SQL Optimization and Tuning

Real SQL Programming
Persistent Stored Modules (PSM)

PL/SQL
Embedded SQL
1
SQL in Real Programs

We have seen only how SQL is used at
the generic query interface --- an
environment where we sit at a terminal
and ask queries of a database.
Reality is almost always different:
conventional programs interacting with
SQL.
2
Options
1. Code in a specialized language is
stored in the database itself (e.g.,
PSM, PL/SQL).
2. SQL statements are embedded in a
host language (e.g., C).
3. Connection tools are used to allow a
conventional language to access a
database (e.g., CLI, JDBC, PHP/DB).
3
Stored Procedures
PSM, or persistent stored modules,
allows us to store procedures as
database schema elements.
PSM = a mixture of conventional
statements (if, while, etc.) and SQL.
Lets us do things we cannot do in SQL
alone.
4
Basic PSM Form

CREATE PROCEDURE <name> (
<parameter list> )
<optional local declarations>
<body>;
Function alternative:
CREATE FUNCTION <name> (
<parameter list> ) RETURNS <type>
5
Parameters in PSM
Unlike the usual name-type pairs in
languages like C, PSM uses modename-type triples, where the mode can
be:
IN = procedure uses value, does not
change value.
OUT = procedure changes, does not use.
INOUT = both.
6
Example: Stored Procedure

Lets write a procedure that takes two
arguments b and p, and adds a tuple
to Sells(bar, beer, price) that has bar =
Joes Bar, beer = b, and price = p.
Used by Joe to add to his menu more
easily.
The Procedure
CREATE PROCEDURE JoeMenu (
IN b
CHAR(20),
Parameters are both
read-only, not changed
IN p
REAL
)
INSERT INTO Sells
The body --VALUES(Joes Bar, b, p); a single insertion
8
Invoking Procedures
Use SQL/PSM statement CALL, with the name
of the desired procedure and arguments.
Example:
CALL JoeMenu(Moosedrool, 5.00);
Functions used in SQL expressions wherever
a value of their return type is appropriate.
Kinds of PSM statements (1)

RETURN <expression> sets the return
value of a function.
Unlike C, etc., RETURN does not terminate
function execution.
DECLARE <name> <type> used to

declare local variables.
BEGIN . . . END for groups of statements.
Separate statements by semicolons.
10
Kinds of PSM Statements (2)

Assignment statements:
SET <variable> = <expression>;
Example: SET b = Bud;
Statement labels: give a statement a

label by prefixing a name and a colon.
11
IF Statements
Simplest form:
IF <condition> THEN
<statements(s)>
END IF;
Add ELSE <statement(s)> if desired, as
IF . . . THEN . . . ELSE . . . END IF;
Add additional cases by ELSEIF
<statements(s)>: IF THEN ELSEIF
THEN ELSEIF THEN ELSE END IF;
12
Example: IF
Lets rate bars by how many customers
they have, based on Frequents(drinker,bar).
<100 customers: unpopular.
100-199 customers: average.
>= 200 customers: popular.
Function Rate(b) rates bar b.
13
Example: IF (continued)
CREATE FUNCTION Rate (IN b CHAR(20) )
Number of
RETURNS CHAR(10)
customers of
bar b
DECLARE cust INTEGER;
BEGIN
SET cust = (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Frequents
WHERE bar = b);
IF cust < 100 THEN RETURN unpopular
ELSEIF cust < 200 THEN RETURN average
ELSE RETURN popular
Nested
END IF;
IF statement
Return occurs here, not at
14
END;
one of the RETURN statements
Loops
Basic form:
<loop name>: LOOP <statements>
END LOOP;
Exit from a loop by:
LEAVE <loop name>
15
Example: Exiting a Loop

loop1: LOOP
...
LEAVE loop1;
...
END LOOP;
If this statement is executed . . .
Control winds up here
16
Other Loop Forms

WHILE <condition>
DO <statements>
END WHILE;
REPEAT <statements>
UNTIL <condition>
END REPEAT;
17
Queries
General SELECT-FROM-WHERE
queries are not permitted in PSM.
There are three ways to get the effect
of a query:
1. Queries producing one value can be the
expression in an assignment.
2. Single-row SELECT . . . INTO.
3. Cursors.
18
Example: Assignment/Query
Using local variable p and Sells(bar, beer,
price), we can get the price Joe charges for
Bud by:
SET p = (SELECT price FROM Sells
WHERE bar = Joes Bar AND
beer = Bud);
19
SELECT . . . INTO
Another way to get the value of a query
that returns one tuple is by placing INTO
<variable> after the SELECT clause.
Example:
SELECT price INTO p FROM Sells
WHERE bar = Joes Bar AND
beer = Bud;
20
Cursors
A cursor is essentially a tuple-variable
that ranges over all tuples in the result
of some query.
Declare a cursor c by:
DECLARE c CURSOR FOR <query>;
21
Opening and Closing Cursors

To use cursor c, we must issue the
command:
OPEN c;
The query of c is evaluated, and c is set
to point to the first tuple of the result.
When finished with c, issue command:

CLOSE c;
22
Fetching Tuples From a Cursor

To get the next tuple from cursor c,
issue command:
FETCH FROM c INTO x1, x2,,xn ;
The x s are a list of variables, one for
each component of the tuples referred
to by c.
c is moved automatically to the next
tuple.
23
Breaking Cursor Loops (1)

The usual way to use a cursor is to
create a loop with a FETCH statement,
and do something with each tuple
fetched.
A tricky point is how we get out of the
loop when the cursor has no more
tuples to deliver.
24

Each SQL operation returns a status,
which is a 5-digit character string.
For example, 00000 = Everything OK,
and 02000 = Failed to find a tuple.
In PSM, we can get the value of the

status in a variable called SQLSTATE.
25

We may declare a condition, which is a
boolean variable that is true if and only
if SQLSTATE has a particular value.
Example: We can declare condition
NotFound to represent 02000 by:
DECLARE NotFound CONDITION FOR
SQLSTATE 02000;
26

The structure of a cursor loop is thus:
cursorLoop: LOOP
FETCH c INTO ;
IF NotFound THEN LEAVE
cursorLoop;
END IF;
END LOOP;
27
Example: Cursor
Lets write a procedure that examines
Sells(bar, beer, price), and raises by $1
the price of all beers at Joes Bar that
are under $3.
Yes, we could write this as a simple
UPDATE, but the details are instructive
anyway.
28
The Needed Declarations

CREATE PROCEDURE JoeGouge( )
Used to hold
beer-price pairs
DECLARE theBeer CHAR(20);
when fetching
DECLARE thePrice REAL;
through cursor c
DECLARE NotFound CONDITION FOR
SQLSTATE 02000;
Returns Joes menu
DECLARE c CURSOR FOR
(SELECT beer, price FROM Sells
WHERE bar = Joes Bar);
29
The Procedure Body

BEGIN
Check if the recent
OPEN c;
FETCH failed to
menuLoop: LOOP
get a tuple
FETCH c INTO theBeer, thePrice;
IF NotFound THEN LEAVE menuLoop END IF;
IF thePrice < 3.00 THEN
UPDATE Sells SET price = thePrice + 1.00
WHERE bar = Joes Bar AND beer = theBeer;
END IF;
END LOOP;
If Joe charges less than $3 for
CLOSE c;
the beer, raise its price at
Joes Bar by $1.
END;
30
MySQL Cursors
CREATE PROCEDURE curdemo()
BEGIN
DECLARE done INT DEFAULT FALSE;
DECLARE a CHAR(16);
DECLARE b, c INT;
DECLARE cur1 CURSOR FOR SELECT id,data FROM test.t1;
DECLARE cur2 CURSOR FOR SELECT i FROM test.t2;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done = TRUE;
OPEN cur1; OPEN cur2;
read_loop: LOOP
FETCH cur1 INTO a, b;
FETCH cur2 INTO c;
IF done THEN LEAVE read_loop; END IF;
IF b < c THEN INSERT INTO test.t3 VALUES (a,b);
ELSE INSERT INTO test.t3 VALUES (a,c); END IF;
END LOOP;
CLOSE cur1;
CLOSE cur2;
31
END;

SQL Optimization and Tuning

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SQL Optimization and Tuning

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Real SQL Programming

Persistent Stored Modules (PSM)

SQL in Real Programs

Basic PSM Form

Example: Stored Procedure

Kinds of PSM statements (1)

DECLARE <name> <type> used to

Kinds of PSM Statements (2)

Statement labels: give a statement a

Function Rate(b) rates bar b.

Example: Exiting a Loop

If this statement is executed . . .

Control winds up here

Other Loop Forms

Opening and Closing Cursors

When finished with c, issue command:

Fetching Tuples From a Cursor

Breaking Cursor Loops (1)

Breaking Cursor Loops (2)

In PSM, we can get the value of the

Breaking Cursor Loops (3)

Breaking Cursor Loops (4)

The Needed Declarations

The Procedure Body

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