1.

Abstract:Wind, Solar, Geothermal, bio-energy, ocean are the New Renewable for electric
power generation. These are widely promoted by governments and others to help avoid
greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to to global climate change. Development in the
field of un conventional Energy sources is required for optimum Utilization of these new
renewable and for producing more and more electricity. World wide more than 1.6 billion
people do not have access to electricity (1) of which 80% live in isolated locations, hilly
regions and remote villages which remain un-reached by modern energy services,
electrification program and electricity grids so developments are in Non-conventional energy
sources such as solar energy and wind energy are needed to supply electricity or their all
round development .
In addition, renewable energy is supported by many different groups for a wide range
of reasons, including : providing power to areas not served. or poorly served, by an electric
power grid, achieving grid independence: providing distributed power for smaller
Applications ; reducing vulnerability to fuel price fluctuations; reducing emissions of air
pollutants and innovations.

2.INTRODUCTION:The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century ushered in new technologies. The spurt
in inventions in that century was unprecedented in many ways some of these inventions
involved use of natural resources like coal and oil. The thought of exhaustible nature of these
resources and the environmental damage from the use of these resources never occurred
either to the inventors or the subsequent generations. In the Quest to sustain galloping
economic activity, The dependence on coal and oil has soared at a phenomenal rate over the
years.
The conventional energy sources result in the release of carbondioxide and other
gases in to the atmosphere causerie environmental damage. It has become imperative to look
at energy technology with a new perceptive. There are abundant renewable sources of
energy such as wind, sun, water, sea, biomass apart from even daily wastes. These sources
are pollution free and hence clean energy apart from being unlimited/Inexhaustible.
The demand for power is growing rapidly. The problem will be compounded due to
fast depletion of fossil fuel deposits, quality of fuels, heavy price to be paid for basic
materials plus their transportation cost and environmental degradation caused by the use of
conventional energy sources under such conditions, environment friendly and pollution free
non-conventional and renewable energy sources known as clean and green energy have
emerged as an important alternatives to conventional energy sources. The renewable energy
source are clean and inexhaustible. As they rely on sun, wind biomass etc, as primary source
of energy.
The country is endowed with large amounts of sustainable resources base and non
conventional energy technologies which are well suited for grid connected power generation,
energy supplies in remote areas Which are not/ could not be connected to the grid and for
captive consumption. Non-conventional energy sources like wind energy, solar energy
through thermal as well as photovoltaic system, biomes and hybrid sources will heap to a
great extent in enhancing power generation capacity. Hence appropriate

policies and

programs that optimize the use of available energy resources with new technologies have to
be propagated, promoted and adopted.

3.Renewable Resource Strength

Hypothetically there is enough wind and solar energy on earth to meet current and
projected energy needs for many years. Unlike petroleum, solar and wind resources are more
widely distributed around the world. This is an advantage in term of energy security, but a
challenge for every conversion because huge land or sea areas may be required to collect
enough energy for typical load centers. This section summarizes recent rends in unconventional energy sources.

3.1Solar Energy :
1) Solar energy is the most readily available and free source of energy since prehistoric times.
India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7 Kwh/m2 for 300 to 330 days in a
year. This energy is sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per sequel kilometer land
area solar energy can be utilized directly by two technologies ; namely solar thermal and
solar photovoltaic. (Solar electric)

a) Solar Photovoltaic :
Solar Photovoltaic technology is considered as potential alternative for low energy
demand that allows an electricity infrastructure comprising of network of local grid cluster
with distributed electricity generation. We can have individual SPV system for every
household or centralized SPV plant to meet combined load demand of whole village. Solar
PV power is ideally suited for telecommunication applications such as, local telephone
exchange, radio and TV broadcasting, microwave and other form of communication links in
remote and hilly terrain where grid power is not feasible. Solar lantern, mobile phone,
portable SPV powered mobile refrigerator. SPV powered water pumping system are most
important and extensive application stand alone solar PV system.

PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed, stationary PV Panels. PV tracking

systems are mounted and provided with tracking mechanism to follow the sun as it moves
through the sky. These tracking systems run entirely on their own power and can increase
output by 40%.
Photovoltaic Technology is in a state of rapid development. Most of the recent
development have been aimed at improving the manufacturing process, extending the
serviceable lifetime, and particularly on reducing costs, especially capital costs.

b)Solar Thermal Technology :

Harnessing solar energy for cooking purpose is an attractive and relevant option. A
variety of solar cookers have been developed, which can be clubbed in four types of basic
designs.

Box types solar cooker.

Dish type (Parabolic) solar cooker.

Advance solar cooker.

Use of solar energy for fresh water through distillation has been demonstrated in
several moderate sized pilot plants called solar still. Some features of solar energy make its
utilization attractive for irrigation water pumping. Which are solar pumping system it consist
of pump driven by motor run by solar electricity in stead of conventional electricity.
Never concepts for solar thermal power include new hybrids for example, a solar
thermal plant can be combined with natural gas, sharing a large portion of the balance of
plants. Solar can also be combined with energy storage to take advantage of peak grid prices.

3.2 Wind Energy Resources :Wind power today contributes about 0.3% of total electric power generation
worldwide, and is growing rapidly like hydropower, biomass and geothermal energy, wind
power can be competitive with conventional power generation in places where the resources
and / or policies are favorable.
Utilization of wind resources is limited by the availability of areas with good
resources near suitable transmission infrastructures, and to a lesser extent by costs.

a)

Recent wind energy technology :

The basic wind energy conversion device is the wind turbine although various designs
and configurations exist. These turbines are generally grouped two types.
1) Vertical axis wind turbines, in which the axis of rotation is vertical with respect to
ground (and roughly perpendicular to the wind stream)
2) Horizontal axis wind turbines, in which the axis of rotation is horizontal with respect
to ground land roughly parallel to wind stream.

b)

Wind Electric Generators (WEG) :

Wind electric generator converts kinetic energy available in wind to electrical energy

by using rotor, gear box and generator. At present, WEG,s of rating ranging from 225 KW to
1000 KW

(3)

are being installed in our country recent developments have focused on

increasing size 3 MW and larger (3) the improvements have been aimed at reducing noise and
potential for interference with radar and at reducing death of birds. In order to capture low
speed wind resources, other efforts have been focused on cost reduction and overall
efficiency improvement. There has also been some development of vertical axis wind
turbines for smaller applications. Wind has it converts the energy from a chemical reaction
directly into electricity and heat. But unlike a battery, which is limited to the stored chemicals
within, a fuel cell has the capability of generating energy as long as fuel is supplied.
Currently produced fuel cells combine hydrogen and oxygen without combustion to produce
electricity. The oxygen comes from the air, while the hydrogen can either be produced from
water (using electricity) or extracted from fossil fuels. New fuel cells are being developed
that can use fossil fuels directly. Fuel cell technology has been around for over 150 years and
it shows great promise in powering vehicles and in providing energy for residential
applications

3.3 Biofuels:Plants use photosynthesis to grow and produce biomass also known as biomatter,
biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels - biofuels - for our transportations needs
(cars, trucks, buses, air planes and trains). The two most common types of biofuel are ethanol
and biodiesel.
a) Ethanol is an alcohol, similar to that used in beer and wine. It is made by fermenting
any biomass high in carbohydrates (starch, sugar or celluloses) through a process
similar to brewing beer. Ethanol is mostly used as a fuel additive to cut down a
vehicles carbon monoxide and other smog causing emissions. Flexible - Fuel vehicles,
which run on mixtures of gasoline and upto 85% Ethanol are now available.
b) Biodisel produced by plants such as rapeseed (canola), sunflowers and soyabeans, can
be extracted and refined into fuel, which can be burned in diesel engines and buses.
Biodiesel can also made by combining alcohol with vegetable oil, or recycled cooking
greases. It can be used as an additive to reduce vehicle emissions (typically 20%) or in
its pure form as a renewable alternative fuel for diesel engine.

3.4 Ocean Energy:Oceans cover more than 70% of earths surface, making them the worlds largest solar
Collector. The sun warms the water a lot more than the deep ocean water, and this
temperature difference stores the thermal energy.
The ocean consists of two types of energy : Thermal energy from the suns heat and
mechanical energy from the tides and waves.
Ocean thermal energy is used for many applications, including electricity generation.
There are three types of electricity conversion systems : closed cycle, open cycle, and
hybrid. Closed cycle se the oceans warm surface water to vaporizes a working fluid,
which has a low boiling point, such as ammonia. The vapour expands and turn a turbine.
A turbine then activities a generator to produce electricity. Open cycle systems actually
boil the seawater by operating at low pressures. This produces steam that passes through a
turbine / generator . The hybrid system combine both closed cycle and open cycle
systems.

Tapered Channel Wave Power:-

These shoreline systems consist of a tapered channel which feeds into a reservoir
constructed on a cliff. The narrowing of the channel causes the waves to increase their
amplitude (wave height) as they move towards the cliff face which eventually spills over the
walls of the channel and into the reservoir which is positioned several meters above mean sea
level. The kinetic energy of the moving wave is converted into potential energy as the water
is stored in the reservoir. The water then passes through hydroelectric turbines on the way
back to sea level thus generating electricity

Advantages:-No pollution
-Renewable resource
-More efficient than wind because of the density of water
-Predictable source of energy vs. wind and solar
-Second generation has very few disadvantages
-Does not affect wildlife
-Does not affect silt deposits
-Less costly both in building and maintenance

Disadvantages:-Presently costly
-Expensive to build and maintain
-A 1085MW facility could cost as much as 1.2 billion dollars to construct and run
-Connection to the grid
-Technology is not fully developed
-Barrage style only produces energy for about 10 hours out of the day
-Barrage style has environmental affects
-Such as fish and plant migration
-Silt deposits
-Local tides change- affects still under study

3.5 Other Sources:a) Geo thermal energy :

Geo thermal energy is a renewable heat energy from underneath the earth. Heat is
brought to neat surface by thermal conditions and by intrusion into the earths crust. It can
be utilized for power generation and direct neat application. Potential sites for geo
thermal power generation have been identified mainly in central and north regions of the
country. Suitable technologies are under development to make its exploitation viable.
Geothermal electric capacity in the United States is over 3,000 MW. Geothermal power
plants use high temperatures deep underground to produce steam, which then powers
turbines that produce electricity. Geothermal power plants can draw from underground
reservoirs of hot water or can heat water by pumping it into hot, dry rock been the fastest
growing energy source in the U.S. over the last decade mainly due to very significant
improvements in wind energy technology. The American Wind Energy Association
predicts that 6,000 MW of windpower will be installed by the end of 2004. This is enough
to power 1.5 million homes. Wind power is produced by the energy of the wind turning
aerodynamic blades mounted to a hub. The hub is connected to a shaft that turns a
generator. Large utility-scale wind turbines range in size from 50 kilowatts to over four
megawatts. Smaller wind towers (under 50 kW) are suitable for residential and
agricultural use.
Geothermal Heat Pumps:Using the heat from the earth is a very efficient and renewable method of
heating and cooling your home. Geothermal heat pumps (Chapter 5) use the stable
temperature of the ground around your home as a source of heat in the winter and cooling
in the summer. These systems move heat between the home and ground instead of
creating heat by burning fuel and consequently they operate very cleanly and are usually
at least three times more efficient than other systems on the market including those that
are energy efficient themselves. A complete geothermal system can also have the ability
to provide hot water through a desuperheater. A geothermal heat pump system
including installation, duct system and hot water delivery can range in cost from $14,000
to $20,000 but will save significant money over the long term due to increased efficiency.

Use heat to make steam to turn turbine for electrical generation

Note: deep hot waters are corrosive to best to inject clean water in a closed system and
bring it back to the surface as steam

Advantages-Renewable
-Easy to exploit in some cases
-CO2 production less than with fossil fuels
-High net energy yield

Disadvantages-Not available everywhere

-H2S pollution
-Produces some water pollution (somewhat similar to mining)

b)Hydrogen and fuel cells :

In both hydrogen and fuel cells electricity is produce through an electro chemical
reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gases. The fuel cells efficient, compact and
reliable for automotive applications. Hydrogen gas is the primary fuel for fuel cells also.
Hydrogen can be produced from electrolysis of water using solar energy. It can also be
extracted from sewage gas, natural gas, naptha or biogas. Fuel cells can be very widely
used once they become commercially viable
.

Hydrogen Production:

Electrolysis

Efficiencies 70-85%

Produces highest purity of hydrogen

Currently, the electricity consumed is usually worth more than the hydrogen
produced

Experimental methods

Biological hydrogen production

Direct photolysis

Thermolysis

c) Biomass co-generation :
Co-generation improves viability and profitability of sugar industries. Indian sugar
mills are rapidly turning to bagasse, the leftover of cane after it is crushed and its juice
extracted, to generate electricity. This is mainly being and earn additional revenue.
According to current estimates, about 3500 MW of power can be generated from bagasse
in the existing 430 sugar mills in the country. Around 270 MW of power has already been
commissioned and more is under construction.

d) Biogas Digester :
Biogas Digester uses the process of anerobic digestion. An organic feed stock, such as
clop residues, or food or animals waste, is put into the air tight container. Bacteria then
break down the waste releasing biogas. This gas consisting mostly of methane can be
siphoned off for small scale electricity generation using a gas fired combustion turbine.
The process also produce slurry as a by product which makes high quality fertilizer.

4.Conclusions
Each of the New renewables will gain market share in the coming decades.
Their growth today is driven by policy. To a large extent, Renewable policies are
surrogates for climate policy. Renewable energy policies will be necessary to support the
growth of market share for new renewables until reductions in renewable energy costs
from technological innovations, and increase in prices of instruments responsible for
greenhouse gas emissions, are sufficient to close the gap between conventional and new
renewable energy.

5.References
1) INTERNATION ENERGY AGENCY, World Energy Outlook 2009
2) www.irda.com
3) www.winenergy.com
4) Renewables global status report 2009 (PDF)
5) Wikipedia
6) www.google.com