MyThread {
public Thread Thrd;
// ,
// .
static Semaphore sem = new Semaphore(2, 2);
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run() {
sem.WaitOne();
23. . :
869

for(char ch='A'; ch < 'D'; ch++) {
Console.WriteLine(Thrd.Name + " : " + ch + " ");
Thread.Sleep(500);
}
// .
sem.Release();
}
}
class SemaphoreDemo {
//
MyThread mt1 = new
MyThread mt2 = new
MyThread mt3 = new
.
MyThread(" #1");
MyThread(" #2");
MyThread(" #3");
mt1.Thrd.Join();
mt2.Thrd.Join();
mt3.Thrd.Join();
}
}
MyThread sem, .
static Semaphore sem = new Semaphore(2, 2);
,
.
, MyThread.Run()
, sem .
, .
, . In Main()
. ,
.
, .
#1
#1
#1
#2
#2
#2
#3
#1
#2
#1
#2
#1
.
.
:
.
.
:
.
:
:
:
:
.
870
II. C#
#3
#3
#2
#3
#3
#3
.
:
.
:
:
.
, , ,
. ,
- . .
Semaphore, .
public Semaphore(int initialCount, int maximumCount, string )
public Semaphore(int initialCount, int maximumCount, string ,
out bool createdNew)
, .
, , ,
, initialCount maximumCount.
, initialCount maximumCount
. createdNew
true, .
initialCount maximumCount .
createdNew false, ,
initialCount maximumCount
. Semaphore,
SemaphoreSecurity.
.

C# : .
:
. ManualResetEvent AutoResetEvent
. EventWaitHandle,
, ,
.
, ,
.
ManualResetEvent AutoResetEvent.
public ManualResetEvent(bool initialState)
public AutoResetEvent(bool initialState)
initialState true,
. false,
.
. , ManualResetEvent
. , ,
WaitOne() , .
,
23. . :
871
WaitOne().
, .
,
, Set(). Set()
, .

WaitOne(), .
Reset() .
AutoResetEvent ManualResetEvent
.
ManualResetEvent ,
Reset(), AutoResetEvent
, ,
,
. AutoResetEvent,
Reset() .

ManualResetEvent.
// ,
// .
using System;
// , .
class MyThread {
public Thread Thrd;
ManualResetEvent mre;
public MyThread(string name, ManualResetEvent evt) {
Thrd.Name = name;
mre = evt;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + Thrd.Name);
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {
Console.WriteLine(Thrd.Name);
Thread.Sleep(500);
}
Console.WriteLine(Thrd.Name + " !");
// .
mre.Set();
}
}
872 II. C#
class ManualEventDemo {
ManualResetEvent evtObj = new ManualResetEvent(false);
MyThread mt1 = new MyThread(" 1", evtObj);
// .
evtObj.WaitOne();
" .");
// .
evtObj.Reset();
mt1 = new MyThread(" 2", evtObj);
// .
evtObj.WaitOne();
" .");
}
}
,
.
1
1
.
1
1
1
1
1 !
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 !
.
, ManualResetEvent
MyThread.
Run() MyThread, Set(),
. Main()
evtObj ManualResetEvent,
, .
23. . :
873
MyThread, evtObj.
. evtObj
,
, MyThread
Set(), evtObj .
.
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
WaitOne() Main().

AutoResetEvent ManualResetEvent,
Reset() Main() .
,
, , .

ManualResetEvent AutoResetEvent
Reset(). , .
Interlocked
, , Interlocked.
,
. ,
Interlocked, , ,
. ,
. Interlocked
, ,
, 64- . .

Interlocked:Increment() Decrement().
:
public static int Increment(ref int location)
public static int Decrement(ref int location)
location ,
.
// .
using System;
// .
class SharedRes {
}
874
II. C#
class IncThread {
public Thread Thrd;
public IncThread(string name) {
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run() {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {
Interlocked.Increment(ref SharedRes.Count);
Console.WriteLine(Thrd.Name + " Count = " + SharedRes.Count);
}
}
}
class DecThread {
public Thread Thrd;
public DecThread(string name) {
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run(){
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {
Interlocked.Decrement(ref SharedRes.Count);
Console.WriteLine(Thrd.Name + " Count = " + SharedRes.Count);
}
}
}
class InterlockedDemo {
// .
IncThread mt1 = new IncThread(" ");
DecThread mt2 = new DecThread(" ");
mt1.Thrd.Join();
mt2.Thrd.Join();
}
}
, .NET Framework 4.0

, Semaphore
AutoResetEvent, .NET Framework, 1.1.
23. . :
875
, .NET
Framework. .NET Framework 4.0
. .
Barrier
CountdownEvent
ManualResetEventSlim
SemaphoreSlim

,
,
ManualResetEvent
Semaphore
, ,
,
.

. ,
- .
.
Thread.
Abort(). .
public void Abort()
Abort()
ThreadAbortException , .
,
, .
Abort() ,
, ,
Abort() Join(). ,
Abort() . ,
, , finally .

Abort() .
// Abort().
using System;
class MyThread {
public Thread Thrd;
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
876
II. C#
// .
void Run() {
for(int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) {
if((i%10)==0) {
Thread.Sleep(250);
}
}
}
}
class StopDemo {
mt1.Thrd.Abort();
mt1.Thrd.Join(); //
}
}
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
.
.
Abort() ,
.
, , .
Abort()
Abort(),
:
23. . :
877
public void Abort (object stateInfo)

stateInfo ,
, .
ExceptionState ThreadAbortException.
.
Abort().
// Abort (object stateInfo).
using System;
class MyThread {
public Thread Thrd;
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run() {
try {
for (int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) {
if((i%10)==0) {
Thread.Sleep(250);
}
}
} catch(ThreadAbortException exc) {
exc.ExceptionState);
}
}
class UseAltAbort {
mt1.Thrd.Abort (100);
mt1.Thrd.Join(); //
878
II. C#
}
}
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
.
, 100
.
, 100
Abort() .
ExceptionState ThreadAbortException,
.
Abort()

.
ThreadAbortException, ResetAbort().

, .
ResetAbort().
public static void ResetAbort()
ResetAbort() ,
.

ResetAbort().
// ResetAbort().
using System;
class MyThread {
public Thread Thrd;
Thrd.Name = name;
Thrd.Start();
}
// .
void Run() {
Console.WriteLine(Thrd.Name + "..");
for(int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) {
23. . :
879
try {
if((i%10)==0) {
Thread.Sleep(250);
}
} catch(ThreadAbortException exc) {
if((int)exc.ExceptionState == 0) {
Console.WriteLine(" ! " +
" " + exc.ExceptionState);
Thread.ResetAbort();
}
else
exc.ExceptionState);
}
}
}
}
class ResetAbort {
mt1.Thrd.Abort(0); //
mt1.Thrd.Abort(100); //
mt1.Thrd.Join(); //
}
}
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
.
! 0
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
, 100
.
880
II. C#
Abort()
, ,
ResetAbort(), .
.

.NET Framework
Thread.Suspend() Thread.
Resume().
. , , ,
Suspend() ,
, ,
, , .
.

, .

ThreadState,
Thread. .
public ThreadState ThreadState{ get; }
,
ThreadState. , .
ThreadState.Aborted
ThreadState.Background
ThreadState.Stopped
ThreadState.Suspended
ThreadState.Unstarted
ThreadState.AbortRequested
ThreadState.Running
ThreadState.StopRequested
ThreadState.SuspendRequested
ThreadState.WaitSleepJoin
, .
ThreadState.WaitSleepJoin ,
Wait(), Sleep() Join().

, C#
, .
, .
, .
Thread,
. CurrentThread,
Thread. .
public static Thread CurrentThread{ get; }
23. . :
881
, .
CurrentThread
, .
, ,
.

, .
// .
using System;
class UseMain {
Thread Thrd;
// .
Thrd = Thread.CurrentThread;
// .
if(Thrd.Name == null)
else
Console.WriteLine(" : " + Thrd.Name);
// .
Console.WriteLine(": " + Thrd.Priority);
// .
Thrd.Name = " ";
Thrd.Priority = ThreadPriority.AboveNormal;
Thrd.Name);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + Thrd.Priority);
}
}
.
.
: Normal
.
:
: AboveNormal
, , ,
. , Main() Join():
Thrd.Join();
,
!
882
II. C#
,
.NET Framework 4.0
.NET Framework 4.0 ,
.
. ,
.
,
. CancellationTokenSource
CancellationToken.
(TPL),
TPL 24.
System.Threading SpinWait,
SpinOnce() SpinUntil(),
. , SpinWait
.
. ,
, SpinLock,
, . Thread Yield(),
, .
.
public static bool Yield()
true,
. , ,
.

, . ,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
, . ,
,
, ! , ,
,
(TPL), .

#. , ,
.
23. . :
883
. C#
Process, System.
Diagnostics.
.

Start(), Process.
:
public static Process Start(string _)
_ ,
.
, Close(),
, .
Close().
public void Close()
.
Windows ,
CloseMainWindow(),
.
public bool CloseMainWindow()
, .
true, ,
false,
. , , , CloseMainWindow()
.
, .
Kill(),
.
public void Kill()
Kill() ,
. ,
, , , .
,
WaitForExit(). .
public void WaitForExit()
public bool WaitForExit(int )
, ,
.
WaitForExit() true,
, false, .
,
.
Windows: WordPad.exe,
WordPad .
884
II. C#
// .
using System;
class StartProcess {
Process newProc = Process.Start("wordpad.exe");
newProc.WaitForExit();
newProc.Close(); //
}
}
WordPad,
" .".
WordPad. WordPad
" .".
24
.
: TPL
, ,
4.0 .NET Framework,
(TPL).

. -,
. -,

. , TPL

. TPL

.

, 4.0 .NET Framework,

(PLINQ). PLINQ
,
, ,
. ,
.
, PLINQ
.
,
TPL PLINQ,
.
.
,
. , ,
,
886
II. C#

. ,
- .
, , TPL PLINQ.
( ) .
TPL System.Threading.Tasks.
System.
Threading,
, , Interlocked.
TPL, PLINQ. , , ,
.
TPL PLINQ.
,
TPL PLINQ.
, .NET Framework
.
TPL PLINQ
,
Thread, 23, -
. , , 23, TPL.
23
#.

TPL,
. .

, . ,
, , ,
.
,
.

Thread,
. TPL,

.
.
. ,
,
Thread. ,
TPL,
.
24. . : TPL
887
Task
TPL Task.
TPL Task, Thread. Task
Thread , , .
Thread . ,
- ,
.
Task -.
, ,
. , , ,
. Task ( TPL)
System.Threading.Tasks.

Task
. Task
, Start(). Task
. ,
:
public Task(Action )
, ,
Action , System.
Action, , .
public delegate void Action()
, ,
. ( ,
Action .)
, ,
Start(). .
public void Start()
Start() .

. MyTask().
Main(),
. MyTask() Main() .
// .
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
class DemoTask {
// .
888
II. C#
static void MyTask() {

Console.WriteLine("MyTask() ");
for(int count = 0; count < 10; count++) {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine (" MyTask(), " + count);
}
Console.WriteLine("MyTask ");
}
// .
Task tsk = new Task(MyTask);
// .
tsk.Start();
// Main() MyTask().
for(int i = 0; i < 60; i++) {
Console.Write(".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
}
}
}
. (
, .)
.
.MyTask()
..... MyTask(),
..... MyTask(),
..... MyTask(),
..... MyTask(),
..... MyTask(),
..... MyTask(),
..... MyTask(),
..... MyTask(),
..... MyTask(),
..... MyTask(),
MyTask
.........
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
, .
, .
Thread.Sleep()
,
MyTask(). ,
, .
24. . : TPL
889
,
, .
. , ,
, MyTask(),
, .
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
// .
public void MyTask() {
for (int count = 0; count < 10; count++) {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" MyTask(), " + count);
}
}
}
class DemoTask {
// MyClass.
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
// me.MyTask().
Task tsk = new Task(mc.MyTask);
// .
tsk.Start();
// Main() MyTask().
for(int i = 0; i < 60; i++) {
Console.Write(".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
}
}
}
, .
, MyTask()
MyClass.
890
II. C#
: ,
, . ,
, , .

Thread; Task Name
. Id
, . Id
int. .
public int Id { get; }
, .
, .
, .

CurrentId. ,
static .
public static Nullable<int> CurrentID { get; }
,
.
,
.
// Id CurrentId.
using System;
class DemoTask {
// , .
Console.WriteLine("MyTask() " + Task.CurrentId + " ");
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" MyTask() #" + Task.CurrentId +
", " + count );
}
Console.WriteLine("MyTask " + Task.CurrentId + " ");
}
// .
Task tsk2 = new Task(MyTask);
24. . : TPL
891
// ,
tsk.Start();
tsk2.Start();
Console.WriteLine(" tsk: " + tsk.Id);
Console.WriteLine(" tsk2: " + tsk2.Id);
// Main() .
for(int i = 0; i < 60; i++) {
Console.Write (".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
}
}
.

tsk: 1
tsk2: 2
.MyTask() 1
MyTask() 2
..... MyTask() 1, 0
MyTask() 2, 0
..... MyTask() 2, 1
MyTask() 1, 1
..... MyTask() 1, 2
MyTask() 2, 2
..... MyTask() 2, 3
MyTask() 1, 3
..... MyTask() 1, 4
MyTask() 2, 4
..... MyTask() 1, 5
MyTask() 2, 5
..... MyTask() 2, 6
MyTask() 1, 6
..... MyTask() 2, 7
MyTask() 1, 7
..... MyTask() 1, 8
MyTask() 2, 8
..... MyTask() 1, 9
MyTask 1
MyTask() 2, 9
MyTask 2
......... .

, ,
Main(), ,
Thread.Sleep(). .
892
II. C#
,
, Task.
Wait(),
, .
.
public void Wait()
.
ObjectDisposedException.
, Dispose().
, AggregateException, ,
. ,
.
, , , ,
AggregateException.
, ,
, .
, ,
.
,
Wait() .
Main(), ,
tsk tsk2.
// Wait().
using System;
class DemoTask {
// , .
Console.WriteLine("MyTask() " + Task.CurrentId + " ");
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" MyTask() #" + Task.CurrentId +
", " + count );
}
Console.WriteLine("MyTask " + Task.CurrentId + " ");
}
// .
Task tsk2 = new Task(MyTask);
24. . : TPL
893
// .
tsk.Start();
tsk2.Start();
Console.WriteLine(" tsk: " + tsk.Id);
Console.WriteLine(" tsk2: " + tsk2.Id);
// Main() ,
// tsk tsk2
tsk.Wait();
tsk2.Wait();
}
}
.

tsk: 1
tsk2: 2
MyTask() 1
MyTask() 2
MyTask() 1,
MyTask() 2,
MyTask() 1,
MyTask() 2,
MyTask() 1,
MyTask() 2,
MyTask() 1,
MyTask() 2,
MyTask() 1,
MyTask() 2,
MyTask() 1,
MyTask() 2,
MyTask() 1,
MyTask() 2,
MyTask() 1,
MyTask() 2,
MyTask() 1,
MyTask() 2,
MyTask() 1,
MyTask 1
MyTask() 2,
MyTask 2
.
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
, Main()
, tsk tsk2. , ,
,
tsk tsk2 Wait(). ,
tsk2, tsk.Wait() -
tsk. tsk2.Wait()
, tsk2 .
894
II. C#
Wait(),
,
WaitAll(). .
, .
.
public static void WaitAll(params Task[] tasks)
, ,
tasks. params,
Task
. ,
AggregateException.
, WaitAll() ,
.
tsk.Wait();
tsk2.Wait();
Task.WaitAll(tsk, tsk2);
,
.
,
, . ,
, WaitAll() .
,
, . , WaitAll()
, ,
. ( Wait(),
, .)
,
. WaitAny().
.
public static int WaitAny(params Task[] tasks)
, ,
tasks Task
Task. , .
.
WaitAny() ,
.
Task.WaitAny(tsk, tsk2);
, Main() , ,
.
Wait(), WaitAll()
WaitAny(), ,
. (
.)
24. . : TPL
895
Dispose()
Task IDisposable,
Dispose(). .
public void Dispose()
Dispose() Task, ,
. , , Task,
" " ( ).
, Dispose().
, ,
.
, , , Dispose()
. ,
, Dispose(),
, , Wait().
Wait(), Dispose().
Dispose() ,
InvalidOperationException.
, , ,
, Dispose()
. ( Dispose()
.
, ,
.)
- Dispose()
Task
. Dispose()
, , . ,
, , Dispose()
.
TaskFactory
,
, ,
StartNew(), TaskFactory. TaskFactory
, .
TaskFactory Factory,
Task. ,
TaskFactory. StartNew()
. :
public Task StartNew(Action action)
action . StartNew()
Task ,
action, . ,
Start() .
896 II. C#
, StartNew()
tsk .
Task tsk = Task.Factory.StartNew(MyTask);
MyTask().
StartNew() ,
.
.
-
, ,
: - .
, - .
. -
,
. -
. , -
.
. MyTask()
-.
// - .
using System;
class DemoLambdaTask {
// - .
Task tsk = Task.Factory.StartNew( () => {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" " + count );
}
} );
// tsk.
tsk.Wait();
// tsk.
tsk.Dispose();
24. . : TPL
897
}
}
.
.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

.
- ,
, tsk.Dispose()
, tsk.Wait().
, Dispose() .
, tsk.Dispose()
tsk.Wait().
, .

TPL
. ,
.
, , ContinueWith(), Task.
:
public Task ContinueWith(Action<Task> _)
_ ,
. Action
Task. , Action,
, .
public delegate void Action<in T>(T obj)
T Task.
.
// .
using System;
898
II. C#
class ContinuationDemo {
// , .
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" MyTask() " + count );
}
}
// , .
static void ContTask(Task t) {
Thread.Sleep(500);
}
}
// .
// .
Task taskCont = tsk.ContinueWith(ContTask);
// .
tsk.Start();
// .
taskCont.Wait();
tsk.Dispose();
taskCont.Dispose();
}
}
.
.
MyTask()
MyTask() 0
24. . : TPL
MyTask()
MyTask()
MyTask()
MyTask()
MyTask()

0
1
2
3
4

.
899
1
2
3
4
,
, . , Main()
. ,
MyTask() ContTask
. , MyTask()
, , .
, .
.
// -.
Task taskCont = tsk.ContinueWith((first) =>

{
Thread.Sleep(500);
}
}
};
first (
tsk).
ContinueWith(), Task ,
, TaskFactory.
ContinueWhenAny() ContinueWhenAll(),
,
.

. .
-, ,
. . -,
,
. ,
.
900
II. C#
, ,
Task<TResult> Task.
Task:
public Task(Func<TResult> )
public Task(Func<Object, TResult> , Object )
. ,
Func, Action. Func ,
. ,
, Object,
. .
, StartNew(),
TaskFactory<TResult>
. ,

Task.
public Task<TResult> StartNew(Func<TResult> )
public Task<TResult> StartNew(Func<Object,TResult> , Object )
, , Result
Task, .
public TResult Result { get; internal set; }
set ,
, , . ,
,
.

. . , MyTask(),
, true bool. ,
SumIt(), , int,
, .
// .
using System;
class DemoTask {
// , .
static bool MyTask() {
return true;
}
// ,
//
static int Sumlt(object v) {
int x = (int) v;
int sum = 0;
24. . : TPL
901
for(; x > 0; x--)

sum += x;
return sum;
}
// .
Task<bool> tsk = Task<bool>.Factory.StartNew(MyTask);
Console.WriteLine(" MyTask: " +
tsk.Result);
// .
Task<int> tsk2 = Task<int>.Factory.StartNew(Sumlt, 3);
Console.WriteLine(" Sumlt: " +
tsk2.Result);
tsk.Dispose();
tsk2.Dispose();
}
}
.
.
MyTask: True
Sumlt: 6
.
Task<TResult>

StartNew<TResult>, .
.
AggregateException
4.0 .NET Framework ,
, .
.
Task, , StartNew().
,
, TPL PLINQ.
.
902
II. C#
, , .
.
,
. (
.) , .
,
ThrowIfCancellationRequested() .
, .
.
CancellationToken,
.. , System.Threading.
CancellationToken ,
. -,
IsCancellationRequested, .
public bool IsCancellationRequested { get; }
true,
, false. -,
ThrowIfCancellationRequested(), .
public void ThrowIfCancellationRequested()
, ,
, OperationCanceledException.
.
,
. ,
AggregateException,
InnerException InnerExceptions. (
InnerExceptions .
25.)
,
CancellationTokenSource,
System. Threading. ,
CancellationTokenSource. (

CancellationTokenSource.) , ,
Token,
.
public CancellationToken Token { get; }
, .

.
: ,
. ,
.
IsCancellationRequested .
true, , ,
24. . : TPL
903
. ,
. , ,
IsCancellationRequested ,
.
, ThrowIfCancellationRequested(),
, ,
Task,
StartNew().
.
StartNew().
public Task StartNew(Action<Object> action, Object ,
CancellationToken _)
,
_. ,
, , Task.
, Action.
Object.
obj CancellationToken.
:
, Dispose().
.
: IsCanceled
Task. true, .
.
.
, ThrowIfCancellationRequested()
MyTask(). ,
. IsCancellationRequested.
true,
Cancel() ,
ThrowIfCancellationRequested()
.
// .
using System;
class DemoCancelTask {
// , .
static void MyTask(Object ct) {
CancellationToken cancelTok = (CancellationToken) ct;
// , , .
cancelTok.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
904
II. C#
// .
if(cancelTok.IsCancellationRequested) {
cancelTok.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
}
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" MyTask() " + count );
}
}
// .
CancellationTokenSource cancelTokSrc = new CancellationTokenSource();
// , .
Task tsk = Task.Factory.StartNew(MyTask, cancelTokSrc.Token,
cancelTokSrc.Token);
// .
Thread.Sleep(2000);
try {
// .
cancelTokSrc.Cancel();
// Main() ,
// tsk.
tsk.Wait();
} catch (AggregateException exc) {
if(tsk.IsCanceled)
Console.WriteLine("\n tsk \n");
// :
// Console.WriteLine();
} finally {
tsk.Dispose();
cancelTokSrc.Dispose();
}
}
}
.
2 .
.
MyTask()
24. . : TPL
MyTask()
MyTask()
MyTask()
MyTask()
,
905
0
1
2
3
.
tsk
.
, MyTask()
Main() . ,
MyTask() .
AggregateException, . tsk ,
,
. , , , AggregateException
, ,
, .
,
AggregateException.
,
,
.

. . ,
, ,
,
.
Aggregate
Exception, ,
. Flatten(),
AggregateException
AggregateException. , Handle(),
, AggregateException.

, .
TaskCreationOptions Task
StartNew(). , TaskFactory
FromAsync(),
( Asynchronous Programming Model).
,
TaskScheduler. ,
, .NET Framework.
. ,
.
906
II. C#
Parallel
, , ,
TPL , Thread.
, TPL
. Parallel,
, :
.
Parallel , For(),
ForEach() Invoke(). .
, For() for, ForEach()
foreach,
. Invoke()
. ,
,
.
.
Invoke()
Invoke(), Parallel,
, .
, , .
.
public static void Invoke(params Action[] actions)

Action. , Action .
public delegate void Action()
, , Invoke()
, , .
actions params,
.
Action,
.
Invoke() ,
. , , (
) Wait().
Wait() . ,
, , ,
. ,
,
, .

Invoke() . MyMeth() MyMeth2()
Invoke().
.
24. . : TPL
907
// Parallel.Invoke() .
using System;
class DemoParallel {
// , .
static void MyMeth() {
Console.WriteLine("MyMeth ");
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" MyMeth " + count );
}
Console.WriteLine("MyMeth ");
}
// , .
static void MyMeth2() {
Console.WriteLine("MyMeth2 ");
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" MyMeth2, " + count );
}
Console.WriteLine("MyMeth2 ");
}
// .
Parallel.Invoke(MyMeth, MyMeth2);
}
}
.
.
MyMeth()
MyMeth2()
MyMeth() 0
MyMeth2() 0
MyMeth() 1
MyMeth2() 1
MyMeth() 2
MyMeth2() 2
MyMeth() 3
908
II. C#
MyMeth2() 3
MyMeth() 4
MyMeth()
MyMeth2() 4
MyMeth2()
.

: Main() ,
Invoke(). , Main(),
MyMeth() MyMeth2(), .
Invoke() , ,
.
,
Invoke() .
,
Invoke() -.
// Parallel.Invoke() .
// -.
using System;
class DemoParallel {
// , -.
Parallel.Invoke( () => {
Console.WriteLine(" #1 ");
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" #1 " + count );
}
},
() => {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" #2 " + count );
}
}
);
24. . : TPL
909
}
}
,
.
For()
TPL , , For(),
Parallel. .
, :
public static ParallelLoopResult
For (int fromInclusive, int toExclusive, Action<int> body)
fromInclusive ,
; , ,
; a toExclusive , .
. ,
fromInclusive
toExclusive .
, body.
Action<int>, .
For() T , , int.
, obj,
. , body,
. For()
ParallelLoopResult, .
. (
.)
For() , ,
, . , ,
. ,
,
. , , ,
-
, - ,
, .

For() . data,
1000000000 . For(), ""
MyTransform(). ,
data.
. ,
,
- .
.
910
II. C#
// Parallel.For()
// .
using System;
class DemoParallelFor {
static int[] data;
// , .
// .
static void MyTrknsform(int i) {

data[i] = data[i] / 10;
if(data[i]
if(data[i]
if(data[i]
if(data[i]
<
>
>
>
10000) data[i] = 0;
10000 & data[i] < 20000) data[i] = 100;
20000 & data[i] < 30000) data[i] = 200;
30000) data[i] = 300;
}
data = new int[100000000];
// for.
for(int i=0; i < data.Length; i++) data[i] = i;
// For().
Parallel.For(0, data.Length, MyTransform);
}
}
. , , for
data. ,
For(), data .
,
. For()
MyTransform() ,
. ,
,
For() .
, , ,
, . , , ,
,
, . for
For() .
,
, , ,
, ,
.
24. . : TPL
911
for,
.
//
// for.
using System;
class DemoParallelFor {
static int[] data;
// , .
// .
static void MyTransform(int i) {

if(data[i]
if(data[i]
if(data[i]
if(data[i]
<
>
>
>
1000) data[i] = 0;
1000 & data[i] < 2000) data[i] = 100;
2000 & data[i] < 3000) data[i] = 200;
3000) data[i] = 300;
}
// Create Stopwatch
// .
Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
data = new int[100000000];
// .
sw.Start();
// .
Parallel.For(0, data.Length, (i) => data[i] = i );
sw.Stop();
"{0} ", sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds);
sw.Reset();
sw.Start();
// .
sw.Stop();
912
II. C#
// .
sw.Start();
// .
Parallel.For(0, data.Length, MyTransform);
sw.Stop();
sw.Reset();
sw.Start();
// .
for(int i=0; i < data.Length; i++) MyTransform(i);
sw.Stop();
"(0) ", sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds);
}
}

.
.
: 1.0537757
: 0.3457628
: 4.2246675
: 5.3849959
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
, . ,
,
.
.
, ,
, Microsoft.
, ,
,
.
24. . : TPL
913
,
. -, ,
-,
.
Parallel.For(0, data.Length, (i) => data[i] = i );
"" -. (, .) ,
For() .
-, Stopwatch
. System.
Diagnostics. ,
, Start(), ,
Stop(), . Reset()
.
.
Elapsed, TimeSpan.
TotalSeconds ,
. , Stopwatch
.
, For()
ParallelLoopResult. , .
public bool IsCompleted { get; }
public Nullable<long> LowestBreakIteration { get; }
IsCompleted true,
. ,
true.
, false.
LowestBreakIteration
,
ParallelLoopState.Break().
ParallelLoopState
For(),
. For() .
public static ParallelLoopResult For(int fromInclusive, int toExclusive,
ActionCint, ParallelLoopState> body)
Action, ,
.
public delegate void Action<in T1, in T2>(T argl, T2 arg2)
For() T1 int,
2 ParallelLoopState. , Action
, rg2.
Break(),
ParallelLoopState ,
body. Break() .
public void Break()
914
II. C#
Break()
,
Break(). Break()
. , ,
. , 10 , ,
10 10 .
, For(),
. , ,
.
,
.

Break() , For().
, ,
MyTransform() ParallelLoopState
, Break()
. ,
, data Main().
. IsCompleted
false, data
. , .
( ,
, :
.)
// ParallelLoopResult ParallelLoopState,
// Break() For() .
using System;
class DemoParallelForWithLoopResult {
static int[] data;
// , .
// .
static void MyTransform(int i, ParallelLoopState pls) {

// .
if(data[i] < 0) pls.Break();
if(data[i]
if(data[i]
if(data[i]
if(data[i]
<
>
>
>
1000) data[i] = 0;
1000 & data[i] < 2000) data[i] = 100;
2000 s data[i] < 3000) data[i] = 200;
3000) data[i] = 300;
}
24. . : TPL
915
data = new int[100000000];
// .
// data.
data[1000] = -10;
// .
ParallelLoopResult loopResult = Parallel.For(0, data.Length, MyTransform);
// , .
if(!loopResult.IsCompleted)
Console.WriteLine("\n - , " +
" \n" +
" " +
loopResult.LowestBreakIteration + "\n");
}
}
, ,
.
.
- ,
1000
.
,
1000 . , Break()
MyTransform()
.
For()
.
, long int
. For(),
, , , ,
.
, : ,
For(), ,
,
Stop(), Break().
ForEach()
ForEach(),
foreach. ForEach().
:
916
II. C#

ForEach<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source,
Action<TSource> body)
source , , a body ,
.
, , ( 25)
IEnumerable<T>. ,
body,
, .
.
For(),
ForEach() , Break()
ParallelLoopState, body, ,
ForEach().
ForEach<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source,
Actior<TSource, ParallelLoopState> body)

ForEach() . ,
. , ,
, .
, WriteLine() ,
- ,
-. WriteLine()
ForEach().

Break(). Break() ,
- ,
,
.
// ParallelLoopResult ParallelLoopState,
// Break() ForEach() .
using System;
class DemoParallelForWithLoopResult {
static int[] data;
// , .
// v
// , .
static void DisplayData(int v, ParallelLoopState pls) {
// .
if(v < 0) pls.Break();
}
24. . : TPL
917

data = new int[100000000];
// .
// data,
data[100000] = -10;
// , ForEach(),
// .
ParallelLoopResult loopResult = Parallel.ForEach(data, DisplayData);
// , .
if(!loopResult.IsCompleted)
Console.WriteLine("\n - , " +
" \n" +
" " +
loopResult.LowestBreakIteration + ".\n");
}
}

, "" . .
- ""
, ForEach().
// , ForEach(),
// .
ParallelLoopResult loopResult =
Parallel.ForEach(data, (v, pis) => {
if (v < 0) pls.Breakf);
});
PLINQ
PLINQ
LINQ TPL. PLINQ , ,
. ,
. TPL, PLINQ ,
.
ParallelEnumerable
PLINQ ParallelEnumerable,
System.Linq. ,
918
II. C#
, .
, LINQ
Enumerable. ParallelQuery,
ParallelQuery. ParallelQuery
,
. , .
ParallelQuery ,
ParallelEnumerable. ,
AsParallel(), .
AsParallel()
PLINQ
. AsParallel()
. AsParallel() ParallelEnumerable
, ParallelQuery.
.

,
. ( ,
, , .) ,
AsParallel()
, LINQ LINQ.
.
, AsParallel().
:
public static ParallelQuery AsParallel(this IEnumerable source)
public static ParallelQuery<TSource>
AsParallel<TSource> (this IEnumerable<TSource> source)
TSource
source.
, PLINQ.
// PLINQ.
using System;
using System.Linq;
class PLINQDemo {
int[] data = new int[10000000];
// .
// .
data[1000] = -1;
data[14000] = -2;
data[15000] = -3;
data[676000] = -4;
24. . : TPL
919
data[8024540] = -5;
data[9908000] = -6;
// PLINQ .
var negatives = from val in data.AsParallel()
where val < 0
select val;
foreach(var v in negatives)
Console.Write(v + " ");
}
}
data,
.
.
. .
var negatives = from val in data.AsParallel()
where val < 0
select val;
AsParallel() ,
data.
data, :
.
. ,

data.
.
-5 -6 -1 -2 -3 -4
, , ,
-5 -6 , -1 ,
. , , , -
,
. ,

.
AsOrdered()
,

. ,

.
, AsOrdered(),
ParallelEnumerable.
:
920
II. C#
public static ParallelQuery AsOrdered(this ParallelQuery source)

AsOrdered<TSource>(this ParallelQuery<TSource> source)
T S o u r c e source.
AsOrdered() ParallelQuery,
ParallelQuery.
,
AsOrdered(),
.
// AsOrdered()
// .
var negatives = from val in data.AsParallel().AsOrdered()
where val < 0
select val;

.

, .
CancellationToken,
CancellationTokenSource.
WithCancellation().
Cancel(), .
:
, OperationCanceledException,
AggregateException. ,
, OperationCanceledException
AggregateException.
.
WithCancellation():
WithCancellation<TSource> (
this ParallelQuery<TSource> source,
CancellationToken CancellationToken)
source , a CancellationToken
. , .

, .
, 100
, . ,
foreach, , Main()
.
// .
using System;
24. . : TPL
921
using System.Linq;
class PLINQCancelDemo {
CancellationTokenSource cancelTokSrc = new CancellationTokenSource();
int[] data = new int[10000000];
// .
// .
data[1000] = -1;
data[14000] = -2;
data[15000] = -3;
data[676000] = -4;
data[8024540] = -5;
data[9908000] = -6;
// PLINQ .
var negatives = from val in data.AsParallel().
WithCancellation(cancelTokSrc.Token)
where val < 0
select val;
// 100 .
Task cancelTsk = Task.Factory.StartNew( () => {
Thread.Sleep(100);
cancelTokSrc.Cancel();
});
try {
foreach(var v in negatives)
Console.Write(v + " ");
} catch(OperationCanceledException exc) {
} catch(AggregateException exc) {
} finally {
cancelTsk.Wait();
cancelTokSrc.Dispose();
cancelTsk.Dispose();
}
}
}
.
,
.
, WithCancellation.
922
II. C#
PLINQ
, PLINQ .
, PLINQ. PLINQ
,
. , WithDegreeOfParallelism()
, ,
AsSequential()
. ,
foreach, ,
ForAll(). ParallelEnumerable.
, PLINQ
, WithExecutionMode(),
ParallelExecutionMode.ForceParallelism.
PLINQ
,
. TPL, ,
, ""
, . ,
, ,
.

Microsoft.
25

.NET Framework:
. #
. .NET Framework
,
.
,

,
. , .NET Framework
,
, , , -.

, ,
#.

.
C# 2.0 .NET Framework
.

.
(TPL) 4.0 .NET
Framework ,
,
.
, Collections API
.NET Framework.
,
, :
.
foreach.
924
II. C#

,
.
.
, ArrayList, Hashtable, Stack Queue,
- .
, .
.NET Framework : ,
, , .
,
, , , , "-".
:
object.
,
, .
, ,
object.
System.Collections.

- . ,
, ,
. System.
Collections.Specialized.
Collections API
BitArray. BitArray
, .. ,
, ,
. BitArray
System.Collections.

, , , .
.
, ,
.
.
System.Collections.Generic.
.
, System.Collections.
Concurrent.
System.Collections.ObjectModel
,
.
,
IEnumerator IEnumerable,
IEnumerator<T> IEnumerable<T>.
.
, .
25. ,
925
IEnumerable,
,
IEnumerator IEnumerator<T>. , ,

, .
,
foreach .
,
IEnumerator IEnumerable,
IEnumerator<T> IEnumerable<T>.
.
, .
IEnumerable,
,
IEnumerator IEnumerator<T>. , ,

, .
,
foreach .
,
. ,
, foreach.
.
:
C++, , , ,
(Standard Template Library STL),
C++. , C++ ,
C# . Java.
Collections Framework Java,
C# .
(,
, , )
.

.NET Framework 1.0.
System.Collections.
,
. , ,
.
.
, . ,

.
,
, .
926 II. C#
,
. .

System.Collections
.
, ,
. ,
, . 25.1.
.
25.1.
ICollection
IComparer
IDictionary
IEnumerable
IEnumerator
IEqualityComparer
IHashCodeProvider
IList
IStructuralComparable
IStructuralEquatable
,

Compare() ,

, "-"
,
IDictionary
GetEnumerator(),

,

.
IEqualityComparer
,

CompareTo(),

Equals(),
, . ,
GetHashCode()
ICollection
ICollection ,
.
. IEnumerable.
ICollection .
Count ,
, . Count
, .
ICollection .
void (Array target, int startIdx)
25. ,
927
int Count { get; }

true,
,
false.
.

,

bool IsSynchronized { get; }
object SyncRoot { get; }
() target,
, startIdx. , ()
C# .
ICollection IEnumerable,
,
IEnumerable. GetEnumerator(), .
IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
.
IEnumerable
ICollection :
AsParallel(), AsQueryable(), Cast() OfType(). , AsParallel()
System.Linq.ParallelEnumerable, AsQueryable()
System.Linq.Queryable, Cast() OfType() System.
Linq.Enumerable. LINQ,
.
IList
IList ,
.
ICollection IEnumerable.
, , IList
. . 25.2.
.
,
NotSupportedException.
25.2. , IList
value .
,
void Clear()

bool Contains (object value) true,
value,
false
int Add(object value)
928 II. C#
. 25.2
int IndexOf(object value)
value,
.
value ,
-1
value
index. ,
index , ,

value
value
. ,
, ,
"
,
index. ,
,
,
void Insert(int index,

object value)
void Remove(object value)
void RemoveAt(int index)
IList Add().
, Add() object.
object ,
, ,
.
Remove() RemoveAt().
, Remove() , RemoveAt()
. Clear().
, ,
Contains(). IndexOf(),
Insert().
IList .
bool IsFixedSize { get; }
bool IsReadOnly { get; }
, IsFixedSize
true. ,
, . ,
IsReadOnly true. ,
.
, IList .
object this[int index] { get; set; }
.
.
Add(). ,
.
25. ,
929
IDictionary
IDictionary
,
. ,
. , , IDictionary,
"-". ,
. IDictionary
ICollection IEnumerable. , IDictionary,
. 25.3. ArgumentNullException
, .
25.3. , IDictionary
void Add(object key,

object value)
void Clear()
", key value

"-"
true,
key ,
false

,
key
bool Contains(object key)
GetEnumerator()
void Remove(object key)
"-" IDictionary
Add(). ,
.
Remove(). Clear().
, ,
Contains() .
GetEnumerator() ,
IDictionary. "-".
IDictionary .
true,

true,

ICollection Keys { get; }
ICollection Values { get; }
bool IsFixedSize { get; }
, , ,
Keys Values.
, IDictionary .
object this[object key] { get; set; }
930 II. C#
,
.
, .
IEnumerable, IEnumerator IDictionaryEnumerator
IEnumerable ,
. ,
IEnumerable ,
ICollection.
GetEnumerator(), IEnumerable.
IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
. IEnumerable
foreach.
IEnumerator .
.
"-" (), GetEnumerator()
IDictionaryEnumerator, IEnumerator.
IDictionaryEnumerator IEnumerator
, .
IEnumerator MoveNext() Reset()
Current.
. , Current ,
. MoveNext()
, Reset() .
IComparer IEqualityComparer
IComparer
.
Compare()
int Compare(object , object )

, ,
; , ;
.
.
IEqualityComparer .
bool Equals(object , object )
int GetHashCode(object obj)
Equals() true,
. GetHashCode() - obj.
IStructuralComparable IStructuralEquatable
IStructuralComparable IStructuralEquatable
4.0 .NET Framework. IStructuralComparable
CompareTo(),
. ( , CompareTo()
, .) .
int CompareTo(object other, IComparer comparer)
25. ,
931
-1,
other; 1, other; , 0,
.
, comparer.
IStructuralEquatable
.
.
bool Equals(object other, IEqualityComparer comparer)
int GetHashCode(IEqualityComparer comparer)
Equals() true,
other . GetHashCode()
- . , ,
. ,
comparer.
DictionaryEntry
System.Collections DictionaryEntry.
"-"
DictionaryEntry. .
public object Key { get; set; }
public object Value { get; set; }
,
. DictionaryEntry
:
public DictionaryEntry(object key, object value)
key , a value .

, ,
, .
, BitArray,
.
ArrayList
, .. ,

- -
, ,

-
, , "

Hashtable
Queue
SortedList
Stack
932 II. C#
ArrayList
ArrayList ,
. C#
, .
, .

. ArrayList.
ArrayList ,
.
ArrayList . ,
.
. ArrayList
#.
. ArrayList
, .
ArrayList ICollection, IList, IEnumerable
ICloneable. ArrayList.
public ArrayList()
public ArrayList(ICollection c)
public ArrayList(int capacity)
ArrayList
. ArrayList
,
. ,
, city.
,
. ArrayList
.
ArrayList , ,
, .
ArrayList . 25.4.
ArrayList , Sort().
BinarySearch()
. ArrayList ,
Reverse().
25.4. , ArrayList
public virtual void

AddRange(Icollection )
public virtual int
BinarySearch(object
value)

ArrayList

value. .
,
.
25. ,
933
. 25.4
public virtual int

BinarySearch(object
value, Icomparer
comparer)

value, ,
comparer.
. ,
.

value, ,
comparer. ,
index,
, count.
.
,
.

array,

array, ,
arrayIndex.

,
, index,
, count,
array, ,
arrayIndex.

list ArrayList

ArrayList.
, index,
,
count.
,
value
.
, -1

, ,
index

value .
, -1
public virtual int

BinarySearch(int index,
int count, object value,
IComparer comparer)
public virtual void

(Array array)
public virtual void
(Array array, int
arrayIndex)
public virtual void
CopyTo(int index, Array
array, int arrayIndex,
int count)
public static ArrayList

FixedSize(ArrayList list)
public virtual ArrayList
GetRange(int index, int
count)
public virtual int

IndexOf(object value)
public virtual void
InsertRange(int index,
ICollection c)
public virtual int
LastlndexOf(object value)
934
II. C#
. 25.4

Readonly(ArrayList list)
list
ArrayList, ,

,
, index,
,
count

, ,
index, ,
count
,
, index,

public virtual void

RemoveRange(int index,
int count)
public virtual void
Reverse()
public virtual void
Reverse(int index, int
count)
public virtual void
SetRange(int index,
ICollection c)
public virtual void
Sort()
public virtual void
Sort(Icomparer comparer)
public virtual void

Sort(int index, int
count, Icomparer
comparer)

Synchronized(ArrayList
list)
public virtual object[]
ToArray()
public virtual Array
ToArray(Type type)
public virtual void
TrimToSize()
,
, comparer.
comparer ,
,
,
, comparer.
,
index, ,
count.
comparer ,
,

ArrayList,
list
,

,
.
type
Capacity
Count
ArrayList ,
. , ArrayList
, InsertRange().
RemoveRange().
25. ,
935
ArrayList
SetRange(). ,
, .
ArrayList .
, ,
Synchronized().
ArrayList Capacity,
, , .
public virtual int Capacity { get; set; }
Capacity
ArrayList. ,
ArrayList .
, ArrayList ,
.
, .
.
,
ArrayList,
Capacity. Count.
, Count ICollection
, .
Capacity Count
ArgumentOutOfRangeException.
ArrayList,
, Capacity
Count. TrimToSize().

ArrayList. ArrayList,
, .
, .
,
. , .
// ArrayList.
using System;
using System.Collections;
class ArrayListDemo {
// .
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
Console.WriteLine(" : " + al.Count);
// .
al.Add('');
936
II. C#
al.Add('A');
al.Add('E');
al.Add('');
al.Add('D');
al.Add('F');
// ,
// .
for(int i=0; i < al.Count; i++)
Console.Write(al[i] + " ");
// .
al.Remove('F');
al.Remove('A');
// , foreach.
foreach(char in al)
// ,
// .
for (int i=0; i < 20; i++)
al.Add((char)('a' + i));
Console.WriteLine(" : " + al.Capacity);
al.Count);
foreach(char in al)
// ,
// .
al[0] = 'X';
al[1] = 'Y';
al[2] = 'Z';
foreach(char in al)
Console.Write(c + "
}
}
25. ,
937
.
: 0
6
: 6
: D F
2
: 4
: D
20
: 32
20 : 24
: C E B D a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t

: X Y Z D a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
ArrayList
ArrayList Sort().
BinarySearch()
.
.
// ArrayList .
using System;
class SortSearchDemo {
// .
// .
al.Add(55);
al.Add(43);
al.Add(-4);
al.Add(88);
al.Add(3);
al.Add(19);
foreach(int i in al)
// .
al.Sort();
// , foreach.
938
II. C#
Console.WriteLine(" 43: " +
al.BinarySearch(43));
}
}
.
: 55 43 -4 88 3 19
: -4 3 19 43 55 88
43: 3
ArrayList
.
. ,
, .
,
. .
ArrayList
ArrayList
. rr().
. :

, , .
ArrayList
, .
// ArrayList .
using System;
class ArrayListToArray {
// .
al.Add(1);
al.Add(2);
al.Add(3);
al.Add(4);
// .
25. ,
939
int[] ia = (int[]) al.ToArray(typeof(int));

int sum = 0;
// .
for(int i=0; i<ia.Length; i++)
sum += ia[i];
}
}
.
: 1 2 3 4
: 10
.
ToArray() int .
. Array ,
ToArray(),
int[]. (, Array #.)
, .
Hashtable
Hashtable ,
-. ,
- ,
. , , .
- ,
, . -
, - .
,
,
. Hashtable IDictionary,
ICollection, IEnumerable, ISerializable, IDeserializationCallback
ICloneable.
Hashtable .
.
public
public
public
public
Hashtable()
Hashtable(IDictionary d)
Hashtable(int capacity)
Hashtable(int capacity,
float loadFactor)
Hashtable.
Hashtable
d. Hashtable
, , capacity.
Hashtable ,
capacity loadFactor.
, ,
940
II. C#
0,1 1,0. -
. , ,
, . ,
,
1,0.
Hashtable , ,
, .
. 25.5. ,
, Hashtable,
ContainsKey(). ,
, ContainsValue().
Hashtable GetEnumerator(),
IDictionaryEnumerator. , IDictionaryEnumerator
, ,
"-".
25.5. , Hashtable
public virtual bool

ContainsKey(object key)
true,
Hashtable
key,
false
true,
Hashtable
value,
false
Hashtable


Hashtable,
table
public virtual bool

ContainsValue(object value)
public virtual
GetEnumerator()
public static Hashtable
Synchronized(Hashtable table)
Hashtable ,
, . ,
Keys Values,
Hashtable. IDictionary
.
public virtual ICollection Keys { get; }
public virtual ICollection Values { get; }
Hashtable ,
. ,
Hashtable EqualityComparer.
, hcp comparer, .
"-" Hashtable
DictionaryEntry,
25. ,
941
,
. , , Hashtable
, Add(), :
.
, , ,
Hashtable . ,
, , .
,
Hashtable.
// Hashtable.
using System;
class HashtableDemo {
// -.
Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();
// .
ht.Add("", " ");
ht.Add("", " ");
ht.Add("", " ");
ht.Add("", " ");
// .
ht[""] = " ";
// .
ICollection = ht.Keys;
// .
foreach(string str in )
Console.WriteLine(str + ": " + ht[str]);
}
}
.
:
:
:
:
:
, "-"
. ,
- ht.
Keys. - ht
, . ,
,
IDictionary Hashtable.
942
II. C#
SortedList
SortedList , "" , .
SortedList IDictionary, ICollection, IEnumerable
ICloneable.
SortedList , .
public
public
public
public
SortedList()
SortedList(IDictionary d)
SortedList(int initialCapacity)
SortedList(IComparer comparer)
,
.
SortedList, d.
.
SortedList,
, initialCapacity.
, .
comparer ,
. ,
.
SortedList
. ,
, .
SortedList
. ,
, ,
.
SortedList , ,
, .
. 25.6. ,
, SortedList,
Contains(). ,
SortedList, ContainsValue().
SortedList GetEnumerator(),
IDictionaryEnumerator.
,
IDictionaryEnumerator ,
, "-". ,
,
SortedList, Synchronized().
25.6. , SortedList
public virtual bool

ContainsKey(object key)
true,
SortedList
key,
false
25. ,
943
. 25.6
public virtual bool

ContainsValue(object value)
true,
SortedList
value,
false
,
index
SortedList

,
index
SortedList
,
SortedList
SortedList
,
SortedList
key.
, -1

value .
, -1
Index
value
public virtual object

GetBylndex(int index)
public virtual
GetEnumerator()
GetKey(int Index)
public virtual IList
GetKeyList()
public virtual IList
GetValueList()
public virtual int
IndexOfKey(object key)
public virtual int
IndexOfValue(object value)
public virtual void
SetBylndex(int index, object
value)
public static SortedList
Synchronized(SortedList list)
public virtual void
TrimToSize()

SortedList,
list
Capacity
Count
. ,
GetByIndex(),
SetByIndex().
GetKey(),
GetKeyList(). ,
GetValueList().
IndexOfKey(),
IndexOfValue(). , SortedList
, IDictionary
.
SortedList ,
, . Hashtable,
, Keys Values,

944
II. C#
SortedList. IDictionary
.
public virtual ICollection Keys { get; }
public virtual ICollection Values { get; }

SortedList.
Hashtable, "-"
SortedList DictionaryEntry, ,
,
, SortedList.

SortedList. ,
Hashtable,
SortedList. ,
,
.
// SortedList.
using System;
class SLDemo {
// .
SortedList sl = new SortedList();
// .
sl.Add("", " ");
sl.Add("", " ");
sl.Add("", " ");
sl.Add("", " ");
// ,
sl[""] = " ";
// .
ICollection = sl.Keys;
// .
Console.WriteLine(str + ": " + sl[str]);
// , .
for(int i=0; i < sl.Count; i++)
Console.WriteLine(sl.GetByIndex(i));
// .
25. , 945
Console.WriteLine(str + ": " + si.IndexOfKey (str));
}
}
.
.
:
:
:
:
:
.

.
: 0
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
Stack
,
, " ".
,
. , , .

. , , ,
,

, , Stack.
ICollection, IEnumerable ICloneable.
,
. , ,
.
Stack .
public Stack()
public Stack(int initialCapacity)
public Stack(ICollection col)
,
, ,
initialCapacity, ,
col.
.
946
II. C#
Stack , ,
, .
. 25.7.
. ,
Push(). ,
Pop(). ,
, k(). Pop() k(),
, InvalidOperationException.
25.7. , Stack
public virtual void Clear()
Count ,
, ,
true,
obj ,
false
,
,
,
,
obj
public virtual bool

Contains (object obj)
public virtual object Peek()
public virtual object Pop()
public virtual void
Push (object obj)
public static Stack
Synchronized(Stack stack)
ToArray()

Stack,
stack
,

,
, .
// Stack.
using System;
class StackDemo {
static void ShowPush(Stack st, int a) {
st.Push(a);
Console.WriteLine(" : Push(" + a + ")");
foreach(int i in st)
}
static void ShowPop(Stack st) {
Console.Write(" : Pop -> ");
int a = (int) st.Pop();
25. ,
947
Console.WriteLine(a);
}
Stack st = new Stack ();
ShowPush(st, 22);
ShowPush(st, 65);
ShowPush(st, 91);
ShowPop(st);
ShowPop(st);
ShowPop(st);
try {
ShowPop(st);
} catch (InvalidOperationException) {
}
}
}
. ,
InvalidOperationException,
.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Push (22)
22
Push(65)
65 22
Push (91)
91 65 22
Pop -> 91
65 22
Pop -> 65
22
Pop -> 22
Pop -> .
Queue
,
: . ,
, .
948
II. C#
.
, .
, , ,
,
. ,
.
, , Queue.
ICollection, IEnumerable ICloneable.
, ,
. , ,
, 2,0.
Queue .
public
public
public
public
Queue()
Queue (int capacity)
Queue (int capacity, float growFactor)
Queue (ICollection col)

2,0.
, ,
city, 2,0.
( capacity),
( growFactor
1,0 10,0). ,
col.
, 2,0.
Queue , ,
, .
. 25.8.
. ,
Enqueue().
, Dequeue(). ,
, k().
Dequeue() k() , ,
25.8. , Queue
public virtual void Clear()
Count ,
, ,
true,
obj ,
false

.
obj
public virtual bool

Contains(object obj)
Dequeue()
public virtual void
Enqueue(object obj)
25. ,
949
. 25.8
public virtual object Peek()

,

Queue,
queue
,

Capacity
Count
public static Queue

Synchronized(Queue queue)
ToArray()
public virtual void
TrimToSize()

Queue.
// Queue.
using System;
class QueueDemo {
static void ShowEnq(Queue q, int a) {
q.Enqueue(a);
Console.WriteLine(" : Enqueue(" + a + ")");
foreach(int i in q)
}
static void ShowDeq(Queue q) {
Console.Write(" : Dequeue -> ");
int a = (int) q.Dequeue();
Console.WriteLine(a);
foreach(int i in q)
}
Queue q = new Queue();
foreach(int i in q)
950
II. C#
ShowEnq(q, 22);
ShowEnq(q, 65);
ShowEnq(q, 91);
ShowDeq(q);
ShowDeq(q);
ShowDeq(q);
try {
ShowDeq (q);
} catch (InvalidOperationException) {
}
}
}
.
: Enqueue(22)
: 22
: Enqueue(65)
: 22 65
: Enqueue(91)
: 22 65 91
: Dequeue -> 22
: 65 91
: Dequeue -> 65
: 91
: Dequeue -> 91
:
: Dequeue -> .
BitArray
BitArray .
, ,
. BitArray
ICollection IEnumerable
. , BitArray
ICloneable.
BitArray . ,
BitArray
.
public BitArray(bool[] values)
values
. , values
. , values
.
BitArray ,
.
public BitArray(byte[] bytes)
25. ,
951
bytes,
bytes[0] 8 , bytes[1] 8
.. , BitArray
, .
public BitArray(int[ ] values)
values[0] 32 ,
values[1] 32 ..
BitArray,
:
public BitArray(int length)
length ,
false.
, .
public BitArray(int length, bool defaultValue)

defaultValue, .
, BitArray
, .
public BitArray(BitArray bits)
,
bits,
.
BitArray .
, .
BitArray , ,
, .
. 25.9. , BitArray
Synchronized(). ,
, IsSynchronized
false. BitArray
,
SyncRoot.
25.9. , BitArray
public BitArray And(BitArray

value)
value.
BitArray,
public bool Get(int index)

,
index
public BitArray Not()

BitArray,
952
II. C#
. 25.9
public BitArray Or(BitArray

value)

value.
BitArray,
, Index,
value
value
public void Set(int index,

bool value)
public void SetAll(bool
value)
public BitArray Xor(BitArray
value)

value. BitArray,

BitArray , ,
, .
public int Length { get; set; }
Length
. , ,
Count, . Count,
Length , , ,
BitArray. ,
BitArray , .
BitArray ,
false, , .
, BitArray .
public bool this[int index] { get; set; }
.
BitArray.
// BitArray.
using System;
class BADemo {
public static void ShowBits(string rem,
BitArray bits) {
Console.WriteLine(rem);
for(int i=0; i < bits.Count; i++)
Console.Write("{0, -6} ", bits[i]);
}
BitArray ba = new BitArray(8);
byte[] b = { 67 };
BitArray ba2 = new BitArray(b);
25. ,
953
ShowBits(" ba:", b);

ba = ba.Not();
ShowBits(" b NOT:", ba);
ShowBits(" b2:", b2);
BitArray b3 = b.r(b2);
ShowBits(" ba XOR b2:", b);
}
}
.
:
False False False False False False False False
ba NOT:
True True True True True True True True
b2:
True True False False False False ffrue False
ba XOR ba2:
False False True True True True False True

.NET Framework ,

. System.
Collections.Specialized .

CollectionsUtil
HybridDictionary

,
-"
ListDictionary.
Hashtable

, .

,
-, ,
string
,
-
,

-,
-, ,
string
ListDictionary
NameValueCollection
OrderedDictionary
StringCollection
StringDictionary
954
II. C#
, System.Collections
: CollectionBase, ReadOnlyCollectionBase DictionaryBase.

.

Collections API
,
. System.
Collections.Generic. ,

, . ,
LinkedList ,
.

, . , ArrayList
List, HashTable Dictionary.
,

. , ,
.
, ,
, , .
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
. .

System.Collections.Generic
,
. . 25.10.
25.10.
ICollection<T>
IComparer<T>
IDictionary<Tkey, TValue>
Compare()
,
,
"-
25. ,
955
. 25.10
IEnumerable<T>
GetEnumerator(),

,

,

Enumerator<T>
IEqualityComparer<T>
IList<T>
ICollection<T>
ICollection<T> ,
. ICollection<T>
ICollection,
.
, ICollection<T> .
int Count { get; }
Count ,
. IsReadOnly true,
. , ,
false.
, ICollection<T>
. ,
, .
void Add(T item)
item .
NotSupportedException,

void Clear()

bool Contains(T item)
true,
item,
false
void CopyTo(T[] array,
int arrayIndex)
array, ,
arrayIndex
void Remove(T item)
item
. true,
item .
,
false
NotSupportedException, .
956
II. C#
ICollection<T> IEnumerable
IEnumerable<T>,
GetEnumerator().
ICollection<T>
IEnumerable<T>, ,
Enumerable.
LINQ, ,
.
IList<T>
IList<T> ,

. IEnumerable, IEnumerable<T>
ICollection<T>
IList. , IList<T>, .
25.11. .
,
Insert() RemoveAt() NotSupportedException.
25.11. , IList<T>
int IndexOf( item)
item
. item
, -1
void Insert(int index,
item
T item)
index
void RemoveAtfint index) ,
index
, IList<T>
this[int index] { get; set; }

index.
IDictionary<TKey, TValue>
IDictionary<TKey, TValue>
,
. , ,
"-". IDictionary<TKey, TValue>
IEnumerable, IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey,
TValue>> ICollection<KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>>
IDictionary. ,
IDictionary<TKey, TValue>, . 25.12.
ArgumentNullException
.
25. ,
957
25.12. , IDictionary<TKey, TValue>
, key value.
ArgumentException,
key
bool Contains(TKey key)
true,
key
, false
bool Remove(TKey key)
,
key
bool TryGetValue(TKey key,
out TValue value)
key
value.
true,
false. key
, value ,

void Add(TKey key, TValue
value)
, IDictionary<TKey, TValue>
.
ICollection Keys<TKey> { get; }

ICollection Values<TValue> { get; }
, , ,
Keys Values.
, IDictionary<TKey, TValue>
.
TValue this[TKey key] { get; set; }
,
. , , ,
, .
IEnumerable<T> IEnumerator<T>
IEnumerable<T> IEnumerator<T>
IEnumerable
IEnumerator. ,
. ,
, .
IEnumerable<T> GetEnumerator()
.
IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
. ,
.
958
II. C#
, IEnumerable<T> ,
: MoveNext() Reset().
Current.
Current { get; }
. ,
Current .
IEnumerator IEnumerator<T>
: IEnumerator<T> IDisposable,
IEnumerator . IDisposable
Dispose(), .
IEnumerable<T>
IEnumerable. ,
GetEnumerator(). , IEnumerable<T>
IEnumerator, ,
Current.
IComparer<T>
IComparer<T>
IComparer. ,
IComparer<T> .
Compare() .
int Compare( , )
.
, , ;
, ;
.
EqualityComparer. .
bool Equals ( , )
int GetHashCode( obj)
Equals() true,
. GetHashCode() - obj.
, - .
ISet<T>
ISet<T> 4.0 .NET Framework.
, .
IEnumerable, IEnumerable<T>,
ICollection<T>. ISet<T> ,
25. ,
959
. 25.13. ,
IEnumerable<T>. ,
, ISet<T>
ISet<T>
25.13. , ISet<T>
void ExceptWith(Ienumerable<T> ,
other)
other
void

IntersectWith(IEnumerable<T>

other)
other
bool
true,
IsProperSubsetOf(IEnumerable<T>
other)
other,
false
bool IsProperSupersetOf(IEnumera
true,
ble<T> other)

other,
false
bool IsSubsetOf(IEnumerable<T> true,
other)

other,
false
bool
true,
IsSupersetOf(IEnumerable<T>

other)
other,
false
bool Overlaps(IEnumerable<T>
true,
other)
other
,
false
bool SetEquals(IEnumerable<T> true,
other)

other ,
false.
,
other
void SymmetricExceptWith

(IEnumerable<T> other)

other
void UnionWith(IEnumerable<T>
other)

other
960
II. C#
KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>
KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>.
, "", , , Dictionary<TKey, TValue>.
.
public TKey Key { get; };
public TValue Value { get; };
.
KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue> :
public KeyValuePair(TKey key, TValue value)
key , a value .

,
,
.
. System.
Collections.Generic. . 25.14 ,
. .
25.14.
Dictionary<Tkey, TValue>
-".
,
Hashtable
,

.
,
ArrayList
.
, Queue

".
, SortedList

.
, Stack
HashSet<T>
LinkedList<T>
List<T>
Queue<T>
SortedDictionary<TKey,
TValue>
SortedList<TKey, TValue>
SortedSet<T>
Stack<T>
25. ,
961
: SynchronizedCollection<T>
IList<T>; SynchronizedReadOnlyCollection<T>,
lList<T>;
SynchronizedKeyCollection<K, >,
System.ServiceModel.UriSchemeKeyedCollection;
KeyedByTypeCollection<T> ,
.
List<T>
List<T> .
ArrayList.
ICollection, ICollection<T>, IList,
IList<T>, IEnumerable IEnumerable<T>. List<T>
.
public List()
public List(IEnumerable<T> collection)
public List(int capacity)
List
.
List ,
collection .
List, ,
capacity. ,
. ,
,
.
List<T> , ,
, .
. 25.15.
25.15. , List<T>
public virtual void

AddRange(Icollection
collection)
public virtual int
BinarySearch(T item)
collection
ArrayList

, item.
.
,
.
962
II. C#
. 25.15
public int BinarySearch(

item, IComparer<T> comparer)

, item,
,
comparer.
. ,
.

, item,
,
comparer. ,
index,
,
count.
. ,
.

.
,
index,
, count.

,

item .
, -1
collection
, ,
index

item .
, -1
,
, index,
,
count

, ,
index,
, count

public int BinarySearch(int

index, int count, T item,
IComparer<T> comparer)
public List<T> GetRange(int

index, int count)
public int IndexOf(T item)
public void InsertRange(int

index, IEnumerable<T>
collection)
public int LastlndexOf(T
item)
public void RemoveRange(int
index, int count)
public void Reverse()

public void Reverse(int
index, int count)
public void Sort()
25. ,
963
. 25.15
public void
Sort(Imrr<> comparer)
public void
Sort(Comparison<T>
comparison)
public void Sort (int index,
int count, IComparer<T>
comparer)
public T[] ToArray()

public void TrimExcess()
,
,
comparer. comparer
, ,

,

,
,
comparer. ,
index,
, count.
comparer ,
,

,

, 10%
,
List<T> Capacity, ,
, .
.
public int Capacity { get; set; }
Capacity
. ,
.
, .
,
.
.
List<T> ,
IList<T>.
public this[int index] { get; set; }

, index.

List<T>. ,
ArrayList. , ,
ArrayList List,
.
964
II. C#
// List<T>.
using System;
class GenListDemo {
// .
List<char> lst = new List<char>();
Console.WriteLine(" : " + lst.Count);
// .
lst.Add('');
lst.Add('');
lst.Add('');
lst.Add('');
lst.Add('D');
lst.Add('F');
// ,
// .
for (int i=0; i < lst.Count; i++)
Console.Write(lst[i] + " ");
// .
lst.Remove('F');
lst.Remove('');
// , foreach.
foreach(char in lst)
// ,
// .
for(int i=0; i < 20; i++)
lst.Add((char)('a' + i));
Console.WriteLine(" : " + lst.Capacity);
lst.Count);
25. ,
965
// ,
// .
lst[0] = 'X';
lst [1] = 'Y';
lst[2] = 'Z';
// -
// .
// lst.Add(99); // , char!
}
}
, .
: 0
6
: 6
: D F
2
: 4
: D
20
: 32
20 : 24
: C E B D a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t

: X Y Z D a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
LinkedList<T>
LinkedList<T>
. ICollection, ICollection<T>,
IEnumerable, IEnumerable<T>, ISerializable IDeserializationCallback.
.
LinkedList<T> .
public LinkedList()
public LinkedList(IEnumerable<T> collection)
,
, collection.
966
II. C#
, LinkedList<T>
, ,
.
LinkedListNode<T>. LinkedListNode<T>
.
public
public
public
public
LinkedListNode<T> Next { get; }

LinkedListNode<T> Previous { get; }
LinkedList<T> List { get; }
T Value { get; set; }
Next Previous
,
. ,
. List.
Value ,
.
LinkedList<T> . . 25.16
. ,
LinkedList<T> , ,
, .
.
public LinkedListNode<T> First { get; }
public LinkedListNode<T> Last { get; }
First ,
Last .
25.16. , LinkedList<T>
public LinkedListNode<T>
AddAfter(LinkedListNode<T>
node, T value)
value
node.
node (null).
,
value
newNode
node.
node
(null). node
newNode
,
InvalidOperationException
public void
AddAfter(LinkedListNode<T>
node, LinkedListNode<T>
newNode)
public LinkedListNode<T>
AddBefore(LinkedListNode<T>
node, T value)
value
node.
node (null).
,
value
25. ,
967
. 25.16
public void
AddBefore(LinkedListNode<T>
node, LinkedListNode<T>
newNode)
public LinkedList<T>
AddFirst(T value)
public void
AddFirst(LinkedListNode
node)
AddLast(T value)
public void
AddLast(LinkedListNode node)
public LinkedList<T> Find(T
value)
FindLast(T value)
public bool Remove(T value)
public void
Remove(LinkedList<T> node)
public void RemoveFirst()

public void RemoveLast()
newNode
node.
node
(null). node
newNode
,
value
. ,
value
node .
node ,
value
. ,
value
node .
node ,
,
value.
value ,
,
value.
value ,
,
value. true,
, .. value
;
false
,
node. node
,

LinkedList<T>.
// LinkedList<T>.
using System;
968 II. C#
class GenLinkedListDemo {
// .
LinkedList<char> ll = new LinkedList<char>();
Console.WriteLine(" : " + ll.Count)
// .
ll.AddFirst('');
ll.AddFirst('');
ll.AddFirst('');
ll.AddFirst('D');
ll.AddFirst('');
Console.WriteLine(" : " + ll.Count);
// , .
LinkedListNode<char> node;
for(node = ll.First; node != null; node = node.Next)
Console.Write(node.Value + " ");
// , foreach.
Console.Write(" foreach: ");
foreach(char ch in 11)
// , .
for(node = ll.Last; node != null; node = node.Previous)
Console.Write(node.Value + " ");
// .
// .
ll.Remove('');
ll.Remove('');
Console.WriteLine(" : " + ll.Count);
// foreach.
25. ,
969
foreach(char ch in ll)
// .
ll.AddLast('X');
ll.AddLast('Y');
ll.AddLast('Z');
foreach(char ch in ll)
}
}
.
: 0
5
: 5
: D
foreach: D
: D
2
: 3
: D
: D X Y Z

, , Next Previous.

, ,
.
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>
Dictionary<TKey, TValue> "-"
.
. Hashtable.
Dictionary<TKey, TValue> IDictionary,
IDictionary<TKey, TValue>, ICollection, ICollection<KeyValuePair<TKey,
TValue>>,
IEnumerable,
IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey,
TValue>>,
ISerializable IDeserializationCallback.
. ,
.
970 II. C#
Dictionary<TKey, TValue> .
.
public Dictionary()
public Dictionary(IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary)
public Dictionary(int capacity)

.
dictionary.
city , .
, , ,
, , ,
.
Dictionary<TKey, TValue> .
. 25.17.
25.17. ,
public void Add(TKey key, TValue

value)
public bool ContainsKey(TKey

key)
public bool ContainsValue(TValue

value)
public bool Remove(TKey key)
-,
key value.
key ,
,
ArgumentException
true,
key
;
false
true,

value;
false
key .

true, key
false
, Dictionary<TKey, TValue>
, , , .
.
public IEqualityComparer<TKey>
Comparer { get; }
public Dictionary<TKey, TValue>.
KeyCollection Keys { get; }
public Dictionary<TKey, TValue>.
ValueCollection Values { get; }
25. ,
971
, , ,
Keys Values.
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>.KeyCollection Dictionary<TKey, TValue>.
ValueCollection ,
ICoirection IEnumerable.
, IDictionary<TKey, TValue>.
public TValue this[TKey key] { get; set; }
,
.
, .
"-" KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>.
, .
public TKey Key;
public TValue Value;

. , KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>
.
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>, , foreach
KeyValuePair.
, ,
. .
.
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>.
//
// Dictionary<TKey, TValue>.
using System;
class GenDictionaryDemo {
//
// .
Dictionary<string, double> dict =
new Dictionary<string, double>();
// .
diet.Add(", ", 73000);
diet.Add(", Capa", 59000);
diet.Add(", ", 45000);
diet.Add(", ", 99000);
972
II. C#
// , .. .
ICollection<string> = diet.Keys;
// , .. .
Console.WriteLine("{0}, : {1:C}", str, diet[str]);
}
}
.
, , : $73,000.00
, , : $59,000.00
, , : $45,000.00
, , : $99,000.00
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue> "-"
, Dictionary<TKey, TValue>,
, .
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue> IDictionary,
TValue>>, IEnumerable IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>>.
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue> .
public
public
public
public
SortedDictionary()
SortedDictionary(IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary)
SortedDictionary(IComparer<TKey> comparer)
SortedDictionary(IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary,
IComparer<TKey> comparer)
,
dictionary.
comparer IComparer
, ,
, .
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue> .
. 25.18.
25.18. ,
public void Add(TKey key,

TValue value)
"-,
key value.
key ,
,
ArgumentException
public bool ContainsKey(TKey true,
key)
key
; false
25. ,
973
. 25.18
public bool
ContainsValue(TValue value)
public bool Remove(TKey key)
true,
value;
false
key .
true,
key
false
, SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>
, , ,
. .
public Icomparer<TKey> Comparer { get; }

public SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>.

KeyCollection Keys { get; }
public SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>.

ValueCollection Values { get; }
, , ,
Keys Values.
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>.KeyCollection SortedDictionary<TKey,
TValue>.ValueCollection ,
ICollection IEnumerable.
, IDictionary<TKey, TValue>.
,
.
, .
"-" KeyValuePair<TKey,
TValue>. , .
public TKey Key;
public TValue Value;

. , KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>
.
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>, foreach,
KeyValuePair.
974
II. C#
, ,
. .
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>.
, Dictionary<TKey, TValue>.
,
.
//
// SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>.
using System;
class GenSortedDictionaryDemo {
//
// .
SortedDictionary<string, double> dict =
new SortedDictionary<string, double>();
// .
dict.Add(", ", 73000);
dict.Add(", Capa", 59000);
dict.Add(", ", 45000);
dict.Add(", ", 99000);
// , .. .
ICollection<string> = dict.Keys;
// , .. .
Console.WriteLine("{0}, : {1:C}", str, diet[str]);
}
}
.
, , : $73,000.00
, , : $45,000.00
, , : $99,000.00
, , : $59,000.00
, ,
.
"-".
SortedList. SortedList<TKey, TValue> IDictionary,
TValue>>, IEnumerable IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>>.
25. ,
975
SortedList<TKey, TValue> ,
. SortedList<TKey, TValue>
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>, .
, SortedList<TKey, TValue> ,
.
SortedList<TKey, TValue> .
.
public
public
public
public
SortedList()
SortedList(IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary)
SortedList(int capacity)
SortedList(IComparer<TK> comparer)

.
dictionary.
capacity ,
. , ,
,
, , ,
.
comparer , .
, .
, .
.
, ,
, .
SortedList<TKey, TValue> ,
, , .
. 25.19.
, , GetEnumerator(),
"-",
KeyValuePair.
25.19. ,
public void Add(TKey key,

TValue value)
public bool ContainsKey(TK key)
"-,
key value.
key ,
,
ArgumentException
true,
key
; false
976
II. C#
. 25.19
public bool
ContainsValue(TValue value)
public
<TKey,
public
public
value)
public
public
public
true,

value;
false
IEnumerator<KeyValuePair
TValue>> GetEnumerator()
int IndexOfKey(TKey key)
key.
,
-1
int IndexOfValue(TValue
value .
,
-1
bool Remove(TKey key)
-
key.

true, key
false
void RemoveAt(int index) -"
index
void TrimExcess()

, SortedList<TK, TV> ,
, , .
.
public int Capacity { get; set; }
public IComparer<TK> Comparer { get; }

public IList<TK> Keys { get; }
public IList<TV> Values { get; }
, SortedList<TKey, TValue>
, IDictionary<TKey, TValueX
,
.
, .
SortedList<TKey, TValue>.
25. ,
977
.
SortedList.
//
// SortedList<TKey, TValue>.
using System;
class GenSLDemo {
//
// .
SortedList<string, double> sl =
new SortedList<string, double>();
// .
sl.Add(", ", 73000);
sl.Add(", Capa", 59000);
sl.Add(", ", 45000);
sl.Add(", ", 99000);
// , .. .
ICollection<string> = sl.Keys;
// , .. .
Console.WriteLine("{0}, : {1:C}", str, sl[str]);
}
}
.
, , : $73,000.00
, , : $45,000.00
, , : $99,000.00
, , : $59,000.00
, ,
.
Stack<T>
Stack<T>
Stack. ,
" ".
Collection, IEnumerable IEnumerable<T>. , Stack<T>
Clear(), Contains() (),
ICollection<T>. Add() Remove()
, , , IsReadOnly. Stack<T>
, ,
, . Stack<T>
.
978
II. C#
public Stack()
public Stack(int capacity)
public Stack(IEnumerable<T> collection)

, ,
city. ,
, collection.
.
Stack<T> , ,
, ,
ICollection<T>.
. 25.20. Stack,
. ,
Push(). ,
Pop(). ,
, k(). Pop() k(),
, InvalidOperationException.
25.20. , Stack<T>
public T Peek()
, ,

, ,

item
,

public T Pop()
public void Push(T item)
public T[] ToArray()

Stack<T>.
// Stack<T>.
using System;
class GenStackDemo {
Stack<string> st = new Stack<string>();
st.Push("");
st.Push("");
st.Push("");
st.Push("");
st.Push("");
while(st.Count > 0) {
string str = st.Pop();
25. ,
979
Console.Write(str + " ");

}
}
}
.

Queue<T>
Queue<T>
Queue. ,
" ".
ICollection, IEnumerable IEnumerable<T>. , Queue<T>
Clear(), Contains() CopyTo(),
ICollection<T>. Add() Remove()
, , , IsReadOnly. Queue<T>
, ,
, . Queue<T>
.
public Queue()
public Queue(int capacity)
public Queue(IEnumerable<T> collection)

, ,
capacity. ,
, collection.
.
Queue<T> , ,
, ,
ICollection<T>.
. 25.21. Queue,
. ,
Enqueue().
, Dequeue(). ,
, k().
Dequeue() k() , ,
25.21. , Queue<T>
public Dequeue()
.

public void Enqueue( item) item
public T Peek()

,
980 II. C#
. 25.21
public virtual []
ToArray()
Queue<T>.
// Queue<T>.
using System;
class GenQueueDemo {
Queue<double> q = new Queue<double>();
q.Enqueue(98.6);
q.Enqueue(212.0);
q.Enqueue(32.0);
q.Enqueue(3.1416);
double sum = 0.0;
while(q.Count > 0) {
double val = q. Dequeued;
Console.Write(val + " ");
sum += val;
}
Console.WriteLine("\n " + sum);
}
}
.
: 98.6 212 32 3.1416
345.7416
HashSet<T>
HashSet<T> , .
-.
HashSet<T> ICollection<T>, ISet<T>, IEnumerable,
IEnumerable<T>, ISerializable, IDeserializationCallback.
HashSet<T> ,
. , .
. HashSet<T>
, ISet<T>,
, . HashSet<T>
,
.
25. ,
981
HashSet<T> ,
, .
,
HashSet<T>.
public
public
public
public
HashSet()
HashSet(IEnumerable<T> collection)
HashSet(IEqualityCompare comparer)
HashSet(IEnumerable<T> collection, IEqualityCompare comparer)
,
, collection.

comparer. ,
collection, comparer.
,
.
HashSet<T> ISet<T>, ,
.
RemoveWhere(), ,
, .
, ,
HashSet<T>, Comparer, .
public IEqualityComparer<T> Comparer { get; }
-.
HashSet<T>.
// HashSet<T>.
using System;
class HashSetDemo {
static void Show(string msg, HashSet<char> set) {
Console.Write(msg);
foreach(char ch in set)
}
HashSet<char> setA = new HashSet<char>();
HashSet<char> setB = new HashSet<char>();
setA.Addf'A');
setA.Add('B');
setA.Add('');
setB.Add('C');
setB.Add('D');
982 II. C#
setB.Add('');
Show(" setA: ", setA);
Show(" setB: ", setB);
setA.SymmetricExceptWith(setB);
Show(" setA " +
" SetB: ", setA);
setA.UnionWith(setB);
Show(" setA " +
" SetB: ", setA);
setA.ExceptWith(setB);
Show(" setA " +
" setB: ", setA);
}
}
.
setA: A B C
setB: D
setA SetB: D
setA SetB: D
setA setB:
SortedSet<T>
SortedSet<T> ,
4.0 .NET Framework.
, . SortedSet<T>
ISet<T>, ICollection, ICollection<T>, IEnumerable,
IEnumerable<T>, ISerializable, IDeserializationCallback.
SortedSet<T> ,
. , .
SortedSet<T> ,
ISet<T>, , .
SortedSet<T>
, SortedSet<T>
. SortedSet<T>
,
, .
,
SortedSet<T>.
public
public
public
public
SortedSet()
SortedSet(IEnumerable<T> collection)
SortedSet(IComparer comparer)
SortedSet(IEnumerable<T> collection, IComparer comparer)
25. ,
983
,
, collection.

comparer. ,
collection, comparer.
,
.
SortedSet<T> ISet<T>, ,
.
GetViewBetween(),
SortedSet<T>, RemoveWhere(), ,
, , Reverse(),
IEnumerable<T>,
.
, ,
SortedSet<T>, , .
public IComparer<T> Comparer { get; }
public T Max { get; }
public T Min { get; }
Comparer .
, Min
.
SortedSet<T>
HashSet SortedSet
, HashSet<T>.

4.0 .NET Framework System.
Collections.Concurrent. ,
.
, ,

. .

BlockingCollection<T>
IProducerConsumerCollection<T>
ConcurrentBag<T>

IProducerConsumerCollection<T>,
,

ConcurrentDictionary
"-, ,
<TKey, TValue>

ConcurrentQueue<T>

IProducerConsumerCollection<T>
ConcurrentStack<T>

IproducerConsumerCollection<T>
984
II. C#
,
IProducerConsumerCollection.
System.Collections.Concurrent.
IEnumerable, IEnumerable<T> ICollection. ,
TryAdd() TryTake(), "". ( "-"
. , .)
TryAdd() , TryTake()
. .
bool TryAdd( item)
bool TryTake(out T item)
TryAdd() true,
item. TryTake() true,
item . TryAdd() , item
. ( , IProducerConsumerCollection
(),
ICollection, ToArray(), .)

(TPL) PLINQ.
.
BlockingCollection<T>.
BlockingCollection<T>,
.
BlockingCollection<T>, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, "-".
BlockingCollection<T> ICollection, IEnumerable,
IEnumerable<T>, IDisposable.
BlockingCollection<T> .
public
public
public
public
BlockingCollection()
BlockingCollection(int boundedCapacity)
BlockingCollection(IProducerConsumerCollection<T> collection)
BlockingCollection(IProducerConsumerCollection<T> collection,
int boundedCapacity)
, ConcurrentQueue<T>.
,
BlockingCollection<T>.
boundedCapacity, ,
, .
boundedCapacity , .
TryAdd() TryTake(), ,
IProducerConsumerCollection<T>,
BlockingCollection<T> .
, .
25. ,
985
public void Add(T item)

public T Take()
Add() ,
item,
. Add() ,
, .
, item ,
. k()
. (
,
CancellationToken.)
Add() (),
"-", .
, Z,
, .
BlockingCollection<T>, 4 .
// BlockingCollection.
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Threading.Tasks;
System.Threading;
System.Collections.Concurrent;
class BlockingDemo {
static BlockingCollection<char> be;
// Z.
static void Producer() {
for(char ch = 'A'; ch <= 'Z'; ch++) {
be.Add(ch);
Console.WriteLine(" " + ch);
}
}
// 26 .
static void Consumer() {
for(int i=0; i < 26; i++)
Console.WriteLine(" " + bc.Take());
}
// , 4 .
be = new BlockingCollection<char>(4);
// .
Task Prod = new Task(Producer);
Task Con = new Task(Consumer);
// .
Con.Start();
Prod.Start();
986
II. C#
// .
try {
Task.WaitAll(Con, Prod);
} finally {
Con.Dispose();
Prod.Dispose();
bc.Dispose();
}
}
}
,
, . ,
bc 4 , ,
, .
bc
. ,
, -
. , .
.
CompleteAdding(). .
public void CompleteAdding()
,
. , IsAddingComplete
true. , IsCompleted
true, () .
IsAddingComplete IsCompleted.
public bool IsCompleted { get; }
public bool IsAddingComplete { get; }
, false.
CompleteAdding() true.
,
CompleteAdding(), IsCompleted
TryTake().
// CompleteAdding(), TryTake() IsCompleted.
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Threading.Tasks;
System.Threading;
System.Collections.Concurrent;
class BlockingDemo {
static BlockingCollection<char> bc;
// Z.
static void Producer() {
25. ,
987
for(char ch = 'A'; ch <= 'Z'; ch++) {

bc.Add(ch);
}
bc.CompleteAdding();
}
// , .
static void Consumer() {
char ch;
while(!bc.IsCompleted) {
if(bc.TryTake(out ch))
}
}
// , 4 .
bc = new BlockingCollection<char>(4);
// .
Task Prod = new Task(Producer);
Task Con = new Task(Consumer);
// .
Con.Start();
Prod.Start();
// .
try {
Task.WaitAll(Con, Prod);
} finally {
Con.Dispose();
Prod.Dispose();
bc.Dispose();
}
}
}
, .
, Producer()
.
CompleteAdding(), . Consumer()
"" , IsCompleted
true.

, , ,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
.
988
II. C#
,
,
, ,
, int, string char.
.
, ,
.

ArrayList .
Inventory.
// .
using System;
class Inventory {
string name;
double cost;
int onhand;
public Inventory(string n, double c, int h) {
name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
}
return
String.Format("{0,-10}: {1,6:} : {2}",
name, cost, onhand);
}
}
class InventoryList {
ArrayList inv = new ArrayList();
//
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
.
Inventory("", 5.95, 3));
Inventory("", 8.29, 2));
Inventory("", 3.50, 4));
Inventory("", 19.88, 8));
foreach(Inventory i in inv) {
}
}
}
25. ,
989
.
:
: $5.95
: $8.29
: $3.50
: $19.88
:
:
:
:
3
2
4
8
,
Inventory.
object,
.
. ,
, .

, .

. List<T>,
, .
// Inventory
// List<T>.
using System;
class Inventory {
string name;
double cost;
int onhand;
name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
}
return
String.Format("{0,-10}: {1,6:} : {2}",
}
}
class TypeSafeInventoryList {
List<Inventory> inv = new List<Inventory>();
//
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
.
Inventory("", 5.95, 3));
Inventory("", 8.29, 2));
Inventory("", 3.50, 4));
Inventory("", 19.88, 8));
990
II. C#
Console.WriteLine("
" + i);
}
}
}
Inventory
List<T>.
. , ,
, ,

.

: . ,
, ,
, 40 ,
. ,
,
.
, .

: . , ArrayList
List<T> Inventory.
. -, Inventory
IComparable,
. -, IComparer.
.
IComparable
,
, ,
SortedList, ,
.
, , IComparable
. IComparable :
. ,
, , , .
IComparable
,
,
IComparable.
CompareTo(), .
CompareTo().
25. ,
991
CompareTo() obj.

, ;
, obj;
, obj.
.
obj ,
CompareTo() ArgumentException.

IComparable. IComparable
Inventory,
. Inventory CompareTo() name
,
. ,
Inventory IComparable
.
// IComparable.
using System;
// IComparable.
class Inventory : IComparable {
string name;
double cost;
int onhand;
name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
}
return
String.Format("{0,-10(: {1,6:} : {2}",
}
// IComparable.
public int CompareTo(object obj) {
Inventory b;
b = (Inventory) obj;
return name.CompareTo(b.name);
}
}
class IComparableDemo {
// .
992
II. C#
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
Inventory("", 5.95, 3));

Inventory("", 8.29, 2));
Inventory("", 3.50, 4));
Inventory("", 19.88, 8));
}
// .
inv.Sort();
}
}
}
.
, Sort()
.
:
:
:
:
:
$5.95
$8.29
$3.50
$19.88
:
:
:
:
3
2
4
8
:
: $19.88 :
8
: $5.95 :
3
: $3.50 :
4
: $8.29 :
2
IComparable
,
,
IComparable<T>. IComparable
CompareTo().
int CompareTo ( other)
CompareTo()
other.
,
; ,
other; ,
other.
. IComparable<T>
.
25. ,
993

,
IComparable<>.
List<T> ArrayList.
// IComparable<T>.
using System;
// IComparable<T>.
class Inventory : IComparable<Inventory> {
string name;
double cost;
int onhand;
name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
}
return
String.Format("{0,-10}: {1,6:} : {2}",
}
// IComparable<T>.
public int CompareTo(Inventory obj) {
return name.CompareTo(obj.name);
}
}
class GenericIComparableDemo {
//
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
.
Inventory("", 5.95, 3));
Inventory("", 8.2 9, 2));
Inventory("", 3.50, 4));
Inventory("", 19.88, 8));
}
// .
inv.Sort();
994
II. C#
Console.WriteLine("
" + i);
}
}
}
, ,
.
IComparer

IComparable.
IComparer.
, IComparer,
, .
IComparer : .
,
, , , .
IComparer
IComparer
Compare().
int Compare(object x, object y)

Compare() x .

, ;
, ;
, .
. ,
CompareTo() ArgumentException.
IComparer
SortedList, ArrayList.Sort(IComparer),
. IComparer
, ,
IComparable .

,
IComparer
. CompInv,
IComparer Inventory.
CompInv Sort()
.
// IComparer.
using System;
25. ,
995
// IComparer Inventory.
class CompInv : IComparer {
// IComparer.
public int Compare(object x, object y) {
Inventory, a, b;
a = (Inventory) x;
b = (Inventory) y;
return string.Compare(a.name, b.name, StringComparison.Ordinal);
}
}
class Inventory {
public string name;
double cost;
int onhand;
name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
}
return
String.Format("{0,-10} : {1,6:} : {2}",
}
}
class IComparerDemo {
CompInv comp = new CompInv();
//
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
inv.Add(new
.
Inventory("", 5.95, 3));
Inventory("", 8.29, 2));
Inventory("", 3.50, 4));
Inventory ("", 19.88, 8));
Console.WriteLine("
" + i);
}
// , IComparer.
inv.Sort(comp);
Console.WriteLine("
" + i);
}
}
}
, .
996
II. C#
IComparer<T>
IComparer<T> IComparer.
Compare().
int Compare( , )
,
;
, ; ,
.

, IComparer<T>.
, .
// IComparer<T>.
using System;
// IComparer<T> Inventory.
class CompInv<T> : IComparer<T> where T : Inventory {
// IComparer<T>.
public int Compare(T x, T y) {
return string.Compare(x.name, y.name, StringComparison.Ordinal);
}
}
class Inventory {
public string name;
double cost;
int onhand;
name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
}
return
String.Format("{0,-10} : {1,6:} : {2}",
}
}
class GenericIComparerDemo {
CompInv<Inventory> comp = new CompInv<Inventory>();
// .
inv.Add(new Inventory("", 5.95, 3));
25. ,
997

Console.WriteLine("
" + i);
}
// , IComparer.
inv.Sort(comp);
}
}
}
StringComparer

. ,

. ,
,
, , ,
.
. ( )
IComparer.

StringComparer.
StringComparer 21
. IComparer,
IComparer<String>, IEqualityComparer, IEqualityComparer<String>.
, StringComparer
IComparer . StringComparer
,
StringComparer,
. 21,
: CurrentCulture, CurrentCultureIgnoreCase, InvariantCulture,
InvariantCultureIgnoreCase, Ordinal, OrdinalIgnoreCase.
.
, SortedList<TKey,
TValue> ,
.
SortedList<string, int> users =
new SortedList<string, int>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
998
II. C#

, ,
. ,
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IEnumerator<>.
IEnumerator , Current,
.
object Current { get; }
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Current.
Current { get; }
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,
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MoveNext()
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ArrayList,

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// .
using System;
class EnumeratorDemo {
ArrayList list = new ArrayList(1);
for (int i=0; i < 10; i++)
list.Add(i);
// .
IEnumerator etr = list.GetEnumerator();
while(etr.MoveNext())
Console.Write(etr.Current + " ");
// .
etr.Reset();
Console.Write(etr.Current + " ");
}
}
.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1000
II. C#
,
foreach , .
,
.
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object Value { get; }

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MoveNext(), .
MoveNext().
false, .
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IDictionaryEnumerator.
// IDictionaryEnumerator.
using System;
class IDicEnumDemo {
// -.
Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();
// .
ht.Add("", "555-7756");
ht.Add("", "555-9876");
ht.Add("", "555-3456");
ht.Add("", "555-3452");
25. ,
1001
// .
IDictionaryEnumerator etr = ht.GetEnumerator();
Console.WriteLine(" Entry.");
Console.WriteLine(etr.Entry.Key + ": " + etr.Entry.Value);
" Key Value.");
etr.Reset();
Console.WriteLine(etr.Key + ": " + etr.Value);
}
}
.
Entry.
: 555-9876
: 555-3456
: 555-3452
: 555-7756
Key Value.
: 555-9876
: 555-3456
: 555-3452
: 555-7756
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1002
II. C#
class MyClass : IEnumerator, IEnumerable {

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int idx = -1;
// IEnumerable.
public IEnumerator GetEnumerator() {
return this;
}
// IEnumerator
// .
public object Current {
get {
return chrs[idx];
}
}
// .
public bool MoveNext() {
if(idx == chrs.Length-1) {
Reset(); //
return false;
}
idx++;
return true;
}
// .
public void Reset() { idx = -1; }
}
class EnumeratorImplDemo {
// me.
foreach(char ch in me)
// me.
}
}
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// .
using System;
class MyClass {
char[] chrs = { 'A', 'B', 'C','D'};
// chrs.
foreach(char ch in chrs)
yield return ch;
}
}
class ItrDemo {
1004
II. C#
}
}
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class MyClass {
char ch = 'A';
//
// , .
25. ,
1005

for(int i=0; i < 26; i++)
yield return (char) (ch + i);
}
}
class ItrDemo2 {
}
}
.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

yield.
yield break;
, ,
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,
.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
char ch = 'A';
// 10 .
for(int i=0; i < 26; i++) {
if(i == 10) yield break; //
yield return (char) (ch + i);
}
}
}
class ItrDemo3 {
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
foreach(char ch in mc)
1006
II. C#
}
}
.
A B C D E F G H I J
yield
yield.
.
.
// yield.
using System;
class MyClass {
// , , , D .
yield return 'A';
yield return 'B';
yield return 'C';
yield return 'D';
yield return 'E';
}
}
class ItrDemo5 {
MyClass me = new MyClass ();
foreach(char ch in mc)
}
}
.
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GetEnumerator()
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IEnumerable.

Герберт Шилдт - c# 4.0. Полное Руководство - 2011

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# 4.

static void Main() {

for(x = 1; <= 100; ++)

if(i == j) Console.WriteLine(" ");

Console.WriteLine("p " + p + ", q " + q);

if((val & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");

" + num + " 2.");

Console.WriteLine(" :\n " +

house1 = new Building();

public void AreaPerPerson() {

, house office, Building()

Console.WriteLine(" r1: " + r1.Area());

return Width * Height;

Area() , Width Height,

Console.WriteLine(" r1: " + r1.Area());

for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)

avg = avg + nums[i];

int[,] table = new int[3, 4];

{val, val, val, ..., val}

if(nums2.Length >= nums1.Length) // ,

static int Compare(string

int IndexOf(char value)

int LastIndexOf(char value)

idx = str2.LastIndexOf("", StringComparison.Ordinal);

public int GetAlpha() {

public Stack(int size) {

static void Main() {

public Rect(int w, int h) {

Console.WriteLine(" MyMeth(double): " + x);

public int GetNum() {

static class NumericFn {

Console.Write(" b + 10: ");

if( > d)Console.WriteLine("> d");

if(a & b) Console.WriteLine("a & b .");

if( && ) Console.WriteLine(" && .");

public static Nybble operator +(Nybble op1, Nybble op2)

if( < b) Console.WriteLine(" b\n");

public bool ErrFlag; //

public int Length { get; private set; }

public bool Error { get; private set; }

if(high <= low) {

public int Length { get; private set; }

public bool Error { get; private set; }

public double Height;

class Triangle : TwoDShape {

Console.WriteLine(" t1: ");

public double Width {

class Triangle : TwoDShape {

new ColorTriangle("", "", 2.0, 2.0);

public override void Who() {

Triangle("", 8.0, 12.0);

for (int i=0; i < shapes.Length; i++) {

shapes[2] = new Rectangle(10, 4);

public virtual bool

public virtual int

for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)

Console.WriteLine(". {0}, b.x {1}", a.x, b.x);

PacketHeader ph; // PacketHeader Transaction

catch (ExcepType1 exOb) {

for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {

for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {