Math 310 Problem Set 6

Jiyang Xie 1

Problem 2 (S p.103-104)
1
Consider the function f (z) = 1+z
4 which is holomorphic in the complex plane except for
ki/4
simple poles at e
, with k = 1, 3, 5, 7. Then consider a contour R consisting of the
segment [R, R] on the real axis and of a large semicircle centered at the origin in the upper
half-plane. Next consider the two poles within this contour z1 = ei/4 and z2 = e3i/4 . We
can find the residues of each of these poles

resz1 f = lim (z z1 )f (z) =

zz1

resz2 f = lim (z z2 )f (z) =

zz2

1
4e3i/4
1
4ei/4

1
= e5i/4
4
1 7i/4
= e
4

Thus we have that for sufficiently large R

Z
f (z)dz = 2i(resz1 f + resz2 f )
R

1
= 2i( i sin(5/4))
2

=
2
Now consider the large semicircle of radius R denoted by CR . We see that
Z
B
M
|
f (z)dz| R 4 3
R
R
CR
where we have used the fact that |f (z)| B/|z|4 when z CR and
R R is large. So, this
integral goes to 0 as R . Therefore, in the limit, we find that f (x)dx = 2 .

.........
Problem 4 (S p.103-104)
iz

Let f (z) = zze

2 +a2 . Consider a contour R consisting of the segment [R, R] on the real axis
and of a large semicircle centered at the origin in the upper half-plane. Next consider the
single simple pole within this contour z1 = ai. We can find the residue of this pole.
1
z iz
= a
zai z + ai
2e

resz1 f = lim (z z1 )f (z) = lim

zz1

Thus we have that for sufficiently large R

Z
f (z)dz = 2i(resz1 f )
R

= 2i(

1
)
2ea

i
ea
Now consider the large semicircle of radius R denoted
R by zeCizR . By Jordans lemma, we note
i
that since limR max[0,] ReRe
=
0,
lim
|
dz| = 0. Thus we again find
R
2i +a2
CR z 2 +a2
R xeix
that x2 +a2 dx = eia . Taking the imaginary parts, we get the desired identity.
=

.........
October 30th, 2014

Math 310 Problem Set 6

Jiyang Xie 2

Problem 6 (S p.103-104)
Let f (z) = (1+z12 )n+1 . Consider a contour R consisting of the segment [R, R] on the real
axis and of a large semicircle centered at the origin in the upper half-plane. Next consider
the single pole of order n + 1 within this contour z1 = i. We can find the residue of this pole.
 n
d
1
(z z0 )n+1 f (z)
resz1 f = lim
zz1 (n)!
dz
1
2n!
1
=
lim (1)n
n! zz1
n! (z + i)n+1
2n!
=
(2 4... 2n)2 (2i)
(1 3... 2n 1) 1
=
(2 4... 2n) 2i
Thus we have that for sufficiently large R
Z
f (z)dz = 2i(resz1 f )
R

(1 3... 2n 1)

(2 4... 2n)

Now consider the large semicircle of radius R denoted by CR . We see that

Z
B
M
|
f (z)dz| R 2n+2 2n+1
R
R
CR
where we have used the fact that |f (z)| B/|z|2n+2 when z CR and R is large. So, this
R
integral goes to 0 as R . Therefore, in the limit, we find that f (x)dx = (13...2n1)
.
(24...2n)

.........
Problem 12 (S p.105-164)
2

For |Im(z)| 1, we have that cot(z) is bounded by 1+e

and for |Im(z)| 1, we have that
1+e2
cot(z)
is
bounded
by
tanh(/2).
Thus
we
have
bounded
the
numerator of the
R
R integrand in
f (z)dz and the denominator is unbounded as R , giving us that CR f (z)dz = 0.
CR
Thus, we have that the sum of the residues inside CR must be 0. f (z) has a simple pole zn

October 30th, 2014

Math 310 Problem Set 6

Jiyang Xie 3

at every integer n and a pole z 0 of order 2 at z = u. Calculating these residues

reszn f = lim (z zn )f (z)
zzn

zn
lim
2
(n + u) zzn tan(z) tan(n)

1

=
(n + u)2 cos(n)2
1
=
(n + u)2
d
resz0 f = lim 0 (z z 0 )2 f (z)
zz dz
d
cot(z)
= lim
zu dz
2
= lim
zu sin(z)2
2
=
sin(z)2
=

Summing these, we get

1
n= (n+u)2

2
,
sin(u)2

as desired.

.........
Problem 13 (S p.105-164)
Let g(z) = (zz0 )f (z). The given inequality then becomes |g(z)| A|zz0 | . This gives that
g is bounded in a neighborhood around z0 so we can apply Riemanns theorem to conclude
that g(z) has a removable singularity at z0 . We can also conclude that limzz0 g(z) = 0.
Letting g(z0 ) = 0, we then have that g = a1 (z z0 ) + a2 (z z0 )2 + .... Thus, if we set
f (z0 ) = 0, we get f = a1 + a2 (z z0 ) + ..., which is holomorphic on the entire disk. Thus
the singularity at z0 must be removable.

.........
Problem 14 (S p.105-164)
Let f be entire and injective. Consider g(z) = f (1/z). This function is holomorphic on
C \ {0}. We will consider the singularity at the origin.
Suppose it is removable. Then we have that g must be bounded on some closed disc around
the origin and that f must be bounded outside of this disc. By Liouvilles, we then have f
must be constant, which is a contradiction since it is injective.
Now suppose it is essential. Applying Casorati-Weierstrass, we then get that the image of g
of some disk {|z| < r} is dense in the complex plane - equivalently, the image of f outside
of the same disk {|z| r} must then be dense. However, by the open mapping theorem, we
also have that the image of {|z| < r} must be open. Therefore, there must be some w C
in the image of both, which violates injectivity.
Thus we can conclude that this singularity must be a pole. We consider the principal part
October 30th, 2014

Math 310 Problem Set 6

Jiyang Xie 4

of the Laurent expansion of g, which is equivalent to the analytic part of the expansion of
f . Since f is entire, this analytic part is in fact equal to f . Since we know that there is a
pole at 0, the principal part of g is finite, implying f has a finite number of terms. Since f
is injective, it must have exactly one root. Thus, it must take the form f (z) = az + b, with
a, b C and a 6= 0.

.........
Problem 15 (S p.105-164)
Q
ki()
b. We define a function g(z) = N
), where we choose integer N > 2/( ).
k=0 f (e
As |z|approaches1 in any sector + k( ) < arg(z) < + k( ), g converges to 0, since
all terms in its product are bounded and the sector with k = 0 converges to 0. These sectors
cover the entire unit circle, so g is 0 on the boundary of the unit disc. By the maximum
modulus principle, g must then be 0 everywhere on the disc. This implies that f = 0, as
desired.
Q
c. Let f (z) = |z wi |. Since f (0) = 1, we have that by the maximum modulus principle,
there must exist a point on the unit circle such with value 1, as desired. Furthermore,
note that f has zeroes at all of the wi s. Since the unit circle is connected, f is continuous,
and we know there exists a point on the unit circle with value 1, by the intermediate value
theorem, we know there must exist a point w such that f (w) = 1.
d. Let g(z) = ef (z) . We have that |g| = |eRe(f ) ||eIm(f ) | |eRe(f ) |. Since Re(f ) is bounded, we
have that g must be bounded, so by Liouvilles must be constant. Thus, g must be constant
as well.

.........

October 30th, 2014