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Bin tp bi:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Bo V
MC LC
1. M u
2. Khi nim Khoa hc v Nghin cu Khoa hc
3. Phng php khoa hc
4. Vn Nghin cu Khoa hc
5. Thu thp ti liu v t gi thuyt
6. Phng php thu thp s liu
7. Cch trnh by kt qu s liu nghin cu
8. Ti liu tham kho
Tham gia ng gp
1/81
M u
Nghin cu khoa hc (NCKH) l mt hot ng then cht hng u trong nhng ngnh
khoa hc. Kt qu t NCKH l nhng pht hin mi v kin thc, v bn cht s vt,
pht trin nhn thc khoa hc v th gii, sng to phng php v phng tin k thut
mi c gi tr cao. Thc t cho thy, sinh vin khi bt u lm lun vn tt nghip v
ngay c nhng ngi mi ra trng lm vic trong cc c quan nghin cu i hi phi
c kin thc v c phng php NCKH. V vy, mn hc phng php NCKH hc l
nn tng trang b cho cc sinh vin tip cn NCKH.
Gio trnh Phng Php Nghin Cu Khoa Hc c bin son vi nhiu ni dung
cung cp nhng thng tin, nhng kin thc c bn, cc bc trong NCKH, nhng k
thut cn thit tip cn phng php th nghim v cch trnh by cc kt qu NCKH.
Hy vng rng gio trnh ny s mang li nhng kin thc b ch v nhng thng tin thit
thc cho sinh vin v nhng ngi bt u lm cng tc NCKH.
Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n s gip ca nhiu tc gi cung cp sch tham
kho v gi ti liu thng tin qua mng gip chng ti bin son gio trnh ny.
Nhm tc gi
PGS.TS. Nguyn Bo V
ThS. Nguyn Huy Ti
2/81
Nghin cu khoa hc
Nghin cu khoa hc l mt hat ng tm kim, xem xt, iu tra, hoc th nghim.
Da trn nhng s liu, ti liu, kin thc, t c t cc th nghim NCKH pht
hin ra nhng ci mi v bn cht s vt, v th gii t nhin v x hi, v sng to
phng php v phng tin k thut mi cao hn, gi tr hn. Con ngi mun lm
NCKH phi c kin thc nht nh v lnh vc nghin cu v ci chnh l phi rn luyn
cch lm vic t lc, c phng php t lc ngi trn gh nh trng.
3/81
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Khi nim ti
ti l mt hnh thc t chc NCKH do mt ngi hoc mt nhm ngi thc hin.
Mt s hnh thc t chc nghin cu khc khng hon ton mang tnh cht nghin cu
khoa hoc, chng hn nh: Chng trnh, d n, n. S khc bit gia cc hnh thc
NCKH ny nh sau:
* ti: c thc hin tr li nhng cu hi mang tnh hc thut, c th cha
n vic ng dng trong hot ng thc t.
* D n: c thc hin nhm vo mc ch ng dng, c xc nh c th hiu qu v
kinh t v x hi. D n c tnh ng dng cao, c rng buc thi gian v ngun lc.
* n: l loi vn kin, c xy dng trnh cp qun l cao hn, hoc gi cho mt
c quan ti tr xin thc hin mt cng vic no nh: thnh lp mt t chc; ti tr
cho mt hot ng x hi, ... Sau khi n c ph chun, s hnh thnh nhng d n,
chng trnh, ti theo yu cu ca n.
* Chng trnh: l mt nhm ti hoc d n c tp hp theo mt mc ch xc
nh. Gia chng c tnh c lp tng i cao. Tin thc hin ti, d n trong
chng trnh khng nht thit phi ging nhau, nhng ni dung ca chng trnh th
phi ng b.
i tng nghin cu v phm vi nghin cu
* i tng nghin cu: l bn cht ca s vt hay hin tng cn xem xt v lm r
trong nhim v nghin cu.
* Phm vi nghin cu: i tng nghin cu c kho st trong trong phm vi nht
nh v mt thi gian, khng gian v lnh vc nghin cu.
Mc ch v mc tiu nghin cu
Khi vit cng nghin cu, mt iu rt quan trng l lm sao th hin c mc tiu
v mc ch nghin cu m khng c s trng lp ln nhau. V vy, cn thit phn
bit s khc nhau gia mc ch v mc tiu.
* Mc ch: l hng n mt iu g hay mt cng vic no trong nghin cu m
ngi nghin cu mong mun hon thnh, nhng thng th mc ch kh c th o
lng hay nh lng. Ni cch khc, mc ch l s sp t cng vic hay iu g
c a ra trong nghin cu. Mc ch tr li cu hi nhm vo vic g?, hoc
4/81
phc v cho iu g? v mang ngha thc tin ca nghin cu, nhm n i tng
phc v sn xut, nghin cu.
* Mc tiu: l thc hin iu g hoc hot ng no c th, r rng m ngi nghin
cu s hon thnh theo k hoch t ra trong nghin cu. Mc tiu c th o lng
hay nh lng c. Ni cch khc, mc tiu l nn tng hot ng ca ti v lm
c s cho vic nh gi k hoch nghin cu a ra, v l iu m kt qu phi t
c. Mc tiu tr li cu hi lm ci g?.
Th d: phn bit gia mc ch v mc tiu ca ti sau y.
ti: nh hng ca phn N n nng sut la H thu trng trn t ph sa ven sng
ng Bng Sng Cu Long.
Mc ch ca ti: tng thu nhp cho ngi nng dn trng la.
Mc tiu ca ti:
1. Tm ra c liu lng bn phn N ti ho cho la H thu.
2. Xc nh c thi im v cch bn phn N thch hp cho la H thu.
5/81
Phn on
Trong nghin cu, ngi ta thng vn dng cc khi nim phn on hay tin on.
Phn on l vn dng cc khi nim phn bit, so snh nhng c tnh, bn cht ca
s vt v tm mi lin h gia c tnh chung v c tnh ring ca cc s vt .
Suy lun
C 2 cch suy lun: suy lun suy din v suy lun qui np"
Cch suy lun suy din
Theo Aristotle, kin thc t c nh s suy lun. Mun suy lun phi c tin v
tin c chp nhn. V vy, mt tin c mi quan h vi kt lun rt r
rng.
Suy lun suy din theo Aristotle l suy lun i t ci chung ti ci ring, v mi quan h
c bit. Th d v suy lun suy din ca Aristotle trong Bng 2.1.
Bng 2.1 th d v suy lun suy din
Tin chnh: Tt c sinh vin i hc u n
Tin ph:
Kt lun:
Nam i hc u n
6/81
* Tham d
lp(nguyn
Nhm 1:
nhn cn nghi
ng):
Nam, Bc, ng
v Ty tham d
lp u n
Nhm 2:
Nhm 1:
Nam, Bc, ng
v Ty t c
im 9 v 10
Nhm 2:
* im(nh
hng cn
nghi ng):
7/81
* Kt lun:
8/81
t vn nghin cu
Kt lun
9/81
Vn Nghin cu Khoa hc
Bn cht ca quan st
Trc y, con ngi da vo nim tin gii thch nhng g thy c xy ra trong th
gii xung quanh m khng c kim chng hay thc nghim chng minh tnh vng
chc ca nhng quan nim, t tng, hc thuyt m h a ra. Ngoi ra, con ngi cng
khng s dng phng php khoa hc c cu tr li cho cu hi. Th d thi i
ca Aristotle (th k IV trc cng nguyn), con ngi (k c mt s nh khoa hc) tin
rng: cc sinh vt ang sng c th t xut hin, cc vt th tr (khng c s sng) c
th bin i thnh vt th hay sinh vt sng, v cho rng con trn, b, ch nhi, xut
hin t bn ly, bi t khi ngp l xy ra.
Ngy nay, cc nh khoa hc khng ngng quan st, theo di s vt, hin tng, qui lut
ca s vn ng, mi quan h, trong th gii xung quanh v da vo kin thc, kinh
nghim hay cc nghin cu c trc khm ph, tm ra kin thc mi, gii thch cc
qui lut vn ng, mi quan h gia cc s vt mt cch khoa hc. Bn cht ca quan
st l cm gic c cm nhn nh gic quan nh th gic, thnh gic, xc gic, khu
gic v v gic. Cc gic quan ny gip cho nh nghin cu pht hin hay tm ra vn
NCKH. Khi quan st phi khch quan, khng c ch quan, v quan st ch quan
thng da trn cc kin c nhn v nim tin th khng thuc lnh vc khoa hc.
Tm li, quan st hin tng, s vt l qu trnh m ngh hay suy ngh pht sinh trc
cho bc u lm NCKH. Vic quan st kt hp vi kin thc c trc ca nh nghin
cu l c s cho vic hnh thnh cu hi v t ra gi thuyt nghin cu.
Vn nghin cu khoa hc
t cu hi
Bn cht ca quan st thng t ra nhng cu hi, t t ra vn nghin cu
cho nh khoa hc v ngi nghin cu. Cu hi t ra phi n gin, c th, r rng
(xc nh gii hn, phm vi nghin cu) v lm sao c th thc hin th nghim kim
chng, tr li. Th d, cu hi: C bao nhiu hc sinh n trng hm nay?. Cu tr
li c thc hin n gin bng cch m s lng hc sinh hin din trng. Nhng
mt cu hi khc t ra: Ti sao bn n trng hm nay?. R rng cho thy rng, tr
li cu hi ny thc s hi kh thc hin, th nghim kh phc tp v phi tin hnh iu
tra hc sinh.
Cch t cu hi thng bt u nh sau: Lm th no, bao nhiu, xy ra u, ni no,
khi no, ai, ti sao, ci g, ? t cu hi hay t vn nghin cu l c s gip nh
10/81
khoa hc chn ch nghin cu (topic) thch hp. Sau khi chn ch nghin cu,
mt cng vic rt quan trng trong phng php nghin cu l thu thp ti liu tham
kho (ty theo loi nghin cu m c phng php thu thp thng tin khc nhau).
Phn loi vn nghin cu khoa hc
Sau khi t cu hi v vn nghin cu khoa hc c xc nh, cng vic tip
theo cn bit l vn thuc loi cu hi no. Nhn chung, vn c th hin
trong 3 loi cu hi nh sau:
a/ Cu hi thuc loi thc nghim.
b/ Cu hi thuc loi quan nim hay nhn thc.
c/ Cu hi thuc loi nh gi.
a/ Cu hi thuc loi thc nghim
Cu hi thuc loi thc nghim l nhng cu hi c lin quan ti cc s kin xy ra
hoc cc qu trnh c mi quan h nhn-qu v th gii ca chng ta. tr li cu hi
loi ny, chng ta cn phi tin hnh quan st hoc lm th nghim; Hoc hi cc chuyn
gia, hay nh ngi lm chuyn mn gip . Cu hi thuc loi ny c trong cc lnh
vc nh sinh hc, vt l, ha hc, kinh t, lch s, Th d: Cy la cn bao nhiu phn
N pht trin tt? Mt s cu hi c th khng c cu tr li nu nh khng tin hnh
thc nghim. Th d, loi ngi c tin ha t cc ng vt khc hay khng? Cu hi
ny c th c tr li t cc NCKH nhng phi ht sc cn thn, v chng ta khng c
c s v hiu bit tr li cu hi ny. Tt c cc kt lun phi da trn tin cy
ca s liu thu thp trong quan st v th nghim. Nhng suy ngh n gin, nhn thc
khng th tr li cu hi thuc loi thc nghim ny m ch tr li cho cc cu hi thuc
v loi quan nim.
b/ Cu hi thuc loi quan nim hay nhn thc
Loi cu hi ny c th c tr li bng nhng nhn thc mt cch logic, hoc ch l
nhng suy ngh n gin cng tr li m khng cn tin hnh thc nghim hay
quan st. Th d Ti sao cy trng cn nh sng?. Suy ngh n gin y c hiu
l c s phn tch nhn thc v l l hay l do, ngha l s dng cc nguyn tc, qui lut,
php l trong x hi v nhng c s khoa hc c trc. Cn ch s dng cc qui lut,
lut l trong x hi c p dng mt cch n nh v ph hp vi vn nghin
cu.
c/ Cu hi thuc loi nh gi
11/81
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lun vn, lun n, thng tin thng k, hnh nh, video, bng cassette, ti liu-vn th,
bn tho vit tay,
Ngun thu thp ti liu
Thng tin thu thp lm nghin cu c tm thy t cc ngun ti liu sau:
Lun c khoa hc, nh l, qui lut, nh lut, khi nim, c th thu thp
c t sch gio khoa, ti liu chuyn nghnh, sch chuyn kho, ...
Cc s liu, ti liu cng b c tham kho t cc bi bo trong tp ch
khoa hc, tp san, bo co chuyn khoa hc, .
S liu thng k c thu thp t cc Nin Gim Thng K: Chi cc thng k,
Tng cc thng k, .
Ti liu lu tr, vn kin, h s, vn bn v lut, chnh sch, thu thp t cc
c quan qun l Nh nc, t chc chnh tr - x hi.
Thng tin trn truyn hnh, truyn thanh, bo ch, mang tnh i chng cng
c thu thp, v c x l lm lun c khoa hc chng minh cho vn
khoa hc.
Gi thuyt
nh ngha gi thuyt
Gi thuyt l cu tr li m th hoc l s tin on tr li cho cu hi hay vn
nghin cu. Ch : gi thuyt khng phi l s quan st, m t hin tng s vt,
m phi c kim chng bng cc c s l lun hoc thc nghim.
Cc c tnh ca gi thuyt
Gi thuyt c nhng c tnh sau:
Gi thuyt phi theo mt nguyn l chung v khng thay trong sut qu trnh
nghin cu.
Gi thuyt phi ph hp vi iu kin thc t v c s l thuyt.
Gi thuyt cng n gin cng tt.
Gi thuyt c th c kim nghim v mang tnh kh thi.
Mt gi thuyt tt phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
Phi c tham kho ti liu, thu thp thng tin.
Phi c mi quan h nhn - qu.
C th thc nghim thu thp s liu.
14/81
Cu trc Nu-vy th
Mt cu trc khc ca gi thuyt Nu-vy th cng thng c s dng t gi
thuyt nh sau:
Nu (h qu hoc nguyn nhn) c lin quan ti (nguyn nhn hoc h qu) ,
Vy th nguyn nhn c th hay nh hng n h qu.
Th d: Nu v ht u c lin quan ti s ny mm, vy th ht u c v nhn c th
khng ny mm.
Mt s nh khoa hc t cu trc ny nh l s tin on v da trn xy dng
th nghim kim chng gi thuyt. Th d: Nu dng cht N c nh hng n s sinh
trng ca la, vy th bn phn N c th lm gia tng nng sut la.
Cch t gi thuyt
iu quan trng trong cch t gi thuyt l phi t nh th no c th thc hin th
nghim kim chng ng hay sai gi thuyt . V vy, trong vic xy dng mt
gi thuyt cn tr li cc cu hi sau:
1. Gi thuyt ny c th tin hnh thc nghim c khng?
2. Cc bin hay cc yu t no cn c nghin cu?
3. Phng php th nghim no (trong phng, kho st, iu tra, bng cu hi,
phng vn, ) c s dng trong nghin cu?
4. Cc ch tiu no cn o t trong sut th nghim?
5. Phng php x l s liu no m ngi nghin cu dng bc b hay chp
nhn gi thuyt?
Mt gi thuyt hp l cn c cc c im chnh sau y:
Gi thuyt t ra phi ph hp v da trn quan st hay c s l thuyt hin ti
(kin thc vn c, nguyn l, kinh nghim, kt qu nghin cu tng t trc
y, hoc da vo ngun ti liu tham kho), nhng tng trong gi thuyt l
phn l thuyt cha c chp nhn.
Gi thuyt t ra c th lm s tin on th hin kh nng ng hay sai (th
d, mt t l cao nhng ngi ht thuc l b cht do ung th phi khi so snh
vi nhng ngi khng ht thuc l. iu ny c th tin on qua kim
nghim).
Gi thuyt t ra c th lm th nghim thu thp s liu, kim chng hay
chng minh gi thuyt (ng hay sai).
Tm li, gi thuyt t ra da trn s quan st, kin thc vn c, cc nguyn l, kinh
nghim trc y hoc da vo ngun ti liu tham kho, kt qu nghin cu tng t
16/81
trc y pht trin nguyn l chung hay bng chng gii thch, chng minh cu
hi nghin cu. Xt v bn cht logic, gi thuyt c t ra t vic xem xt bn cht
ring, chung ca s vt v mi quan h ca chng hay gi l qu trnh suy lun. Qu
trnh suy lun l c s hnh thnh gi thuyt khoa hc.
Th d: khi quan st s ny mm ca cc ht u hoc da trn cc ti liu nghin cu
khoa hc ngi nghin cu nhn thy ht u bnh thng, ht no, v ht bng lng
th ny mm tt v u (y l mt kt qu c bit qua l thuyt, ti liu nghin cu
trc y,). Nh vy, ngi nghin cu c th suy lun t ra cu hi i vi cc
ht u c v b nhn nheo th ny mm nh th no? (y l cu hi). Gi thuyt c
t ra l Nu s ny mm ca ht u c lin quan ti v ht, vy th ht u c v
nhn c th khng ny mm. y l mt gi thuyt m c th d dng lm th nghim
kim chng.
Kim chng gi thuyt qua so snh gia tin on vi kt qu th nghim
Bn cnh vic kim nghim, mt yu t quan trng l nh gi s tin on. Nu nh s
tin on c tm thy l khng ng (da trn kt qu hay bng chng th nghim),
ngi nghin cu kt lun rng gi thuyt (mt phn gi thuyt) sai (ngha l bc b
hay chng minh gi thuyt sai). Khi s tin on l ng (da trn kt qu hay bng
chng th nghim), kt lun gi thuyt l ng.
Thng th cc nh khoa hc vn dng kin thc tin on mi quan h gia bin
c lp v bin ph thuc. Th d: gi thuyt t ra trn s tin on l Nu gia tng
phn bn, lm gia tng nng sut, vy th cc cy u c bn phn nhiu hn s cho
nng sut cao hn. Nu s tin on khng da vo kin thc khoa hc, ti liu nghin
cu lm trc y th s tin on c th vt ra ngoi kt qu mong mun nh th
d Hnh 1: p ng ca nng sut theo liu lng phn N cung cp cy u.
17/81
Hnh 1. Nng sut u theo lng N bn (khng da trn kin thc khoa hc hay thc
nghim)
R rng trong thc t cho thy, nng sut ch c th gia tng n mt mc cung cp
phn N no (Hnh 2). xc nh mc phn N cung cp cho nng sut cao nht
(gn chnh xc), th nh nghin cu cn c hiu bit v qui lut cung cp dinh dng
v mt s ti liu nghin cu trc y v phn bn, t s a ra mt vi mc
c th kim chng.
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Phng php ly mu
Trc khi i vo chi tit v phng php ly mu, cn hiu cc nh ngha c lin quan
n phng php, trnh by trong Bng 5.1.
Bng 5.1 Cc nh ngha c lin quan n phng php ly mu
Qun th
Mt tp hp cc i tng kho st (ngi, c th, nhn vt, sinh
(population) vt,) v cha cc c tnh cn nghin cu hay kho st.
Qun th
mc
tiu(target
population)
Mu
(sample)
Mu khng
xc sut
(nonprobability
sample)
Mu xc
sut
(probability
sample)
S h trong mi
lp
T l h trong mi lp
(%)
C mu phng vn mi
lp
250
25
50
150
15
30
400
40
80
200
20
40
1000
100
200
24/81
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chn u tin phng vn khch du lch n trc, chn ni c nhiu khch lui ti, khch
khch sn, ... v v vy mc tin cy ph thuc vo kinh nghim hay s phn on
ca ngi nghin cu v s nhit tnh ca ngi tr li phng vn.
tng mc tin cy, ngi nghin cu cn thc hin cuc phng vn bc u
kim tra ngi tr li c ri vo cc ch tiu hay khng. Chn mu ch tiu t c p
dng trong cc nghin cu pht trin, nhng i khi oc s dng trong mt vi nghin
cu nh mang cc c tnh quan st.
* Chn mu khng gian (spatial sampling)
Ngi nghin cu c th s dng cch ly mu ny khi hin tng, s vt c quan
st c s phn b mu theo khng gian (cc i tng kho st trong khung mu c v
tr khng gian 2 hoc 3 chiu). Th d ly mu nc sng, t sn i, hoc khng
kh trong phng. Cch chn mu nh vy thng gp trong cc nghin cu sinh hc, a
cht, a l.
Ly mu theo s phn b ny yu cu c s ging nhau v khng gian qua cc phng
php ngu nhin, h thng v phn lp. Kt qu ca mt mu chn c th c biu
din nh mt lot cc im trong khng gian hai chiu, ging nh l bn .
Xc nh c mu
Mc ch ca vic xc nh c mu l gim i cng lao ng v chi ph lm th
nghim v iu quan trng l chn c mu nh th no m khng lm mt i cc c
tnh ca mu v tin cy ca s liu i din cho qun th.
Vic xc nh c mu l mt cch ly thng k theo ngha, nhng i khi qu trnh
ny cng c b qua v ngi nghin cu ch ly c mu c t l n nh (nh c mu
10% ca qun th mu). D nhin, i vi qun th tng i ln, th vic chn c mu
c t l nh vy tng i chnh xc i din cho qun th. Vic tnh ton l lm
sao xc nh mt kch c mu ti thiu m vn nh gi c tng i chnh xc qun
th. Chn c mu qu ln hoc ln hn mc ti thiu th tn km cn chn c mu di
mc ti thiu li t chnh xc.
Trc khi xc nh c mu, phi tha nhn mu cn xc nh t qun th c s phn
phi bnh thng. xc nh c mu ti thiu cn phi nh gi trung bnh qun th
. Khi chng ta thu thp s liu t mu v tnh trung bnh mu. Trung bnh mu ny th
khc vi trung bnh qun th . S khc nhau gia mu v qun th c xem l sai s.
Sai s bin (The margin of error) d th hin s khc nhau gia trung bnh mu quan st
v gi tr trung bnh ca qun th c tnh nh sau:
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0,95 0,99
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Loi s liu thu thp trong phng php phi thc nghim gm s liu c thu thp
t cc cu hi c cu trc kn hoc s liu c thu thp t cc cu hi m theo cc
phng php thu thp s liu.
+ Cu hi m: l dng cu hi c s liu thu thp khng c cu trc hay s liu kh
c m ha. Cu hi cho php cu tr li m v c cc din t, suy ngh khc nhau hn
l p hoc nh hng cho ngi tr li.
+ Cu hi kn: l dng cu hi c s liu thu thp c th tng i d dng phn tch,
m ha nhng n gii hn s tr li. Th d, sinh vin cc kha hc c a ra cc cu
hi nhn xt v gio trnh, bi ging, sch, v c ch nh tr li theo thang nh
gi 5 mc (rt hi lng: +2; hi lng: +1; trung bnh: 0; khng hi lng: -1; rt khng
hi lng: -2) bit sinh vin tha mn hay khng tha mn. y l cc cu hi kn th
hin s m ha s liu.
Phng php thu thp s liu
Nhiu ti, chng trnh, d n nghin cu trong cc lnh vc sn xut, thng mi,
kinh doanh c lin quan ti nhiu nhm ngi nh ch kinh doanh, i l, nh khoa hc,
ngi sn xut, ngi tiu th, hay tim nng, th trng, kinh nghim, kin thc hoc
quan im. Vic thu thp cc thng tin, s liu trong mi quan h trn cn thit phi
chn phng php thu thp s liu cho ph hp. Trong , phng php phng vn l
mt cch c s dng ch yu tm hiu nhng l do v ng c v quan im, thi
, s thch hoc hnh vi ca con ngi. Ngi phng vn c th thc hin cc cuc
phng vn l c nhn hoc nhm ngi ni lm vic, nh, ngoi rung ng, ngoi
ng, siu th hay mt ni no tha thun, Trong phng php phng vn,
trc khi bt u t cu hi cho ngi tr li th ngi nghin cu nn xc nh phm
vi cu hi. C hai quyt nh cn phi lm:
1. Xc nh ranh gii nghin cu: Bng cch t hi qun th cng ng no hay
qun chng no trong cng ng nm bt c cc kin thc, kin v
thng tin t h?
2. Chn mu hay chn i tng phng vn: Theo nguyn tc, chn mu ngu
nhin l tt nht. Nhng thc t cho thy kh t c v kh thuyt phc
c ngi c chn ngu nhin tham d. V vy, thng c nhiu cch
khc nhau trong vic ly mu (xem phn phng php chn mu trong phng
php thc nghim).
Mt khi gii quyt xong hai cu hi trn, bc k l xc nh kiu tr li ca ngi
c phng vn. C hai phng php phng vn: Phng php phng vn - tr li v
phng php s dng bng cu hi - tr li bng vit. S khc nhau quan trng gia hai
phng php ny c lin quan ti khi lng kin thc v c s l thuyt bt u lm
cuc iu tra, cng nh khi lng s liu cn thu thp. i khi c mt s mu khuyt
31/81
32/81
* Phng vn c nhn
y l phng php trao i thng tin gia ngi tr li phng vn v ngi phng vn.
Phng php ny c nhng thun li v khng thun li sau:
Thun li:
33/81
c thn
c gia nh
36/81
ly d
qu ph
Khi trnh by cc cu hi chn la theo thit k, phi bo m l tt c s la chn c
th c bao gm. bo m an ton c th thm cc hp chn:
khc ; hoc nhng ci g khc _____________
Cc cu hi phi hon ton khng c m h, kh hiu cho ngi tr li. V vy, nn
s dng cu n gin, cc t s dng thng thng, d hiu. i khi c th lm r ngha
hn bng cch nhn mnh cc t quan trng hoc a ra cc hnh nh hoc dng vit
v hnh minh ha. Cc cu hi khng r c th lm cho ngi tr li lng tng, cm
thy b b buc hay gng p tr li, nh vy s khng t c cc cu tr li ng,
chnh xc (s liu s khng tin cy).
Sau khi thit k xong bng cu hi, nn lm cuc th nghim trc khi c cuc iu tra
chnh thc ngoi thc t. Tt nht nn a cho mt vi ngi no in vo bng cu
hi v quan st ngi tr li vit ra hay phn ng ca ngi tr li nhanh hay chm,
cc hnh ng, c ch trong khi tr li nh th no (th hin kh khn, suy ngh nh th
no,).
- t cu hi v kin v quan im
Khi hi v quan im, cu hi nn c trnh by trong cc nguyn tc sau y:
Cu hi, cch trnh by phi thu ht, l th v gy cho ngi tr li thoi mi,
d chu.
Cu hi, cch trnh by phi ngn gn, n gin, r rng, d hiu. Trnh cc
mnh ph thuc.
Cc t nh tt c, lun lun, khng ai v khng bao gi nn trnh s
dng trong cu qu kh.
Khi hnh thnh s trnh by v nhn vo kt qu, nn quan tm nh hng sai lch ca
cu hi. Hu ht mi ngi thch tr li cu hi tch cc hn tiu cc (tr li iu hay,
tt, sung s, hn l iu xu, khng tt). c bit nu h bit hay c c suy ngh
v cch th hin chnh ngi nghin cu mun ng h cch trnh by tr li ca h. V
vy, tt nht l ngi phng vn nn chn la cch th hin, trnh by cu hi theo mt
cch va phn nh th hin quan im tiu cc v tch cc cho ngi tr li cu hi
(quan im tr li ngang bng nhau lc u, hay khng thin v).
37/81
Nng
Gy n tng
p mt
Thun tin
Khng thun
tin (bt tin)
C in
Hin i
b/ Mu cu hi m
Cu trc theo dng ny c mt s cc ng gch (hoc khng gian trng) cho ngi
tr li vit cu tr li cu hi. Th d sau:
1.
c/ Mu cu hi kn
Cu trc dng cu hi ny a ra mt s la chn nh sau: Bn ng vi cc yu cu
in thoi p sau y khng? Vui lng nh du x vo hp la chn di y.
38/81
Ti hi ng
Ti kh ng
Ti hon ton ng
Mt cu trc ging nh trn, nhng c s la chn khc na m khng tm thy trong
hp la chn th chng ta c th thit k sau:
4.
nhim
Kim sot dn s
Tn gio
S nhp c
Thu nhp ngi dn
c/ Cc mu cu hi c cu trc khc
Mu nh du hp la chn
ng
Sai
Khng chc
Mu ng thng chia
39/81
i sng ca
nng dn
ngy cng n
nh hn
Hon
ton
khng
ng
Rt ng
Mc gio dc
Nhm tui
Cp II
Cp III
Sau cp III
40/81
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
Trn 60
41/81
42/81
nh hng mc tr li
Thng bo trc
qua th
Thng bo trc
qua in thoi
Tng mc tr li
Tng mc tr li
Bao th gi c
dn tem sn
Tng mc tr li
Ring t c nhn
nh hng thay i
Bng cu hi di
nh hng t trn mc tr li
Bng cu hi mu
Khng nh hng mc tr li
S gia hn
Khng nh hng mc tr li
Dng cu hi
43/81
44/81
Trnh by bng
Cu trc bng s liu
Cu trc bng cha cc thnh phn sau y (Bng 6.1):
S v ta bng
Ta ct
Ta hng
Phn thn chnh ca bng l vng cha s liu
Ch thch cui bng
Cc ng ranh gii gia cc phn .
Bng d dng c to ra bng cch s dng chng trnh Microsoft word hoc bng
tnh Excel.
45/81
2,8
2,8
23,8
2 Lao ng
32,5
10,1
2,3
55,1
3 Vn sn xut
78,9
2,0
3,1
16,0
n v
Trung bnha
5,8 0,14,15 0,010,31
0,017,3 1,01,46 0,079,18
0,2773,3 0,6
46/81
lch chun
Sng An
nhSng
By
NgSng
Bnh
ThnhSng
t
ToiSng
Bo
CtSng
Ci
7,314,335,666,568,565,285,497,966,863,3110,737,36 13,957,8313,939,6414,278,2810
SuSng
Tr KitH
Bn BH
H
LoanH
Thanh
TH
Ngc
TrH Tn
Thnh
*
47/81
Qui lut 2: Khi s nghim thc t 5 tr xung. Cc trung bnh nghim thc c so
snh gia nghim thc i chng vi mi nghim thc khc qua php th LSD (Bng
6.5). Trnh by gi tr LSD.05 cui hng.
Bng 6.5 So snh nng sut ca 3 ging bp c trin
vng A, B v D vi ging i chng C
Ging bp
trung bnh ca 4 ln lp li
Qui lut 3: Ch s dng 1 php kim nh. Khng trnh by c hai php th LSD v
Duncan cho cc trung bnh nghim thc.
Qui lut 4: Khi phn tch ngun bin ng c chuyn i s liu, kim nh LSD c th
trnh by khi no cc gi tr trung bnh c trnh by dng chuyn i.
Qui lut 5: Khi so snh cc cp trung bnh nghim thc, trnh by gi tr LSD cui
hng (Bng 6.5) hoc ch thch cui bng. Khi so snh gia nghim thc i chng vi
mi nghim thc khc th trnh by cc du *, ** hoc ns theo sau trung bnh cc nghim
thc ch mc ngha qua php kim nh LSD (Bng 6.6).
Bng 6.6 So snh nng sut trung bnh ca nghim thc i chng vi 6 nghim thc
thuc tr su qua php th LSD
Khc bit
sovi i
chng(kg/
ha)
Nghim thc
Dol-Mix (1 kg)Dol-Mix (2
kg)DDT + BHCAzodrinDimecronBoomDimecron-Knapi
chng
811 **1,362
**
1,236
2,1272,6782,5522,1281,7941,6811,316 **
812 **480
*
365 ns--
Trung bnh 4 ln lp li
48/81
2,678 a
T3
2,552 b
T4
2,128 c
T1
2,127
T5
1,796
T6
1,681 d
T7
1,316
49/81
Giai on sinh
trng (ngy
sau khi cy)
15
40
55
12345678
IR43
C bn vi
Khng bn
vi
C bnKhng
bn
4,8 bcd4,3 cd
C bn
vi
3,9 d3,6
d
Khng bn
vi
6,2 a5,3 b
6,2 a4,0
cd
50/81
IR43
C
Khng
bn
bn vi
vi
Khng bn
C bn vi
Khc bit
vi
C
bnKhng
4,84,30,5ns 3,93,60,3ns 0,9ns0,7ns
bnKhc
bit
a
Khc bit
** khc bit c ngha thng k 1%, * khc bit c ngha thng k 5%,
ns khng khc bit c ngha thng k
Qui lut 4: Th nghim thit k theo khi hon ton ngu nhin (CRD, RCB hoc hnh
vung Latin) th s dng k hiu ch so snh s khc nhau kt qu trung bnh ca tt
c cc nghim thc qua php th Duncan (Bng 6.11).
Bng 6.11 So snh s khc nhau v nng sut trung bnh (t/haa) gia 2
mc trong mi nhn t bng k hiu ch
Phn hu c
IR26
IR64
51/81
Bn ln
Khng bn ln
C bnKhng bn 4,9bcd4,5 cd
a
Bn ln Khng bn ln
4,2 d3,9 d
6,4 a5,3 b
6,3a4,6 cd
Trung bnh ca 4 ln lp li. Khc bit cc tr s trung bnh qua php th Duncan
mc ngha 5%.
Qui lut 5: kim chng nhn t hng khc vi nhn t ct. Nu s tng tc gia
nhn t A x B c ngha v mc ca nhn t A < 6 v nhn t B > 6. Trnh by nhn
t A theo ct v nhn t B theo hng (Bng 6.12). t mu t sau cc tr s trung bnh
ca nhn t B so snh mi mc ca nhn t A qua php th Duncan. so snh
trung bnh ca nhn t A vi mi mc ca nhn t B qua php th LSD th trnh by
gi tr LSD so snh.
Bng 6.12 nh hng vic lm c v lm t trn nng sut (kg/haa)
ca u xanh
Phng phplm c
Phng php lm t
Theo tp qun
Bng my
Khng lm
t
114 abc101
bcd26 d48
cd46 cd94
bcd182 a160
ab75 cd94
274 ab265
ab232 ab201
bc200 bc137
c289 a263
ab148 c223
104 b84
b37 b48
b58 b44
b230
a224 a54
b98
Trnh by hnh
S dng hnh nhm minh ha cc kt qu v mi quan h gia cc bin cho c gi d
thy hn khi trnh by bng bng s liu hoc text. S dng hnh c thun li l c gi
hiu nhanh chng cc s liu m khng mt nhiu thi gian khi nhn bng. Cc dng
52/81
hnh c s dng gm biu ct (colume chart), biu thanh (bar chart), biu
tn sut (frequency histogram), biu phn tn (scatterplot), biu ng biu din
(line chart), biu hnh bnh (pie chart), biu din tch (area chart), s chui
(flow chart), s phn cp t chc (organization chart), hnh nh (photos) ...
Biu ct v thanh
Biu ct v thanh c s dng so snh s liu theo nhm, hoc s liu c phn
nhm, hoc c th so snh phn trm tng ca nhiu s liu. minh ha s liu bng
biu ct v thanh cn tun theo cc hng dn sau: S liu dng nhm, ri rc (khng
lin tc) nh phn b tn sut v phn trm, s liu th t (ordinal) hoc s liu nhn
(nominal), s liu so snh phn tch thng k.
Biu s dng cho s liu ri rc
* Biu ct
Biu ct nn p dng cho s liu ri rc trong cc hng mc c chui lin tc t
nhin v trnh t thi gian hoc mt dy s liu :
Thng 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
Nm 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, (Th d: Hnh 6.1a hoc 6.1b)
Dy s liu 0-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40,
Th d: Bng tnh Excel v s liu xut khu c ph v ca cao
trong 5 nm qua.
Nm C ph Ca cao
1995 264
148
1996 315
182
1997 456
280
1998 290
320
1999 381
460
53/81
54/81
Nghim thc(gN/chu)
Trng lng kh cy (g/chu)
Thn
Hoa + v + ht
i chng
1.9
0.8
2.7
0.9
1.95 1.5
3.5
1.9
2.0
5.2
1.6
* Biu thanh
Biu thanh c p dng cho s liu trong cc hng mc khng c chui lin tc t
nhin nh cc mc sn phm, hng ha, vt liu, thu nhp, (Hnh 6.3; 6.4).
Th d: Bng tnh Excel v sn lng lng thc nm 1992 ca Vit Nam
Sn phm
Triu tn/nm
La
60.50
55/81
Bp
21.93
4.81
u nnh
2.60
2002
La
155
115
Cy n tri 100
140
Rau mu
100
55
56/81
01/2004 98
78
02/2004 -
77
03/2004 -
75
04/2004 10
76
05/2004 120
81
06/2004 170
86
07/2004 175
84
08/2004 220
88
09/2004 230
87
10/2004 250
87
11/2004 145
80
12/2004 75
82
57/81
7.8
5.9
3.8
6.2
3.9
6.5
58/81
Hnh 6.6 nh hng ca mi trng v thi gian (nm) n kh nng trng n (trung
bnh % trng n ca trng khng th tinh) ca c r Phi. Cc tr trung bnh c ch theo
sau khc nhau th khc bit c ngha thng k qua php th Duncan (p < 0,05)
Ch :
Hnh 6.6 t trc phn ch thch.
S liu c o biu din trc y.
Nhn t th nht ca nghim thc (mi trng sng) biu din trc x, mi
nghim thc c trnh by ring.
Nhn t th hai ca nghim thc (nm) c c th hin bi cc ct khc
nhau (mu, cao ct).
Thanh sai s biu th ngay trn ct.
S khc nhau v thng k c trnh by bi cc ch trn thanh, km theo ch
thch bn di th php kim nh (test) v mc ngha.
Th d 2: Hnh ct trnh by s khc nhau gia cc nghim thc c thanh biu th s
khc bit (Hnh 6.7).
Th d: Bng tnh Excel v nh hng ca pH nc ti n chiu di thn ca cy con
u a
Nghim thc (pH) Chiu di thn(mm)
5,3
6.20
3,5
7.10
2,0
2.40
59/81
Ch :
60/81
Qui lut 2: Khi phn tch s khc bit gia cc nghim thc qua php kim nh Duncan,
s dng k hiu ch trn cc thanh ct ca mi nghim thc (Hnh 6.8).
Th d: Bng tnh Excel v hm lng NH4-N hu dng trong 3 kiu canh tc la.
Nghim thc
NH4-N (ppm)
t ngp nc + nh bn
50.2
t ngp nc + khng nh bn
30.1
Qui lut 3: Khi kim chng khc bit ca mi nghim thc vi nghim thc i chng
qua php kim nh LSD, trnh by k hiu LSD (Hnh 6.9).
Th d: Bng tnh Excel v nng sut ca cc ging la lai,
ging b m v ging thng mi IR36.
Nghim thc
61/81
V20A (Ging b m)
290
IR28 (Ging b m)
395
490
97A (Ging b m)
305
IR54 (Ging b m)
340
580
170
T2
240
T3
190
T4
220
62/81
- Th nghim 2 nhn t
S dng hnh trnh by th nghim hai nhn t cn lu trnh t, nhm cc nhn t v
mc mi nhn t. Cc ct c sp thnh hng gn nhau c xem nh cc mc
ca nhn t chnh v nhn t cn li th khng trnh by ct. Th d, nu nh ngi
nghin cu mun trnh by nh hng ca manganese oxide l quan trng th nn trnh
by Hnh 6.11a. Nu mun nhn mnh yu t ging l quan trng th nn trnh by
Hinh 6.11b thch hp hn.
Th d: Bng tnh Excel v nh hng bn manganese oxide trn nng sut ca 2 ging
lu IR26 v IR43
IR26
IR43
Khng bn C bn
MnO 2
MnO 2
C bn
MnO 2
Khng bn C bn
MnO 2
MnO 2
Khng bn
MnO 2
3.95
3.7
3.95
3.7
6.1
63/81
64/81
Biu tn sut
th tn sut (hay gi s phn b tn sut) th hin s liu o ca cc c th phn b
dc theo trc ca bin. Tn sut (trc y) c th l tr s tuyt i (s m) hoc tng
i (phn trm hoc t l ca mu). Trnh by bng th tn sut cn thit khi m t
qun th. Th d v phn b chiu cao cy v tui (Hnh 6.12).
Th d: Bng tnh Excel v s phn b chiu cao ca cc cy trm trng U Minh, thng
1 nm 2001. N = 88 cy gi v 123 cy con.
Chiu cao(m) Cy con (%) Cy gi (%)
1
2.5
10
2.5
4.5
11.5
17
9.5
10
14.5
8.5
11
10
10.5
12
6.5
15
13
10.5
14
8.5
15
10
16
11.5
17
65/81
Ch :
Trc y th hin % tn sut tng i, s, gi tr ca ct.
S liu o (trc x) c chia lm hai hng mc c chiu rng ct thch hp
trnh by s phn b qun th.
Kch c mu c trnh by r hoc phn ch thch di th hoc ni
trnh by th.
Biu phn tn
Biu phn tn c s dng rng ri trong khoa hc trnh by s phn b cc s
liu v mi quan h gia cc s liu. Trong , cc gi tr l cc chm phn b v mi
quan h c th hin bng ng hi qui tng quan (Hnh 6.13). Bin ph thuc y c
trc thng ng ph thuc vo gi tr ca bin c lp x l trc nm ngang.
Nu nh dy s liu c hai hay nhiu s c gi tr ln (th d, 0-200) th c th s dng
hm logaric (c s 10) bin i s liu c gi tr nh hn. Cng vic ny gi l qu
trnh chuyn i s liu.
* Cc qui lut c bn trnh by biu phn tn:
64
45
58
60
55
65
65
79
81
82
82
84
74
87
75
96
89
112
10
98
120
11
100
125
12
126
168
13
125
195
14
152
220
15
170
242
16
176
245
17
186
282
18
218
320
19
220
340
20
216
380
67/81
Ch :
Mi trc x, y c cc vch ph v vch chnh c s xc nh gi tr.
Kch c mu c trnh by phn ch thch di hnh hoc trong hnh.
Nu s liu c phn tch thng k v c mi quan h gia cc bin th c th
trnh by bng ng hi qui trn th, phng trnh hi qui v ngha thng
k th hin trong ta hnh hoc trong hnh.
Nn chn t l thch hp hai trc hnh c cn i v r rng.
Biu ng biu din
Biu ng biu din c trnh by khi cc gi tr ca bin c lp l chui lin tc
nh nhit , p sut hoc s sinh trng, Cc gi tr l cc im c ni vi nhau
bi ng thng hoc ng cong din t mi quan h ca chiu hng bin ng v
chc nng. C th trnh by nhiu bin ph thuc l nhng ng biu din trn cng
mt hnh (Hnh 6.14).
Biu ng biu din th hin s thay i ca bin y theo x, so snh mt lot cc
gi tr theo thi gian. Th d, ng cong sinh trng v nng sut ca cy trng p
ng theo s cung cp phn bn (Hnh 6.15), th d v cch trnh by Hnh 6.16, hoc
ng cong biu din s sinh trng ca cc c th hay qun th theo thi gian (Hnh
6.17).
Th d Bng tnh Excel v s h nng dn v din tch t canh tc
68/81
250
1996 700
400
1997 1400
500
1998 1500
1000
1999 1800
1500
2000 1900
1600
2001 2000
1700
2002 1850
1550
4.80
25
6.00
50
6.90
75
7.60
100
8.10
69/81
125
8.20
150
8.25
175
8.15
200
7.10
70/81
18
30
20
48
30
78
32
130
41
178
43
230
62
252
90
268
115 284
160 280
71/81
Ch :
C nhiu cch biu th cc k hiu ca nhm (cua hay tm).
Mi chm i din cho mt gi tr trung bnh v c ch thch pha bn trong
th. Sai s thanh c th hin mi im gi tr v c ch thch di
th.
Do cc gi tr c ly trn mi nhm c lp (hai loi khc nhau), nn cc
m chm khng c lin h vi nhau.
Biu hnh bnh
Biu hnh bnh c s dng trnh by mi quan h t l so snh phn trm tng
ca cc s liu khc nhau (Hnh 6.18a hoc 6.18b). Khi trnh by cc s liu bng biu
hnh bnh nn tun theo cc qui lut sau:
Tng s cc s liu c gi tr tng khng i (thng 100%).
Cc gi tr c s khc bit tng i ln (c ngha), v cc gi tr bng nhau
th khng nn trnh by bng th ny (th d, 7 gi tr bng nhau).
Mi phn chia ca hnh (mi phn tng ng vi mt gi tr) nn c ch
thch.
S phn chia tng i nh (thng thng l t 3-7 phn) v khng vt qu 7.
Th d: Bng tnh Excel v nh hng ng gp
72/81
Phn bn
34
Nc ti
24
Ging
18
Khc
Tng
100
73/81
460
360
210
120
Th 3
610
440
380
140
Th 4
400
310
160
90
Th 5
480
320
180
70
Th 6
400
320
170
120
Th 7
460
330
160
80
Ch nht 460
370
310
220
74/81
76/81
78/81
Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: Phng php Nghin cu Khoa hc
Bin tp bi: PGS. TS. Nguyn Bo V
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/d257fbec
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: M u
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/de7d7c7c
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Khi nim Khoa hc v Nghin cu Khoa hc
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/342fcdee
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Phng php khoa hc
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a1c1d57b
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Vn Nghin cu Khoa hc
Cc tc gi: PGS. TS. Nguyn Bo V
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/0c22e945
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Thu thp ti liu v t gi thuyt
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/5b0438d9
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Phng php thu thp s liu
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/79b842c2
79/81
80/81
81/81