Authors

Dr. K. J. Bell and Dr. A. C. Mueller

Copyright by Wieland-Werke AG, Germany

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Basic Heat Transfer
Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Basic Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Conduction

Single Phase Convection

Two Phase (Liquid-Gas/Vapor) Flow

11

Condensation

14

Vaporization

17

Radiation

19

Basic Heat Exchanger Equations

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

21

The Design Integral

23

The Mean Temperature Difference

The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

25

Configuration Correction Factors on the LMTD

27

Construction of Shell and Tube heat Exchangers

Why a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger?

32

Basic Components of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

32

Provisions for Thermal Stress

35

Mechanical Stresses

37

The Vibration Problem

37

Erosion

38

Cost of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

38

Allocation of Streams in a Shell and Tube Exchanger

39

Application of Extended Surfaces to Heat Exchangers

The Concept of the Controlling Resistance

40

Types of Extended Surface

40

Fin Efficiencies and Related Concepts

41

The Fin Resistance Method

43

Some Applications of Finned Tubes

45

Section 6

Fouling in Heat Exchangers

Typical Fouling Resistances

45

Types of Fouling

45

Effect of Fouling on Heat Transfer

46

Materials Selection for Fouling Services

46

Removal of Fouling

47

Chapter 2 Sensible Heat Transfer

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Section 6

Heat Exchangers with Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin

Areas of Application

58

Description of Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin

59

Basic Equations for Heat Exchanger Design

The Basic Design Equation and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

60

Fin Efficiency and Fin Resistance

61

Mean Temperature Difference, F Factors

62

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop during Flow across Banks of Trufin Tubes
Heat Transfer In Trufin Tube Banks

72

Pressure Drop During Flow Across Banks of Low-Finned Trufin Tubes

74

Effect of Fouling on Trufin

76

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Inside Tubes

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Single Phase Flow inside Round Tubes

77

Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Inside Tubes

83

Preliminary Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Basic Principles of Design

85

Preliminary Design Decisions

86

Procedure for Approximate Size Estimation

89

Delaware Method for Shell-Side Rating of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Introduction

96

Calculation of Shell-Side Geometrical Parameters

97

Shell-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation

106

Shell-Side Pressure Drop Calculation

107

Section 7

Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in

Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Design of a Compressor After-cooler

116

Design of a Gas Oil to Crude Heat Recovery Exchanger

122

Chapter 3 Condensing Heat Transfer

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Trufin Tubes in Condensing Heat Transfer

Modes of Condensation

142

Areas of Application

142

Types of Tubes Available

143

Condensation of Vapor inside High-Finned Trufin Tubes

Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Flow

144

Condensation Heat Transfer

154

Mean Temperature Difference for In-Tube Condensation

162

Condensation of Vapor outside Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Tubes

Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers for Condensing Applications

166

The Basic Design Equations

172

Mean Temperature Difference

173

Condensation of a Superheated Vapor

173

Condensation with Integral Sub-cooling On the Shell-side

174

Film-wise Condensation on Plain and Trufin Tubes

178

Film-wise Condensation on Tube Banks

180

Pressure Drop during Shell-side Condensation

181

Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell

and Tube Condensers
Condenser Design for a Pure Component: Example Problem

182

Condenser Design for a Multi-component Mixture: Example Problem

192

Chapter 4 Trufin Tubes in Air-cool Heat Exchangers

Section 1

Heat Exchangers with High-Finned Trufin Tubes

Areas of Application

208

High-Finned Trufin

209

Description of Equipment

210

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Heat Transfer with High-Finned Trufin Tubes

Fin Temperature Distribution and Fin Efficiency

215

Effect of Fouling on High-Finned Trufin

217

Contact Resistance in Bimetallic Tubes

218

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in High-Finned Trufin Tube Banks

Heat Transfer Coefficients in Cross-flow

219

Mean Temperature Difference in Cross-flow

221

Pressure Drop in Cross-flow

223

Other Air-Side Pressure Effects

225

Preliminary Design Procedures

Principles of the Design Process

226

Selection of Preliminary Design Parameters

226

Fundamental Limitations Controlling Air-cool Heat Exchanger Design

228

Final Design

235

Chapter 5 Trufin Tubes in Boiling Heat Transfer

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Boiling Theory
Pool Boiling Curve

240

Nucleation

242

Nucleate Boiling Curve

243

Maximum or Critical Heat Flux

244

Film Boiling

245

Boiling Inside Tubes

246

Sub-cooling and Agitation

246

Vaporizers - Types and Usage

General

248

Boiling Outside Tubes

248

Boiling Inside Tubes

250

Other Types of Evaporators

252

Boiling Heat Transfer

Pool Boiling - Single Tube

254

Single Tube in Cross Flow

258

Boiling on Outside of Tubes in a Bundle

258

Section 4

Section 5

Section 6

Boiling Inside Tubes

259

Boiling of Mixtures

263

Falling Film Heat Transfer

Vertical In-Tube Vaporizer

266

Horizontal Shell-Side Vaporizer

267

Dry Spots - Film Breakdown

267

Special Surfaces
Boiling on Fins

268

Mean Temperature Difference

269

Pressure Drop
Tube-Side Pressure Drop

271

Shell-Side Pressure Drop

273

Section 7

Fouling

275

Section 8

Design Procedures

Section 9

Selection of Re-boiler Type

278

Pool Type Re-boilers

278

In-tube or Thermosyphon Re-boilers

279

Special Considerations
Examples of Design Problems

Section 10

283

Example of Design Problems for Trufin in Boiling Heat Transfer

Design Example - Kettle Re-boiler

284

In-Tube Thermosyphon - Example Problem

287

Boiling Outside Trufin Tubes - Example Problem

292